lela wiwuaSvili iudaizmi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris ...old.press.tsu.ge/GEO/internet/disertaciebi/BOLO SADOQTORO.pdf · V-VI ss. Ooqros firfita-amuletis fotoasli ebrauli warweriT

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

xelovnebis istoriisa da Teoriis instituti

lela wiwuaSvili

iudaizmi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos xelovnebaSi (saqarTvelos ebraelTa

istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis koleqciis safuZvelze)

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis

mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,

profesori irine koSoriZe

Tbilisi

2012

avtoris stili daculia

2

Sinaarsi Sesavali Temis aqtualoba ___________________________ 3 literaturis mimoxilva ___________________________ 10 Tavi I

iudaizmis ganmarteba _________________________________ 18 iudaizmis zogadi istoriuli mimoxilva xelovnebaSi _____ 26

Tavi II ebrauli diaspora saqarTveloSi _______________________ 32 saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi da misi eqsponatebi ____________________________________ 41 Tavi III pirveli ebraeli mxatvari saqarTveloSi Salom koboSvili _ 51 Tavi IV qarTvel ebraelTa kultura da yofa. E eqsponatebi _____________________________________ 65 Tavi V ebrauli religiur-ritualur siuJetebze Seqmnili namuSevrebisa da artefaqtebis Sinaarsis ganmarteba ________________ 100 daskvna ____________________________ 149 ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ____________________________ 154 bibliografia __________________________________________ 167

3

Sesavali

თემის აქტუალობა

iudaizmi saqarTvelos xelovnebaSi praqtikulad ar ganxilula da

aqamde msgavsi termini am periodis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriaSi arc

yofila gamoyenebuli. swored aman gamoiwvia avtoris daintereseba Tavi

moeyara da garkveul wilad ganemarta, Tu ras niSnavs es termini da

rogori interpretacia hpova am Zalzed saintereso movlenam

saqarTveloSi. Amas win uZRvoda mravalwliani samecniero kvleva,

dafuZnebuli rogorc umdidresi literaturuli da samecniero

wyaroebis gacnobaze, aseve saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-

eTnografiuli muzeumis koleqciis Seswalasa da atribuciaze.

iudaizmi xelovnebaSi, romlis istoriul mimoxilvas qvemoT

SemogTavazebT, Zalzed rTuli, ucnauri da saintereso movlenaa, xolo

qarTuli xelovnebis konteqstSi aqamde arasodes yofila ganxiluli,

ramac ganapiroba am Temis aqtualoba.

udidesi literaturis arsebobis miuxedavad, konkretulad es Tema aravis

Seuswavlia, ramac erTis mxriv bevri sirTuleebi gamoiwvia muSaobisas,

magram amasTanave ufro meti interesi da pasuxismgebloba avtoris

mxridan.

multikulturul saqarTveloSi ebrauli diaspora erT-erTi

uZvelesTagania da ebraelTa pirvel migracias ukavSirdeba. XI saukunis

qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebidan “qarTlis cxovreba” (70, 56) vigebT,

rom ebraelebi saqarTveloSi nabuqodonosoris mier (Zv. w. aR. 586 wels)

pirveli taZris dangrevis, ierusalimidan maTi gandevnis Semdeg

gamoCndnen da qarTlSi dasaxldnen.

ebraelebi udidesi religiis, istoriisa da kulturis mqone eria,

miuxedavad im devnisa, rasac isini sxvadasxva qveynebSi ganicdidnen

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, maT ara Tu SeinarCunes TviTmyofadoba, aramed

ganaviTares TavianTi kultura. amasTanave isini brwyinvaled axerxebdnen

4

adgilobriv tradiciebTan adaptaciasa da sinTezs. es gansakuTrebiT

niSandoblivia saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ebraelTaTvis. saqarTvelo xom

im iSviaT gamonaklis qveyanas warmoadgens, sadac ebraelebs istoriulad

aramcTu devnidnen, aramed maT mimarT yovelTvis keTil da megobrul

damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen. albaT swored amiT aixsneba is

unikaluri fenomeni, rom saqarTveloSi ebraelebs, garda religiurisa,

ar hqondaT gansxvavebuli ena an dialeqti, TiTqmis ar gamoirCeodnen

CacmulobiT, arasodes ar cxovrobdnen getoebSi. qarTveli ebraeli _ es

gamoTqmac naTels xdis, Tu rogor safuZvlianad damkvidrda

saqarTveloSi ebraeloba, rogor Seiyvares qarTuli ena, tradiciebi, ise

rom ar daviwyebiaT ebrauli adaT-wesi. am garkveuli asimilaciis

miuxedavad, romelic Tan axlavs diasporaSi cxovrebas, qarTvelma

ebraelebma saukuneebis manZilze saTuTad atares da dRemde Semoinaxes

TavianTi religia da tradiciebi. isini mtkiced icavdnen moses mcnebebs,

gansakuTrebiT ki meore mcnebas, anu ebraelTaTvis akrZaluli iyo

gamosaxulebis Seqmna, ramac ganapiroba ara esTetikuri, aramed, ufro

metad, ceremonialuri xelovnebis ganviTareba.

aqedan warmoiSva mosazreba ebrauli saxviTi xelovnebis ararsebobis

Sesaxeb, ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed msoflio kulturaSic. Tumca

es garkveul wilad mcdari mosazrebaa. XX saukunis dasawyisSi

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebma Zveli palestinisa da mesopotamiis

teritoriebze sruliad Secvala es mosazreba da ebrauli xelovnebis

Seswavlis sferoSi gadatrialeba moaxdina. axlandel israelis

teritoriaze da agreTve dura evroposSi (axlandeli erayi) ax. w. III

saukunis sinagogebis nangrevebi aRmoaCines, sadac kedlebi mTlianad

Zveli aRTqmis siuJetebze Seqmnili adamianebis gamosaxulebiani

freskebiTaa moxatuli. riT SeiZleba aixsnas orTodoqsaluri iudaizmis

am ZiriTadi da umniSvnelovanesi principis darRveva? erTaderTi axsna

isev meore mcnebaSi unda viZioT. Ees misi meore nawilis sxvagvari

interpretirebiT SeiZleba aixsnas, romlis mixedviTac ar unda Seiqmnas

gamosaxulebani ara zogadad, aramed maT winaSe Tayvaniscemis mizniT da

ra Tqma unda, yovlad dauSvebelia RrmerTis gamosaxuleba, radgan

5

iudevelTa RmerTi uxilavia. sinagogebs amSvenebs saocari freskebi da

mozaikebi. Ddura evroposi im periodis mesopotamiaSi erTgvar unikalur

movlenas warmoadgenda, sadac mcire teritoriaze kvintesirebuli iyo

sxvadasxva religiebisa da eTnosebis warmomadgenlebi da agebuli iyo

maTi taZrebi, warmarTulic, iudevelTac, da axlad gavrcelebuli

qristianuli taZrebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom imdroindeli sinagogebis Sida

morTuloba da freskebi Tu mozaikebi, bevrad ufro mdidrulia da

sainteresoa, vidre adrebizantiuri taZris dekori. Ees albaT imiT

aixsneba, rom axlad daarsebuli religia jer ar iyo imdenad

fexmokidebuli, rogorc uZvelesi monoTeisturi iudaizmi, da sinagoga

gacilebiT ufro Camoyalibebuli da mZlavri institucia iyo,

savaraudod ara mxolod ideologiurad, aramed finansuradac. Aamis

Semdgom periodSi adreSuasaukuneebSi aRarsad gvxdeba adamianis

gamosaxulebani XIII saukunemde. xolo XIII_XVI saukuneebSi evropis

sxvadasxva qveynebSi iqmneba ilustrirebuli manuskripterbi, sadac aseve

adamianebis gamosaxulebebia warmodgenili. Fferweruli miniaturebi

amSvenebs hagadis teqstebs (egreT wodebuli germanuli “CitisTaviani

hagada”, CitisTaviani adamianis figurebis gamosaxulebiT), danarCen

evropul manuskriptebSi Cveulebrivi adamianis gamosaxulebania,

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia im epoqisa da qveynis xelovnebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli stilisturi msgavseba.

Semdgom periodSi isev gamosaxulebebis akrZalva, da saerTod

ebraelebisTvis mxatvrobis Seswavlis akrZalvac ki dominirebda

msoflios sxvadasxva ebraul diasporebSi. Aamitom, rogorc aseTi XVIII

saukunemde ar arsebobda ebrauli mxatvroba, am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba

ara mxolod ebraelebis mier , aramed iudaikis Temaze Seqmnili. Ees ar

niSnavs, rom ar arsebobdnen ebraeli warmoSobis mxatvrebi, zogi ar

emorCileboda am religiur akrZalvas, xSirad ojaxis winaaRmdegobis

miuxedavad, irCevdnen xelovnebis rTul gzas da udidesi Rvawli

Seitanes msoflio xelovnebis istoriaSi.

saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT didxans da mkacrad icavdnen am

6

orTodoqsalur tradicias da aq mxatvroba ebraelebisTvis Seuferebel

saqmed iTvleboda.

amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom XX saukunis pirveli naxevrisTvis

saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda ebrauli warmoSobis mxatvari. 1933 w.

TbilisSi daarsda saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli

muzeumi. misi koleqcia 3 wlis manZilze mowyobili regionaluri

samecniero-eTnografiuli eqspediciebis safuZvelze Segrovda.

muzeumis koleqcia mravalmxrivad warmoaCenda qarTvel ebraelTa

kulturasa da yofas. muzeumis saxviTi xelovnebis koleqciaSi

sxvadasxva avtorTa assamocdaaTamde ferweruli da grafikuli

namuSevaria. am koleqciis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens TviTnaswavli

ebraeli mxatvris Salom koboSvilisa (1876-1941) da qarTveli fermweris

daviT gvelesianis (1890-1949) namuSevrebi, romlebSic yvelaze

sainteresod da xatovnad aisaxa qarTvel ebraelTa cxovreba.

muzeumi didi popularobiT sargeblobda qarTvel ebraelTa

sazogadoebaSi da sakmaod bevri damTvalierebeli yolia, gansakuTrebiT

didi mowonebiT Salom koboSvilis gamofena sargeblobda.

1951 wels muzeumi daixura, rogorc sionizmis kera da sinagogis Senobis

konfiskaciis Semdeg koleqcibi sxvadasxva muzeumebSi gadanawilda

(amJamindel saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s. janaSias saxelobis

saqarTvelos muzeumSi, i. griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis

muzeumSi (qarvaslaSi) da xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi), sadac es

eqsponatebi dRemdea daculi.

1988 wels qarTvel ebraelTa istoriaSi axali etapi daiwyo.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis xelSewyobiT daarsda qarTul-

ebraul urTierTobaTa asociacia (prezidenti _ givi RambaSiZe, vice-

prezidenti _ Salva wiwuaSvili, sapatio wevrebi _ andria afaqiZe da

roin metreveli). 1992 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobis brZanebis safuZvelze

am asociaciam TbilisSi aRadgina ebrauli muzeumi, am dRidan igi daviT

baazovis saxels atarebs. muzeumi isev Zveli sinagogis SenobaSi

ganTavsda, romlis avariuli mdgomareobis gamo koleqciebi kvlav

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis sacavebsa da xelnawerTa erovnul

7

centrSia daculi. 1992-2001 wlebSi muzeumis direqtori gaxldaT batoni

Salva wiwuaSvili, amJamad muzeums batoni givi RambaSiZe

xelmZRvanelobs.

aTwleulebis manZilze es saocari koleqcia sacavebSi iyo

ganTavsebuli da ucnobi iyo ara mxolod farTo sazogadoebisaTvis,

aramed specialistebisTvisac ki. Eeqsponatebi sakmaod dazianebuli iyo

im wlebSi saerTo samuzemo fondebis mZime pirobebis gamo. 2005 wels

saqarTvelos erovnul muzemSi mopovebuli grantis safuZvelze

SesaZlebeli gaxda Tavi momeyara adre Catarebuli samecniero

kvlevisaTvis Ppirveli ebraeli mxatvris Salom koboSvilis namuSevarTa

albomis publikaciisaTvis da 2006 wels saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi

Salom koboSvilis 130 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT movawyeT misi

personaluri gamofena da gamoica sruli katalogi. Salom koboSvili

pirveli ebraeli mxatvaria saqarTveloSi da misi saocari biografiis

wyalobiT sruliad gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. man 61 wlis

asakSi daiwyo xatva da misi moRvaweoba mxolod sam weliwads gagrZelda

(mis gardacvalebamde), magram am mokle drois manZilzec man moaxerxa

qarTvel ebraelTa yofis saocari dokumentur-TxrobiTi matiane Seeqmna.

2008 wels saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis

daarsebidan 75 welTan da israelis saxelmwifos damoukideblobis 60

wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda meore gamofenis

momzadeba, romelic mieZRvna mTlianad ebrauli muzeumis koleqcias da

asaxavda qarTvel ebraelTa kulturasa da yofas da agreTve gamoica am

gamofenis sruli katalogi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1992 wels israelSi gamocemul wignebSi “In the land of the

Golden Fleece. The Jews of Georgia History and Culture. Editors: Rachel Arbel, Lily Magal

(Magalashvili). Tel Aviv, 1992~ (259), daibeWda koboSvilis ramdenime namuSevari.

zogierTi misi suraTi Sesulia agreTve gregori gurovis mier

gamocemul 1998 wlis gamofenis katalogSi ~Beyond the Golden Fleece. A cultural

history of the Jews of Georgia. Bethesda, 2004~ (246), Tumca aq ramdenime

koboSvilis namuSevari arasworadaa identificirebuli da moixsenieba

ucnobi mxatvris an gvelesianis avtorobiT.

8

gamofenis momzadebis procesSi SesaZlebeli gaxda saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis finansuri mxardaWeriT saTanado sarestavracio da

sakonservacio samuSaoebis Catareba da agreTve yvela suraTis CarCoebiT

da paspartuebiT uzrunvelyofa.






gamofenis sruli katalogi. es proeqti ganxorcielda saqarTveloSi

moRvawe sxvadasxva ebrauli organizaciebis sruli finansuri

mxardaWeriT.

madlobas vuxdi yvela im organizacias visi dainteresebisa da finansuri

mxardaWeris gareSe proeqtis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda:

israelis saelCos saqarTveloSi da piradad mis imdroindel sagangebo

da sruluflebian elCs, mis aRmatebulebas baton SabTai curs, ebraul

saagento “soxnuTs” da piradad mis imdroindel xelmRvanels

amierkavkasiis qveynebSi baton gregori brodskis, israeli-saqarTvelos

biznes palatas da mis prezidents baton icik moSesa da biznes

palatasTan arsebul cityM jgufs, israelis saelCosTan arsebul

kulturul centrsa da saelCos pirvel mdivans baton mixeil barkans.

2010 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis mier mesame ebrauli proeqti

ganxorcielda, romelic mieZRvna saqarTveloSi ierusalimis ben cvi

institutis mier organizebul saerTaSoriso ebraul istoriul seminars.

Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumSi gaxsnil

gamofenasTan dakavSirebiT gamoica katalogic. wina ori gamofenisagan

gansxvavebiT, am ukanasknelze, garda ebrauli muzeumis koleqciisa,

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis fondebSi daculi, qarTvel ebraelTa

istoriis amsaxveli uZvelesi eqsponatebicaa warmodgenili. Eesenia

urbnisis samarovanSi aRmoCenili I-V saukuneebis minisa da Tixis

arqeologiuri masala (minisa da Tixis WurWeli, miniaturuli

nelsacxeblebi, mZivebi), III saukunis mcxeTis stelebi ebrauli warweriT,

9

V-VI ss. Ooqros firfita-amuletis fotoasli ebrauli warweriT

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis saagentos, didi mcxeTis

saxelmwifo arqeologiuri muzeumis koleqciidan, X-XI ss. Uunikaluri

etratze Sesrulebuli xelnaweri, egred wodebuli “lailaSis biblia”

xelnawerTa erovnuli centridan.

am sami proeqtis saSualebiT, mravali wlis manZilze miviwyebuli

eqsponatebi TiTqosda gacocxlda da specialistebisa da farTo

sazogadoebis didi interesi daimsaxura. TiToeuli es gamofena

ramodenime Tvis manZilze maspinZlobda adgilobriv Tu uamrav ucxoel

damTvalierebels.

upirveles yovlisa, am proeqtebis ganxorcielebis wyalobiT

SesaZlebeli gaxda ebrauli muzeumis koleqciis mniSvnelovani nawilis

Seswavla, atribucia, movla da mowesrigeba, xolo zogierTi eqsponatis

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gadarCenac ki. es exeba ara mxolod ferwerasa

da grafikas, aramed kostumebs, qsovilebs, sxvadasxva tipisa da

daniSnulebis religiur Tu ritualur artefaqtebs. Gam gamofenebze

warmodgenili yvela eqsponati daeqvemdebara restavraciasa Tu

konservacias. gansakuTrebiT savalalo mdgomareobaSi qsovilebi iyo,

nawili, rac gamoifina, SeiZleba iTqvas am etapze gadarCenilia, xolo

danarCens esaWiroeba saswrafo konservacia da restavracia, rac uaxloes

momavalSi Cveni ZiriTadi mizania. vimedovnebT, rom male ebrauli

koleqcia sruli saxiT iqneba mowesrigebuli da Tavis Rirseul adgils

daikavebs saqarTvelos kulturis istoriaSi, rogorc misi sinTezuri da

ganuyofeli nawili.

10

Lliteraturis mimoxilva

disertaciis Temis specifikidan gamomdinare naSromis Sesrulebisas

gamoyenebulia Zalian farTo speqtris literaturuli wyaroebi,

romlebic garkveul wilad scdeba naSromis konkretul saxelwodebas,

magram amasTanave uSualodaa dakavSirebuli masTan. iudaizmis da

“iudaikis” mcnebis da istoriuli sarCulis gareSe es Tema

TanamedroveobaSic warmoudgenelia.

uSualod disertaciis Temas rac Seexeba, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

informacia ebraelTa muzeumis koleqciis Sesaxeb Tavmoyrilia

saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis SromebSi (67),

romlebic muzeumis arsebobis periodSi sam tomad iyo gamocemuli, xolo

bolo wlebSi gamoica ukve axali krebulis ori tomi (23, 68).

SromebSi gamoqveynebulia mecnier TanamSromelTa da ebrauli istoriisa

da kulturis mkvlevarTa statiebi, romelSic mimoxilulia rogorc

muzeumis Seqmnis istoria, aseve qarTvel ebraelTa istoriis,

tradiciebis, eTnografiis, yofis amsaxveli werilebi. maT Soris Zalian

mniSvnelovania muzeumis erT-erTi direqtoris ilia papismedovis statia

(56) ebrael mxatvarze Salom koboSvilze, romelic gamoqveynda misi

personaluri gamofenis Semdeg. es erTaderTi naSromia, saidanac

SesaZlebeli gaxda informaciis moZieba am mxatvris biografiasa da

Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT misi qaliSvilebis zepir

monaTxrobs bavSvobis mogonebebze dayrdnobiT, vinaidan ojaxs

samwuxarod arc misi namuSevrebi SemorCa da arc raime sxva

biografiuli cnobebi, amitom ilia papismedovis werili koboSvilze

warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad misi Tanamedroves erTaderTi fasdaudebeli

dokumentaluri wyaro aRmoCnda.

SromebSi aseve sxva mecnierebis statiebia, romlebSic asaxulia, rogorc

muzeumis koleqciebis istoria, aseve garkveuli istoriuli Tu

eTnografiuli masalebi qarTvel ebraelTa cxovrebidan. xolo

axladgamocemul IV da V tomebSi Tanamedrove mecnierebis statiebia ara

11

mxolod ebrauli muzeumis Sesaxeb, aramed zogadad ebraistikis dargSic

aris warmodgenili.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1991 wels israelSi, qalaq Tel-avivis diasporis

muzeumSi moewyo gamofena “oqros sawmisis qveyanaSi”, romelzec

warmodgenili iyo rogorc qarTuli xelovnebis nimuSebi s. janaSias sax.

saqarTvelos muzeumis koleqciidan, aseve ebrauli muzeumis koleqciis

nawili da koboSvilis oTxi suraTi. Aam gamofenis Semdeg israelSi

gamoica didi wigni, romelSic Sevida israelis mecnierTa statiebi

saqarTvelosa da qarTuli kulturis Sesaxeb da aseve qarTvel ebraelTa

istoriisa da kulturis amsaxveli masala (259). wigni Zalzed

informatiulia da mravalferovani ilustraciebiTaa gamdidrebuli.

masSi asaxulia qarTvelTa da ebraelTa Tanacxovrebis masalebi,

dokumentebi, fotoebi da materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Dd. langis

statiaSi (259, 21-36) mimoxilulia saqarTvelos istoria da

paralelurad ebrauli diasporas istoriac saqarTveloSi.

ebraelTa istoria komunisturi reJimis damyarebamde saqarTveloSi

dawvrilebiT da sainteresodaa ganxiluli ierusalimis universitetis

profesoris gerSon ben-orenis werilSi (259, 37-70).

icxak davidis werilSi ki asaxulia ebraelebis cxovreba rogorc

saqarTveloSi, aseve israelSi (259, 71-84).

qarTvel ebraelTa yofa, ritualebi, tradiciebi, eTnografia saukuneebis

manZilze, iseve rogorc maTi istoria ar iyo Seswavlili da

gamokvleuli. rahel arbelis da lili magalis (maRalaSvilis)

erTobliv naSromSi Tavmoyrilia Zalian saintereso da mniSvnelovani

masalebi, romlebic nawilobriv ebrauli muzeumis SromebSi (259, 85-167)

da misi koleqciis safuZvelze iyo mopovebuli da agreTve saqarTvelos

ebraelebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi mogzaurobisas sinagogebsa da

ojaxebSi Segrovebuli da gadaRebuli fotoebis, dokumentebis, nivTebisa

da sxva masalebis gamoyenebiT momzadda.

lili baazovis werili ki sabWoTa reJimis dros ebraelTa cxovrebazea

saqarTveloSi (259, 167-189).

12

1998 wels aRiniSna ebrauli diasporis arsebobis ocdaeqvs saukunovani

iubile saqarTveloSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT sxva sazeimo RonisZiebTa

Soris erovnul galereaSi (yofili “cisferi galerea”) moewyo didi

gamofena, romelzec warmodgenili iyo qarTvelTa da ebraelTa

kulturisa da xelovnebis amsaxveli eqsponatebi s. janaSias sax.

saqarTvelos muzeumidan da ebrauli muzeumis fondebidan. Eebrauli

muzeumis saxviTi xelovnebis fondebSi Cvens mier Catarebuli iqna

SesarCevi da mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, romlis safuZvelzec moxda

namuSevrebis Sedareba sainventaro wignebSi Setanil Zvel monacemebTan,

maTi atribucia da sarestavraciod momzadeba. Aam gamofenis masalebi

SemdgomSi aisaxa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamocemul katalogSi

(246), romelSic Sevida qarTvel da amerikel mkvlevarTa narkvevebi. s.

janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis imdroindeli direqtoris,

levan WilaSvilis saqarTvelos mokle istoriuli mimoxilva (246, 5-12),

daviT baazovis sax. saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli

muzeumis imdroindeli direqtoris Salva wiwuaSvilis werili

ebraelTa istoriaze saqarTveloSi (246, 14-32), amave muzeumis amJamindeli

direqtoris givi RambaSiZis kvleva qarTvel ebraelTa gvarebis Sesaxeb

(246, 33-40), jorjtaunis universitetis profesoris ori soltesis werili

qarTvel ebraelTa ritualebsa da ritualur nivTebze (246, 34-46), SoTa

bostanaSvilis kvleva sinagogebsa da ebrauli saflavebis arqiteqturaze

(246, 47-62), s. janaSias muzeumis eTnografiis koleqciebis mecnier

TanamSromlebis, doqtorebis Lleila molodinisa da ciala

bezaraSvilis werili qarTvel ebraelTa qsovilebis Sesaxeb (246, 63-75)

da agreTve ori soltesis calkeuli werilebi ebrauli yofis asaxvis

Sesaxeb ebrauli mxatvris mier (246, 76-90) (Cveni miwodebuli masalebis

gamoyenebiT) da lailaSis bibliis Sesaxeb (246, 91-98).

katalogi gamoica gamofenidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi da rac Seexeba ebrauli muzeumis saxviTi

xelovnebis eqsponatebs sakmaod bevri Secdoma da uzustobaa daSvebuli.

maT Soris mxatvrebis da namuSevrebis araswori identifikaciebi.

13

erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi literaturuli wyaro xelovnebaSi, zogadad

iudaizmis sferoSi, romelic farTod iyo gamoyenebuli disertaciaze

muSaobisas, iren kornis wignia “iudaizmi xelovnmebaSi” (20). iudaizmi

xelovnebaSi ZiriTadad am naSromze dayrdnobiTaa mimoxiluli da masSi

aRwerili tradiciebi da ritualebi msoflio ebraul kulturaSi

gamoyenebuli iqna rogorc Zalze saWiro da saintereso paraleluri

masala.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos ebrauli enciklopedia. am fundamentur

naSromSi ebraul samyaroze da iudaizmze uamravi saintereso da

umniSvnelovanesi informaciaa kvintensirebuli, gamoyenebulia rogorc

pirveli gamocema (1913 w.) (138), aseve gviani gamocemebi (165) da ebrauli

enciklopediis eleqtronuli versia

(http://www.google.ge/#hl=ka&site=&source=hp&q=766), ris safuZvelzec

iudaizmis mimoxilva iqna gakeTebuli. disertaciaze muSaobis procesSi

es iyo erT erTi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi wyaro.

garda amisa, didi daxmareba gagviwia internetSi iudaikis sxvadasxva

saitebze ganTavsebulma Zalian mravalferovanma informaciam da

saqarTvelosa Tu ucxoeTSi ukanaskneli gamocemebis mimoxilvam da xSir

SemTxvevaSi wignebis eleqtronuli versiebis gacnobis saSualebam.

zogadad ebrauli istoria da xelovneba SesaniSnavadaa warmodgenili

israelSi 2006 wels inglisur enaze gamocemul fundamentur wignSi (260),

romelSic agreTve mdidari sailustracio masalaa warmodgenili da

saukuneebis manZilze diasporaSi ebraelTa kulturas ganixilavs.

xelovnebas ebraul tradiciaSi eZRvneba ierusalimSi gamocemuli wigni

(147), romelSic ZiriTadad klagsbaldis statiebia (156) ebraul

xelovnebaze sinagogis sakulto nivTebSi, religiur da yofiT

ceremoniebSi, qorwineba (158), xanuqis dResaswauli (160) ebarul

xelovnebasa da folklorSi.

qarTvel ebraelTa istoria qristes Sobamde VI s. iwyeba.

“qarTlis cxovrebaSi” xatovnad aris asaxuli saqarTveloSi ebraelTa

mosvla, es movlena dakavSirebulia 586 w. Zv. w. babilonelTa mefis

http://www.google.ge/#hl=ka&site=&source=hp&q=766

14

nabuqodonosoris mier ierusalimis aoxrebasTan da ebraelTa masiur

migraciasTan. (72)

ebrauli kulturis Semswavleli mecnierebis “iudaikis” mixedviT

ebrauli salocavebis genezisi babilonelTa mier “pirveli taZris”

dangrevas ukavSirdeba. taZari ebraelTa mesame mefem – daviTis Zem,

solomonma aaSena sionis mTaze. mas solomonis taZari ewoda. (solomonis

mefobis dasawyiss 971 an 987 wliT (Zv. w. aR.) gansazRvraven). (138)

“pirveli” – taZris gviani saxelwodebaa, ufro gvian ki ebraeli xalxis

cnobierebaSi sionis mTa RmerTs ganasaxierebs, taZari – RmerTis saxls.

taZari mravalgzis aRsdga da Seilaxa, da bolos romis imperatorma

titus vespasianem daangria qristes Sobidan 70 wels.

taZari (“saxli RvTisa”, “saxli rCeuli”, “saxli siwmindisa” – ebraulad

“beT hamikdaS”) upirvelesad iyo umaRlesi erovnuli siwmindis – aRTqmis

kidobanis sacavi, sadac inaxeboda sjulis ficari da sxva siwmindeni.

taZari darCa ebraelTa erTianobis da RmerTTan kavSiris simbolod.

salocavi – salocavebi – (ebr. “beT haqneseT” – “saxli sakrebulo” –

Sdr. E”eklesia”) – diasporis fenomenia. pirveli salocavi babilonis

tyveobaSi unda gaCeniliyo.

saqarTvelos ebrauli salocavebis winamorbednic am “pirvelTa” ricxvs

unda ganekuTvnebodnen. maT Sesaxeb SemogvrCa ramdenime mniSvnelovani

cnoba.

“Satberdis krebulSi” moxsenebulia ebrauli salocavi – “bagini

huriaTa”. ufro gviandel qarTul wyaroebSi “bagins” da “ebraul

salocavs” Caenacvleba “Tora”. Tora (ebr.) – Zveli aRTqmis wignebia.

ebrauli salocavis sinonimad damkvidrebulia “sinagoga” – berZnuli

sityva – da niSnavs krebas, Sekrebas kultmsaxurebisaTvis, rac igives

aRniSnavda berZnul kerpTayvanismcemlobaSi. am saxeliT bunebrivad unda

monaTluliyo axalSobili ebrauli instituti elinur samyarosTan

uneblie da intensiur urTierTobaSi. berZnulma kulturam Semata

ebraul xelovnebas ara marto Tavisi saxeli, aramed garegnuli saxec da

mcxeTeli uriani Semdgom am saxiT ageben bagins “... da maT dReTa

SemeSurvnes friad huriani mcxeTelni Cemzeda dasces xe igi kilamoi,

15

romeli idga karsa zeda baginisasa, ebraeli abiaTaris piriT, romelic

iyo “pirvel mRdeli baginTa Sina huriaTasa mcxeTas.” (50)

“moqcevai qarTlisaiSi” moxsenebuli “stovasa baginisasa” ebraelTa

salocavi saxlis elinuri arqiteqturis niSnebze miuTiTebs, xolo

“pirvel mRdeli baginTa Sina huriaTasa mcxeTas” – saqarTvelos pirveli

qristianuli salocavis Casaxvaze mcxeTaSi.

“moqcevai qarTlisai” da mcxeTis galuTi gvianantikur xanaSi Zalian

sainrteresod aris ganxiluli g. lorTqifaniZisa da g. Yyifianis

erTobliv werilSi (40, 457-472).

qristianobam (mogvianebiT islammac) miiRo “sakrebulo saxli” –

salocavis instituti – Tavis ZiriTad organizaciul safuZvlad. am

safuZvelze aRmocendnen is didebuli taZrebi, romlebmac aRniSnes dro

da warmarTes ocsaukunovani civilizaciis sivrce. (15)

ebrauli salocavi Tavad droa, locvis procesi ritualia da misi

Catareba aucilebelia, Tundac “yovel adgilas” – mindorSi, ezoSi,

oTaxSi (sasurvelia erTsarTuliani).

aseTi Tavisufleba iTvaliswinebda diasporis “momTabare” pirobebs, rom

specialuri salocavi Senobis uqonlobas erTi dRiTac ar Seewyvita

maradiuli sulieri cxovrebis riTmi.

ebrauli salocavis Senoba salocavis institutis erT-erTi sasurveli

formaa da ara erTaderTi; is ufro interieria, vidre eqsterieri;

Sinaarsia, vidre formaa; saSualebaa, vidre mizani.

salocavebis eqsterierebs erTi mizani SemorCaT – droisa da adgilis

konteqstualizmi – morgeba. (15)

ebraul salocavTa eqsterierebis ekleqtika da stilTa simravle

gamowveulia diasporis gafantulobiT. sinagogis arqiteqtura unda

morgeboda im qveynebis da epoqis stils, sadac is Sendeboda. (il. 16, 17,

19)

salocavma umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa ebraelTa cxovrebaSi,

gaaerTiana RvTismsaxureba, skola (ebr. “xeder”) da sazogadoebrivi

cxovreba.

16

sinagogis wyalobiT mravalsaukunovanma avbedobam ver daakargvina

ebraelobas erovnuli saxe.

salocavma Seucvala ebraelobas dangreuli wminda taZari, Seunaxa

xsovna, SeunarCuna rwmena da imedi momavlisa, samSobloSi dabrunebisa.

Znelia isaubro ebraul arqiteqturaze imave sazogado mniSvnelobiT,

rogorc egvipturze, berZnulze, Cinur-iaponurze, muslimurze, romlebmac

sakuTari arqiteqturuli Temebi daimkvidres, radgan sakuTar miwas

mowyvetili eri arqiteqturuli Temis “variaciebiT” kmayofildeba. es

siZnele Tavad arqiteqtiris fenomenSia.

sinagogis mSeneblobisas adgilmdebareobis SerCevas ZiriTadi

mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tu sinagoga israelSi Sendeba, misi sakurTxeveli

mimarTuli unda iyos ierusalimis mTavari taZrisken (axla godebis

kedeli), xolo diasporaSi sinagoga ierusalimisken unda “iyurebodes”.

(il. 18, 20, 21)

saqarTvelos ebraelTa materialuri kulturis Sesaxeb TiTqmis ar

arsebobs specialuri gamokvleva.

S. bostanaSvilma Tavis wignSi “ebrauli salocavebisa da sasaflaoebis

arqiteqtura saqarTveloSi” (15) pirvelad TanmimdevrobiT warmoaCina

saqarTveloSi arsebuli yvela sinagoga da saflavis qvebi.

amis garda arsebobs saqarTvelos ebraelobasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo

wyaroebi, romlebSic gabneulia metad sayuradRebo cnobebi, maT Soris

materialuri kulturis Sesaxeb.

ebraelTa dasaxlebebze miTiTebulia “qarTlis cxovrebaSi” (72) da

vaxuSti bagrationis “geografiul aRweraSi”. (73)

XIX s. saqarTvelos ebraelTa Sesaxeb vrceli istoriul-eTnografiuli

matiane dagvitova iehuda Cornim – ruseTis guberniis mkvidrma, romelmac

gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi (76).

zaqaria WiWinaZis wignSi “qarTveli ebraelebi saqarTveloSi” (92)

moyvanilia Zalian mniSvnelovni cnobebi da avtori ganixilavs

ormocdaaTamde ebraul dasaxlebas saqarTveloSi. ebraelTa erT-erTi

didi namosaxlari urbnissa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze, rasac

17

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalebic adastureben gamoikvlia akademikosma

andria afaqiZem. (5)

TiTqmis yvela am wyaroebze daydrnobili monacemebia Tavmoyrili da

Seswavlili eldar mamisTvalaSvilis wignSi “qarTvel ebraelTa

istoria”. (42)

gansakuTrebulad avRniSnavdiT iren kornis seriozul da safuZvlian

kvlevas “iudaizmi xelovnebaSi” (163). wignSi mimoxilulia iudaizmis

evoluciuri ganviTareba sxvadasxva qveynebis diasporebSi, ganmartulia

iudaizmi da iudaikis mcneba. Aavtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs ebraul

kanonebze, wesebsa da tradiciebze, ebraelTa cxovrebis ZiriTad

etapebze, rac aisaxeba ritualebSi, religiur da istoriul

dResaswaulebze, ebraul simbolikaze. wignis ZiriTadi konteqsti

ukavSirdeba am Temebis asaxvas xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebSi,

risTvisac avtori sTavazobs mkiTxvels Zalian saintereso informatiul

Tu vizualur eqskurss.

18

Tavi I iudaizmis ganmarteba iudaizmi (ebr. יהדות - iahaduT) ebraeli eris religiaa, istoriaSi pirveli

monoTeisturi rwmena da antikuri xanidan SemorCenili erT-erTi

religia. iudaizmis doqtrina da istoria sxva monoTeistur, kerZod

samariul, qristianul da muslimanur religiaTa safuZvlebis

mniSvnelovani nawilia.

ukanaskneli daaxloebiT 2000 wlis manZilze iudaizmis praqtikuli

mimdevroba monoliTuri ar yofila: mas ar yolia centraluri sulieri

mmarTveloba; ara hqonia SemboWavi dogma.

iudaizms sapirispiro ideebisa da antagonisturi tendenciebis

urTierTqmedbis mudmivi SemoqmedebiTi Zieba axasiaTebs – eTikisa da

ritualis, universalizmisa da nacionalizmis, ebraeli xalxis, rogorc

RmerTis mier rCeulisa da yvela adamianis RmerTis winaSe

Tanasworobisa, piradi monaniebisa da erovnuli ganTavisuflebisa,

dakarguli uZvelesi samSoblosadmi istoriaSi uprecendento

erTgulebisa, iq dabrunebisaken ltolvisa da gandevnilobaSi

cxovrebisadmi Semgueblobisa.

miuxedavad amisa, yovel variaciaSi iudaizmi mWidrod dakavSirebuli

darCa ramdenime religiur principTan. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia

erTaderTi, yovlismcodne, yovlisSemZle, yovlad mowyale Dda uxilavi

(transcendentuli) RmerTis rwmena, RmerTisa, romelmac samyaro Seqmna

da romelic ganagrZobs mis gangebas. Eebrauli azrovnebis mixedviT,

samyaros Semqmnelma RmerTma uZvelesi aRTqmiT kavSiri daamyara ebrael

erTan, roca maT Toris saxiT mis mier dadgenili kanonebi da mcnebebi

gauziara. Eebrauli RvTismsaxureba yvelaze did adgils uTmobs am

kanonebisa da mcnebebis Seswavlasa da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

ganxorcielebas ise, rogorc es religiis kanonikur wignebsa da rabinul

literaturaSia interpretirebuli. tradiciuli TvalsazrisiT, iudaizmi

ramodenime mniSvnelovani TvisebiT gansxvavdeboda misi warmoSobisas

19

arsebuli sxva religiuri tradiciebisagan. erTi aseTi Taviseburebaa

monoTeizmi: samyaros Semqmneli da kacobriobis gamkiTxavi RmerTis

rwmena. iudaizmis meore Tavisebureba misi mimdevrebisaTvis ToraSi

aRniSnul mcnebaTa Sesrulebis valdebuleba iyo. imdroindeli xalxebis

msgavsad ebraelebsac hqondaT taZari, sadac qurumebi RmerTisaTvis

msxverpls swiravdnen, magram es ar iyo ebrauli RvTismsaxurebis

erTaderTi saSualeba.

monoTeizmis aRmocenebis xana daaxloebiT Zv. w. meore aTaswleulia,

Tumca zusti periodi ar aris dadgenili mkvlevarebis mier.

orTodoqsaluri iudaizmis mixedviT, xalxuri masStabiT aseTi rwmenis

miRebis saTave ebraelebisaTvis aTi mcnebisa da Toris gacema iyo.

swored am saSualebiT ubrZana RmerTma ebraelebs mxolod misi

msaxureba, xolo sxva RvTaebaTa Tayvaniscema an maT xelovnur

gansaxierebaTa winaSe qedis moxra aukrZala. ToraSi Camoyalibebulia

iudaizmis ZiriTadi principebi: erTaderTi RmerTis arseboba,

maradiuloba, samyaros SemoqmedebaSi misi erTpirovnuli avtoroba da

misi gardauvali survilis gamoxatuleba istoriul movlenaTa svlaSi.

ebrauli TvalsazrisiT, aTi mcnebis gamo maT ekrZalebaT yoveli sxva

RmerTis, kerpis, sulisa Tu xatis msaxureba. iudaizmis Tanaxmad,

morwmune ebraelebi TviT RmerTis ormniSvnelovnad an samebad

warmodgenas Tvlian mwvaleblobad, romelic poliTeizms hgavs. RmerTis

unikalurobis idea Toris ZiriTadi principia. Aamis gamo, misi kanoniT

ebraelebs ekrZalebaT yoveli iseTi sagnis gakeTeba, an floba, romlis

winaSec adamians qedis moxra SeuZlia. Aam gagebiT, radgan RmerTi

uxilavia, adamianma ar unda moixaros qedi raime arsebis an sagnis

winaSe, rac Tavad araa RmerTi. (mimoxilulia ebrauli enciklopediis

masalebis safuZvelze. 138, t.VIII, 950-967)

Zvelad ebraelebsac hqondaT salocavi da msxverplSesawiravi taZari

ierusalimSi, sadac ZiriTadad dResaswaulebisas ikribebodnen. Qqohenebi

(qurumebi) wlis danarCen dReebSic asrulebdnen Toris kanonebiT

gansazRvrul yoveldRiur RvTismsaxurebas.

20

sxva religiebTan SedarebiT, iudaizmi RvTismsaxurebisadmi ufro

praqtikuli midgomiT gamoirCeva. ToraSi 613 micva (מצווה), anu RvTis

gankargulebaa mocemuli. micvebis Semsrulebeli morwmuneebi TavianT

yoveldRiur cxovrebas (xel-piris dabanasac ki) ritualuri wesebis

mixedviT warmarTaven. Mmicvebis Semsruleblebs iudaizmi gan-edens

(edemis baRs) an olam ha bas (momaval samyaros, e.i mesiis mosvlisas

mkvdreTiT aRdgomas) hpirdeba.

iudaizmis ganviTarebis tradiciuli Sexeduleba Toris Temaa

israelitTa (igive ebraelTa) urTierToba RmerTTan, rogorc es

gamoixata maT istoriaSi drois dasabamidan meore taZris periodamde

(daax. Zv. w. 350 wlamde). Ees urTierToba aRwerilia rogorc uwyveti

istoria, romlis ganmavlobaSi ebraelTa sulSi erTmaneTs eWideba

RmerTis rwmena da sxva RmerTebisadmi miziduloba. EebraelTa

istoriaSi iseTi mniSvnelovani pirovnebebi, rogorc abraami, iakobi da

mose, RmerTsac ki SeeWidnen ToraSi (abraami da iakobi RmerTs zogjer

gabedulad Seepasuxnen, xolo iakobi sizmarSi RmerTs fizikurad

SeebrZola).

“orTodoqsaluri iudaizmisa da morwmune ebraelTa azris mixedviT,

bibliuri patriarqi abraami pirveli ebraeli iyo. rabinuli

literaturis mixedviT man kacobriobaSi pirvelma uaryo

kerpTayvanismcemloba da monoTeizmi iqadaga. Sedegad, mas RmerTma

uricxvi Svili aRuTqva (dabadeba 15:5). Aabraamis pirveli Svili ismaeli

iyo, xolo meore vaJi – isaaki. isaakis SeZenisas RmerTma aRuTqva, rom is

gaagrZelebda abraamis sulier Sromas, xolo misi STamomavloba

egvipteSi gadaxvewisa da iqedan gamoxsnis Semdeg israelis miwas

daisakuTrebda. RmerTma isaakis Ze iakobi da misi Svilebi gvalviT

aiZula qanaanidan egvipteSi gadasuliyvnen, sadac mravali Taobis Semdeg

ebraelebi daimones. Mmonobisagan gamosaxsnelad RmerTma ebraelebs mose

mouvlina, egviptidan isini TviTon gamoiyvana, sinais mTaze maT aTi

mcneba da Tora uboZa da sabolood aRTqmul miwaze miiyvana. mTasTan,

RmerTis STagonebiT, mosem Tavisi Zma aaroni da misi vaJiSvilebi

qohenebad (qurumebad) daamtkica. isini sabolood ierusalimis taZarSi

21

msaxurebdnen. Aaaroni levitTa toms miekuTvneboda, xolo misi

STamomavlebi ukve aaronidebad moixsenebian da taZarSi mTavari qohenebis

misia ekisrebaT.“ (eleqtronuli ebrauli enciklopedia) (283-284)

mebrZol ebraelTa israelis miwaze dasaxlebis Semdeg moZravi RvTis

karavi (romelic RmerTma qurumobasTan erTad daawesa) SiloSi

damkvidrda 300 wliT. Aam drois manZilze RmerTma ers Rirseuli

Svilebi mouvlina, rogorc kacebi, aseve qalebic, Tavdamsxmel mterTa

winaaRmdeg xalxis asamxedreblad.

zogi mteri TviT RvTis gamogzavnili iyo codvebisaTvis xalxis

dasasjelad. Ees ambebi aRwerilia iesu naves Zisa da msajulTa wignebSi.

rac dro gadioda, eris sulieri done ufro da ufro qveiTdeboda, sanam

samagieros gadasaxdelad RmerTma filistimielebs SiloSi dadgmuli

RvTis karvis xelSi Cagdeba SeaZlebina. maSin ki ebraelma erma Seicno

sakuTari daknineba da samuel winaswarmetyvels sTxova tomTa

beladebisa Tu msaxurebis nacvlad misTvis mudmivi mefe amoerCia

(rogorc mezobel xalxebs hyavdaT). samuelma Seasrula es Txovna da

RmerTis dasturiT mefed airCia brwyinvale, magram Tavmdabali adamiani

– sauli. rodesac xalxis zegavleniT man samuelis gankarguleba

daarRvia, RmerTma winaswarmetyvels ubrZana, rom mis magier mefed

daviTi ekurTxevina. (es samuelis wignebSia moTxrobili).

rogorc ki daviT mefem Tavisi Zalaufleba ganamtkica, man naTan

winaswarmetyvels uTxra, rom RvTisaTvis mudmivi taZris aSeneba surs.

misi Rvawlis samagierod RmerTi Sehpirda daviTs, rom misi Svili

aagebda, xolo samefo gvirgvini arasodes gamoecleboda mis

STamomavlobas. TviT daviTma ver miiRo taZris aSenebis neba, radgan bevr

Sina omebSi monawileobda da RmerTs ar surda is mSvidobis simbolod

asagebi taZris mSeneblad ecno. pirveli taZari marTlac daviTis vaJma –

solomonma aago ierusalimSi, rogorc mefeTa wignebSia aRwerili.

solomonis sikvdilis Semdeg misi samefo orad gaiyo: israelis da

iudeis samefoebad. daaxlooebiT 200 wlis Semdeg kerpTmayvanismcemlobis

gavrcelebis gamo, RmerTma israelis samefo asureTs daapyrobina da misi

xalxi gadaasaxlebina.

22

samxreTSi, iudeis samefo, romlis dedaqalaq ierusalimSi taZari idga,

daviTis dinastiis samflobelod darCa. rodesac iudeaSi

kerpTayvanismcemloba ise momravlda, rogorc CrdiloeTSi, RmerTma es

samefo babilons daapryobina. Ddampyroblebma daangries taZari, romelic

410 weli idga, xolo iudevelebi babilonSi gadaasaxles. xalxs nugeSad

darCa RvTis aRTqma, rom isini 70 wlis Semdeg gamoixsnebodnen. Ees ambebi

moTxrobilia isaiasa da ieremias wignebSi.

70 wlis Semdeg RmerTma sparselebs ebraelebi ezras xelmZrvanelobiT

iudeaSi daabrunebina. repatriantebma taZari aages. Ees aRwerilia ezras

da neemias wignSi. M

meore taZari 420 weli idga, sanam Sina mtrobisTvis dasasjelad RmerTma

iudevelebs romaelebi ar Seusia. taZari romaelTa sardalma (Semdeg

imperatorma) titusma daangria. is dangreuli unda darCes, sanam RmerTi

mesiad ar moavlens daviTis STamomavalss, romelic israels daubrunebs

Zvel didebas da ierusalimis taZarsac aRaSenebs.

sinais mTaze miRebuli Tora moses xuT wigns moicavs. msajulTa, mefeTa,

winaswarmetyvelTa da JamTaRmricxvelTa wignebTan erTad, xuTwigneuli

daweril Toras Seadgens. Toris gankargulebaTa detalebs da

interpretacias, romelic RmerTma moses ar daawerina mTaze da mxolod

daazepirebina, zepiri Tora ( פה-תורה שבעל , Tora Se be al-pe) ewodeba. Mmeore

taZris dangrevamde, es Tora marTlac zepirad gadaecemoda Taobidan

Taobas, magram mxolod sasuliero wodebis adamianebs (qurumebs,

msajulebs, rabinebs). Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi, rodesac

diasporaSi ebraelTa devnam imata, zepiri tradiciis gawyvetis SiSiT,

rabinebma am Toris Cawera daiwyes da ase Seadgines miSna (משנה). momdevno

saukuneebSi, rodesac (me-7 saukunemde) TviT miSnis rabinuli

interpretacia mimdinareobda; miSnaSi mocemuli zepiri Toris rabinuli

ganxilva sxva wminda wignebSicaa.

Tora universalur WeSmaritebas Seicavs. Ees gamoixateba, erTis mxriv,

ucxoelTa iudaizmiT dainteresebis zrdaSi (berZenTa da romaelTa

nawili ebraelebs yvelaze “filosofiur” xalxad Tvlida, radgan maT

vizualurad warmoudgeneli RmerTi swamdaT). xolo meores mxriv,

23

ebraelTa mzard dainteresebaSi berZnuli filosofiiT, romelic

umaRlesi WeSmaritebis dadgenisken miiltvoda da amgvarad, SesaZloa,

monoTeizmis ideamdec miiyvana azrovneba (Tundac im gagebiT, rom “yvela

RmerTi erTia”).

Tora Sedgeba moses xuTi wignisgan, rac ebrauli bibliis xuTi pirveli

wigni iyo.

Tumca iudaizmi yovelTvis icavda sarwmunoebis ramdenime princips, mas

mainc ara aqvs yvela ebraelisadmi aucileblad misaRebi dogma. Ees

Tviseba, romelic iudaizms ukve 2000 weli axasiaTebs, aZnelebs

yovelgvar ganzogadoebas ebrauli Teologiis mimarT. Mmiuxedavad imisa,

rom zogjer calkeulma rabinebma an ebraulma mimdinareobebma miaRwies

Tanxmobas – mieRoT mtkice dogma, maT TiTqmis arasodes ar

eTanxmebodnen sxva rabinebi da jgufebi.

orTodoqsuli iudaizmis mixedviT, sarwmunoebis principTa Soris sami

iseTi mniSvnelovania, rom ebraelis mier maTi uaryofa Temidan mis

mokveTas (eqs-komunikacias) imsaxurebs, Tanac mesiis mosvlisas is

mkvdreTiT ver aRdgeba.

es sami principia:

RmerTis arseboba;

Toris RmerTisgan miReba;

RvTiuri msjavris arseboba.

am principTa uarmyofeli ebraeli afikorosad (urwmunod) iTvleba.

ebrauli kanonisa da halaxis (tradiciuli yofis) safuZveli Toraa

(moses xuTi wigni). rabinuli literaturis mixedviT, ToraSi RvTis 613

kanonia mocemuli. Aaqedan zogi mxolod mamakacebze an qalebze

vrceldeba, zogi mxolod Zveli sasuliero wodebis adamianebisTvis

(qurumebisa da levitebisaTvis) dadginda, zogi ki imaTTvis, vinc

israelis miwaze soflis meurneobas eweoda. Mmravali kanonis Sesruleba

mxolod ierusalimis taZris arsebobisas iyo SesaZlebeli. dRevandel

RvTismsaxurebaSi samasze nakleb kanons aqvs Zala. Aarsebobdnen

ebraelTa iseTi jgufebi (karaitebi da cedukebi), romelTa mtkicebiT

24

isini mxolod daweril Toras eyrdnobodnen RvTismsaxurebaSi, magram

ebraelTa umravlesobas swamda e. w. zepiri Torac.

rabinuli iudaizmi yovelTvis Tvlida, rom Tanaxis wignebi (dawerili

Tora) zepiri tradiciis paralelurad gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas. Aam

Sexedulebis gasamarTleblad ebraelebi miuTiTeben TviT Toris

teqstze, sadac bevri sityva gaurkvevelia, xolo mravali religiuri

kanoni mocemulia auxsnelad, an mis Sesasruleblad saWiro darigebis

gareSe. ebraelTa mtkicebiT, es imas niSnavs, rom dawerili Toris

mkiTxvels uTuod unda scodnoda detalebi sxva, e. w. zepiri wyarodan.

radgan es paraleluri codna Tavdapirvelad zepir gadmocemas

warmoadgenda, mas zepiri Tora ( פה-תורה שבעל , Tora Se be al-pe) ewoda.

zepiri Tora miSnaSi da TalmudSi aRnusxuli ebrauli kanonebia.

ierusalimis meored aoxrebis Semdeg (70 w.) rabinebma zepiri tradiciis

gawyvetis SiSiT, zepiri Toris Cawera daiwyes. Cawerili masala me-3

saukunis dasawyisSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin iehuda hanasis mier.

zepiri Toris am pirvel kodeqss miSna (משנה) ewoda.

momdevno saukuneebSi im periodis brZenebma – amoraebma – miSnaSi

mocemuli zepiri Toris wesebs sakuTari interpretacia da komentarebi

daumates. Aam komentarebSi isini zogjer zepiri Toris im wesebsac

aRniSnavdnen, romlebic miSnaSi ar Sesula (aseT wess braiTa hqvia).

miSnaze damatebul rabinul diskusias gmara (גמרא) ewodeba. miSnasa da

gmaras erTad redaqtirebiT Talmudi (תלמוד) Sedgeba.

radgan antikuri xanis miwurulSi or did Temad iyvnen dayofilni

(umravlesoba babilonis diasporaSi cxovrobda, umciresobas ki

romaelTa mier dapyrobili israelis mkvidrni warmoadgendnen). ori

qveynis amoraebma cal-calke Seadgines Talmudebi. ierusalimis Talmudi

me-4 saukunis bolo mesamedSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin ioxanan bar

nafxas mier. me-5 saukunis miwuruls babilonis Talmudi iqna

redaqtirebuli. B

babilonis Talmudi ufro vrceli da avtoritetulia.

saerTod zepiri Tora udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobs.

25

dawerili Toris sworad gasagebad aucilebelia zepir ToraSi mocemuli

axsnebi da miTiTebebi – dawerili Toris teqsti xandaxan gaurkveveli

Sinaarsisaa, xSirad ki misi kanonebi maT Sesasruleblad saWiro

ganmartebisa da darigebis gareaSea mocemuli; zogjer TviT Toris

teqstSi navaraudevia mis gasagebad aucilebeli infromaciis arseboba

codnis romelimelime gareSe wyaroSi.

radgan RmerTi usazRvrod brZenia, moses mier Cawerili Tora ki RmerTis

mier nakarnaxebi sityvebisgan Sedgeba, ar SeiZleba, rom am ToraSi iyos

Tundac erTi sityva, - romlis azri, an zusti mdebareoba teqstSi –

mxolod misi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da winadadebaTa agebulebiT

aixsenbodes. Eebrauli kanonis Tanaxmad, adamiani maSin iTvleba

ebraelad, Tu misi mSobeli deda ebraelia, an Tu is TviTon morjuldeba

ebraelad, ebrauli wesis mixedviT; (Tanamedrove amerikel-ebraelTa

reformistuli da rekonstruqcionisturi moZraobebi ebraelad Tvlian

ebraeli mamisa da ara-ebraeli dedis pirmSosac, Tuki bavSvs mxolod

ebraul adaT-wesebs aswavlian). Cvens droSi, iudaizmis yovel ZiriTad

mimdinareobas Ria aqvs kari ebraelad morjulebis gulwrfelad

msurvelTaTvis (Tumca ebraelebi tradiciulad ar awarmoeben religiur

agitacias araebraelTa Soris).

26

iudaizmi xelovnebaSi.

zogadi istoriuli mimoxilva

iudaizmi msoflio xelovnebis istoriaSi, rogorc ukve avRniSneT,

sakmaod rTuli, ucnauri da saintereso movlenaa. Eebrauli

xelovnebis ganmarteba da garkveul stilistur CarCoebSi moqceva

faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. rodesac ebraul xelovnebaze an Tundac

kulturaze vsaubrobT, moiazreba msoflio kultura da xelovneba.

istoriulad sabediswerod devnilma da mTels msoflioSi

ganfantulma erma, yvela am qveynis istoriasa da kulturaSi Tavisi

Rirseuli adgili daimkvidra da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana da

amasTanave ra Tqma unda gverdi ver auara am qveynebis istoriasTan da

tradiciebTan asimilacias.

ebrauli xelovnebis istoria, iseve, rogorc iudevelTa religia, maTi

istoria da cxovreba moicavs uamrav geografiul adgilsa da

sxvadasxva drois sivrceebs. ebrauli samyaro uzarmazaria, ebraelebis

gafantvam mTel msoflioSi diasporas fenomenis warmoqmna gamoiwvia.

ebrauli xelovnebis samyaro iseve uzarmazaria, rogorc Tavad

ebraelebis samyaro. Ddiasporidan moyolebuli ebraelebi sxva

kulturaTa SemadgenlobaSi cxovrobdnen am qveynebis sazogadoebebis

moqalaqeTa gverdiT da maTi cxovrebiT, an TavianT izolirebul

sazogadoebebSi. iudaizmis gansakuTrebuli damaxasiaTebeli niSania

religiisa da xalxis midrekileba adaptaciasa da cvlilebisadmi. misi

wyalobiT iudaizmi mravali saukuneebis manZilze ara mxolod gadarCa

da SeinarCuna Tavisi ZiriTadi Tvisebebi, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi

ganviTarda da aRmavloba ganicada. iudaizmi gamudmebiT moicavs im

sazogadoebisa da kulturis zegavlenas, romelSic uxdeba cxovreba.

diasporas arsebobis mravalsaukunovan istoriis manZilze da dRemde

sxvadasxva qveynebis da epoqaTa ebraelebs gansxvavebuli religiuri

27

adaT-wesebi, ritualebi Tu tradiciebi axasiaTebT, magram yvela isini

ebraelebi arian. ebraelTa xelovneba aseve sxvadsxva kulturaTa

zegavlenis qveS eqceva. iZulebiTma migarciam xelovnebis iseTi

formebi warmoSva, romlebic saocari mravalferovnebis miuxedavad,

tipiurad ebraulia. Cvenamde moRweuli ebrauli xelovnebis nimuSTa

umetesoba sakulto sagnebisa da samkaulebis saxiTaa SemorCenili.

ebrauli kanoni, tradiciebi, wesebi TiToeul ebraels yoveldRiur

cxovrebasa Tu dResaswaulebSi ritualebisa da wesebis dacvas

aiZulebs. xolo am wesebis aRsruleba funqcoonaluri, magram

amasTanave dekoratiuli nivTebis meSveobiT xdeba. ceremonialuri

xelovnebis upiratesobis wminda esTeTiurze kidev erTi mizezi Tavis

sawyiss bibliidan iRebs. Eebraelebi saukuneebis manZilze

ufiqrdebodnen meore mcnebis azrs ”ar Seiqmna kerpi da aranairi

gamosaxuleba, imisa, rac maRla caSia, rac qvemoT miwazea, da rac

wyalSi miwis qvemoTaa: ara Tayvanisce maT, arca msaxurebde maT…”

(gamosvla 20:4) saukuneebis manZilze sruliad icvleboda

Sexedulebani, gansakuTrebiT TviTon bibliaSi gamovlenili

winaaRmdegobebis safuZvelze. Ggamosvlis wignSi RmerTi moses taZris

Sesaxeb, romelic unda aSendes konkretul miTiTebebs aZlevs: “gaakeTe

oqrosagan ori Weduri qeruvimi, gaakeTe Tavsaxuris orive mxares…”

(gamosvla 25:18)

Semdeg RmerTi mimarTavs moses: “davniSne veseliili... STavabere

RvTiuri suli, sibrZne, gageba, qmedeba da yovelgvari xelovneba,

oqroTi, vercxliTa da spilenZiT muSaobisa,... qvebis gamoTla

Casasmelad da xis kveTa yovelgvari saqmisaTvis” (gamosvla 31:2-5)

iezekilis Tqmulebis Tanaxma, aRdgenili taZris xis mopirkeTebas

unda amSvenebdes…. .. TiToel qeruvims – ori saxe aqvs, erT mxares

palmisaken mimarTulia adamianis saxe, meore mxares palmisaken –

lomis saxe.;” (iezekili 41:18-19).

TiTqmis XX saukunemde iTvleboda, rom ebraelebi ar gamosaxavdnen

adamianis figurebs. Mmagram 30-ian wlebSi es warmodgena sruliad

Seicvala ferweruli freskebis aRmoCenis Semdeg III saukunis sinagogaSi

28

dura-evroposSi, eraySi. Aam aRmoCenam gamoiwvia mTlianad ebrauli

xelovnebis koncepciis gadafaseba. Kkargad Semonaxul freskebze uamravi

scenebia Toris Temaze, romelzec warmodgenilia adamianis figurebi

mTel simaRleSi (il. 1-4). Aam freskebze RvTis xelis gamosaxulebac ki

aris. palestinasa da mis midamoebSi sxva sinagogebSi aRmoCenilma

freskebma da mozaikebma daarwmuna mkvlevarebi, rom dura-evroposis

fenomeni gamonaklisi ar yofila. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT

imdroindel ebraul xelovnebas garkveuli zegavlenac ki hqonda

axladaarsebul qristianul xelovnebaze.

imdroindeli nagebi sinagogebis kedlebsa da iatakebze gamosaxulia

iudaizmTan dakavSirebuli simboloebi: menora (SvidsanTliani Sandali),

lulavi (palmis toti), etrogi (limonis nairsexeoba), romelic suqoTis

dResaswaulTan asociirdeba, iudas lomebi, Sofari (cxvris rqa) –

musikaluri instrumenti. igive simbolikas Zvel monetebze, Tasebsa da

zeTovan sanaTurebzec vawydebiT. sinagogis mozaikebze astrologiuri

kalendarickia gamosaxuli (il. 5). msgavsi freskebi gvxdeba agreTve VI-

VII saukuneebSic.

im dros ebraelebi adamianebis gamosaxvas xsnidnen meore mcnebis meore

nawiliT “ar eTayvano maT da ar emsaxuro maT...” (gamosvla 20:5). Ees imas

niSnavs rom akZalulia ara zogadad cocxali arsebebis gamosaxulebani,

aramed mxolod kerpTayvaniscemisaTvis Seqmnili kumirebi.

SuasaukuneebSi evropis qveynebSi sakmaod xSiria ebraelebis mier

Seqmnili ilustrirebuli feradi manuskriptebi. Eesaa bibliebi (Tora),

hagada (sederis teqsti), esTeris gragnili, qeTuboTi (saqorwilo

xelSekruleba).

zogierT SemTxvevaSi ebraeli mxatvrebi gamosaxavdnen adamianebis

figurebs, magram realuri saxeebis gareSe, zurgidan, an mosasxamebiT

dafarulebs. Ggermanul manuskriptebSi xSirad adamianis Tavebi

cxovelis an Citis Tavis gamosaxulebiT icvleboda. magaliTad cnobilia

1300 wels germaniaSi Seqmnili egred wodebuli “CitisTaviani hagada” (il.

6). Ees germaniaSi SemorCenili erT erTi uZvelesi manuskriptia,

romelSic adamianis figurebs Citis Tavebi agvirgvinebs. amiT mxatveri

29

Tavs aridebs realuri adamianebis gamosaxvas. sainteresoa, rom Citebs

Tavze konusuri cilindrebi axururavT, im droisaTvis es saerTod

miRebuli iyo ebrael mamakacebSi.

niSandoblivia, rom germanul, frangul, espanur Tu italiur

Suasaukunovan manuskriptebSi ebraelebi gamosaxuli arian im qveynisa da

epoqis Sesabamis samosSi da zogadad damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli stiliT

(il. 7, 8). Zalian sainteresoa hamburgSi 1427 wels Txel pergamentze

Sesrulebuli manuskripti ”liturgiebis, wesebisa da saCivrebis krebuli”

(il. 9). Mmis erT erT gverdze magaliTad, gamosaxulia ebraeli qali,

romelic mikves wyalSia Casuli gansabanad, da meuRle ki sawolSi

elodeba. ucnauria Sua saukuneebisTvis da miT ufro ebraulisaTvmis

miniaturaze gamosaxuli SiSveli qalis figura.

rotSildis manuskriptis (1470 w. Crdilo italia) erT gverdze sakmaod

iSviaTi gamosaxulebaa, ebraeli mamkaci, romelic karebSi Sesvlisas

mezuzas exeba xeliT (il. 10).

ebraelebis umetesoba amagrebs mezuzas sacxovrebeli saxlis karebis

zRrublze, xolo morwmune ebraelebi yvela oTaxis karebis kideSi.

sityva “mezuzas” pirdapiri mniSvneloba swored karebis zRrublia,

romelic Semovida xmarebaSi, magram amasTanave aRniSnavs karebze

mimagrebul patara kolofs, sadac Toris gamonaTqvamebiani miniaturuli

pergamentis gragnilia moTavsebuli. sityva mezuzoTi (mezuzas

mravlobiTi ricxvi), bibliidan iRebs saTaveebs (meore kanoni 6:9): “da

dawere Seni saxli zRrublebze da Sen WiSkrebze”. Mmezuza

amavdroulad ebraelebisaTvis RvTis kanonebis Sexsenebacaa da danarCen

ebraelobasTan erTobis simboloa.

ebraelobis umravlesoba mezuzas ojaxuri kerisa da misi binadrebis

erTgvar damcvelad aRiqvams. msgavsi mosazreba Talmudis droidan

Caisaxa da Suasaukuneebis gavliT Tanamedroveebamde moaRwia.

rogorc wesi mezuzebi vercxlisagan, TiTberisagan da xisagan mzaddeba

da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, SedarebiT martivi da sadadan

dawyebuli mdidrulad morTulebamde. Mmecamete saukunidan, zoharis

droidan ("kabbalas”, ebrauli misticizmis Semadgeneli erT-erTi wigni).

30

sityva “Saddai” sityva “RmerTis” sinonimia. rogorc wesi am pergamentis

meore mxaresaa moTavsebuli da patara nasvretidan moCans. garda

sacxovrebelis karebebis zRrublebisa mezuzebs aTavseben sinagogebisa

da sxva Senobebis karebebzec israelsa da mTels msoflioSi. Mmezuzas

agreTve gulze dakidebuls atareben rogorc iudaizmis simbolos, an

zogjer rogorc bednierebis momtan Tilismas. mravali wlis manZilze

ebraelebi atarebdnen sxvadasxva tipis vercxlis amuletebs, romlebic

ubedurebisagan icavda. amuletze xSirad weria sityva “Sadai” romelic

avi Tvalisagan icavs. amJamad yvelaze gavrcelebuli Tilismebia

stilizirebuli sityva “hai” (sicocxle) da eqvsqimiani varskvlavi (magen

daviTi). rogorc wesi am amuletebs rogorc iudaizmis niSans atareben.

yvelaze uZvelesi daviTis varskvlavi pirveli saukuniTaa daTariRebuli

da galileis zRvis sanapiroze kapernaumis sinagogaSia aRmoCenili. Ees

varskvlavi saukuneebis manZilze gvxvdeba, magram mxolod XVII

saukunidan gaxda wminda ebrauli simbolo praRaSi. Mmagen daviTi

xSirad sakulto daniSnulebis sagnebis mosarTavad an rogorc

religiuri simbolika gamoiyeneba.

islamis qveynebSi mcxovrebi ebraelebi gacilebiT ufro didxans

aridebdnen Tavs adamianebis gamosaxulebebs. Mmanuskriptebis miniaturebi

Tu ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebi abstraqtuli gamosaxulebebiT,

vaziTa da yvavilebiTaa morTuli.

Cvenamde moRweuli ebrauli xelovnebis nawarmoebTa umetesoba

ukanaskneli saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli. TiTqmis yvela gavrcelebul

da miRebul ebraul simbolikasTan aris dakavSirebuli, agreTve xSiria

bibliuri scenebisa da citatebis gamoyeneba, dResaswaulebisa da

yoveldRiuri ritualebis amsaxveli suraTebi.

ebraul tradiciaSi xelovnebis sxva dargebze gacilebiT ufro gvian

qandakeba Semodis, romelic XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba

(israelSi ki dRemde TiTqmis miuRebelia).

ferwerac daaxloebiT am dromde ar iyo identificirebuli iudaikasTan.

sxvadasxva qveynebSi ebrauli warmoSobis mxatvrebi, romlebic ar

emorCilebodnen miRebul religiur akrZalvas da xSirad ojaxis

31

winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, mainc irCevdnen xelovnebis dargs da amiT

ududesi wvlili Seitanes msoflio xelovnebis istoriaSi. SemdgomSi,

mogvianebiT ki ukve ebraeli mxatvrebi iudaikasac mimarTaven.

ebraeli xelovanebi mudmiv ZiebaSi, msoflio kulturaTa sxvdasxva

stilisa Tu modis ganuwyvetliv interpretirebaSi, qmnian TavianT

ganumeorebel xelovnebas. XX saukunis dasawyisSi mxatvarTa

SemoqmedebaSi didi aRmavloba iwyeba. Ees movlena aRmosavleT evropis

qveynebSi ebraelebis getoebidan gamosvlasa da xelovnebis TeoriebTan

uSualo gacnobasa da Sexebas ukavSirdeba. maTi xelovneba erTis mxriv

saerTo esTetiur tendecibs asaxavs da stilisturad TiTqosda

garkveuli mimdinareobebidan amovardnilic ar aris, magram Sinaarsisa

Tu siuJetis arCevis mxriv es xelovneba ukve gamokveTilad ebraulia.

ebrauli xelovnebis nebismieri mimoxilva garkveul wilad ebrauli

TvalsawieriT danaxuli msoflio xelovnebis mimoxilvaa.

mravalsaukunovani ebrauli xelovneba idealur SesaZleblobas iZleva

sxvadasxva droisa Tu qveynis kulturis mimarTulebebSi CavixedoT, da

amasTanave CavwvdeT wminda ebarul suliskveTebas, maT ritualebs,

sazrunavs, idealebs, dResaswaulebsa Tu yoveldRiur yofas.

32

Tavi II

Eebrauli diaspora saqarTveloSi

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, saqarTveloSi ebrauli diaspora erT erTi

uZvelesTagania da ebraelTa pirvel migracias ukavSirdeba Zv. w. VI

saukuneSi. saqarTveloSi ebraelebi pirveli taZris dangrevis,

ierusalimidan maTi gandevnis Semdeg gamoCndnen da qarTlSi dasaxldnen,

mcxeTis mamasaxlisisaTvis xarkis gadaxdis safasurad.

termini "huriani qarTvelni" (qarTveli ebraelebi) qarTuli enis

leqsikaSi V-IX saukuneebSi unda gaCeniliyo. XI saukunidan ixmareba

termini “qarTveli ebraelebi”, xolo XIX saukunis dasawyisidan is

masiurad damkvidrda, rac saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi

Sesvlas ukavSirdeba.

e. mamisTvalaSvili (42) safuZvlianad mimoixilavs qarTvel ebraelTa

mTel mravalsaukunovan istorias da mis wignSi Zalian saintereso

faqtebi Tu hipotezebia moyvanili. misi naSromis safuZvelze gTavazobT

mcire istoriul eqskurss.

ebraelTa gansaxleba saqarTveloSi sxvadsxva periodSi gansxvavebuli

iyo. gvianfeodalur periodSi ebraelebi TiTqmis aRar cxovrobdnen

antikuri da adrefeodaluri gansaxlebis adgelebSi. maTi kvali zogjer

toponimebma Semogvinaxa. SegviZlia isev vivaraudoT, rodis moxda maTi

Casaxleba am Tanamedrove qalaqebSi, sadac gvianfeodalur periodSi ar

Candnen.

ebraelTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi cvalebadi iyo. mis periodul

Semcirebas qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri viTareba

ganapirobebda. am process saxelmwifos, eklesiis an qristiani

mosaxleobis mier gatarebuli raRac gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebi ar

edo safuZvlad. misi mizezebi umTavresad qveynis tragikuli bediT iyo

ganpirobebuli. xSiri omebi, rasac Tan sdevda amowyveta da datyveveba,

33

epidemiebi, motaceba, sarwmunoebis Secvla... yvela am ubedurebas

ebraelebi qarTvel xalxTan erTad iziarebdnen da maTi Semcireba

qarTvelTa Semcirebis proporciuli iyo. feodalizmis epoqaSi ebrauli

mosaxleoba periodulad icvlida Tavis samosaxlos qveynis SigniT -

zogjer sakuTari surviliT, zogjer ZaldatanebiT. Zveli da gviandeli

xanis gansaxlebis adgilebis dadgena warmodgenas qmnis ebrauli

mosaxleobis dinamikaze da mis mizezebze. XIX s. dasawyisidan SeimCneva

ebraelebis gadasaxlebis tendencia soflebidan qalaqebSi. qarTuli

saistorio werilobiTi wyaroebi gansakuTrebul adgils miuCens

ebraelebs qarTlis gaqristianebis saqmeSi.

saqarTvelo ekuTvnis im rCeuli qveynebis ricxvs, romelTac bibliur

samyarosTan intensiuri urTierTobis pativi xvda wilad. uZvelesi

droidan qarTlSi damkvidrebuli Zlieri ebrauli diaspora iZleoda am

urTierTobebis saSualebas; mesianisturi ideebi, romlebsac ebraelebTan

erTad gaecno qarTveloba, kargi foni aRmoCnda qristianobis misaRebad.

swored ebraelebs ukavSirdeba udidesi qristianuli siwmindis - qristes

kvarTis saqarTveloSi Camotana. pirveli didi siwminde, romlis

siaxlovesac mcxeTaSi qristes kvarTi daikrZala, aris wm. elia

winaswarmetyvelis xaleni (mosasxami), romlis saqarTveloSi motanas,

aseve ebraelebs ukavSireben.

elia winaswarmetyvelis xaleni ramdenjermea naxsenebi Zvel aRTqmaSi:

pirvelad xaleni naxsenebia uflis gamocxadebis Jams, roca eliam

„daifara piri Tvisi xaleniTa“ (III mefeTa 19,13), da meored elisesTan

Sexvedris dros „...miiwia elia misa da daagdo xaleni igi misi mis zeda“

(III mefeTa 19,19). mesamed xsenebisas elia xaleniT ukve saswauls axdens:

„da moiRo eliam xaleni igi Tvisi... sca wyalsa... da ganipo wyali“ (IV

mefeTa 2,8), Semdeg, roca cad atacebuli elia gadmougdebs xalens

mowafes. amis Semdeg ukve elise axdens saswauls - igi iordanes wyals

Suaze gahyofs da ise gaivlis (IV mefeTa 2,14).

qarTuli wyaroebi elia winaswarmetyvelis xalenis saqarTveloSi,

kerZod mcxeTaSi yofnas adastureben: „moqcevaϧs“ mixedviT sidonias

Tavis mamis abiaTarisagan scodnia, rom uflis kvarTis dakrZalvis

34

adgili ormagi ZaliT iyo Semosili: qristes kvarTis dafvlamde

odesRac aq daumarxavT winaswarmetyvel elias xaleni (40, 461).

moqcevaϧSi orive siwmindis - rogorc qristes kvarTis, ise elias

xalenis adgilsamyofelis dasadgenad saWiroa eliozis saxlisa da

„mcire baginis“ lokalizeba. wyaros cnobiT „saxli eliozisi iyo

qalaqis dasavliT, wiaR moguTasa, xidsa zeda“ [1,130], es is xidia, romlis

Sesaxebac wm. nino ambobs: „moviwieniT mcxeTad qalaqad wiaR kerZo

moguTasa, xidsa zeda davdeqiT. muniT vxedavdi cecxlis msaxursa ersa

moguebasa da cdomasa Sina“ [1,115].

abiaTaris mier aRwerili „saxli eliozisi“ wm. ninos moRvaweobis Jams

friad didebul adgils“ [1,146] mdebareobda. igi qalaqis prestiJul

ubnad iTvleboda da swored amitom naTlavdnen aq didebulTa Svilebs,

ris gamoc warmarTuli toponimi „mogvTa“ Seicvala toponimiT „mTavarTa

sanaTloϧ“. eliozis saxlis mdebareobis Sesaxeb leonti mroveli

mxolod moqcevaϧs cnobebs imeorebs [4,101]. wyaros cnobiT ierusalimidan

dabrunebul eliozs kvarTi swored saxlSi moaqvs: „saxlad Cvenda“

ambobs sidonia. sidonia da abiaTari TavianT Tavs eliozis uSualo

Camomavlebad (igulisxmeba sagvareulos mixedviT) Tvlian. sidonia,

rodesac saubrobs eliozis mier kvarTis Camotanasa da mcxeTaSi

motanaze, ambobs: „elioz moiRo kvarTi... mcxeTad, saxlad Cvenda“ [1,129].

dasturdeba varaudi, rom „eliozis saxlis sagvareulo flobda

mRvdlobis uflebas STamomavlobiT“ [9,41] TviTn abiaTaric ambobs, rom

igi iyo „wiliT xuedrebuli mRvdeli“ abiaTari ki warmoSobiT beniaminis

cnobili tomidanaa. Amitom varaudoben, rom eliozic beniaminis toms

ekuTvnoda.

„moqcevaϧs“ daweris dros Zvelma mcxeTelebma albaT icodnen eliozis

saxlic da is „mcire baginic“, romelic eliozis saxlis maxloblad

mdgara. abiaTarisa da wmida ninos dros es uZvelesi nagobeba sul cota

samsaukunenaxevrisaa. aq unda yofiliyo is „samarxvoϧc“, romelSic

gadmocemiT dakrZaluli iyo elias xaleni, vinaidan mxolod baginSi

SeiZleboda yofiliyo sakurTxeveli, romlis „qvaTa Sina ulpolvelad“

35

ganisvenebda siwminde (unda SevniSnoT, rom moqcevaϧ-Si qva gamoiyeneba

samsxverplos sinonimad!). (40, 461)

samarxvos daniSnuleba ki Semdeg iyo: cnobilia, rom rogorc adre, ise

axlac, iudavelTa religiis mimdevrebi xmarebidan gamosul Toras

nawilebs, an sxva saritualo nivTebs an maT narCenebs wvaven an marxaven.

elinisturi xanidan moyolebuli am wesis gamo yvela sinagogasTan

arsebobda specialuri saTavso, sadac am nivTebs marxavdnen. swored am

samarxvos gverdiT idga eliozis saxlic. zogierTi mkvlevari miuTiTebs,

rom es samarxvoϧ eliozis saxlis sardafi unda yofiliyo. Tu es ase

iyo, maSin IV saukunisTvis es Senoba ukve dakargavda sacxovrebeli

saxlis funqcias. xolo sidonia da abiaTari cxovrobdnen saxlSi, sadac

Tavis droze eliozs kvarTi moutania - e.i. es ori sxvadasxva Senobaa -

eliozis saxli, sadac cxovreba ar Sewyvetila IV saukuneSic da

samarxvoϧ, romelsac miuRia mowesrigebuli arqiteqturuli forma da

gamxdara „mcire bagini“, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs mcxeTaSi „didi“,

Cveulebrivi baginis, am SemTxvevaSi sinagogis arsebobasac (40, 462-464). am

mcire baginis, anu samarxvoϧs gverdiT mdgara eliozis saxlic. swored

am baginis konsekrecia xdeba ninos mier. misi mdebareoba da

arqiteqturuli saxe xatovnad aris aRwerili wyaroSi: „xe igi kilamoϧ

amSvenebda mas, rameTu gardaeTxna rtoni misni yovelsa mas stovasa

baginisasa“. stova, igive stoa antikur arqiteqturaSi iyo grZeli

galerea, portiki, romlis erT-erT grZiv mxares svetebis rigi gasdevda.

„rogorc Cans, stoas arqiteqturuli formis gamoyeneba sinagogaSi

miuTiTebs mis kavSirs elinisturi xanis arqiteqturasTan. varaudoben,

rom ieruslimis taZari, romelic romaelebma daangries 70 wels, swored

aseTi xuroTmoZRvruli tipis iyo [8,142]. amrigad, mcxeTaSi, msgavsad

diasporis sxva qveynebisa, arsebobda „savsebiT profesiuli epoqis

Sesatyvisi da saerTaSoriso standartebis ariqiteqtura, rac asaxavda,

rogorc mcxeTis, ise masSi mosaxle ebrauli Temis kulturuli

cxovrebis saerTo dones“. sainteresoa, rom berZeni avtorebis

TxzulebebSi „stoa“ bazilikis sinonimadac ixmareba [17,82-83]. amdenad,

SeiZleba vivaraudoT mcxeTaSi uZvelesi bazilikuri Senobis arsebobac.

36

am adgilze, e.i. Zveli mcxeTis dasavleT nawilSi mtkvris piras axla

mcire calnaviani eklesiis usaxo naSTia SemorCenili. kedlis

aRmosavleTis fragments etyoba, rom misi wyoba araerTgzis Seicvala.

masSi gamoyenebulia antikuri xanis kvadrebic. dRes am adgils friad

STambeWdavi saxeli „geTsimania“ hqvia. kedeli, romelic SemorCenilia,

Zalian adreuli da ganadgurebuli eklesiis fuZezea amoyvanili. mis

wyobaSi gamoCnda uadresi siriuli eklesiebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

dabali, yovelmxriv profilebuli kankelis filebi, romelic IV

saukunes Tu ara V saukunes ganekuTvneba. gamokveTilia „tradiciuli“

suraTic. adreqristianuli eklesia, kvlav winare qristianuli nagebobis

naSTebzea daSenebuli [13,23]. aq sadRac, qalaqis dasavleT nawilSi,

mogvTa karTan, mtkvris napiras, mcire samlocvelosTan (baginTan),

mcxeTel huriaTa garemoSi iyo eliozis saxli. (40, 458-461).

mravlismTqmelia TavisTavad is faqti, rom ebrauli diaspora TaobaTa

manZilze inaxavda xsovnas, rogorc winaswarmetyvel elias xalenis, ise

qristes kvarTis mcxeTaSi motanisa da misi adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb. am

siwmindeebis mcxeTaSi arsebobas gansakuTrebiT wm. nino aqcevs

yuradRebas, vinaidan orive siwmide simbolurad asaxavs or epoqas: - wm.

elia winaswarmetyvelis xaleni - Zvel aRTqmas, qristes kvarTi - axal

aRTqmas. orive siwmindis simboluri daniSnuleba xdeba eris cnobierebis

ziareba maradiulobasTan, riTac, bunebrivia, moxda saqarTvelos

eklesiis gansakuTrebulobis xazgasmac. unda aRvniSnoT, rom rogorc

qristes kvarTis, ise wminda elia winaswarmetyvelis xalenis mcxeTaSi

arseboba swored maSin gacxadda, rodesac qarTli udidesi arCevanis

winaSe dadga. igi an warmarTuli kerpebis erTguli unda darCeniliyo, an

mowinave qristianuli ideebi eRiarebina. saWiro iyo, qarTlis

mosaxelobas erwmuna, rom qristianobis qadageba SemTxveviTi movlena ki

ar iyo, aramed am siwmindeebis aq arseboba mianiSnebda am qveynis

RvTivrCeulobaze, SemTxveviTi arc is iyo, rom qarTvel ebraelebs -

„huriaTa qarTvelTa“ qarTulma istoriulma tradiciam gansakuTrebuli

statusi SeunarCuna - isini arian marTlebi, maT amoicnes mesia da ar

gaisvares xeli wminda sisxliT.

37

qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, me-6 saukuneSi aRiniSneba

bizantiidan ebraelebis migracia dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

TbilisSi ebraelebis gamoCena me-9 saukuneSi abu-imran musa (moSe) az-

zafaranis mier sektis Camoyalibebas da mis babilonidan TbilisSi

Camosvlas ukavSirdeba. Mman saxeli gaiTqva rogorc abu-imran aT-

Tiflisi, Tiflisis sektam da 300 wels iarseba. adreSuasaukuneebSi

qarTveli ebraelebi ufro iranis ebraelobasTan iyvnen kavSirSi.

cnobebis mixedviT me-12 s. saqarTveloSi ufro rabanistuli da ara

karaimuli iudaizmi iyo gavrcelebuli.

marko polo, romelmac 1272 w. TbilisSi imogzaura, aRniSnavs, rom

mxolod mcireoden ebraelebs Sexvda. Eebraelobis nawili

monRolebismier dabyrobilil aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelodan

dasavleTisaken gadasaxlda, sadac axali Temebi Seqmnes. 14 s. ebrauli

Temi gagraSi moixsenieba, am periodSi iq mecnieri filologi rabi iehuda

ben iakobi moRvaweobda, romelmac dawera ivriTis gramatikis Sesaxeb.

saqarTveloSi monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg ebraelobis nawili

saqarTvelodan sxva qveynebSi gadasaxlda, xolo qarTvel ebraelTa

ZiriTadi nawili ymebaT gadaiqca. Semonaxulia istoriuli cnobebi

qarTvel ebraelTa batonymur mdgomareobis Sesaxeb 500 wlis manZilze.

15-16 s. ebraelTa batonymobis procesis daCqareba mtrul Semosevebs

ukavSirdeba. Ees mdgomareoba me-19 s. meore naxevramde grZeldeboda.

saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebam (1864-71) da maT Soris ebraelebis

ganTavisuflebam gamoiwvia maTi urbanizaciis procesi da ebrauli Temis

struqturis saboloo Camoyalibeba. qalaqebSi ebrauli mosaxleoba

garkveul ubnebSi mkvidrdeboda da qalaqis eg nawili ebraul kvartalad

gadaiqceoda. me-19 s. saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiidan aSkenazi

ebraelebi Semodian, Tumca mxolod me-19 saukunis bolosken gamyarda

urTierToba qarTvel da aSkenaz ebraelTa Soris.

38

qarTvel ebraelTa ganaTlebis saqmeSi Zalian mniSvnelovani wvlili

Seitana litvelma rabi abraam ha-levi xvolesma (1857-1931), romelic 1890-

an ww. q. cxinvalis mTavar rabinad airCies. 1906 w. xvolesma gaxsna

saqarTveloSi pirveli Talmud-Tora skola, da male gogonebis

swavlebac SemoiRo. 1902 w. TbilisSi gaixsna skola qarTvel ebraelTas

bavSvebisTvis, sadac ivriTs vilnodan mowveuli pedagogebi aswavlidnen.

me-19 saukunis bolodan saqarTveloSi aSkenaz ebraelebma Camoayalibes

sionisturi wreebi. Mme-6 sionistur kongresSi (1903 w. bazelSi) rabinma

daviT baazovma miiRo monawileba, mis saxels ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi

sionisturi moZraobis dasawyisi, rasac xels uwyobda orTodoqsalur

liderTa - xaxmebis da agreTve moZraoba xabadis gzavnilebis aqtivoba,

romelic 1916 wlidan aRiniSneboda.

saqarTvelodan pirveli alia (istoriul samSobloSi dabruneba) erec-

israelSi 1863 wlidan daiwyo da me-20 s. dasawyisisTvis iq 400 qarTveli

ebraeli iyo dasaxlebuli.

saqrTveloSi wiTeli armiis Semosvlis Semdeg 1921 w. daiwyo

mosaxleobis masobrivi gaqceva. Eemigrantebis am did talRaSi moxvdnen

daaxloebiT 1500-2000 qarTveli ebraeli, maTgan ZiriTadi nawili

palestinaSi dasaxlda, danarCeni ki stambulSi, sadac 1880 wlidan

arsebobda qarTvel ebraelTa Temi. 1921 wels erec israelSi qarTvel

ebraelTa raodenobam 1700 miaRwia.

saqarTvelos gasabWoebis dasawyisSi ZiriTadi principi emyareboda

adgilobrivi da maT Soris religiuri tradiciebisadmi pativiscemas,

amitom xelisufleba TiTqmis ar ereoda ebraul religsiur sakiTxebSi,

sinagogebi agrZelebdnen funqcionirebas, iseve rogorc sionisturi

moZraoba da sionisturi skola.

1924 wels saqarTveloSi antisabWouri da antirusuli ajanyebis CaxSobis

Semdeg xelisuflebis politika sagrZnoblad gamkacrda da aRikveTa

legaluri da naxevradlegaluri sionisturi moRvaweoba.

39

ekonomikis dargSi sabWoTa organoebis qmedebebma qarTveli ebraeli

msxvili Tu mcire movaWreebi bankrotobamde miiyvanes. Mmas Semdeg, rac d.

baazovma da n. elaSvilma xelisuflebisgan uari miiRes neba daerToT

ebraelebisaTvis soflis meurneobiT dakavebuliyvnen, maT moiTxoves

palestinaSi gaSvebis nebarTva. 200 ojaxidan 18 dakmayofilda da 1925

wels maT datoves saqarTvelo.

1926 wlidan xelisuflebis qmedebebi mimarTuli iyo ebraelebis CarTvaSi

qarxnebis muSebaT, samrewvelo kooperativebSi da ebrauli

kolmeurneobebis SeqmnaSi. 1928 wels Seiqmna pirveli ebrauli

kolmeurneoba “wiTeli gora”, xolo 1933 wlisTvis ukve 15 aseTi

kolmeurneoba arsebobda, romelSic 2314 adamiani iyo gaerTianebuli .

qarTvel ebraelTa kolmeurneobebi im qalaqebTan Tu dasaxlebebTan

axlos iqmneboda, sadac cxovrobda ebrauli mosaxleoba. 1938 w. am

kolmeurneobebis ZiriTadi nawili daiSala da mxolod “wiTeli gora ”

arsebobda 70-ani ww. Ddasawyisamde.

1928 w. Seiqmna agreTve Rarib ebraelTa damxmare komiteti, romelic

asaqmebda ebraelebs sxvadasxva kooperativebSi.

1927 w. xelisuflebis mier Seiqmna ebrauli skolebi, sadac aswavlidnen

qarTul enaze, gaixsna biblioTekebi, axalgazrduli klubebi. 1933 w.

TbilisSi berias saxelobis muSa ebraelTa kulturis saxli gaixsna da

amave wels saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi.

sabWoTa xelisufleba iyenebda ebraul skolebsa da kulturis saxlebs

ZiriTadaT antireligiuri RonisZiebebis Casatareblad.

1937-1938 ww. sabWoTa xelisuflebis gankargulebiT cxinvalSi

daapatimres da Semdeg yovelgvari gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos gareSe

cixeSi mokles 9 xaxami, maT Soris ori aSkenazi. 1938 w. daapatimres da

aseve cixeSi mokles gercel baazovi, sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes

rabin daviT baazovsac, romelic Semdeg cimbirSi 10 wliT gadasaxlebiT

Seicvala. Mmxolod ebraelTa muzeumi funqcionirebda 1951 wlamde, Tumca

40

1948 wels daapatimres misi erT erTi direqtori aaron krixeli da

Semdeg ukve muzeumic daixura rogorc sionizmis kera.

eqvsdRiani omis Semdeg saqrTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebis

Soris yvelaze aqtiurad CaerTo demonstraciebSi da peticiebis

xelmowerebSi israelSi gamgzavrebis uflebis mosapoveblad.

1969 wlis 6 agvistos 18 qarTveli ebraelis werili gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciaSi gaigzavna. werilSi isini TxovniT mimarTavdnen

gaeros moexdina zewola sabWoTa xelisuflebaze, raTa maT ojaxebs

israelSi gamgzavrebis ufleba moepovebinaT. es iyo pirveli sabuTi,

romelmac safuZveli Cauyara aliis moZraobas mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi.

msoflio sazogadoebaSi am Zalzed gaxmaurebulma faqtma moaxdina didi

rezonansi da mas mohyva 1971 wlidan qarTvel ebraelTaTvis masobrivi

alia israelSi. 1970 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi 43 aTasi ebraeli

cxovrobda, xolo 70-ani wlebis bolos moxda ebrauli mosaxleobis

daaxloebiT 70% repatriacia israelSi.

41

saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli

muzeumi da misi koleqcia

saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi TbilisSi

1933-1951 wlebSi funqcionirebda.

rogorc ukve avRniSneT zemoT, saqarTveloSi mravalsaukunovani

ebrauli diasporis arsebobis miuxedavad, ar yofila misi istoriisa Tu

kulturis samecniero Seswavlis precendenti da mxolod muzeumis

daarsebam Cauyara amas safuZveli.

1932 wels saqarTvelos Rarebkomis (Rarib ebraelTa damxmare komiteti)

dadgenilebis safuZvelze saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-

eTnografiuli muzeumi Tbilisel da leningradel mecnier

TanamSromelTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT daarsda.

Tavidan muzeumi Seiqmna rogorc mxolod samecniero dawesebuleba, mas

ar hqonda koleqcia. muzeumma bina jer 1 maisis quCaze arsebul

ebraelTa kultbazis SenobaSi daido, xolo 1940 wlidan – ivaniZis

(amJamad anton kaTolikosis) quCaze mdebare 1896 wels agebuli Zveli

sinagogis gumbaTian SenobaSi (il. 22). ebraelTa muzeumis daarsebamde

yofil sinagogaSi berias sax. kulturis saxlic ki mdebareobda.

ebrauli kulturis Semswavleli mecnierebis “iudaikis” mixedviT

ebrauli salocavebis genezisi babilonelTa mier “pirveli taZris”

dangrevas (586 Zv. w. aR.) ukavSirdeba. taZari ebraelTa mesame mefem –

daviTis Zem, solomonma aaSena sionis mTaze. mas solomonis taZari

ewoda. (solomonis mefobis dasawyiss 971 an 987 wliT (Zv. w. aR.)

gansazRvraven).

“pirveli” – taZris gviani saxelwodebaa, ufro gvian ki ebraeli xalxis

cnobierebaSi sionis mTa RmerTs ganasaxierebs, taZari – RmerTis saxls.

taZari mravalgzis aRsdga da Seilaxa, da bolos romis imperatorma

titus vespasianem daangria qristes Sobidan 70 wels.

taZari (“saxli RvTisa”, “saxli rCeuli”, “saxli siwmindisa” – ebraulad

“beT hamikdaS”) upirvelesad iyo umaRlesi erovnuli siwminde – mas

42

“ierusamalimis taZari” Seerqva, aRTqmis kidobnis sacavi, sadac inaxeboda

sjulis ficari da sxva siwmindeni.

taZari darCa ebraelTa erTianobis da RmerTTan kavSiris simbolod.

salocavi – salocavebi – (ebr. “beT haqneseT” – “saxli sakrebulo” –

Sdr. E”eklesia”) – diasporis fenomenia. pirveli salocavi babilonis

tyveobaSi unda gaCeniliyo. saqarTvelos ebrauli salocavebis

winamorbednic am “pirvelTa” ricxvs unda ganekuTvnebodnen. maT Sesaxeb

SemogvrCa ramdenime mniSvnelovani cnoba.

“Satberdis krebulSi” moxsenebulia ebrauli salocavi – “bagini

huriaTa”. ufro gviandel qarTul wyaroebSi “bagins” da “ebraul

salocavs” Caenacvleba “Tora”. Tora (ebr.) – Zveli aRTqmis wignebia.

saqarTveloSi ebraelebiT dasaxlebul yvela regionSi Sendeboda

sinagogebi. DdRemde mxolod me-19 s. Aagebuli sinagogebia SemorCenili.

vinaidan ebrauli muzeumi sinagogis SenaobaSi iyo ganTavsebuli, mokled

mimovixilavT TbilisSi arsebul sinagogegbs. (51, 346-347)

“uriebi Zveladganve aq mravlad scxovrobdnen. XII s-Si maTi ricxvi

erTob didi iyo”. XIXs. damdegs ki erTob Semcirda, rac damudmebulma

omebma gamoiwvies. Tbilisel ebraelTa ricxvi SemdgomSi axalcixidan

gadmosulma ebraelebma Seavses, maTve aaSenes is nageboba, romelic dRes

qarTvel ebraelTa moqmedi salocavia. Aamitom am sinagogas

“axalcixelebis salocavis” saxeli SemorCa (il. 23). “axalcixelebis

salocavis” momijnaved funqcionirebda kidev erTi sinagoga –

“cxinvalelebis salocavi”, romelic dResdReobiT sacxovrebel saxlad

gamoiyeneba. igi ebraelobas CamoerTva 1953w.

meore moqmedi sinagogaa e.w. “aSkenazebis salocavi” (aSkenazebi – evropis

gavliT Semosuli ebraelebi).

TbilisSi aris yofili sinagogebis kidev ori kapitaluri Senoba,

“aSkenazebis salocavis” saxelwodebiT.

erTi yofili salocavi mdebareobs pirveli maisis q. N10. (yofili

kaTolikeTa quCa) da aSenebulia 1886 w. mWidro minaSenebSi moqceuls

SemorCa erTi “sakuTari fasadi” – Seulesavi aguris da gamokveTili

romanuli stilis.

43

1932 w. am SenobaSi bina daido saqarTvelos Rarib ebraelTa damxmare

komitetis kulturis bazam. Aiqve daarsda saqarTvelos ebraelTa

istoriul-eTnografiuli seqcia, romelic 1933 w. gadakeTda

damoukidebel muzeumad da gadavida “gumbaTian” sinagogaSi.

ebrauli kulturuli bazis gauqmebis Semdeg (1938w.), am SenobaSi

sxvadasxva organizaciebi funqcionirebda; gadaakeTes da gamoiyenes

klubad; 1988-90w. funqcionirebda “metexis Teatri”. amJamad moqmedebs

“samefo ubnis Teatri”.

meore sinagogis Senoba mdebareobs ivaniZis q. N.3 (anton kaTalikosis

quCaze) da agebulia 1896 w. Senoba gumbaTiania, Seulesavi aguris wyobiT.

rogorc irkveva, mas sakmaod didi da maRali salocavi darbazi hqonia,

romelic dRes sam sarTulad da oTaxebadaa dayofili. aq ebraeli

jariskacebi loculobdnen“ (15, 57-58).

am SenobaSi 1934-51 wlebSi ganTavsda saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-

eTnografiuli muzeumi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda aron krixeli, xolo

1948 wlidan ilia papismedovi. 1951 w. Senoba CamoerTvaT ebraelebs;

gadakeTda jer saerTo sacxovreblad, xolo 1977 w. masSi kulturis

muSakTa kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursebi funqcionirebda. 1991

wlidan aq isev ebrauli muzeumia aRdgenili, romelic daviT baazovis

saxels atarebs, magram Senobis savalalo, avariuli mdgomareobis gamo,

muzeumis koleqciebis aq ganTavseba da gamofena SeuZlebelia.

xuTive es nageboba qalaqis Zvel istoriul zonaSi mdebareobs da

faqtobrivad erTi quCis – leseliZis quCis (yofili Rvinis rigi) RerZzea

akinZuli.

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, muzeumis koleqciis Sesagroveblad 1933-1936

wlebSi, ebraelebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi moewyo

eTnografiuli eqspediciebi. muzeumis TanamSromlebi iZiebdnen

saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriis, kulturisa da yofis amsaxvel

eqsponatebs. Segrovda uamravi Canaxati, fotoebi, erovnuli kostumebi,

aqsesuarebi, amuletebi, folkloruli masala, sakulto, religiuri da

sxva mravali yofiTi nivTi. eqspediciaSi monawile mowveuli qarTveli

mxatvrebi adgilze afiqsirebdnen ebraelTa tipaJebsa da maTi cxovrebis

44

amsaxvel detalebs da Semdeg ukve muzeumSi Camotanil nivTebis

safuZvelze qmnidnen ebrauli yofisa Tu religiur-ritualuri Sinaarsis

suraTebs. 1937 wels moewyo permanentuli eqspozicia ~saqarTvelos

ebraelTa Zveli da axali yofa~. saerTod muzeumSi sami ZiriTadi

ganyofileba iyo: istoriuli, eTnografiuli da Tanamedrove

socialisturi mSeneblobis amsxveli masalebi.

muzeumis direqtorebi am wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyvnen a. kulijanovi, a.

krixeli da i. papismedovi.

muzeumis direqciam TanamSromlobisaTvis cnobili mecnierebi moiwvia. n.

berZeniSvili, g. Citaia, S. Cxetia, S. amiranaSvili, s. iordanaSvili, l.

meliqseT-begi da sxv. MmaTive daxmarebiT momzadda muzeumis axalgazrda

mecnier TanamSromelTa jgufi.

muzeumis saxviTi xelovnebis koleqciaSi sxvadasxva avtorTa

assamocdaaTamde ferweruli da grafikuli namuSevaria. am koleqciis

ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens TviTnaswavli ebraeli mxatvris Salom

koboSvilisa da cnobili qarTvelo mxatvris daviT gvelesianis

namuSevrebi, aqve inaxeba metrevelis, cimakuriZis, zaaliSvilis,

abramiSvilis, exiskielis, gabroilovis da ramodenime ucnob mxatvarTa

namuSevrebic.

Eebrauli muzeumis koleqciis eqsponatebis CamonaTvali

sainventaro wignebSi

samuzeumo nomeri nivTis dasaxeleba

1 dana 2 masalebi 3 kacea spilenZis 4 kacea spilenZis 5 sacecxluris Tavi-jvriT 6 sasunebeli Tunuqis 7 saswori, liTonis 8 seferToris xelis gamosaxuleba 9 dana Soxetis 10 beWedi TiTbris

45

11 sadgisi xis tariT 12 sadgisi xis tariT 13 sadgisi xis tariT 14 Taji seferToris, zanzalakebiT 15 Taji seferToris, zanzalakebiT 16 Taji seferToris, zanzalakebiT 17 Taji seferToris, zanzalakebiT 18 Taji seferToris 19 vaza saqorwilo, liTonis 20 sasanTle (xanuqa) 21 dana 22 dana miniaturuli 23 dana Zvlis tariT

24 spilos figura liTonis 35 beWedi rabinisa 26 ierusalimis taZris gamosaxuleba,

xis 27 amuleti ebrauli warweriT

28 religiuri dafa-kalendari

29 jami spilenZis

30 jami spilenZis, samkiTxao 31 dana jeviCi

32 dafa qristianuli xatebiT 33 dana winadacveTis

qsovilebis fondi

# nivTis dasaxeleba 1. axaluxi 2. axaluxi 3. axaluxi 4. axaluxi 5. axaluxi 6. Coxa 7. Coxa 8. gujani 9. zubuni 10. zubuni 11. zedatani 12. zedatani 13. zedatani

46

14. zedatani 15. zedatani 16. zedatani 17. qvedatani 18. qvedatani 19. qvedatani 20 qvedatani 21. kaba (qalis) 22. mosasxami 23. oqros kaba 24. oqros kaba 25. oqros kaba 26. perangi 27. perangi 28. perangi 29. perangi 30. perangi 31. perangi

32. samgloviaro samoseli

33. samgloviaro samoseli 34. baRdadi

35. baRdadi

39. Sarfi 40 Sarfi 41. Sarfi 42. xilabandi 43. Tavsakravi 44. Tavsakravi 45. Tavsakravi

46. Tavsakravi

47. Tavsakravi 48. Tavsakravi 49. Tavsakravi 50 Tavsakravi 51. Tavsakravi

52. Tavsakravi

53. Tavsakravi 54. Tavsakravi 55. kopi 56. Cixti

57. Cixti-kopi 58. kopi

59. Cixti 60. windebi

61. windebi

47

62. windebi 63. fexsacmeli 64. Custi 65. kaba (seferTorisa)

66. kaba 67. kaba

68. kaba 69. kaba 70. kaba

71. kaba 72. kaba

73. kaba

74. kaba

75. kaba 76. Semosaxvevi 77. stolla 78. stolla 79. stolla

80. sisiti

81/ sisiti 82. sisiti

83. bude (savarcxlis) 84. bude (sisitis)

85. bude (sisitis) 86. bude (afikofmanis) 87. bude (Tefelinis) 88. bude (sisitis)

89. bude (sisitis) 90. qisa (Tefelinis) 91. qisa (Tefelinis)

samecniero damxmare fondi

# nivTis dasaxeleba

1. Salom koboSvilis portreti

2. ebraelTa ubani axalcixeSi 3. sidonias saflavi mcxeTaSi 4. gvalvis winaaRmdeg

48

5. legenda lailaSis bibliis Sesaxeb

6. Zveli ebraelis tipi 7. mkurnaloba breTis bibliiT 8. Zveli ebraelis tipi 9. ebraelis tipi 10. ebraelis tipi 11. axalcixeli ebraelis

uZvelesi saflavi 12. cxinvaleli ebraelis tipi 13. yvelis damzadeba ebrauli

wesiT 14. ebraeli qali Cixti-kopiT 15. ebraeli moxucis tipi 16. mlocvelis tipi 17. axalcixeli ebraelis tipi 18. ebraeli mamakacis tipi 19. moxuci ebraeli qalis tipi 20. ebraeli qaliSvilis tipi 21. bavSvi akvanSi 22. bogereTi-simwifis niSani 23. patarZali 12 wlis asakSi 24. patarZali

25. dedofali 26. jadoqari 27. mamlis gadafrena 28. mefe-dedoflis Semotareba 29. daniSvnis wesebi ebraelebSi

30. wiTelaTi daavadebuli

31. onis ebraelebis Sexvedra akakisTan

32. zeimi miZRvnili akakisadmi onSi

33. zeimi miZRvnili akakisadmi lailaSi

34. pioneri qaliSvili formiT 35. ebraeli gzaSi 36. stalinirSi

(cxinvali)ebraelTa saxli istoriul WrilSi

37. ebraelTa sacxovrebeli nagebobebi das. saqarTveloSi

38. saxli stalinirSi (cxinvali)

39. axalcixeSi ebraelTa

49

kvartali 40. winadacveTa sinagogaSo 41. qorwinebis aqtis wakiTxva

42. ganqorwineba mazlTan 43. ganqorwineba col-qmars

Soris 44. dedoflis xelebis SeRebva

iniT

ucnobi avtori

# nivTis dasaxeleba 1. qorwinebis aqti 2. axalcixeli ebraeli

dedoflisadmi Sesawiri Zvirfasi nivTebi

3. kabalulis TamaSi 4. patarZali daCoqili 5. moxuci puriT 6. wiTelebiT avadmyofis winaSe 7. xederi ebraelTa religiuri

saswavlebeli 8. xederi religiuri saswavlebeli 9. suramis religiuri procesis gamo

cimbirSi gadasaxlebuli 10. adgili, sadac aRmoCnda stela

mxeTaSi 1872 wels ebraul-arabuli warweriT

11 cxinvaleli ebraelis tipi 12. qaliSvilis portreti 13. qalis portreti 14. Salom koboSvilis dakrZalva 15. karaqis SedRveba 16. mesxeT-javaxeTis ebrauli

mosaxleobis moZraobis sqema 17. qarTlis ebraelTa mosaxleobis

moZraobis sqema 18. ficruli saxli (axalcixe) 19. moxuci ebraeli 20. kurtnis kompleqti 21. babilonis da asiriis mefe

sabrZolo etliT 22. sabrZolo etli

23. semitTa sanimuSo ornamenti

50

24. qsovilze ornamenti

25. kacis portreti

26. plakati "rani viyaviT"

27. kurtnis kompleqti

sxva avtorebi

# nivTis dasaxeleba 1. petrovi-saeklesio samonastro

yma ebraeli 2. petrovi-ebraelis tipi 3. astaxiSvili-bibliis ydis

reproduqcia 4. S. zaaliSvili-ebraeli boxCiT 5. S. zaaliSvili-ebraeli cxenze 6. S. abramiSvili-axalcixeli

ebraelis tipi 7. S. metreveli-vaWris ojaxi da

bavSvi 8. S. metreveli-ebraeli qali

xelis wisqvilze fqvavs xorbals

9. S. metreveli- ebraeli mwyemsi qali

10. a. cimakuriZe-saCivari mefe erekle II-sTan

11. exiskieli-malkuTi, monanieba 12. gabroilovi-ebraeli xurjiniT 13. S. metreveli-kabalulis TamaSi 14. gabroilovi-kabalulis TamaSi 15. Cudecki-enis moWris ceremonia 16. miansarevi-kacis portreti

saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis arqivi

51

Tavi III

Salom koboSvili

pirveli ebraeli mxatvari saqarTveloSi TviTnaswavli ebraeli mxatvaris Salom koboSvilis Semoqmedeba TiTqmis

ucnobi da Seuswavleli iyo. aTwleulebis manZilze misi namuSevrebi,

iseve rogorc ebrauli muzeumis koleqciis sxva eqsponatebi miviwyebuli

da ucnobi iyo ara mxolod damTvalierebelTaTvis, aramed

specialistebisaTvisac.

Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebis saxiT Cven SemogvrCa mdidari da

Zelze saintereso eTnografiuli masala qarTvel ebraleTa yofis, maTi

adaT-wesebis, sacxovrebeli interieris, Cacmulobisa Tu tipaJebis

Sesaswavlad.

Cven TvalnaTliv warmogvidgeba ebraeli xalxis yofa lxinSi Tu

gaWirvebaSi, maTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba, mniSvnelovani movlenebi,

damaxasiaTebeli ritualebi, tradiciebi da religiuri dResaswaulebi,

romlebic qarTvelma ebraelobam ase saTuTad atara da Semoinaxa

mravali saukunis manZilze. zogierTi maTgani dRes ukve aRar sruldeba,

xolo koboSvilis namuSevrebis saxiT SemogvrCa ebrauli sulis

brwyinvale matiane.

Salom koboSvilis Semoqmedeba mdidari da mravalferovania. igi

muSaobda rogorc grafikaSi da akvarelSi, aseve ferweraSi.

Salom koboSvili daibada 1876 wels qalaq axalcixeSi Raribi morwmune

ebraelis ojaxSi. Salomi 8 wlis asakSi miabares saswavleblad xederSi

(ebraul religiur saswavlebelSi) rabinTan. magram man ver gauZlo

iqaur mkacr kanonebs da swavlas Tavi daaneba. wera_kiTxva TviTon

iswavla quCis warwerebiT. 12 wlis Salomi mamidasTan baTumSi

gaagzavnes. mas biZasTan SuadRisas sadili miqonda xolme. gzaze

liTografiis stamba iyo, romelTanac biWi uamrav dros atarebda da

Tvals adevnebda qvaze xatvis process. Ppirvelad maSin daiwyo Salomma

xatva, da liTografiaSi momuSave mxatvris wabaZviT, xan feskian Turqs

52

xatavda, xan yabalaxian aWarels, xan ki romelime saxlis TeTr kedels

naxSiriT aaWrelebda. rodesac biZam bavSvis gatacebis Sesaxeb gaigo,

stambis patrons moelaparaka Salomis ufasod Segirdad ayvanis Taobaze.

magram mSoblebma rogorc ki Seityves es ambavi, Svils religiuri

mosazrebidan gamomdinare, aukrZales mxatvrobis Seswavla da isev

axalcixeSi daabrunes. (56, 85).

koboSvils bavSvobidan uwevda mZime fizikuri Sroma.

Salomi Sav muSad muSaobda borjomis rkinis gzis mSeneblobaze 1894-1895

wlebSi, Semdeg ki baqoSi sxvadasxva vaWarTan noqrad (gamyidvelad).

1908-09 w. Salomi yurbaTad (axalcixidan sxva qveyanaSi mojamagired an

samuSaos saZebnelad wasuli kaci) dadis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi. igi xan

Sua aziaSia, piatigorskSi, rostovSi, baTumsa da TbilisSia.

ilia papismedovi Tavis werilSi “TviTnaswavli mxatvari S. koboSvili da

misi Semoqmedeba” (56, 86) aRniSnavs: “TbilisSi yofnisas, rogorc Salomi

gadmoscems, igi Rvinis erT sardafSi SemTxveviT Sexvda niko firosmans,

romelic am dros sazandarsa da medaire qals xatavda. ramdenime xnis

Semdeg igi SaiTan-bazarSi, abdul badias traqtirSi meored Sexvda

firosmans da gaecno mas. Salomma raRaca patara suraTi daxata fanqriT

da nikos aCvena. niko Sepirda, rom cota xnis ganmavlobaSi ferebiT

xatvas Seaswavlida mas da orive erTad imuSavebdnen, magram maTi

Sexvedra da Salomis mier mxatvrobis dawyeba ratomRac ar moxerxda”.

Salomi xan noqrad muSaobda, xan eqspeditorad kooperatiul da

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi. cxovrobda TbilisSi meuRlesTan da 8

SvilTan erTad. xolo 61 wlis asakSi, 1936 w. S. koboSvilma saqarTvelos

ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi darajad daiwyo muSaoba.

Salomi imdenad miizida mxatvrebis namuSevrebma, rom Tavadac aisrula

bavSvobis ocneba da Seudga xatvas. man jer ubralo fanqriT daiwyo

patara siuJetebis xatva, Semdeg akvarelze gadavida, da bolos zeTis

saRebavebsac daeufla. saocaria, rom kacma, romelmac 61 wlis asakSi

daiwyo xatva, SeZlo gaecocxlebina qarTvel ebraelTa yofis mTeli

epoqa, misi damaxasiaTebeli niSanTvisebebiT.

53

Salom koboSvili 1941 wels gardaicvala. mTeli misi SemoqmedebiTi gza

mxolod sam weliwads moicavs. miT ufro gasaocari da sainteresoa misi

pirovneba da xelovneba.

rodesac vsaubrobT S. koboSvilze, igi upirveles yovlisa, aRiqmeba,

rogorc mxatvari-primitivisti; magram am primitivSi vlindeba didi

profesionalizmi samyaros Taviseburi, uSualo aRqmiT.

Salom koboSvili xatavs upretenziod, TavisTvis, cxovrebis uSualo,

bavSvuri aRqmiT, rogorc firosmani. Mman swored rom bavSvobis

ganuxorcielebeli ocneba aixdina xatviT, da erTxel rom aiRo xelSi

fanqari da funji, xelidan aRarc gauSvia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom koboSvili, albaT isev Tavisi bavSvobis ocnebidan

gamomdinare, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (ebrael kolmeurneTa

muSaobis scenebi, Solom aleixemi, stalinis portreti), TiTqmis ar

xatavs mis Tanamedrove cxovrebas, ar xatavs naturidan. mis mexsierebaSi

iRviZebs bavSvobis da ymawvilobis miviwyebuli mogonebebi, XIX saukunis

bolos axalcixis cxovreba, sadac man bavSvoba gaatara da sadac igi

TbilisSi dasaxlebis Semdeg aRarc dabrunebula. odesRac nanaxi da

gancdili naTlad da xatovnad gadmoiRvara mis namuSevrebSi. Salom

koboSvilma aRadgina im epoqis axalcixel ebraelTa sxvadasxva fenis

warmomadgenelTa yofa, maTi cxovreba da adaT-wesebi, sacxovrebeli

interierebi, WurWeli, Cacmuloba, damaxasiaTebeli sakravi instrumentebi

da sxva.

rac firosmanis Semoqmedebam Seasrula qalaquri cxovrebis sulisa da

aromatis gadmocemSi, TiTqmis igive misia SeiZleba daekisros Salom

koboSvilis namuSevrebs qarTvel ebraelTa provincialuri cxovrebis

asaxvaSi. am konteqstSi SeiZleba am ori TviTnaswavli mxatvris Sedareba,

xolo forosmanisagan gansxvavebiT Salom koboSvili Tavis cxovrebis

sul sami wlis manZilze iyo mxatvari. drois am mokle monakveTSi misma

Semoqmedebam swrafi evolucia gaiara, igi yalibdeba, viTardeba da

Tavisebur profesionalizms iZens. aqamdec mxatvari TviTon mivida.

rogorc misi qaliSvilebi ixseneben, Saloms ar hyolia arc

54

maswavlebeli da arc wamqezebeli. igi mxolod Tavis intuicias da

Tandayolil niWs miendo. es evolucia naTlad Cans mis namuSevrebSi.

pirveli namuSevrebi Salom koboSvilma 1937 wels fanqriT daxata. xolo

1938 wels igi qmnis akvarelur namuSevrebs. koboSvilis pirveli

suraTebis mxatvruli gaformeba Zalian primitiulia, sustia fanqriT

naxati, perspeqtiva da proporciis kanonebi darRveulia, magram

miuxedavad amisa, suraTis damaxasiaTebeli eTnografiuli momentebi,

mTavari sagnebi da detalebi ise mkafiodaa xazgasmuli da bunebrivad

ganlagebuli, rom mayurebels SeuZlia gamosaxulze warmodgena Seeqmnas.

am TvalsazrisiT gvinda SevaCeroT yuradReba 1938 w. Seqmnil namuSevarze

“Saqar-puri” (86, il. 2), aq vxedavT koboSvilis SemoqmedebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel yofisa da nivTebis gadmocemas. “Saqar-puri” anu sityvis

gatana ewodeba sapatarZlos mSoblebis ojaxSi gamarTul niSnobas,

sadac qadis msgavsi tkbili namcxvari ojaxur samyaros, xolo Saqris

mozrdili Tavi tkbili cxovrebis simboloebia. niSnobis dasrulebisas

Saqris naWrebi stumrebs urigdebodaT.

mxatvari cdilobs sazeimo ganwyobileba gadmosces. Mmovlenis

mniSvnelobaze patara magidaze centrSi gamoyofili Saqris didi Tavi

miuTiTebs. kompozicia da moqmed pirTa moZraobebi zedmiwevniT

dekoratiulia, Tumca aq ukve SeimCneva garkveuli miRwevebi, rogorc

saerTo ganaTebaSi, aseve ferSi. aq ZiriTadi arsi siuJetis mniSnelobaa,

zustad araa cnobili rodis Seqmna mxatvarma am suraTis meore varianti

(86, il. 1), magram naTelia, rom ufro mogvianebiT. siuJeti igivea, xolo

kompozicia da personaJebi gacilebiT ufro bunebrivad arian

warmodgenilni. suraTis detalebi naklebadaa damuSavebuli, magram am

eskizurobis meSveobiT masSi meti sicocxlea Semotanili, rasac xels

uwyobs agreTve oTaxis Tanabari ganaTeba, igi savsea sinaTliT, Suq-

Crdilebis ganlagebac ufro bunebrivia da akvarelis teqnika

srulyofiladaa gamoyenebuli, Tumca pirvel variantSi ferebi ufro

xasxasaa.

55

saqorwino Temaze Salom koboSvili, garda “Saqar-purisa”, ramodenime

suraTs qmnis: “saqorwino kabis gamoWra” (86, il. 3), “dedoflis wayvana

abanoSi” (86, il. 4), “jeizi-mzisTvis aRwera”(86, il. 8), “ajla” (86, il. 9).

SevCerdebiT “dedoflis wayvanaze abanoSi”. saqorwino samzadisis erT-

erTi aucilebeli nawili iyo dedoflis ganbana mikveSi (saritualo

abanoSi). patarZali uamravi qalisa da kacis TanxlebiT mihyavdaT mikveSi

tebilis ritualis (wyliT savse auzSi samjer Cayuryumalaveba)

gansaxorcieleblad. mas aSuRebi sazisa da Wianuris dakvriT miuZRodnen.

aSuRebs mihyvebodnen patara biWebi sabanao WurWliTa da boxCaSi

gamokruli sanovagiT, maT ki _ patarZlis dobilebisa da naTesavebis

amala.

es saintereso wes-Cveuleba qorwinebis win patarZlis ritualur abanoSi

“mikveSi” wayvanisa brwyinvaled aqvs aRbeWdili mxatvars. Aaxalcixis

ebraelTa ubnis erTi mosaxvevidan gamodis procesia, romelsac aSuRebi

sazisa da Wianuris dakvriT win miuZRvian. patarZali Ria feris

tanisamosiT gamoirCeva. qalebs mravalferovani CarCafebi (mandilebi)

aqvT wamosxmuli da saxeebi naxevradD uCanT. suraTi gvizidavs Tavisi

dinamiuri kompoziciiT, mxatvruli silamaziT, ferTa JReradobiTa da

daxvewilobiT. Ees koboSvilis erT erTi saukeTeso namuSevaria.

aqve gvinda SevaCeroT yuradReba patara, magram saocrad daxvewil da

natif naxatze – “axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali” (86, il. 5), romelic

Sesrulebulia Savi tuSiT da feradi fanqrebiT. Bbrwyinvaledaa

warmodgenili ebraeli qalis tipaJi, xolo tansacmeli mxatvruli

gemovnebiT, gasaocari sizustiTa da ornamentaciis Rrma codniTaa

gadmocemuili.

aq, iseve rogorc feradi fanqrebiT Sesrulebul naxatSi “axalcixel

ebrael qalTa xelsaqme” (86, il. 33) qalTa morTulobidan, axalcixel

ebraelTa warsuli saukunis, SeZlebuli fenis mdidruli tansacmeli da

samkauli gvecema TvalSi. Tavisi niSandoblivi ornamentebis dacviT,

gulmodgined da moxdenilad daxatuli kabis zubuniT (zedatansacmliT),

gamWvirvale da haerovani mandiliT, gamokveTili sayureebiTa da

gulmkerdze Camokidebuli yelasabamiT. Mmxatvruli ostatobiT

56

Sesrulebis garda, es namuSevrebi eTnografisa da kostumis

istorikosisaTvis warmoadgens mdidar da Zvirfas masalas.

daxvewilobiT gamoirCeva 1940 wels akvareliT, guSiTa da tuSiT

Sesrulebuli „axalcixeli ebraeli nefe“ da guaSiT Sesrulebuli

axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali. Aam suraTebSic sainteresod da

detalurad aris gadmocemuli Cacmuloba, romelic TiTqmis ar

gansxavdeba mamakacis tradiciuli qarTuli samosisagan.

1939 wlidan koboSvilma Tavisi pirveli Tema adamianis cxovrebis

pirveli ciklidan daiwyo. “bavSvis dabadeba” (86, il. 10) – ase uwoda man

Tavis suraTs. Ggamosaxulia cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani

da sasixarulo momenti da aqac Semotanilia yofiTobis elementebi.

suraTze mocemul adamianebSi da sagnebSic TiTqmis zustadaa daculi

SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli eTnografiuli motivebi.

mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT suraTi kargadaa Sesrulebuli, koloriti

Tbili da sasiamovno ferebiTaa Sexamebuli. Bbunebrivia Suq-Crdilebis

ganawilebac. aq erTi patara detalia aRsaniSnavi, saerTo mxiarul

ganwyobilebaSi TiTqos da mzec monawileobas iRebs. igi Tbil sxivebs

hfens mwoliares da mTel oTaxSi, bunebrivi ganaTeba Semoaqvs.

Semdeg cikls koboSvilis SemoqmedebaSi warmoadgens qalis cekvis Tema.

man Seqmna am siuJetze ramodenime namuSevari: “saivo”- ferxuli, “saivo”-

xorumi (akvarelSi), xolo mogvianebiT feradi fanqrebiT daxatuli

“saivo”- xorumi. (86, il. 34-37)

am suraTebSi tansacmlisa da samkaulis mdidari arCevania asaxuli.

mocekvaveTa cocxali mimoxvra da zogi maTganis gamokveTili, momRimare

saxe kargadaa damuSavebuli. cekva-TamaSSi monawile axalgazrdobas

leCaqebi aqvs mosxmuli, mandilosnebs ki – CarCafebi. cekvas mamakacebi

da bavSvebic eswrebian, magram rogorc wesi isini ganze arian

gadamdgarni. Aam namuSevarSi igrZnoba ukve Camoyalibebuli mxatvris

xelwera, igi sakmaod kargad flobs rTul mravalfigurovan

kompozisiac, icavs masStabebs, proporciebs da perspeqtivas. “saivo” –

xorumis scenebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac figurebi ufro statiuria.

ferxulSi gvxiblavs cocxali cekvis dinamika. sainteresoa kompoziciuri

57

gadawyveta, romelsac mayurebeli TiTqosda Sehyavs suraTis sivrceSi.

fonad, rogorc yovelTvis gamoyenebulia sacxovrebeli saxlebi,

tradiciuli mesxur-javaxuri nagebobebi. aq ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos

mxatvrobis maRali done qsovilis faqturis gadmocemaSi Tu feradovani

gamis SeqmnaSi, gansakuTrebiT ferxulSi, funjis mozaikuri monasmebi

suraTis sibrtyes xaliCisebur elfers aZlevs.

1939 w. Sesrulebuli sxva namuSevrebidan avRniSnavT „dvacatniks“ (86, il.

43), „axalcixis bazari“ (86, il. 44), sadac mxatvari gamodis ebrauli

kvartalidan. Zalian sainteresoa „Worikana qalebi“ (86, il. 30), „mdidari

ebraelis coli midis abanoSi“ (86, il. 31), sadac mkafiod ikveTeba

socialuri kontrasti.

religiuri dResaswaulebis Temazea Sesrulebuli suraTi “misionerebis

kurTxeva. suqoTis dResaswauli” (86, il. 15), romelic sainteresoa Tavisi

SinaarsiT. suqoTis dResaswauli 7 dRis manZinze aRiniSneba da amisaTvis

specialurad aigeba „suqa“, rac ivriTadan karavs niSnavs.

es dResaswaulis mTavari adgilia. rogorc wesi suqas sinagogis

teritoriaze mcenareebisagan ageben da sxvadasxva xiliTaa morTuli.

suraTze aRbeWdilia suqaSi ieruslimidan Camosuli misionerebis

kurTxevis momenti. XIX s. miwuruls – XX s. dasawyisSi ierusalimidan

sxvadasxva qveynebSi gzavnidnen misionerebs, romlebic sinagogebisaTvis

Sesawiravs agrovebdnen.

sinagogas ebraelebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT diasporaSi cxovrebisas,

udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. sinagogis erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia

Toris gragnilebis Senaxvaa. sefer Tora aRTqmis kidobanSi inaxeba,

romelic ierusalimisaken mimarTuli kedlis pirdapiraa ganTavsebuli.

saukuneebis manZilze sinagogas, garda religiurisa, kidev sxva

mniSvneloba da datvirTva eniWeba. sinagoga aramxolod salocavia,

aramed ebraeli xalxis ZiriTadi TavSeyris adgili da garda amisa,

saganmanaTleblo centricaa. koboSvilis SemoqmedebaSi sinagogis

religiuri skolis “xederis” Temac aisaxa ramodenime suraTSi.

miTumetes, rom es uSualod mis bavSvur mogonebebs da pirad

gamocdilebas ukavSirdeboda. Ees mogonebebi arc Tu sasiamovnoa,

58

Salomma ramdenjerme asaxa sakuTari dasjis scena: “malkuti –

ritualuri rozgebi” (86, il. 22); “falaxa” (86, il.19); “xederi – ebrauli

religiuri saswavlebeli” (86, il. 18). sinagogis ciklSi kidev ramdenime

suraTia gaerTianebuli: “xeremi - anaTema” (86, il. 24) – asaxavs scenas,

rodesac ebrauli Temis erT erTi wevri anaTemas gadaecema. Toris

kanonebis sistematuri da uxeSi darRvevisaTvis ebrauli Temis sami

kacisagan Semdgari sasamarTlo, „beT-dani“, sajarod xsnis sisits da

amiT am mamakacs sinagogaSi Semosvlis da jamaaTis (ebrauli Temi)

wevrobis ufleba CamoerTmeva. sinagogaSi dasjis sakmaod ucnauri

scenebia “codvis gamosyidva 40 rozgiT” da “haTara – codvis Sendoba”

(86, il. 20, 21). Mmsgavsi dasjis scenebi aratipiuria iudaizmisaTvis da

savaraudoT mxolod AaxalcixeSi iyo gavrcelebuli, rac aRmosavlur,

da SesaZloa garkveul wilad musulmanur gavlenasac ukavSirdeba.

saerTod axalcixel ebraelTa tradiciebi sakmaod gamoirCeva sxva

regionebSi mcxovreb qarTvel ebraelTa wes-Cveulebebisagan, iseve

rogorc gansxvavebulia maTi Cacmulobac.

koboSvilis SemoqmedebaSi gamoiyofa religiuri dResaswaulebis,

ritualuri scenebis, sinagogis, vaWrobis Tematikaze Seqmnili ciklebi.

am ciklebSi gaerTianebul TiToeul suraTs gansakuTrebuli

Sinaarsoblivi datvirTva gaaCnia. qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT

SemogTavazebT namuSevrebis siuJetebis ganmartebas.

1940 w. Sesrulebulia “samRebro iaraRebi” (86, il. 40); “Solom aleixemis

cxedari” (86, il . 48); “ymebis masobrivi gayidva” (86, il. 46); “ymis gayidva

feodalis mier” (86, il. 47); “qaravani” (86, il. 45). es namuSevrebi Zalze

mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa, miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

koboSvili TviTnaswavli mxatvaria da mTeli misi nayofieri

SemoqmedebiTi gza mxolod sam weliwads moicavs.

koboSvili Tavis SemoqmedebaSi asaxavs xelosnobis Temas, “samRebro

iaraRebi” erT erTi gviandeli namuSevarTagania, ufro adre ki man

daxata suraTebi “mekurtneebi” da “samRebroSi”. xelosnoba qarTvel

ebraelebSi ZvelTaganve iyo gavrcelebuli. Tumca iseTi masStabebi,

rogorc ruseTSi arasodes hqonia. gvianfeodalur xanaSi ebrauli

59

mosaxleobis umniSvnelo nawili misdevda mRebrobas da matylis darTvas.

XVIII s. meore naxevridan aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ebraul mosaxleobaSi

Cndebian xarazebi. XIX s. bolos da XX s. dasawyisSi aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos ebrauli mosaxleobis nawili misdevs keramikul warmoebas.

axalcixeSi da bevr sxva qalaqebSi ebraelebi muSaobdnen Savi, wvetiani

Custebis mkeravebad, iSviaTad zeinklebad, mWedlebad, kurtnis

mkeTeblebad. ebraelTa es saqmianobac erTgvar vaWrobasTan iyo

dakavSirebuli _ xelosani ebraeli Tavis nawarms TviTonve hyidda.

koboSvilis Semoqmedebas, rogorc Janris, aseve koloritis mxriv

Tavisebureba da gamorCeuli xelwera axasiaTebs.

kontrastuli da kaSkaSa feradovani gama gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas

aniWebs koboSvilis namuSevrebs da gaJRenTilia aRmosavluri suliTa da

koloritulobiT. 1940 wels saqarTvelos ebraelaTa istoriul-

eTnografiulma muzeumma moawyo Salom koboSvilis personaluri

gamofena, romelmac didi mowoneba daimsaxura, xolo muzeumis gauqmebis

Semdeg mxatvris namuSevrebi dakargulad iTvleboda, Tumca mTeli am

wlebis manZilze isini muzeumis fondebSi inaxeboda. dResdReobiT isini

daculia (rogorc saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli

muzeumis sxva eqsponatebis ZiriTadi nawili) saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumis s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis fondebSi.

koboSvilis namuSevrebis saxiT ebrauli yofisa, Tu eTnografiis

Sesaswavlad umdidresi ganZi gagvaCnia, xolo Tavad koboSvili -

pirveli didi erovnuli mxatvari.

Salom koboSvilis katalogi:

Salom koboSvilis yvela namuSevari Sesrulebulia 1937-1940 wlebSi.

namuSevrebTan miTiTebulia TariRebi, romlebic moyvanilia papismedovis

mier Sedgenil ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi mowyobil

koboSvilis namuSevarTa gamofenis katalogSi.

suraTebis saxelwodebis zusti warmomavlobis dadgena ver moxerxda,

vinaidan gamofena moewyo Salom koboSvilis sicocxleSive, vivaraudeT,

rom saxelwodebebi masTan SeTanxmdeboda, amitom mogvyavs 1940 wlis

60

gamofenis katalogis Sesabamisad, xolo zogierTi sainventaro wignebSi

dafiqsirebuli saxelwodebebis Sesabamisad.

Salom koboSvili iyenebda sxvadasxvagvar xelmoweras, amitom katalogSi

warmodgenilia misi xelmowerebic.

2006 wels Salom koboSvilis gamofenis momzadebasa da katalogis

publikaciasTan dakavSirebiT fondebSi daculi namuSevrebi Tavidan iqna

atributirebuli da identificirebuli. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

S. amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumis yofil teqnologiuri

kvlevis laboratoriaSi, sadac imJamad vmuSaobdi, ganyofilebis

gamgesTan, xelovnebaTmcodne n. elizbaraSvilTan da fizikos-teqnolog

e. mesropianTan erTad CavatareT Salom koboSvilis oci namuSevris

kompleqsuri teqnologiuri gamokvleva: binokularul mikroskopSi,

ultraiisferi luminescenciiT, calkeuli fragmentebis

makrofotogadaReba Semdgomi analiziT, gakeTda ferweruli tiloebis

rentgenogramebi.

miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze gamoikveTa Salom koboSvilis

mxatvruli xelweris garkveuli Taviseburebani. Cvens mier SeirCa da

gamokvleva Cautarda yvelaze tipiur namuSevrebs, amitom es monacemebi

damaxasiaTebelia yvela danarCeni suraTebisaTvisac. qvemoT moviyvanT

koboSvilis ferweruli da grafikuli teqnikisTvis damaxasiaTebel

zogad monacemebs. (ix. ilustraciebis danarTi)

ferweris teqnologia:

tilo odnav gawebovnebulia webos da TeTras nareviT. zevidan xatavs

zeTis saRebavebiT. ferweruli fena Zalian Txelia, zogan vlindeba

tilos struqtura. odnav korpusulad ideba funjiT TeTra. ferebi

lokaluria, TeTras iyenebs lesirebis magivrad da agreTve nakecebis

modelirebisas. zogan tanisamosze sinaTlis aTinaTebi gakeTebulia

Txlad gazavebuli TeTraTi, TiTqmis araa damfaravi pastozuri

monasmebi.

61

rogorc wesi xelmowera gakeTebulia jer kidev svel ferwerul fenaze.

feradi grafikis teqnologia:

naxati keTdeba jer Zalian wvrili fanqriT, Semdeg zogan es naxati

meordeba tuSiT da kalmiT (mag. ~axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali~),

Seferadebulia feradi fanqriT. gaferadebuli gamosaxuleba

Semovlebulia grafitis fanqris konturiT, rac gamosaxulebas

moculobas aniWebs da avlens qsovilis saxesa da teqsturas.

zogan abrisi mocemulia naxatiT wvrili fanqriT, Semdeg gamoyenebulia

guaSi, xolo calkeuli xazebi konturebis da naoWebis gamosavlenad

Sesrulebulia tuSiT da kalmiT, calkeuli nawilebi ki grafitis

fanqriT.

ferad fanqarTan rogorc wesi gamoyenebulia grafitis fanqaric.

Sereuli teqnikisas _ zogan iyenebes akvarels, guaSs, grafitis fanqars

da tuSs.

guaSiT Sesrulebuli umetesi namuSevari zevidan dafarulia laqis

feniT.

am teqnologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze kidev erTxel mogveca

SesaZlebloba gadagvemowmebina koboSvilis namuSevrebis atribuciebi da

Segvejerebina 1940 wlis ebrauli muzeumis “SromebSi” (56, 109) i.

papismedovis mier moyvanil koboSvilis namuSevrebis siasTan, romlic

warmodgenili iyo koboSvilis personalur gamofenaze. Aam siaSi misi 50

namuSevaria. Ggamofena mis sicocxleSive moewyo, amitom aq CamoTvlili

namuSevrebi namdvilad koboSvilis mier aris Sesrulebuli, Tumca es ar

aris muzeumis koleqciaSi arsebuli yvela suraTi, vinaidan koboSvili

sicocxlis bolomde xatavda da, marTalia mas Semdeg weliwadze

naklebi icocxla, magram mainc sakmaod nayofieri iyo misi momdevno

Semoqmedebac. Aatribuciisas pirvel rigSi vxelmZRvanelobdiT

papismedovis mier moyvanili siiTa da koboSvilis mier xelmowerili

suraTebiT, xolo danarCenis identificirebisas, garda vizualuri

xelwerisa, Zalian mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda Cvens mier Catarebuli

62

teqnologiuri kvelvis Sedegebi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom koboSvili

araprofesionali mxatvaria da arasdros ar Seuswavlia xatva, misi

namuSevrebis gamokvlevam gamoavlina sakmaod saintereso, misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli xelwera da xatvis proncipi.

ebrauli muzeumis koleqciaSi koboSvilisa da daviT gvelesianis

namuSevrebis garda, kidev ramodenime mxatvris suraTebia, maT Soris

zogierTi ucnobi mxatvris. sainventaro wignebSi arazusti monacemebi iyo

dafiqsirebuli, amitom warmoiqmna koboSvilisa da sxva mxatvrebis

namuSevrebis xelaxali atribuciis aucilebloba. Amis Sedegad

koboSvilis dadasturebuli yvela 55 namuSevari gamoifina 2006 wels i.

griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumSi (qarvaslaSi) mis

personalur saiubileo gamofenaze da Sevida katalogSi.

Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebis sia:

1. Saqar-puri

2. Saqar-puri

3. saqorwino kabis gamoWra

4. dedoflis wayvana abanoSi

5. axalcixeli ebraeli nefe

6. axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali

7. axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali

8. ~jeizi~ _ mziTvis aRwera

9. ~ajla~ _ saqorwino sareceli

10. bavSvis dabadeba

11. bavSvis wayvana windasacveTad sinagogaSi

12. frinvelebis dakvla religiuri wesiT

13. qalebis banaoba ~mikveSi~

14. ritualuri daniSnulebis qoxi

15. misionerebis kurTxeva (suqoTis dResaswauli)

16. misioneri yidis ierusalimis miwas

63

17. ebraelTa kvartali axalcixeSi

18. ~xederi~ _ ebrauli religiuri saswavlebeli

19. “falaxa”

20. codvis gamosyidva 40 rozgiT

21. ~haTara~ _ codvis Sendoba

22. “malkuti” – ritualuri rozgebi

23. religiuri saswavlebeli sinagogaSi

24. “xeremi” - anaTema

25. seferToris gamotana sinagogaSi

26. TxovniT ~breTis bibliisadmi~

27. ~breTis bibliisadmi~ Tayvaniscemis momenti

28. eqimbaSTan

29. Sesalocad eqimbaSTan

30. Worikana qalebi

31. mdidari ebraelis coli midis abanoSi

32. ~finjraoba~ _ qalTa TamaSi

33. axalcixel ebrael qalTa xelsaqme

34. cekva ~saivo~ _ ferxuli

35. cekva ~saivo~ _ xorumi



38. mekurtneebi

39. samRebroSi

40. samRebro iaraRebi

41. sovdagari ebraeli

42. mdidari sovdagris coli

43. ~dvacatniki~

44. axalcixis bazari

45. qaravani

46. ymebis masobrivi gayidva

47. ymis gayidva feodalis mier

48. Solom aleixemis cxedari

64

49. Solom aleixemis portreti

50. stalinis portreti

51. ebrael kolmeurneTa saerTo ubani (eskizi)

52. mosavlis Cabareba ebrael kolmeurneTa mier

53. ebraeli kolmeurneebi Sin brundebian

54. kolmeurneebi yanaSi

55. tyis mcevelebi

65

Tavi IV

qarTvel ebraelTa kultura da yofa

eqsponatebis sia. (87)

am TavSi warmovadgenT yvela im eqsponats, romelic aRnusxulia

katalogSi “maradiuli cecxli. qarTvel ebraelTa kultura da yofa”

(87) da aseve eqsponirebuli iyo amave saxelwodebis gamofenaze 2008 w.

i. griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumSi (qarvasla).

gamofenis momzadebis procesSi moxda eqsponatebis Seswavla, xelaxali

atribucia. TiToeuli maTgani daeqvemdebara restavraciasa da

konservacias, umetesobas Seecvala saTauri. qvemoT warmogidgenT sias

ukve axali monacemebis Sesabamisad, katalogSi dabeWdili

TanmimdevrobiTa da numeraciiT.

katalogis gamocemis Semdeg kidev ufro detalurad Seviswavle ebrauli

koleqcia da aq moyvanili zogierTi monacemebi dazustda, SesaZlebeli

gaxda maTi atribucia da daTariReba, amitom aqve, mivuTiTebT axal

informaciasac.

es samecniero kvlevisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani axali monacemebia, maTi

dadgena moxda ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze Seswavlili mdidari

paraleluri masalis safuZvelze, rogorc literaturul wyaroebsa da

iudaikis Temisadmi miZRvnili mravalricxovani saitebisa da auqcionebis

daTvalierebiT, aseve (rac yvelaze nayofieri da mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda),

sxvadasxva qveynebSi ebrauli koleqciebis uSualo Seswavlisa da

analogiur eqsponatebTan SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze.

dekoratiuli, religiuri, ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebis atribucia

daemyara umdidresi analogiuri masalis uSualo gacnobas florenciis,

Tel avivis, ierusalimis, berlinis, londonis, parizis, praRis ebraul

muzeumebSi.

ukanaskneli atribuciebidan gamomdinare, Seicvala eqsponatebis

daTariReba. naSromSi warmodgenili eqsponatebi cota scdeba

disertaciis Tavdapirvel saTaurs da asaxavs iudaizms saqarTvelos ara

66

mxolod me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, aramed me-19 saukunidan. Ees

gadaTariReba exeba mxolod eTnografiul masalas, religiuri da

ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebs.

Tematikis specifikadan da nivTebis mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare,

eqsponatebi gamofenazec da Sesabamisad katalogSic Sinaarsoblivad iyo

ganlagebuli da erTgvar Tematur ciklebad erTiandeba.

gamofenazec da katalogSic Salom koboSvilisa da daviT gvelesianis

Semoqmedeba ar aris gamijnuli da Sinaarsobrivi principiTaa agebuli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedvaT imisa, rom koboSvili TviTnaswavli mxatvari

iyo, xolo daviT gvelesiani profesionali, maTi namuSevrebis erTad

gamofena xels ar uSlis TiToeulis TviTmyofadobis aRqmas. rogorc

ukve avRniSneT, Salom koboSvilis Semoqmedeba scdeba mxolod mxatvrul

Rirebulebas da mis stilistur Sefasebas. is sruliad fasdaudebelia

Tavisi SinaarsiT. Ggarda amisa, gvelesianisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic

ebrauli muzeumis xelmZRvanelobis SekveTiT xatavda, koboSvili Tavis

namuSevrebSi aqsovs uSualo emociebsa da gancdebs, romlebic mis

cxovrebas da warsulis mogonebebs ukavSirdeba, is Tavad iyo yvela im

movlenis momswre da Tanamonawile, rac asaxulia mis naxatebSi.

erT erTi yvelaze saintereso cikli qorwinebas ukavSirdeba, romelsac

ebraelis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. qorwinebis

Temaze mTeli rigi namuSevrebi aqvT Seqmnili Salom koboSvils da

daviT gvelesians. maT namuSevrebSi asaxulia qorwinebis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani etapebi. eqsponatebis anotaciebi da siuJetis ganmarteba

Tan erTvis qvemoT warmodgenil sias. Qqorwinebis cikli iwyeba niSnobis

sceniT. qorwinebis TemasTan dakavSirebuli yvela scena gansakuTrebuli

sadResaswauli elferiT gamoirCeva. „Saqar puri. sityvis gatana“ – ase

ewodeba Salom koboSvilis mier Seqmnil suraTs, romelic asaxavs

niSnobis scenas. Kkompozicia oTaxis centrSi, patara dabali magidis

garSemoa ganlagebuli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mcxovreb ebraelebs

gansxvavebuli saqorwino tradiciebi aqvT, qeTuba yvelasaTvis mTavaria.

igi qaRaldze an pergamentze dawerili, mxatvrulad gaformebuli

67

erTgvari saqorwino xelSekrulebaa. am tradicias fesvebi uxsovari

droidan Caeyara. TviTon qorwinebis ceremonia tardeba xufis qveS.

tradiciulad xufa abreSumis an xaverdis qsovilis didi naWeria,

romelic oTx svetzea gadafenili an oTx adamians uWiravs nefe-

patarZlisa da maT mowmeTa Tavze qeTubis wakiTxvis dros.

xufis qveS sasiZo sapatarZlos Tavisad acxadebs. Oori mowmis

TandaswrebiT siZe beWeds ukeTebs patarZals da tradiciul sityvebs

umeorebs “am beWdiT Sen me meZRvnebi mosesa da israelis kanoniT.

terminiT “kiduSini” Talmuduri literatura qorwinebis aqts aRnisnavs.

qorwinebis mizania miuZRvnas coli, mis erTaderT qmars. sityva kiduSini

warmoiSveba fuZidan, romelic “siwmindes” aRniSnavs, rac Rvinis

kurTxeviT gamoixateba. Aamitom xSirad specialur Tasebs iyenebdnen,

Rviniani TasiT kiduSs langriT miarTmevdnen, rac movlenas ufro metad

sadResaswaulo elfers matebs.

Tavis ZiriTadi principebisadmi erTguli, iudaizmi cdilobs xorcisa da

instinktebis sulierebamde ayvanas da kiduSinis aqtiT nakurTxi qali

ojaxSi ebrauli tradiciis mcveli xdeba. Uudavoa, rom swored ojaxuri

cxovrebis simtkicis wyalobiT ebraelebi amden Zaladobasa da

ubedurebas uZlebdnen.

beWdis simboluri gamoyeneba Zveli droidan momdinareobs. gansakuTrebiT

bevrma beWedma 16 saukunidan moaRwia. gamorCeulad daxvewilia italieli

ostatebis namuSevrebi, sxvadasxva formiTa da ornamentebiT

mopirkeTebuli. beWdis Sida mxridan rogorc wesi amotvifrulia sityvebi

“mazal tov”. Bbabilonuri tyveobis epoqidan moyolebuli ebraelebi

dainteresebulni iyvnen astrologiiTa da Tanavarskvlavedebis

gavlenaze, amitom imedovnebden, rom “mazal tovis” (ivriTze sityva

“mazal”- bednierebas, beds, varskvlavs niSnavs) bednieri

Tanavarskvlavedi maT qorwinebas icavda.

mijnurebs Soris urTerTobis erT erTi lamazi tradicia saCuqrebis

mirTmevaa. Ees tradicia uxsovari droidan modis da amis Sesaxeb

bibliaSic aris moxsenebuli. uZvelesi magaliTia eliezeri, romelmac

68

Tavisi batonis saxeliT rebekas, samkaulebi, samajurebi da beWdebi

miarTva (Талмуд. Киддушин, 50 б. Бава Батра, 146 а)

Zalian gavrcelebuli saCuqaria locvaTa krebuli, romelic rogorc

wesi sagngebod ibeWdeboda, da lamzad da mdidrulad iyo gaformebuli.

yda italiaSi vercxlisagan mzaddeboda, holandiasa da germaniaSi kus

javSnisgan an spilos Zvlisagan, vercxlis an oqros filigranis

SesakravebiT. italiuri ydebis umetesoba XVIII saukunisaa da rokokos

stilSia Sesrulebuli da sagvareuli RerbebiTaa gaformebuli,

yvavilebis da foTlebis ornamentiTaa gaformebuli. zogjer gerbebi

nefe patarZlis saxelebiTa an qorwinebis TariRiTaa Secvlili.

beWdisa da saCuqrebis garda patarZali saqorwilod iRebs agreTve

qeTubas, saqorwino kontraqts, romelSic sasiZo valdebulebas iRebs

uzrunvelyos coli sacxovrebliT, Caacvas, arCinos da pativi sces mas,

“rogorc Rirseul ebrael qmars” Seefereba.

rac Seexeba ganqorwinebas ebraul tradiciaSi iniciativa qmars ekuTvnis.

colis uflebebi qeTubis aqtSia daculi da ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi

iTvaliswinebs colisaTvis fulad anazRaurebas da agreTve

memkvidreebisaTvis garantirebul materialur mzrunvelobas.

qeTubis aqti aTaswleulebis manZilze icavs colis legalur statuss,

romelsac qmari xels awers ori mowmis TandaswrebiT.

uZvelesi saqorwino kontraqti “assuanur papirusebs” Sorisaa

aRmoCenili (daaxloebiT 500 w. Zv w.). masSi CamoTvlili ramodenime

punqti qeTubis dRevandel formaSicaa gamoyenebuli.

garda punqtebis da valdebulebebis CamonaTvalisa, qeTuba warmoadgens

garkveul wilad xelovnebis nimuSsac, imdenad mdidruladaa

gaformebuli. qeTubis dekortiul morTulobas garda wminda esteTiuri

datvirTvisa varaudoben, rom kidev erTi funqcia akisria, ar misces

saSualeba mogvianebiT Caematos rame ukve arsebul kontraqtSi.

ilustrirebuli qeTubebi savaraudod jer kidev Talmudis periodidanaa

cnobili, rodesac teqstebi arameul enaze iwereboda.

69

elinisturi periodis Talmudis teqstebSi naxsenebia wiTel pergamentis

qaRaldze oqros asoebiT Sesrulebuli xelnawerebi. rogorc Cans mag

dros ukve cnobili iyo ilustrirebuli qeTubebi.

qeTuba kerZo da arareligiuri, arasakraluri mniSvneliobis sabuTia,

amitom mis mimarT iseT pativiscemas ar gamoxatavdnen, rogorc bibliuri

an sxva religiuri xasiaTis xelnawerebis mimarT. Aamitom isini xSirad

nadgurdeboda an xelmeored sxva miznebisTvis iyenebdnen. Zveli droidan

arc Tu bevri qeTubaa SemorCenili. uZvelesi me-11 saukunisaa. Sua

saukuneebSi Sesrulebul zogierT qeTubaze adamianis figurebia

gamosaxuli.

1. xanuqis sasanTle sinagogis. spilenZi, xe. H – 108, L – 57. (sm)

muzeumis sainventaro wignSi ar iyo zustad gansazRvruli am eqsponatis

daniSnuleba, warmomavloba, ar iyo daTariRebuli.

savaraudoT sinagogisaTvis gankuTvnili (sakmaod didi zomisa da mZimea)

xanuqis Sandalia, Tumca am Sandlis daniSnuleba mainc ar aris

bolomde gasagebi. Sandalze amJamad 6 sasanTlea SemorCenili, xanuqis

Sanadals 9 unda qondes, rogorc wesi 8 erT rigSi, xolo 1 calke

gamoyofili. Aam Sandalis sam safexurze ki dakarguli sasanTleebis

CaRrmavebebis mixedviT, ufro meti sasanTle unda yofiliyo, rac

gamoricxavs Sandlis xanuqis dResaswaulisas gamoyenebas (SedarebisTvis

ix. xanuqis Sandali, il 89). savaraudoT es sinagogis Sandalia. Mmisi

dekoridan da stilidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aSkenazuri

warmomavlobisaa, ruseTidan an poloneTidan Semotanili da me-19

saukunis meore naxevriT SeiZleba daTariRdes.

Sandalze tipiuri reliefuri gamosaxulebania, ebrauli warwerebiT,

lomebiT (ierusalimis simbolo), zeda nawilSi ki aTi mcnebis Tavze

mtredebs niskartebiT gvirgvini ukaviaT.

70

2. cicitis CanTa. xaverdisa da bambis qsovili, oqromkedi. H – 62,5,

L – 41,8 (sm)

lurji xaverdisa, swori, erT mxares oqromkediT amoqargulia gvirgvini,

eqvsqimiani varskvlavi. sarCuli TeTri bambis qsovilis udevs.

ciciti saritualo foCebiani samosia, romelsac mamakacebi atareben.

ciciti (ִציִצּיֹות ,ִציִצית,) bibliur ivriTSi qsovilis foCs niSnavs. Eebraeli

mamakacis samosze cicits ritualuri daniSnuleba gaaCnia. cicitis

tarebis mcneba cifrebis wignSia moTxrobili (15:38-41). Bბibliuri teqstis

Tanaxmad, ciciti samosis oTxive kuTxeSi unda gaukeTdes da TiToeul

konaSi cisfrad SeRebili Zafi unda daerTos. “da geqnebaT is cicitSi,

da daxedavT mas da gagaxsendebaT uflis yvela mcneba da aRasrulebT

maT...” (15:39). TalmudSi cicits specialuri traktati eZRvneba.

morwmune ebraeli Mmamakacebi da biWebi cicits tansacmlis qveS atareben,

tradiciisamebr dRemde aucilebelia, rom cicitis foCebi Candes samosis

kideebidan.

cicitis garda, aseT CanTebs taliTisaTvis iyenebdnen.

taliTi (ַטִּלית) – ebrauli ritualuri mosasxami, romelic marTkuTxa

TeTri qsovilisagan (Sali, bamba, abreSumi) mzaddeba. kideebSi ramodenime

cisferi, lurji an Savi zoli aqvs Caqsovili. iudaizmSi locvis dros

mamakacisaTvis taliTis mosxma Toris miTiTebebis siwmindeSi Semosvasa

da RmerTis nebisadmi simbolur damorCilebas gulisxmobs.

cicitis CanTa muzeumis sainventaro wignSi ar iyo daTariRebuli.

xaverdis qsovilze oqromkediT damaxasiaTebeli gamosaxulebaa

amoqarguli: magendaviTi SuaSi ebrauli warweriT da mcenareuli

ornamentebiT. mis zeda qimze lomebs gvirgvini uWiravT. Sesrulebis

stilidan gamomdinare, cicitis CanTa me-19 saukunis meore naxevriT

SeiZleba daTariRdes.

3. kalendari. fraJe, Wedva. H – 29,5

dafis qveda nawilSi, SuaSi oTkuTxa liTonis kolofSi Calagebulia

Svidi liTonis firfita ebrauli warwerebiT. (sm)

71

Tora-Sildi, erTgvari religiuri dResaswaulebis kalendaria, is

rogorc wesi Tavsdeba sefer Toris gragnilze, SeiZleba masze iyos

gadakiduli, an zevidan ikideba, mis qveda nawilSi patara fanjaraa

amoWrili, romelSic calke liTonis warwerebiani firfitebia

moTavsebuli. TiToeulze religiuri dResaswaulis saxelwodebaa. Toris

kiTxvisas, kalendarzec Sesabamisad icvleba firfitebi.

sainventaro wignSi ar weria warmomavloba da Seqmnis TariRi. evropuli

ceremonialuri atributikis sxva nimuSebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze,

savaraudoT Cveni muzeumis Tora-Sildi ukrainuli an polonuri

warmoSobis SeiZleba iyos da me-19 saukunis SuaTi daTariRdes.

4. baRdadi. abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 84X85.

i .griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumi (Tim)

5. qirmanSali. Salis qsovili, nabeWdi. 150X150. (Tim)

6. boxCa. bambisa da abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 72X72.

(Tim)

7. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdisa da abreSumis qsovili, oqromkedi,

reliefuri namagri siTvi. 51X3,5. (Tim)

Cixtis Tavsakravebi Zalian mravalferovnadaa warmodgenili ebrauli

muzeumis koleqciaSi. Qqalaqeli qarTveli ebareli qalis samosi me-19

saukunis meore naxevarsa da me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba qarTveli qalis

samosisagan, gamonakliss axalcixuri Cacmuloba warmoadgens,

romelSic aRmosavluri zegavlena Warbobs.

koleqciaSi warmodgenili Cixtis Tavsakravebi sainventaro wignSi ar

aris daTariRebuli, katalogშi mxolod ramodenime gvaqvs

warmodgenili, rogorc Cans isini sxvadasxva fenis warmomadgenel

qalbatonebs ekuTvnoda, razec qsovili da naqargi metyvelebs da

72

TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebuli droiT SeiZleba daTariRdes, me-19

saukunis meore naxevridan me-20s. dasawyisis farglebSi.

8. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdisa da bambis qsovili, sxepla, malaTini,

oqromkedi, reliefuri namagri siTvi. 49X3,5. (Tim)

9. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdis qsovili, abreSumis Zafi, namagri siTvi,

kvanZuri naqargoba. 55X3,5. (Tim)

10. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdis qsovili, abreSumis Zafi, kvanZuri da

ormxrivi siTvi. 55X3,5. (Tim)

11. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdis qsovili, bambis Zafi, naqargoba. 45X3.

(Tim)

12. Tavsdakravi Cixtisa. xaverdis qsovili, oqromkedi, reliefuri

namagri siTvi. 46X5. (Tim)

13. buzmenti, sartyeli. abreSumisa da mitklis qsovili, oqromkedi,

ormxrivi siTvi. H – 203, L – 7,1. (sm)

buzmenti qarTveli ebraeli qalis samosis damaxasiaTebeli aqsesuaria.

სainventaro wignSi ar iyo daTariRebuli. stiliT me-19 saukunis boloTi

SeiZleba daTariRdes.

14. sartyeli (fragmenti). farCa, marmaSis qsovili, oqromkedi,

reliefuri namagri siTvi. H – 74, L – 16,5. (sm)

sartyeli, farCis, TeTri, erT totiani. sartyelze oqromkediT

stilizebuli yvavil-foTlovani mcenarea gamoyvanili. sarCulad TeTri

marmaSi udevs.

msgavsi sartyeli wyvilad amSvenebda qalis qvedakabis kalTas da

Tavisuflad eSveboda kabis TiTqmis mTels sigrZeze. Mme-19 s. meore

naxevri.

73

15. elemi. xaverdisa da rifsis qsovili, oqromkedi, buzmenti, namagri

da kvanZuri siTvi. H – 30. (Tim)

erTgvari mokle ჟileti. Aanalogiuri dekoratiuli samosi berlinis

ebraul muzeumSia daculi da atributirebulia rogorc ebrauli

saqorwilo samosis aqsesuari. სavaraudod, saqarTveloSic igive

daniSnuleba unda qonoda da SეiZleba evropidan yofiliyo Semotanili

me-19 saukuneSi.

16. zedakaba (iCluRi). farCa, abreSumis da narmis qsovili, oqromkedi,

xelis dazgaze naqsovi, Wviruli naqargoba. H – 60. (Tim)

wiTeli farCis; usayelo, grZeli saxeloebiT, saxeloebi majasTan

Sexsnili, gawyobilia Savi abreSumis yaiTniT; sarCuli TeTri narmis.

17. windebi bavSvis. Salis ZafiT naqsovi, windis CxirebiT. H – 26. (sm)

18. a. perangi qalisa. mitklis qsovili, maqmani, xelis dazgaze naqsovi.

H – 59. (sm)

b. Sarfi. abreSumis saxiani qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. H – 200,

L – 54. (sm)

g. qvedakaba. abreSumisa da mitklis qsovili, foCi. H – 95. (sm)

qveda tani, abreSumis, Sindisferi, grZeli. qvedatani xuTi iribad aWrili

naWrisagan Sedgeba: ukan kalTaSi kabis Sesakravidan bolomde Cagdebulia

ori iribad aWrili naWeri. qvedatanis boloze irgvliv Semovlebulia

foCi, sarCuli _ yavisferi mitklis.

aseTi samosi ZiriTadaT Tbiliseli ebraeli qalebisaTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli me-19-20 ss. Mmijnaze. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, me-19 s.

dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi aSkenazi ebraelebis migracia aRiniSneba,

ZiriTadaT ruseTidan, ukrainidan, litvidan, poloneTidan, ebraeli

qalaqeli qalis samosSi am periodidan vrceldeba evropuli Cacmulobis

stilic.

74

19. d.gvelesiani. ebraeli patarZali. qaRaldi, akvareli. 45X28. (sm)

aq gvelesianis mier warmodgenilia axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali, am

regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aRmosavlur samosSi. axalcixeli

ebraealebi, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, gamoirCeodnen CacmulobiTa Tu

ritualebiT. axalcixeSi sapatarZlo kaba mkveTri ferebiT gamoirCeoda

20. S. koboSvili. axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali. qaRaldi muyao,

feradi fanqari, grafiti, tuSi. 26,5X14,5. (sm)

21. windebi. abreSumisa da bambis Zafi, windis CxirebiT naqsovi

(daSibuli). mcenareuli da geometriuli ornamentiT, feradi Zafebi.

H – 45. (Tim)

22. fexsacmeli qalisa. xaverdisa da tilos qsovili, lanCi, tyavi,

oqromkedi, reliefuri namagri siTvi. (sm)

fexsacmeli, sosanis feri, xaverdis, Ziri lanCis, yeliani, qusliani,

oqromkediT naqargi. fexsacmlis yelis gverdebze tyavis qsovilia

Cakerebuli, sarCulad tilos sqeli qsovili udevs.

qalis saqorwino fexsacmeli, damaxasiaTebelia axalcixel

ebraelTaTvis.

23. oqrokaba (qalis saqorwino tansacmeli). farCa, oqroqsovili,

abreSumisa da narmis qsovili, Semkulia yanaozis qobiT, xelis

dazgaze naqsovi.

H – 124. (Tim)

zedatani - oqrokaba, wiTeli farCisa, win bolomde Caxsnili; ikvreba

yaiTnis RilebiT da yulfebiT; saxeloebi boloSi Caxsnilia da

gawyobili Savi abreSumis CafariSiT da yaiTniT; sarCuli _ narmisa.

24. axaluxi qalisa. farCa, abreSumisa da bambis qsovili, yaiTani, xelis

dazgaze naqsovi. H – 140. (Tim)

75

axaluxi, Sav-iasamnisferi zoliani abreSumis satinisa, maRalsayeloani;

grZeli SeWrili yoSiani saxeloebiT; gawyobilia Savi abreSumis

yanaoziT da CafariSiT, TeTri bambs sarCuliT.

25. oqrokaba (qalis saqorwino tansacmeli). farCa, abreSumisa da narmis

qsovili, yaiTani, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. H – 132. (Tim)

26. S. koboSvili. cekva saivo (qalTa jgufuri cekva). qaRaldi,

guaSi, akvareli. 49,5X59. (sm)

27. S. koboSvili. cekva saivo (qalTa jgufuri cekva). 1940. muyao,

feradi fanqari. 19X24,5. (sm)

28. zedakaba. abreSumisa da bambis qsovilebi, abreSumis Zafi, CafariSis

firfitebiT qsova, ormagi siTvi, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. H – 55.

(Tim)

zedatani mwvane abreSumis, majasTan gaganierebuli saxeloebiT, ikvreba 9

RiliT, mxrisTavebi da napirebi morTulia foCiani abreSumis CafariSiT.

29. zedakaba (iCluRi). abreSumisa da bambis qsovili, yaiTani, oqromkedi,

liToni, xelis dazgaze naqsovi, namagri da kvanZura siTvi. H – 61.

(Tim)

qarTveli ebraeli qalis nacionaluri Casacmeli; saxeloebi grZeli,

majasTan Caxsnili; gawyobili sirmis CafariSiT da yaiTniT, sarCuli

CiTis.

30. abanos qoSi qalisa. xe, sirmis CafariSi, xeze kveTa, qvilTis teqnika.

H – 23,5. (Tim)

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31. abanos qoSi qalisa. xe, sadafi, tyavi, selis qsovili, vercxlmkedi,

inkrustacia, namagri siTvi, xeliT nakeTi. H – 23,5. (Tim)

abanos qoSebi, qusliT, damzadebulia erTi mTliani xisagan, Semkulia

sadafis rombebiT, tyavis TasmiT.

32. qoSi qalisa. xaverdisa da maudis qsovili, tyavi, oqromkedis

yaiTniT, namagri siTvi. H – 28. (Tim)

qoSebi, xaverdis, sosanisferi, naqargi oqros yaiTniT, tyavis ZiriT,

sarCuli maudis.

33. qoSi qalisa. xaverdi, tyavi, oqromkedi, xeliT nakeTi. H – 22,5. (Tim)

qoSebi, xaverdis, muqi Sindisferi, qusliT, Wvintiani cxviriT.

34. S. koboSvili. cekva saivo (qalTa jgufuri cekva). qaRaldi,

akvareli, guaSi. 33X44. (sm)

35. S. koboSvili. Saqar-puri. sityvis gatana. qaRaldi, guaSi. 30,5X40.

(sm)

Saqar-puri anu sityvis gatana ewodeba sapatarZlos mSoblebis ojaxSi

gamarTul niSnobas, sadac qadis msgavsi tkbili namcxvari ojaxur

samyaros, xolo Saqris mozrdili Tavi tkbili cxovrebis simboloebia.

niSnobis dasrulebisas Saqris naWrebi stumrebs urigdebodaT.

36. vaza saqorwilo. fraJe, Wedva. H – 20,2, d – 19. (sm)

37. zedakaba. farCa, yalamqari, sirmis TafariSi, oqromkedi, xaverdula

Zafi, dazgaze naqsovi, namagri siTvi. H – 62. (Tim)

axaluxi, mwvane farCis, qalis; yoSiani saxeloebiT, napirebze

Semokerebulia sirmis TafariSi, sarCuli yalamqarisa.

77

38. nimuSi farCisa. xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 84X56. (Tim)

39. S. koboSvili. saqorwino kabis gamoWra. 1939. qaRldi, guaSi. 38X47,5.

(sm)

40. S. koboSvili. dedoflis wayvana abanoSi. 1939. qaRaldi, akvareli.

31,5X41,5. (sm)

saqorwino samzadisis erT-erTi aucilebeli nawili iyo dedoflis

ganbana mikveSi (saritualo abanoSi). patarZali uamravi qalisa da kacis

TanxlebiT mihyavdaT mikveSi tebilis ritualis (wyliT savse auzSi

samjer Cayuryumalaveba) gansaxorcieleblad. mas aSuRebi sazisa da

Wianuris dakvriT miuZRodnen. aSuRebs mihyvebodnen patara biWebi

sabanao WurWliTa da boxCaSi gamokruli sanovagiT, maT ki _ patarZlis

dobilebisa da naTesavebis amala.

41. gadasafarebeli. mitklis qsovili, bambis zafi, maqmani, naqargoba,

dazgaze naqsovi. (Tim)

42. patarZlis pirsaxoci. mitklis qsovili, naqsovi maqmani, abreSumis

Zafi, ormagi siTvi. (Tim)

43. mandili. abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 90X90. (Tim)

44. TavSali. abreSumis Zafi, badiseburi naqsovi. H – 123, L – 120. (sm)

wiTeli abreSumis, badiseburi naqsovi, oTxkuTxedi, Tavisive Zafis

arSiiTa da foCiT Semovlebuli. napirebze oTxive mxares jvrebia

amoqarguli.

45. baRdadi. abreSumis qsovili, dazgaze naqsovi. H – 74, L – 67. (sm)

abreSumis mwvane foni, zed wiTeli da yviTeli feris saxiT. napirebi

Semocrecili aqvs.

78

46. S. koboSvili. axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali. qaRaldi, muyao,

guaSi. 35X17. (sm)

47. S. koboSvili. axalcixeli ebraeli nefe. 1940. qaRaldi, akvareli,

guaSi, tuSi. 38,5X25. (sm)

48. S. koboSvolo. jeizi _ mziTvis aRwera. 1939. tilo, zeTi. 44X53,5. (sm)

qorwilis wina dReebSi patarZlis mSoblebis ojaxSi xdeboda misi

mziTvis aRwera da Sefaseba. xuTSabaTs qorwinebis win, naSuadRevs,

patarZlis ojaxSi miwveuli mosamarTle, rabini da xaxami qeTubis

(saqorwino xelSekrulebis) meore gverdze mziTvis nusxas Camowerdnen.

am dros stumrebi saCuqrebs miarTmevdnen patarZals da isinic mziTvis

saerTo ricxvs emateboda. damswre sazogadoebis winaSe gaSlili iyo

mTeli mziTvi da fasdeboda TiToeuli nivTi. Semdeg qeTubis meore

gverdze Camowerdnen yvela am nivTsa da maTs Rirebulebas. bolos, mTel

mziTvs did boRCebSi gamohkravdnen, SamaSebs (sinagogis mcvelebs)

ahkidebdnen da nefis saxlSi agzavnidnen. nefe SamaSebs Sesabamis

gasamrjelos aZlevda.

49. xelsaxoci (SabaTis sufris kurTxevisas purze gadasafarebeli).

abreSumis qsovili, abreSumis Zafi, oqromkedi, namagri siTvi. H – 47,

L – 44,5. (sm)

xelsaxoci, abreSumis, ruxi feris, oTxkuTxa, ruxi da vardisferi

ZafebiT naqargi. garSemo ruxi feris sirma narevi maqmani aqvs

Semovlebuli.

xelsaxoci G(puris gadasafarebeli) dekoratiuli xelsaxoci (qsovili),

romelsac SabaTis sufris kurTxevisas afarebdnen mownul mrgval purs

– xalas. Zveli meTalmudeebi SabaTs patarZals adarebdnen. Ddalocvis

79

Semdeg xalas sazeimod “aTavisuflebdnen samosisagan”, rogorc

patarZals. Mmsgavsi gadasafareblebi, rogorc wesi, damSvenebulia

mravalferovani naqargobiT, sakulto sagnebis gamosaxulobebiT, puris

dalocviT.

50. bude Tefilinis. maudisa da bambis qsovili, bambis Zafi, oqromkedi,

namagri siTvi. HH – 20, L – 28. (sm)

wiTeli maudis, zed feradi ZafebiT aris naqargi yvavilebi da eqvs

qimiani varskvlavi. garSemo oqromkedis maqmani aqvs Semovlebuli sam

napirze wiTeli abreSumis Zafis funjebi hkidia. budis zurgi Wreli da

sqeli bambis qsovilisaa.

Tefilini tyavis patara kolofebs warmoadgens, romelic moicavs oTx

amonarids Toridan. mamakacebi locvis dros imagreben tefilins Sublze

da mklavze. inaxaven budeebSi an vercxlis kolofebSi.

51. bude savarcxlis. farCa, abreSumis qsovili, oqromkedi, kilitebiT

naqargoba, namagri siTvi. (sm)

napirebze Semoyolebuli aqvs cisferi zonari. naqargia oqromkediT da

kilitebiT. sarCuli vardisferi abreSumis aqvs.

52. axaluxi bavSvisa. abreSumisa da bambis qsovili, liToni, Wedva,

xelis dazgaze naqsovi. (Tim)

53. zedakaba. farCa, abreSumis qsovili, maqmani, oqromkedi, xelis

dazgaze naqsovi, namagri siTvi. H – 64. (sm)

zedatani, farCis, wiTeli, saxiani, win Caxsnili, yurTmajiani saxeloebiT,

mxrebi gaukeravi aqvs, gverdebze bartyebi aqvs Cagdebuli da Sexsnilia.

zurgze zedatani siganezea gakerili. gulispirze oqromkedis zonaris da

80

maqmanis arSia mihyveba, saxeloc oqromkedis arSiiT da maqmaniT aris

Semkuli. saxeloebs wiTeli abreSumis sarCuli udevs, zedatani ruxi

zoliani qsovilia.

54. d. gvelesiani. patarZlis xelebis SeRebva iniT. tilo, zeTi.

93,6X124,6. (sm)

55. d. gvelesiani. xufa _ saqorwino rituali. tilo, zeTi. 70,3X100,5. (sm)

ebrauli qorwinebis ceremonia tardeba xufis qveS. tradiciulad xufa

abreSumis an xaverdis qsovilis didi naWeria, romelic oTx svetzea

gadafenili an oTx adamians uWiravs nefe-patarZlisa da maT mowmeTa

Tavze qeTubis wakiTxvis dros.

xufis qveS sasiZo sapatarZlos Tavisad acxadebs. Oori mowmis

TandaswrebiT siZe beWeds ukeTebs patarZals da tradiciul sityvebs

umeorebs “am beWdiT Sen me meZRvnebi mosesa da israelis kanoniT.

terminiT “kiduSini” Talmuduri literatura qorwinebis aqts aRnisnavs.

qorwinebis mizania miuZRvnas coli, mis erTaderT qmars. sityva kiduSini

warmoiSveba fuZidan, romelic “siwmindes” aRniSnavs, rac Rvinis

kurTxeviT gamoixateba. Aamitom xSirad specialur Tasebs iyenebdnen,

Rviniani TasiT kiduSs langriT miarTmevdnen, rac movlenas ufro metad

sadResaswaulo elfers matebs.

Tavis ZiriTadi principebisadmi erTguli, iudaizmi cdilobs xorcisa da

instinktebis sulierebamde ayvanas da kiduSinis aqtiT nakurTxi qali

ojaxSi ebrauli tradiciis mcveli xdeba. Uudavoa, rom swored ojaxuri

cxovrebis simtkicis wyalobiT ebraelebi amden Zaladobasa da

ubedurebas uZlebdnen.

56. qamari qalisa. vercxli, firuzi, lali, liTonze Wedva (cvara,

Wviruli). H - 68. (Tim)

qamari liTonis, firuzebiT Semkuli, TerTmetmaliani, aJuruli

ornamentiT.

81

57. saaTi jibisa. ebrauli ciferblatiT. Mmeore mxares moses

gamosaxulebiT. dabali sinjis vercxli, qarxnuli nakeToba. (Tim)

sainventaro wignSi ar iyo daTariRebuli, daaxloebiT me-20-s dasawyisi

58. d. gvelesiani. nefe-dedoflis Semotareba sinagogaSi. qaRaldi,

akvareli. #32,5X25. (sm)

59. gabroilovi. kabaluli _ patarZlis cekva. tilo, zeTi. 53,3X66,8.

(sm)

60. S. koboSvili. ajla _ saqorwino oTaxi. 1939. tilo, zeTi. 45,5X59.

(sm)

ajilaki anu ajla mesxur-javaxuri darbazis erT-erT kuTxeSi xaliCebiT

damSvenebuli, nefe-dedoflisaTvis gankuTvnili ficruli an

qsovilebisagan gakeTebuli patara, momaRlo oTaxi iyo masSi

ganTavsebuli taxtiT. oTaxis Sesasvlels sinagogidan motanili

ramdenime moqarguli farda hqonda Camofarebuli.

ajlas mowyobis tradicia dakavSirebulia mxolod axalcixesTan da

gavrcelebuli iyo, rogorc ebraelTa, aseve qarTvelTa Soris. ajilaki,

ajla, mesxur-javaxuris darbazis erT-erT kuTxeSi saqorwilod

gamarTuli, xaliCebiT damSvenebuli nefe-dedoflisaTvis gankuTvnili

taxti iyo. axalcixel ebraelebTan ajla SeiZleba yofiliyo ficruli

an qsovilisgan gakeTebuli. ~xufis~ (qorwilis) Semdeg nefes Sehyavda

dedofali trapezTan axlos midgmul patara oTaxSi (ajlaSi), romelic

kaTedrisebr iyo amaRlebuli da romelsac sinagogidan motanili

ramdenime moqarguli farda hfaravda; Sig Casvamdnen dedofals, mefe

ukan brundeboda da kaTedraze dgeboda. am dros rabi damswre

sazogadoebasTan erTad mReroda.

61. naznazi. nimuSi abreSumisa. oqroqsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi.

225X35. (Tim)

82

62. oqrokaba (qalis saqorwino tansacmeli). oqroqsovili, narma,

oqromkedi, abreSumis Zafi, xelis dazgaze naqsovi, namagri siTvi.

H – 140. (sm)

oqroqsovili, mwvane foniT, fabrikuli, win gaxsnilia da akeria sami

Ril-kilo, gujastiani da bartyeb Cayenebulia, yurTmajian saxeloebze

oqromkediT narevi grexili Zafis arSia aqvs Semovlebuli, sayeloze da

kalTebze - wiTeli abreSumisa. sarCulad udevs TeTri narma.

63. muTaqis piri. bambisa da abreSumis qsovili, ormagi siTvi, jejimi.

sxvadasxva feris zolebiT, Semkulia yanaoziT. 100X40. (Tim)

64. baRdadi, abreSumis qsovili, nabeWdi. 85X85. (Tim)

65. fuTa abanosi. abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 220X90.

(Tim)

66. S. koboSvili. bavSvis dabadeba. 1939. qaRaldi, guaSi. 38X52. (sm)

67. S. koboSvili. bavSvis windasacveTad wayvana sinagogaSi.

1939. tilo, zeTi. 50,5X43. (sm)

ebraelTaTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani tradiciaa biWis dabadebis

merve dRes sinagogaSi winadacveTis ritualis sazeimod Catareba,

romelic ebraeli xalxis RmerTTan kavSirs ganasaxierebs.

68. baliSis piri. xaverdis, abreSumisa da tilos qsovili, kiliti,

oqromkedi, sirmisa da xaverdula Zafi, oqromkedis grexiluli.

56X50,5. (sm)

baliSis piri, xaverdis, lurji; oTxkuTxovani, kilitebiT, oqromkediT,

sirmiT da xaverdis ZafebiT stilizebuli mcenareebia amoqarguli. SuaSi

Cayenebulia salaTis feri abreSumis naWeri, romelic Salis feradi

ZafiTa da oqromkediTaa naqargi. baliSis pirs garSemo oqromkedisa da

yviTeli Zafis grexili aqvs Semovlebuli. baliSis piris zurgi lurji

tilos qsovilisaa.

83

69. baliSis piri. xaverdisa da tilos qsovili, oqromkedis

grrexilula, namagri mZivebi, aplikacia, sirmis Zafi. 62X44.

(sm)

xaverdis, lurji, oTxkuTxovani, romelzec oqromkediTa da cisferi

mZivebiT Semkuli TeTri yvavilebia aplikaciis saxiT dakerebuli, SirmiT

amoqargulia varskvlaviseburi figura. baliSis pirs garSemo

oqromkedisa da yviTeli Zafis grexili aqvs Semovlebuli. baliSis piris

zurgi lurji tilos qsovilisaa.

70. dana. foladi, rqa, xaverdi. H – 21,5. (sm), budis sigrZe _ 22,5 sm.

danas piri foladis aqvs, tari rqisa, dana inaxeba Sindisfer

xavedgadakrul sarCulian budeSi.

71. dana windasacveTi. foladi, Zvali. H - 17,3. (sm)

dana, foladis piriT, yviTeli feris Zvlis tariT, wveri wakveTili aqvs.

windasacveTi dana - ritualuri daniSnulebis danas iyenebda moxeli

(adamiani, romelic asrulebs windacveTis rituals).

72. dana Soxetis. foladi, Zvali. H – 18,7. (sm)

dana foladis piriT, Zvlis tariT, wveri wakveTili aqvs.

Soxeti – (damkvleli) specialurad momzadebuli piri, romelsac

miRebuli aqvs religiuri wesebis dacviT frinvelis an saqonlis

dakvlis ufleba. ebraelTaTvis sakvebad vargisad iTvleboda mxolod

Soxetis mier dakluli qaSeri xorci.

73. dana Soxetis. foladi, Zvali. H – 31. (sm)

dana , foladis piriT, TeTri Zvlis tariT, bolo wakveTili aqvs.

84

74. dana windasacveTi. foladi, xe. H – 13,2. (sm

dana rkinis piriT, brtyeli, nawilobriv tyavgadakruli, xis

mrgvalTaviani saxeluriT

75. d. gvelesiani. windacveTa sinagogaSi

76. d. gvelesiani. locva sinagogaSi. tilo, zeTi. 70X100,3. (sm)

77. faroxeTi _ seferToris karadis farda. xaverdis, satinisa da

mitklis qsovili, oqromkedi, namagri siTvi. 144X124. (sm)

fardis xaverdis pirze amoqargulia oqromkediTa da sirmiT lomebi,

orTaviani frinveli, xis toti, yviTeli ZafiT fardaze daqargulia

ebrauli warwera. sam gverdze oqromkediT naqsovi arSia aqvs

Semovlebuli Tavze fardis Camosakideblad liTonis xuTi rgoli aqvs

dakerebuli. fardis sarCuli orgvari qsovilisaa cisferi satinisa da

salaTisferi mitklisa.

faroxeTi – seferToris karadis (e.w. aRTqmis kidobanis) fardaa,

romelic gamoyobs „wminda adgils“ (ha-kodeS) „wmindaTa wmindasagan“

(kodeS-ha-kodaSim). tradiciulad diasporaSi sinagoga samxreTiskenaa

orientirebuli, xolo misi Sesasvleli ierusalimisaken. salocavis

darbazis centrSi “Tebaa” aRmarTuli, xolo Sesasvlelis mopirdapire

mxares ukana kedlis centrSi “aharon-ha-kodeSi” – wminda karadaa

ganTavsebuli, sadac sefer Torebi (Toris gragnilebi) inaxeba.

faroxeTi ToraSicaa moxseniebuli rogorc farduli, damzadebuli

lurji, iasamnisferi an alisferi qsovilisagan da moqarguli

qerubimebiT oqros sakidebiT oqroTi mopirkeTebul oTx svetze

damagrebuli, romelic gamoyobs wminda adgils wmindaTa wmindasagan.

(გამოსვლა 26:31-33)

sxva atributebis msgavsad, aRTqmis kidobanis farda, rogorc wesi,

saCuqrad gadaecema sinagogas, rogorc Semowiruloba raime

mniSvnelovani TariRis aRsaniSnavad da umetes wilad xeliTaa

moqarguli.

85

sxvadasxva epoqebsa da sxvadasxva qveynebis diasporebSi gansxvavebuli

stilis faroxeTebs vxvdebiT, magram, rogorc wesi, faroxeTi mzaddeba

Zvirfasi qsovilisagan (xaverdi, abreSumi, ufro iSviaTad seli, bamba) da

oqromkediT, vercxlmkediT da abreSumis ZafebiTaa moqarguli.

sainteresoa, rom Cven muzeumSi daculi faroxeTebi ori gansxvavvebuli

tipis dekoriTaa morTuli, Tumca stilisturad orive aSkenazuri

warmomavlobisaa da me-XIX saukuneSia damzadebuli.

evropul tradiciaSi Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo aseTi tipis

gamosaxulebani, gvirgvini, romelic miuTiTebs seferToris gvirgvinze,

lomebs (ierusalimis simbolo) moses aTi mcneba uWiravT, arwivebs kidev

erTi gvirgvini da qvemoT menora – sinagogis simbolo.

78. faroxeTi _ seferToris karadis farda. abreSumis qsovili, farCa,

oqromkedi, abreSumis Zafi, namagri siTvi. 186X113. (sm)

farda, abreSumis, TeTri, oTxkuTxovani, SuaSi sigrZeze gakerili.

fardaze oqromkediTaa da feradi ZafebiT amoqargulia yvavilebi,

svetebi, TaRi, napirebze oqromkedis ornamentovani arSia Semosdevs. sam

nawiburze yviTeli Zafis foCi aqvs gamobmuli. sarCuli TeTri farCisa

udevs.

am faroxeTze, winasagan gansxvavebuli, magram iudaikaSi aseve

gavrcelebuli dekoria: stilizirebuli oTxi sveti, romelic TaRiviT

ikvreba da mcenareuli da yvavilebis motivebiT mdidruladaa

ornamentirebuli. faroxeTi aSkenazuri warmomavlobisaa, XIX s. Ppirveli

naxevriT davaTariReT.

79. S. koboSvili. xeremi _ anaTema. qaRaldi, guaSi, laqi. 50X36. (sm)

80. d. gvelesiani. anaTemis Semdeg. tilo, zeTi. 50,1X40. (sm)

81. S. koboSvili. malkuti _ saritualo rozgebi. 1939. tilo, zeTi.

70X100,5. (sm)

86

10-12 wlamde bavSvs xederSi (sinagogasTan arsebuli religiuri

saswavlebeli) xaxami aswavlida locvebs. urC moswavleebs Toris

maswavlebeli rozgebiT sjida amxanagebis TandaswrebiT.

82. S. koboSvili. codvis gamosyidva 40 rozgiT. qaRaldi, guaSi. 37X30.

(sm)

83. S. koboSvili. haTara _ codvis Sendoba. qaRaldi, guaSi, laqi. 37X32.

(sm)

84. S. koboSvili. religiuri saswavlebeli sinagogaSi. qaRaldi, guaSi.

30X40. (sm)

85. S. koboSvili. misionerebis kurTxeva (suqoTis dResaswauli). 1938.

qaRaldi, guaSi, laqi. 30,5X41. (sm)

suqoTis (suqa _ ivriT. karavi) SviddRianis dResaswauli moses mier

egviptedan gamoyvanili ebraeli xalxis udabnoSi xetialisa da im

karvebis simboloa, romlebSic isini ormoci wlis manZilze

cxovrobdnen. suqa igeba sinagogis ezoSi da irTveba simboluri

mcenareebiTa da xiliT.

86. ibriRi (wylis saweso-saritualo WurWeli). spilenZi, Wedva. H -38,3.

(sm)

dabali fexiT, mrgvali, maRali, mucliT. muclis zeda nawilidan tuCi

(wurwuma) adis. ibriRis yeli Suisken viwrovdeba, tavi ki momrgvalebuli

aqvs. saxeluris erTi bolo ibriRis yelis pirzea mimagrebuli, meore

mucels uaxlovdeba, magram zedapirs ar exeba. saxeluris Tavze

damagrebulia ibriRis wvetiani saxuravi. ibriRi mTlianad

ornamentirebulia.

87. Tungi. spilenZi, Wedva. H – 35. (Tim)

87

88. ibriRi. spilenZi, Wedva. H – 39,2. (sm)

maRali fexiT, mrgvali mucliani, mucelze tuCi (wurwuma) aqvs

damagrebuli. yeli Suis qveviT daRarulia, saxeluri ibriRis yelis

pirzea damagrebuli, meore bolo ki mucelze. saxelurs zeviT ibriRis

wvetiani saxuravi uerTdeba.

89. sasanTle xanuqis. fraJe, Wedva. H – 28,5, L – 23 (sm)

xanuqis Sandalze tradiciuli reliefuri gamosaxulebaa, SuaSi menora,

romelic orive mxridan finikis palmebiTa da lomebiTaa Semkuli,

zevidan yurZnis mtevnian vazis rtoebs gvirgvini amSvenebs.

sainventaro wignSi Sandali ar iyo daTariRebuli. stilistikidan da

damaxasiaTebeli gamosaxulebidan gamomdinare, xanuqia aSkenazuri

warmomavlobisaa (polonuri an litvuri) da XIX saukuniT TariRdeba.

uZvelesi xanuqiebi makabielTa epoqis Semdgom periods miekuTvneba da

warmoadgens gamomwvari Tixis rvabudian sanaTurs. Mmasze rogorc wesi

gamosaxuli iyo an taZari, an menora.

cxra sanTliani Sandali, romelic menoris saswaulis simboloa, erT

erTia im ori mTavari morTulobisagan, romelTa saxecvlilebis mowmeni

vxdebiT ori aTasi wlis manZilze. Mmeore TviT taZris gamosaxulebaa,

romelic xanuqis dResaswaulis saxelwodebas ukavSirdeba, anu “wminda

adgilis kurTxeva”. Aam ori simbolos – cecxli da arqiteqtura -

cvlilebebs xangrZlivi istoria. Oorive motivi ucvleli rCeboda, Tumca

icvleboda xanuqiis forma da sxvadasxva epoqaTa Tu qveynis stils

asaxavda.

diasporaSi Seqmnili yvelaze uZvelesi sakulto sagnebi, romlebic

Cvenamde movida arauadres meTormete saukuniTaa daTariRebuli.

uZvelesi sagania xanuqia, romelic marTkuTxa marmarilosaganaa

gamoTlili. fiTilisTvis gankuTvnili 8 bude romanuli stilis

kolonadas warmoqmnis, maTze aRmarTuli fanjris formis CaRrmavebiTaa

88

dagvirgvinebuli. Qqveda nawilSi amokveTilia orstrofiani teqsti

ivriTze Toridan: “mcneba ars lampari da darigeba” (igavni, Tavi 6, 23).

90. d. gvelesiani. xanuqis sanTlebis kurTxeva. tilo, , zeTi.

61,1X47,3. (sm)

xanuqa erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriuli dResaswaulia. Mmeore taZris

periodSi, Zv. w. aR. II saukuneSi israeli berZnebma daibyres. maT ara

mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba daukarges ebraelebs, aramed

cdilobdnen TviT ebrauli sulis mTavari arsis – sarwmunoebis

ganadgurebas da surdaT ebraelebi kerpTayvanismcemel elinebaT

gadaeqciaT. berZnebi cdilobdnen rwmenas aecdinaT ebraelebi,

aeZulebinaT uari eTqvaT SabaTis da qaSruTis dacvaze, Toris

Seswavlaze. taZarSi ki TavianTi kerpebis qandakebebi aRmarTes. Eebraeli

xalxi daTrgunuli iyo da amavdroulad ajanyebis naperwkalic

Rvivdeboda. Qqalaq modiinSi qoenebis (taZris msaxurTa) ojaxma daiwyo

ajanyeba sityvebiT “vinc RmerTiskenaa – is Cemsken”. ajanyebas SeurTda

yvela, vinc suliT Zlieri iyo da ar undoda ebrauli tradiciebis

ganadgurebas Segueboda. araTanabar brZolaSi ebraelebma daamarcxes

mravalricxovani mteri. ebrauli ajanyebuli jaris saTaveSi idga mamaci

meomari iehuda makabi (aqedanaa saxelwodeba makabielTa) da ukavSirdeba

makabielTa gamarjvebas, rodesac maT Zv. w. 165 wels selevkidebis mier

dapyrobili ierusalimis taZari daibrunes. berZnebis mier wabilwul

taZarSi mxolod erTi dRis samyofi wminda zeTi iyo darCenili,

romliTac menoras (taZris SvidsanTlian Sandals) anTebdnen. Aaxali

zeTis gamosaxdelad ki rva dRe iyo saWiro. moxda saswauli da

sanTlebi zustad rva dRe ar Camqrala. amitom xanuqas sinaTlis

dResaswaulsac uwodeben. tradiciulad xanuqiaze (cxrasanTlian

Sandalze) rva dRis ganmavlobaSi anTeben sanTlebs (erTi damxmare

sanTliT yovel dRe TiTo sanTels amateben).

xanuqis dResaswaulis warmoSobis istoria sxvadasxvagvarad aris

interpretirebuli Talmudsa da makabielTa wignSi.

89

Talmudiseuli versiis Tanaxmad, saswauli menoris anTebisas moxda.

amitom xanuqis dResaswauli 8 dRe aRiniSneba da anTebuli Sandali

fanjris rafaze idgmeva, rom auwyos samyaros momxdari saswaulis

Sesaxeb.

91. Sandali. liToni, Wedva. H – 13. (Tim)

92. S. koboSvili. saritualo daniSnulebis oTaxi. qaRaldi, guaSi.

32X42. (sm)

ebraelTa istoriuli dResaswaulis _ fesaxis Casatareblad sagangebod

dasufTavebul oTaxSi inaxeba am dReebisaTvis gankuTvnili sursaT-

sanovage da WurWeli.

93. d. gvelesiani. hagada. fesaxis Rame. tilo,zeTi. 65,2X50,1. (sm)

fesaxis rvadRiani dResaswauli ukavSirdeba moses mier ebraelebis

gamoyvanas egviptidan, sadac isini oTxaswlian monobaSi imyofebodnen. am

dResaswauls gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs da eris gaTavisuflebis

simboloa. fesaxis pirvel Rames sruldeba sederis rituali

(sadResaswaulo simboluri vaxSmis kurTxeva).

94. S. koboSvili. frinvelis dakvla religiuri wesiT. 1940. tilo, zeTi.

70,5X101. (sm)

qafaris Semovleba da qaTmis dakvla ori urTierTdakavSirebuli

ritualia. religiuri dResaswaulis _ iom-qifuris - codvebis mitevebis

dRis win morwmune ebraelebi monaniebis mizniT valdebuli arian Tavze

Semoivlon qafara – qaTami, ris Semdegac mas xaxams an Raribebs aZleven.

ebraelTaTvis sakvebad vargisad iTvleboda mxolod Soxetis _

damkvlelis mier religiuri wesebis dacviT dakluli frinvelisa Tu

saqonlis xorci. frinvelisa da saqonlis dakvla SeeZlo specialurad

saamisod momzadebul pirs, romelsac miRebuli hqonda Soxetad

muSaobis ufleba.

90

95. d. gvelesiani. Soxeti _ frinvelis dakvla. qaRaldi, akvareli.

44X65. (sm)

96. baRdadi. abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi, nabeWdi. 75X70.

(Tim)

97. S. koboSvili. seferToris gamotana sinagogaSi. qaRaldi, guaSi.

26,5X40,5. (sm)

suqoTis dResaswaulis bolo dRe simxaToris dResaswaulis aRniSvniT

gvirgvindeba. am dRes, Toris bolo furclis wakiTxvisTanave sinagogis

mrwamsis kidobnidan (sinagogis kedelSi CaSenebul ierusalimisaken

mimarTuli seferToris Sesanaxi karadidan) gamoaqvT seferTorebi

(Toris gragnilebi), sazeimod Semoatareben da Semdeg erTi wliT kvlav

aRTqmis kidobanSi inaxaven. Aam sazeimo ceremoniis dros seferTorebi

simReris TanxlebiT moaqvT da damswre sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs xeliT

Seexos am siwmindes, xolo seferTorebis ESemotarebis pativi Temis

yvelaze Rirseul da gamorCeul wevrebs ergebaT wilad.

98. kaba seferTorisa (sakulto daniSnulebis). farCa, mitklis qsovili,

yaiTani, oqromkedi, dazgaze naqsovi. 57X36. (sm)

farCis, Sindisferi, saxiani, swored Sekerili, Tavze yviTeli foCi aqvs

Semovlebuli, zed erTi samxare aqvs dakerebuli. erT mxares oqromkediT

naqsovi zonaris eqvs qimiani varskvlavia dakerebuli. varskvlavis qimebi

funjebiT bolovdeba, sarCulad TeTri mitkali udevs.

99. seferTora. (sm)

seferTora (Toris gragnili) sinagogis yvelaze wminda nivTia. rogorc

wesi, seferTora Semosilia sagangebod misTvis gankuTvnili Toris

samosiT an Tavsdeba stilizebul tomaraSi da Tavze adgamen gvirgvins.

91

100. gvirgvini seferTorisa. spilenZi, Wedva. H _ 44. (sm)

maRali, mrgvali formis, zanzalakebiani, dafanjruli da reliefurad

ornamentirebuli. rimonim (seferToris damagvirgvinebeli) – ebr. sityva

broweulis mravlobiT ricxvia , ris formasac waagavda Tavdapirvelads

gvirgvini.

101. gvirgvini seferTorisa. spilenZi, Wedva. H – 44,4. (sm)

maRali, mrgvali formis, dafanjruli da ornamentirebuli, aqvs

zanzalakebi.

102. gvirgvini seferTorisa. spilenZi, Wedva. H – 38. (sm)

maRali, mrgvali formis, samefo jiRis msgavsi, zanzalakebiT da

reliefuri ornamentebiT Semkuli, dafanjruli. Tavze eqvsqimiani

varskvlavi aqvs damagrebuli

103. gvirgvini seferTorisa. fraJe, Wedva. H _ 32,5. (sm)

gvirgvinis tani dafanjruli da ornamentirebuli aqvs, zanzalakebiani,

Tavze arwivis gamosaxulebaa damagrebuli. gvirgvini simbolurad xazs

usvams Toris sidiadesa da mniSvnelobas. gvirgviniT Toris Semkobis

tradicia Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. gvirgvini xSirad mdidrulad

dekorirebulia WedurobiT ebraul motivebze, warwerebiT, zoomorfuli

gamosaxulebebiTa da ornamentebiT.

gvirgvini simbolurad xazs usvams Toris sidiadesa da mniSvnelobas.

gvirgviniT Toris Semkobis tradicia Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. igi

xSirad mdidrulad dekorirebulia WedurobiT ebraul motivebze,

warwerebiT, reliefebiTa da ornamentebiT. xolo masze mimagrebuli

zanzalakebi, Toris gadaadgilebisas mis gamoCenas axmovaneben.

92

104. S. koboSvili. breTis bibliis Tayvaniscema. qaRaldi, guaSi,

akvareli. 40X60. (sm)

pergamentze xelnaweri Sua saukuneebis breTis saswaulmoqmedi bibliis

kulti ukavSirdeba breTel ebraelebs. misi dakargvis Semdeg

Tayvaniscemis sagani gaxda nabeWdi biblia, romelic avaliSvilebs

ekuTvnoda. 1856-1870 wlebSi breTidan ebraelTa suramSi masobrivi

gadasaxlebisas igi avaliSvilebisagan davaraSvilebis gvaris

warmomadgenlebs SeusyidiaT, amitom breTis biblias davaraanT an

suramis bibliasac uwodebdnen. igi ebara sinagogis erT-erT msaxurs,

romelic mnaxvelTa Tu avadmyofTa mosvlisas, maT Tvalebs axuWvinebda,

bibliaze xels gadaasmevinebda an striqons waukiTxavda da misi

saswaulmoqmedi Zalis rwmenis gamo es Tavisebur mkurnalobad

iTvleboda.

Salom koboSvili igonebda: ~borjomidan, sadac mojamagired viyavi,

axalcixeSi dedis sanaxavad wavedi. dedas gaexarda Cemi naxva da miTxra:

kargia, rom moxvedi; didi xania, rom niaTad maqvs suramis bibliis naxva.

am kviraSic sizmari vnaxe, sizmars ki, Svilo ver getyvio. borjomisken

gavemgzavreT; borjomSi deidac SemogvierTda. iq sanTlebi Camoasxes da

erTad CavediT. suramSi davaraSvilebis saxlSi mivediT. iq Tora esvena

tiloze, baRdadgadafarebuli. kandeli enTo, rom mivediT, sanTlebi

amoviReT, zogi avanTeT, zogic berikacs gadaveciT. dedaCemma raRac

nivTi Seswira, deidaCemma ki kacis Tavze TeTri baRdadi, Cven daCoqili

viyaviT Toris win. dedaCemi cremlebiT exveweboda. wamosvlisas kidev

vemTxvieT~ (36, 139-140)

105. S. koboSvili. TxovniT breTis bibliisadmi. muyao, tuSi, fanqari.

23,5X30,5. (sm)

legenda ~breTis bibliis Sesaxeb~

~breTis bibliis~ kulti sofel breTis ebraelebs ukavSirdeba. XVIII

saukunidan breTis biblia ekuTvnoda avaliSvilebs, romelTac hyavdaT

rogorc qarTveli ise ebraeli ymebi. ~breTis bibliis~

93

saswaulmoqmedebaze mravali legenda Tu gadmocema arsebobs. droTa

ganmavlobaSi biblia mTlianad saqarTvelos ebraelTa Tayvaniscemis

sagnad iqca. iuda Cornis (1835-1880) gadmocemiT, masTan ebraelebis garda

qarTvelebsac mihqondaT Sesawiri da gankurnebas evedrebodnen. biblias

ymaTa dasaficebeli sakulto mniSvnelobac hqonda.

igi pergamentze xeliT iyo dawerili, hqonda tyavgadakruli yda da

Seicavda 452 furcels.

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan dakarguli Sua saukuneebis droindeli

xelnaweri bobliis funqcias nabeWdi biblia asrulebda.

106. d. gvelesiani. mkurnaloba breTis bibliiT. xe, zeTi. 61,3X40,3. (sm)

107. d. gvelesiani. gvalvis sawinaaRmdego locva. qaRaldi, akvareli.

27,7X41. (sm)

108. d. gvelesiani. legenda lailaSis bibliis Sesaxeb. . tilo, zeTi.

30X43,3 (sm)

lailaSis biblia xelnaweri Toraa komentarebiTa da feradi

geometriuli dekoriT (amJamad daculia xelnawerTa institutSi, iseve,

rogorc breTis biblia). xelnaweri Sesrulebulia pergamentze da misi

teqsti moicavs Zveli aRTqmis xuTwigneulsa da mazoraxs.

paleografiuli analizis safuZvelze xelnaweri X-XI saukuneebiT

daTariRda. Kkonsonantaluri teqstis damwerlobis TvalsazrisiT,

lailaSis biblia dRes cnobil xelnawerTa Soris erT-erTi saukeTesoa.

igi daTariRebulia X saukunis dasasruliTa da XI dasawyisiT, xolo

misi nawili SesaZloa XII saukuniT daTariRdes. Tora sxvadasxva xeliTa

da, savaraudod, sxvadasxva dros iwereboda palestinaSi, egviptesa da,

SesaZloa, sparseTSic. savaraudod swored am romelime qveynidan

ebraelTa migraciisas moxvda saqarTveloSi.

mas breTis bibliis msgavsad saswaulmoqmed Zalas miawerdnen da

eTayvanebodnen ebraelebic da qarTvelebic. legendis Tanaxmad

lailaSis biblia saqarTveloSi angelozebma frTebiT moitanes.

94

109. boxCa. bambisa da satinis qsovili, nabeWdi, dazgaze naqsovi. 85X80.

(Tim)

110. boxCa. farCa, abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 84X56.

(Tim)

111. S. koboSvili. mdidari ebraelis coli midis abanoSi. 1940. qaRaldi,

guaSi, xe, laqi. 39,5X53,5. (sm)

112. S. koboSvili. qalebis banaoba mikveSi. qaRaldi, guaSi. 27X40. (sm)

mikveSi – sinagogasTan arsebul saritualo daniSnulebis abanos

wminda wyalSi xdeboda qalebis ganbanva-ganwmenda.

mikve (pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT dagrovil (wyals) niSnavs, ritualuri

uwmindurobisgan ganbanisaTvis (tebila) gankuTvnil wylis rezervuars.

mikve sinagogasTan arsebuli ritualuri abanoa, romlis daniSnuleba ara

mxolod higienuri sisufTavis dacvaa, aramed ritualuri ganwmendaa.

amitom mikveSi winaswar dabanilebi Sedian.

ukanasknel dros mikve ZiriTadaT qalebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, upirveles

yovlisa patarZlis qorwilis win ganwmendis ritualuri daniSnuleba

akisria da agreTve gaTxovili qalebisTvis yovelTviuri ganwmendis

rituals warmoadgens. Mmikves wminda wyalSi CayvinTva sulier

sisufTavesTanaa asociirebuli.

113. S. koboSvili. Worikana qalebi. 1939. qaRaldi, guaSi. 40,5X38. (sm)

114. S. koboSvili. misioneri yidis ierusalimis miwas. 1938. qaRaldi,

guaSi. 22,5X18,5 (sm)

XIX s-is miwurulsa da XX s-is damdegs ierusalimidan sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi agzavnidnen Saliaxebs (misionerebs). ierusalimis Rarib

ebraelTa daxmarebisa da sinagogebisaTvis fulis Segrovebis mizniT

zogierTi misioneri hyidda ierusalimis wminda miwas ebraelTa Soris.

95

115. S. koboSvili. eqimbaSTan. qaRaldi, akvareli, guaSi. 21X27. (sm)

116. S. koboSvili. Sesalocad eqimbaSTan. qaRaldi, guaSi, tuSi. 26,5X32.

(sm)

TviTnaswavli ebraeli mxatvari Salom koboSvili warmoSobiT

axalcixidan iyo da misi namuSevrebis siuJetebi asaxavs XIX saukunis

miwurulis axalcixel ebraelTa yofas da cxovrebas. suraTze

„Sesalocad eqimbaSTan“, asaxulia amuletiT Selocvis scena. axalcixel

ebraelTa Soris saxalxo mkurnalebi ZiriTadaT qalebi iyvnen, Tumca

zogjer xaxamic mkurnalobda. eqimbaSi upirveles yovlisa RmerTs

sTxovda avadmyofis gankurnebas. maT Rrmad swamdaT, rom yovel

daavadebas Tavisi angelozi hyavda, amitom mkurnalobas am angelozis

mimarT locviT iwyebdnen. gansakuTrebul daavadebebs umTavresad

locvebiTa da amuletebiT mkurnalobdnen. Aamuletebic Sesabamisi

warwerebiT iyo Semkuli da sxvadasxva damcavi daniSnuleba gaaCnda.

Selocvil amulets eqimbaSi avadmyofs atanda da mas is gamudmebiT

unda etarebina.

ebraeli xalxis istoriaSi amuletis (arabulidan - sakidi) gamoyenebas

Zveli tradicia gaaCnia, miuxedavad imisa, rom ebrauli religiuri kanoni

RmerTisa da raime simboloebis gamosaxulebas krZalavs. rogorc wesi

amuletebze ubedurebisgan damcavi magiuri teqstebi da niSnebia

moTavsebuli. Zalian xSirad figurirebs sityva „Sadai“ (RmerTis erT

erTi saxeli), romelic avi Tvalisagan icavs mis mflobels, amitom

amuletebs zogjer Sadaisac uwodeben.

magen daviTis gamosaxulebiani amuletiT ulocavs eqimbaSi koboSvilis

mier Sesrulebul suraTzec.

117. amuleti. vercxli, serdoliki. 3,5X4,5. (sm)

serdolikze gakeTebuli warweris mixedviT, gamoiyeneboda orsuli

qalebisTvis muclis moSlis winaaRmdeg. amuleti (arab. - sakidi).

96

amuletebis gamoyebnebas Zveli tradicia aqvs. rogorc wesi, maTze

ubedurebisagan damcavi magiuri teqstebia moTavsebuli. Zalian xSirad

figurirebs sityva Sadai, romelic icavs mis mflobels. amitom

amuletebs zogjer Sadaisac uwodeben. saukuneebis manZilze mravali

tipis amuleti iyo gavrceelbuli da TiToeuls gansakuTrebuli

simboluri datvirTva axasiaTebda. gamosaxulebis garda, xSirad

amuletis Sinaars masze moTavsebuli warwerebi ganmartavs, zogi orsul

qals da mSobiares icavs, zogi mgzavrobaSi myof adamians, an zogadad

avi Tvalisgan damcavia. TilismebaT xSirad mezuza, menora, moses aTi

mcneba da bolo dros yvelaze popularuli – stilizirebuli sityva

„hai“ (sicocxle) da magen daviTi gamoiyeneba. am amuletebs rogorc

iudaizmis niSans atareben. M

118. amuleti. vercxli, amotvifruli warweriT. 7X6. (sm)

119. amuleti (Sadai). liToni, xaverdi. amotvifruli warweriT. (sm)

warmoadgens liTonis Txel firfitas ebrauli warweriT. damagrebulia

Sindisfer xaverdis qsovilze.

120. S. koboSvili. finjraoba _ qalebis TamaSi. 1940. qaRaldi, feradi

fanqari. 40,5X51,5. (sm)

121. boxCa. bambisa da CiTis qsovili, qvilTis teqnika. 85X80. (Tim)

122. d. gvelesiani. mewvrilmane soflad. tilo, zeTi. 70,3X100,3. (sm)

123. S. koboSvili. qaravani. 1939. tilo, zeTi. 52X66. (sm)

XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi SeZlebuli axalcixeli vaWari

ebraelebisaTvis saxmeleTo gzebze gadaadgilebis saSualeba iyo

aqlemebisa da cxenebis qaravnebi. maT mihyvebodnen Calvadrebi (aqlemebisa

da cxenebis patronebi) da qaravanbaSi (qaravnis winamZRoli).

97

124. S. koboSvili. ebraeli sovdagari. qaRaldi, akvareli, guaSi, tuSi.

28X16. (sm)

feodelur xanaSi saqarTvelos ebraelTa ZiriTad saqmianobas vaWroba

warmoadgenda. XIX s. meore naxevris masalebis mixedviT, aReb-micemobaSi

Cabmuli mTeli ebraeloba SeiZleba sam fenad daiyos: msxvili vaWrebi

(sovdagrebi), saSualo vaWarTa fena da wvrili movaWreni. es

ukanasknelni egreT wodebuli ~mesofleebi~ movaWreTa did umravlesobas

Seadgendnen.

suraTze gamosaxuli sovdagari Cacmulia sadad, magram mdidrulad,

bordosferi axaluxi, vercxlis qamari, buzmentSemovlebuli yavisferi

Coxa, qamarSi gayrili abreSumis baRdadi, romlis bolo Coxidan moCans,

wvetiani waRebi da bolos sovdagris xelSi damaxasiaTebeli rokiani

joxi _ am kacis socialur saxesa da ekonomikur siZlieres

gagrZnobinebT.

125. S. koboSvili. mdidari ebraeli sovdagris coli. qaRaldi, muyao,

akvareli, guaSi, tuSi. 24X15. (sm)

126. S. koboSvili. dvacatniki. qaRaldi, guaSi, laqi. 46X36. (sm)

axalcixeli wvrili movaWreni kardakar vaWrobdnen qalaqSi,

gansakuTrebiT, mis ganapira ubnebSi. zogi maTgani mxolod moxeleebs,

umTavresad, samxedro mosamsaxureebs aZlevda saqonels nisiad. isini

xelfass 20 ricxvSi iRebdnen, ris gamoc nisiad movaWreebs

dvacatnikebs uwodebdnen.

127. S. koboSvili. axalcixis bazari. 1940. qaRaldi, guaSi. 38X52. (sm)

128. S. koboSvili. ymebis masobrivi gayidva. 1940. tilo, zeTi. 70X101.

(sm)

98

istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT feodalur saqarTveloSi yma ebraeli

mebatonis sakuTreba iyo. batons SeeZlo misi gayidva, gaCuqeba, mziTvad

gataneba Tu sxvagvarad gasxviseba. 1940. tilo, zeTi.

129. d. gvelesiani. Salom koboSvilis portreti. 1940. tilo, zeTi.

70X101. (sm)

130. d. gvelesiani. ebraeli. qaRaldi, akvareli. 35X25,5. #7-98/7 (sm)

131. d. gvelesiani. ebraeli mamakaci. qaRaldi, akvareli. 34X27. (sm)

132. d. gvelesiani. moxuci ebraeli. qaRaldi, fanqari. 34X30. (sm)

133. d. gvelesiani. ebraeli qalis portreti. qaRaldi, akvareli. 32X17

(sm)

134. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli TxiliT. (efa)

135. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli wyvili. (efa)

136. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli. Txilis gamyidveli. (efa)

137. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli. (efa)

138. d. ermakovis foto. axalcixeli ebraeli. (efa)

139. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli sasomxeTidan. (efa)

140. d. ermakovis foto. rabini. imereli ebraeli. (efa)

141. ucnobi avtoris foto. ebraeli. (sm)

142. d. ermakovis foto. axalcixe. Zveli qalaqis ebrauli nawili.

(efa)

99

143. d. ermakovis foto. quTaisi. somxuri eklesia rionis piras da

qalaqis ebrauli nawili. (efa)

144. d. ermakovis foto quTaisi. ebrauli ubnis saerTo xedi.

(efa)

miRebul SemoklebaTa ganmarteba

sm _ simon janaSias saxelobis saqaarTvelos muzeumi

Tim _ ioseb griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumi

(qarvasla)

efa _ dimitri ermakovis fotoarqivi

100

Tavi V

ebraul religiur-ritualur siuJetebze Seqmnili namuSevvrebisa

da artefaqtebis Sinaarsis gamnmarteba

mezuza da amuletebi

sityva “mezuzas” pirdapiri mniSvneloba karebis zRrublia, romelic

Semovida xmarebaSi, magram amasTanave aRniSnavs karebze mimagrebul

patara kolofs, sadac Toris gamonaTqvamebiani miniaturuli pergamentis

gragnilia moTavsebuli. sityva mezuzoTi (mezuzas mravlobiTi ricxvi),

bibliidan iRebs saTaveebs (meore kanoni 6:9): “da dawere Seni saxli

zRrublebze da Sen WiSkrebze”. teqsti pergamentis mxolod erT mxaresaa

dawerili da amasTan erTad, damweri - soferi mkacrad icavs garkveul

wesebs, romlis Sesrulebis gareSe mezuza ar iTvleba qaSrad da misi

gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. Mmezuzis teqsti Seicavs RmerTis erT erT

saxels – “Sadai”, romelic ase iSifreba: “israelis karebTa mcveli”. anu

mezuza icavs ebrauli saxlis Sesasvlels, saxls yovelgvari

ubedurebisgan, mtrisgan, magram garda am Rirseuli funqciisa, mezuzas

sxva, kidev ufro didi mniSvnelobac aqvs. rambavi aRniSnavs, rom saWiroa

Zalian didi yuradRebiT movekidoT mezuzis mcnebis Sesrulebas, rac

yvelasaTvis maradJams aucilebelia saxlSi Sesvlis Tu gamosvlis dros.

adamiani Tvals mohkravs Tu ara mezuzas, xeliT emTxveva da kocnis,

masSi iRviZebs siyvaruli uflisadmi.

ebraelobis umravlesoba mezuzas ojaxuri kerisa da misi binadrebis

erTgvar damcvelad aRiqvas. msgavsi mosazreba Talmudis droidan Caisaxa

da Suasaukuneebis gavliT Tanamedroveobamde moaRwia.

rogorc wesi mezuzebi vercxlisagan, latunis da xisagan mzaddeba da

mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, SedarebiT martivi da sadadan dawyebuli

mdidrulad morTulebamde. Mmecamete saukunidan, zoharis droidan

101

("kabbalas”, ebrauli misticizmis Semadgeneli erT-erTi wigni). sityva

“Saddai” sityva “RmerTis” sinonimia. rogorc wesi pergamentis meore

mxaresaa moTavsebuli da patara nasvretidan moCans. Ggarda

sacxovrebelis karebis zRrublisa, mezuzebs aTavseben sinagogebisa da

sxva Senobebis karebebzec israelsa da mTels msoflioSi. Mmezuzas

agreTve gulze dakidebuls atareben rogorc iudaizmis simbolos, an

zogjer rogorc bednierebis momtan Tilismas. Mmravali wlis manZilze


ubedurebisagan icavda maT. Aamuletze xSirad weria sityva “Sadai”

romelic avi Tvalisagan icavs.

magen daviTi

amJamad yvelaze gavrcelebuli Tilismebia stilizurebuli sityva “hai”

(sicocxle) da eqvsqimiani varskvlavi (magen daviTi). rogorc wesi am

amuletebs rogorc iudaizmis niSans atareben. magen daviTi (daviTis

fari) – ori Tanabari samkuTxedisagan Semdgari geksogramaa.

Tavdapirvelad igi ufro internacionaluri simbolo iyo da gvxvdeba

Zvel indoeTSi, mogvianebiT ki axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi.

brinjaos saukunidan (Zv. w.a. 4 aTaswleulis bolo – 1 aTaswleulis

dasawyisi) geksagrama, iseve rogorc pentagrama dekoratiuli da magiuri

daniSnulebiT sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneboda bevr sruliad gansxvavebul

teritoriebze, magaliTad rogorc mesopotamiis semitebsa, aseve

britanebis keltebs Soris.

ebrauli religiuri kanoni RmerTisa da raime simboloebis

gamosaxulebas krZalavs, amitom magen daviTi TalmudSi ar aris

moxseniebuli. misi gamoCena Talmudis epoqaSi naklebad warmosadgenia,

Tumca axlaxans tarenteSi (samxreT italia) misi gamosaxuleba III

saukunis saflavis qvaze aRmoaCines. Yyvelaze uZvelesi daviTis

varskvlavi Zv w. a. VIIEsaukuneSi sidonSi aRmoCenil ebarul beWedzea,

romelic vinme ieoSua ben ieSaiaus ekuTvnoda. xolo momdevno, pirveli

saukuniTaa daTariRebuli da galileis zRvis sanapiroze kapernaumis

sinagogaSia aRmoCenili. aq sinagogis dekorSi gamoyenebulia rogorc

102

geksagrama, aseve pentagrama da svastikis msgavsi simboluri niSani.

Tumca am periodSi is ar asociirdeba iudaikasTan. Yyvela droSi wminda

ebraul simbolod menora – taZris Sandali – iTvleboda. garkveul

wilad swored menoraa ebraelobis ganmasxvavebeli niSani. Tuki mis

gamosaxulebas vxdebiT Zvel samarxebze, es maT ebraul; warmomavlobaze

miuTiTebs.

pirvelad magen daviTi me-12 saukunis SuaSi, iehuda gadasis mier “eSkol

a-kofer”-Sia naxsenebi. savaraudoT im dros magen daviTi amuletebze

gamosaxul niSans warmoadgenda. Mmagiaur papirusebze ufro xSirad

pentagramebi da varskvlavebia gamosaxuli, sadac RmerTis saxelebia

Cawerili. (39)

rogorc Cans, magen daviTma farTo gavrceleba kabbalidan hpova.

pentagramas sxvagvarad Slomos (solomonis) beWeds uwodeben da aseve

Talismanadaa miCneuli. Hhenris mosazrebiT indusebma es simbolo

semitebisagan miiTvises (40), Tumca saxelwodeba mis ebraul an semitur

warmomavlobas ver amtkicebs. indusebi “damcavad” geksagramebsac

iyenebdnen. SesaZlebelia, sinagogebSi mas mezuzis dekorad iyenebdnen.

Tavad saxelwodeba daviTis fari, mis “damcvel” Zalaze miuTiTebs. XIII-

XIV ss. Evropul (Tavidan germaniis) sinagogebSi Mmagen daviTi pirvelad

gamoiyenes rogorc ornamenti, Semdeg manuskriptebSic gamoCnda.

amave epoqaSi amuletbsa da mezuzebze iyenebdnen rogorc ornaments da

gvian SuasaukuneebSi kabalis ebraul teqsatebSi dekoratiuli

daniSnulebiT

karl VI (1354 w.) praRis ebraelebs daviTis farisa da solomonis beWdis

gamosaxulebiani wiTeli droSa aCuqa. wiTel droSaze, romliTac

ebraelebi mefe maTe ungrels xvdebodnen, ori pentagrama da ori oqros

varskvlavi iyo gamosaxuli (41). Mmagen daviTi agreTve Temis oficialur

beWeds amSvenebda. ebraelebi aseve iyenebdnen pentagramas, romelic

SeiZleba vnaxoT 1073 wlis erT xelnawerSi (faqsimilie seder eliahu

rabba ve-seder eliahu zuta) (42)

es varskvlavi saukuneebis manZilze gvxvdeba, magram mxolod XVII

saukunidan gaxda wminda ebrauli simbolo praRaSi. Mmagen daviTi

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xSirad sakulto daniSnulebis sagnebis mosarTavad an rogorc

religiuri simbolika ise gamoiyeneba.

eqvsqimian varskvlavs iyenebdenen ebraul niSnad stambaSi da

sagvareulo Rerbebis Semadgenel nawilad. Mmagen daviTs gamosaxuleba

gvxvdeba rogorc dekoratiuli elementi sinagogebSi, wignebSi,

oficialur beWdebze, religiur da yofiT nivTebze, MmogvianebiT (XVII-

XVIII ss.) Mmagen daviTi moraviisa da avstriis, Semdeg ki italiisa da

niderlandebis ebraelTa yofaSi Semovida. mogvianebiT aRmosavleT

evropis ebraul TemebSic gavrcelda.

ebraul saflavis qvebze magen daivTs mxolod XVIII saukunis bolodan

gamosaxaven.

1779 wlidan magen daviTi ukve rogorc specifiuri ebrauli simbolo

antisemitur karikaturebSi figurirebs.

XIX saukuneSi emansipirebulma ebraelebma magen daviTi erovnul

simbolod airCies da mas igive datvirTva mieca, rac qristianebisTvis

jvris tarebas.

sworeT am periodSi eqvsqimiani varskvlavi msoflios praqtikulad yvela

ebrauli Temis mier iqna miRebuli da yvelaze gavrcelebul simbolod

iqca sinagogebSi, ebraul dawesebulelbSi, Zeglebze, saflavis qvebze,

beWdebze, sabuTebis blankebze, yofiTi da religiuri daniSnulebis

sagnebze, faroxeTebze.

magen daviTis simbolos zusti warmomavloba ucnobia.

erT erTi versiiT es TeTri liliaa, romelsac magen daviTis formis

gaSlili eqvsi foToli aqvs da ebraeli xalxis simboloa. Mmefe

solomonis “qebaTa qebaSi” lilia ase moixsenieba: “me – Saronis narcisi,

mdeloebis lilia. rogorc liliaa ekalTa Soris, ise Cemi mijnuria sxva

qalwulTa Soris” (qebaTa qeba.2:1-2)

ebraeli mkvlevari uri ofiri varaudobs, rom daviTis varskvlavis

warmoSoba ukavSirdeba taZris menoras. misi Svidi Sandlis qveS

ganlagebulia yvavili (5). uri ofiri Tvlis, rom es yvavili aris TeTri

lilia, romelic formiT waagavs magen daviTs (7). Sandali iseTnairad

iyo ganTavsebuli yvavilis centrSi, rom qurumi anTebda cecxls TiTqos

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da magen daviTis SuagulSi. ebraelebis udabnoSi momTabare cxovrebis

ganmavlobaSi menora mdebareobda skiniaSi, xolo Semdgom ierusalimis

taZarSi, meore taZris dangrevamde. misi azriT amiT aixsneba magen

daviTis siZvele da mniSvneloba.

legendis Tanaxmad, magen daviTi gamosaxuli iyo mefe daviTis meomarTa

farze. meore versiis Tanaxmad, farebi damzadebuli iyo tyavisagan da

magrdeboda gadajvaredinebuli formis foladis firfitebiT.

mesame versiis Tanaxmad (8), TviTon farebi iyo eqvswaxnagovani. yovlad

dasaSvebia, rom magen daviTi iyo mefe daviTis xelmowera, radgan aso

“daleTs” Zvel ebraul damwerlobaSi hqonda samkuTxedis forma, saxeli

ivriTze ki Sedgeba oTxi “daleTisagan” (9). amave dros, ramodenime

wyaroze dayrdnobiT vigebT, rom misi piradi xelmowera Seicavda ara

varskvlavis, aramed mwyemsis kverTxis da gudis gamosaxulebas.

arsebobs versia, romlis Tanaxmadac, cru mesia daviT alroi iyo swored

is, vinc me-12 saukuneSi gadaaqcia solomonis beWdis magiuri simbolo

magen daviTis simbolod (darqmeuli mis sapativsacemod) da is gaxada

Tavisi modgmis sagvareulo simbolo.

geqsogramis yvelaze gavrcelebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, is warmoadgens

mamakacis (zemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedi) da qalis (qvemoT mimarTuli

samkuTxedi) sawyisebis Serwymasa da Sexebas (10).

Zvelad miiCnevdnen, rom magen daviTi ganasaxierebs oTxive stiqias: zemoT

mimarTuli samkuTxedi ganasaxierebs cecxlis da haeris stiqiebs, xolo

qvemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedi - wyals da miwas. sxva versiis Tanaxmad,

samkuTxedis zeda kuTxe ganasaxierebs cecxls, xolo danarCeni ori

(marcxena da marjvena) - wyals da haers. sxva samkuTxedis kuTxeebi,

mimarTuli erTi kuTxiT qvemoT, Sesabamisad: mowyalebas, mSvidobas

(simSvides) da madlierebas. aseve magen daviTi warmoadgens cis sawyisis

Serwymas, romelic miiswrafis miwisaken (qvemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedi

(10).

erT-erTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, daviTis eqvsqimiani varskvlavi

ganasaxierebs RvTis mmarTvelobas: dedamiwaze, zecaSi da samyaros

oTxive kuTxeSi - CrdiloeTSi, samxreTSi, aRmosavleTSi da dasavleTSi

105

(11). (saintereso faqti: ivriTze sityvebi “magen daviTi” Sedgeba aseve

eqvsi asosgan).

kabalis mixedviT, magen daviTi aireklavs Svid qveda sefirots. eqvsive

samkuTxedi miuTiTebs TiToeul sefirotze, xolo eqvsqimiani Suaguli-

sefir “malquTze”.

e. esasis mixedviT, es simbolo ganasaxierebs msoflios eqvs dReSi

Seqmnis models. ori samkuTxedi - ori mimarTuleba.

samkuTxedi, mimarTuli wveriT maRla: zeda wertili miuTiTebs uzenaesze

da rom is erTaderTia. am wertilis ori ganStoeba, marjvniv da marcxniv

miuTiTebs Seqmnis procesSi warmoqmnil sxvadasxvaobebze - borotebasa

da sikeTeze. daviTis varskvlavis meore samkuTxedis wveri mimarTulia

dabla. ori erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli wveridan gamosuli xazebi

erTdeba mesame qveda wverSi. swored amaSi mdgomareobs adamianis

arsebobis mizani - harmoniulad SeiTavsos samyaroSi arsebuli

“marjvena“ da “marcxena” mxareebi (12).

arsebobs magen daviTiT suqas morTvis tradicia - karvis, romelSic

ebraelebi cxovroben suqoTis dResaswaulis dros. suqaSi gamofenili

varskvlavis eqvsi qimi Seesadageba eqvs Zvirfas stumars, romlebic

stumrobdnen ebraul suqas suqoTis dResaswaulis pirveli eqvsi dRis

ganmavlobaSi: abraams, isaaks, iakobs, moses,Aaarons da iosebs. maT yvelas

aerTianebs meSvide stumari - TviT mefe daviTi (11).

magen daviTs aqvs 12 waxnagi, rac Seesabameba israelitTa 12 toms,

romlebzedac mefobda daviTi da romlebic aRdgenilni iqnebian mefe

daviTis pirdapiri memkvidris - mesiis mosvlisTanave.

gamoCenili germanel-ebraeli filosofosi franc rozencveigi Tavis

mTavar filosofiur naSromSi “gadamrCeneli varskvlavi” (1921w.)

gvTavazobs magen daviTis sakuTar axsnas. is ganixilavs magen daviTs

rogorc RmerTis, adamianebis da samyaros urTierTobis simbolur

gamoxatvas.

misi azriT samkuTxedi, romelic mdebareobs safuZvelSi, ganasaxierebs

sam ZiriTad sagans, romlebsac Seiswavlis filosofia: RmerTs, adamians

da samyaros. meore asaxavs iudaizmis pozicias am elementebisadmi da maT

106

urTierTgavlenas – qmnileba (RmerTsa da samyaros Soris), gulaxdiloba

(RmerTsa da adamians Soris) da ganwmenda (adamiansa da samyaros Soris).

am samkuTxedebis erTmaneTze dawyobiT warmoiqmneba “xsnis varskvlavi”.

kidev erTi versia, romelic gvixsnis daviTis varskvlavis agebulebas,

mdgomareobs SemdgomSi - ori samkuTxedis SeerTeba, romlebic asaxaven

mosaxleobis masebis gadanawilebas (samkuTxedi zeviT) mmarTvelobas da

simdidres (samkuTxedi qveviT).

roTSildebis ojaxma, romelmac miiRo sagvareulo tituli 1817w., CarTes

magen daviTi TavianT sagvareuli gerbSi.

ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli poeti henrix haine 1840 wlidan sakuTari

xelmoweris nacvlad germanul gazeT “augsburger algemaine caitung”

Tavisi statiebis qveS svamda geqsogramas.

1879 wels sankt-peterburgSi ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis mier

mowveuli iqna rabinebis didi simpoziumi, sadac maT dausves Svidi

kiTxva iudaizmis sawyisebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi kiTxva iyo magen daviTis

mniSvnelobaze.

1897 wels pirvelma sionisturma kongresma miiRo sionisturi moZraobis

droSis proeqti, romlis SuagulSi ganTavsebuli iyo magen daviTi da

romelic dRes cnobilia, rogorc israelis saxelmwifoebrivi droSa.

Teodor herclma, sionisturi moZraobis liderma, Tavis wignSi “ebrauli

saxelmwifo” SemogvTavaze gansxvavebuli versia: TeTri droSa, romlic

centrSic iqneboda Svidi oqrosferi varskvlavi, oRond misi winadadeba

miRebuli ar iqna, im mizeziT, rom droSas aklda ebrauli simboloebi.

imave wels eqvsqimianma varskvlavma daamSvena Jurnal “di veltis”

garekani, romelsac gamoscemda hercli.

nacistebs miuZRviT didi “wvlili” imaSi, rom eqvsqimiani varskvlavi

samudamodaa dakavSirebuli ebraelebTan. evropis bevr qalaqebsa da

qveynebSi nacisturi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ebraelebis

ganmasxvavebel niSnad irCevdnen swored yviTel magen daviTs. es emblema

ganasxvavebda ebraelebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan da warmoadgenda

maT TvalSi damamcirebel daRs. garda amisa daviTis varskvlavi

nacistur banakebSi gamoiyeneboda rogorc ganmasxvavebeli niSani

107

tyveebis garkveuli kategoriisaTvis. amave dros amerikasa da inglisSi

magen daviTs ganixilavdnen rogorc iudaizmis simbolos, analogiurs

qristianuli jvrisa, da am mizeziT gamosaxavdnen magen daviTs

mokavSireebis rigebSi daRupuli ebraeli meomrebis saflavebze, iseve,

rogorc qristianebis saflavebze - jvrebs.

daviTis yviTeli varskvlavi ori cisferi zolis fonze, SuaSi TeTri

zoliT warmoadgenda ebrauli brigadis emblemas, romelic meore

msoflio omis dros iyo britanuli armiis nawili. SesaZloa, rom am

simbolos avtorebs surdaT gadaeqciaT nacistebis yviTeli varskvlavi

siamayis sagnad.

israelis saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdeg sionisturi moZraobis droSa,

romlis SuagulSi gamosaxulia cisferi magen daviTi, gaxda

saxelmwifoebrivi droSa (13).

israelis droebiTma mTavrobam miiRo droSis da gerbis komisiis

gadawyvetileba da daamtkica is 1948 wlis 28 oqtombers. ase gaxda

daviTis cisferi varskvlavi israelis saxelwifos simbolo. amave dros

gerbis saxiT arCeuli iyo ufro autentiuri da Zveli ebrauli emblema -

menora, taZris Sandlis gamosaxuleba.

mikve

mikve (pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT dagrovil (wyals) niSnavs, ritualuri

uwmindurobisgan ganbanisaTvis (tebila) gankuTvnil wylis rezervuars).

mikve sinagogasTan arsebuli ritualuri abanoa, romlis daniSnuleba ara

mxolod higienuri sisufTavis dacvaa, aramed ritualuri ganwmendaa.

amitom mikveSi winaswar dabanilebi Sedian.

cnobebi da kanonebi mikves Sesaxeb jer kidev ToraSia moxseniebuli.

SemdgomSi mikves kanonebi TalmudSi traktatSia Tavmoyrili da agreTve

sxva TalmudisSemdgom literaturaSi ganixileba.

mikveSi ganbana bibliaSi miTiTebuli SemTxvevebisa da ritualuri

siwmindis darRvevis SemTxvevebisas aris dawesebuli.

taZris dangrevis Semdeg mamakacebis ganbana aucileblobas kargavs.

108

meore taZris epoqaSi mikveSi ganbana farTo masebisaTvis iyo

savaldebulo da mas ierusalimis droebiTi mmarTveli ucxoeli mefeebic

ki aRiaraebden. ierusalimSi sadResaswaulod Camosul piligrimTaTvis

mravalricxovani mikveebi igeboda da taZarSi Sesvlamde yvelasTvis

savaldebulo iyo mikveSi ganbana. Mmeore taZris epoqis mikves

arqeologiuri gaTxrebi (mag. kumranSi, masadaze, herodionSi) adasturebs,

rom Tanamedrove mikve miSnas da Talmudis droindeli mekves yvela

damaxasiaTebel niSnebs inarCunebs. Mmikve yvela droisa da qveynis

ebrauli Temisa da sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia da rogorc wesi

sinagogasTan arsebobs. M

mikve uSualod miwaze igeba da dauSvebelia mza blokebis gamoyeneba,

misi iataki da kedlebi wyals ar unda uSvebdes, arc Semomavals, arc

gamdinares. masSi mxolod mdgari wyali unda iyos. mikveSi minimaluri

savaldebulo wylis raodenoba 40 sea (750 litri). 40 sea sxvadasxva

gamoTvlebis Tanaxma daaxloebiT 250-dan 1000 litramdea. wvimis wyliT

an bunebrivi wyarodan (niadagidan) unda iyos Sevsebuli, Semdeg ki

SeiZleba nebismieri sxva wylis damateba. Mmikves Yyvelaze gavrcelebuli

konstruqcia Sedgeba wylis dasagrovebeli rezervuarisgan (rogorc wesi

- auzisagan), sadac milebiT 40 sea wvimis wyali Caedineba (ZiriTadaT

saxuravidan) da wyali Semdeg emateba qalaqis wyalmomaragebis

sistemidan.





sisufTavesTanaa asocirebuli.

mikveSi ganbana miTiTebulia ganwmendis mizniT, qalebisTvis mSobiarobis

Semdeg an yovelTviuri ciklis dasrulebis Semdeg. agreTve iudaizmSi

gadasvlisTvis. zogierTi TemisaTvis ganbana sulieri ganwmendis

saSualebas warmoadgens, magaliTad SabaTis dadgomamde, dResaswaulebis

da marxvis win, gansakuTrebiT iom-qifurisaTvis. mikves agreTve

araebraelebis mier gakeTebuli WurWlis gasavlebad iyeneben.

109

kabalistebisTvis da xasidebisTvis yoveldRiuri locvis “Saxaritis” win

aucilebelia mikveSi ganbana.

germaniaSi mikves uZvelesi nangrevebi me-12 saukuniT TariRdeba (kiolni,

1170 w.) vormSSi mikve warmoadgens miwisqveSa nagebobas, romelTanac

Cayavs 19 safexurs da kidev 11 safexuri – wyalSi Casasvlelad. Aasevea

agebuli mikve qairoSi da “tifereT israelis” sinagogis sardafSi

ierusalimis Zvel qalaqSi.

sainteresoa, rom uZvelesi droidan mikveSi ganbanis ritualis higienur

mxares didi yuradReba eTmoboda. ezras dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, qalebs

mikveSi ganbanis win Tavi unda daebanaT. Sua saukuneebSi mikves

umetesoba abanos funqciasac iTavsebda. es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom

ebraelebs qristianebTan erTad mdinareebSi banaoba ekrZalebodaT.

Tanamedrove mikveSi calke saabazano oTaxebia, sadac qalebi banaoben, da

wesrigdebian, es erTgvari momzadebaa mikveSi ganbanis win, rac TaviT

CayvinTvasac iTvaliswinebs.

ganbanva (ְטִביָלה, tebila, zusti mniSvnelobiT “CayvinTva”, “Cafloba”),

ritualuri sisufTavis aRsadgeni Cveulebaa, im SemTxvevebisaTvis,

rodesac aucilebelia ritualuri sisufTave da ganwmenda. Aamitom

ganbanis win aucilebelia winaswar banaoba.

ganbana sxva uZvelesi religiebisTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli, sxvadasxva

formiT is Tavis mniSvnelobas qristianobaSi da islamSic inarCunebs.

iudaizmSi garkveuli mimdinareobebi ganbanas gansakuTrebiT did

mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen.

ebraul tradiciaSi sami tipis ganbana arsebobs: sruli, xel-fexis da

xelebis ganbana.

adamianis an sagnis ganbana ganwmendisaTvis unda Catardes an maim xaimSi

(“cocxal wyalSi”), anu mdinaris, bunebrivi wyaros an zRvis wyalSi, an

mikveSi. GgansabaniAadamiani an sagani fizikurad ukve sufta unda iyos da

wyali sxeulis an sagnis mTel zedapirs unda exebodes. tradiciuli

gaxda samjeradi ganbana. sruli ganbana xuTwigneulSi ritualuri

uwmindurobis umetess SemTxvevebSia dadgenili. gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba ganbanas taZris msaxurebisaTvis hsqonda, vinaidan taZarSi

110

msaxurebis aRvlenisas da “wminda” sakvebis miRebisas ganwmendilebi unda

yofiliyvnen. taZarSi Sesvlac ki mxolod ritualurad ganwmendili

adamianebisaTvis iyo dasaSvebi. Ffarisevlebs Soris ritualuri

sisufTavis dacva Cvevad gadaiqca. sruli ganbanva agreTve iudaizmSi

gadasvlis ceremoniis nawils warmoadgens.

Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli levitebi ganbandnen xelebs qoenebs

locva-kurTxevis dawyebamde, amitom xelebis ganbanvis sura gaxda

levitebis heraldikuri simbolo da xSirad gamoisaxeboda maTi saflavis

qvaze. xelebis ganbanva saWiroa bevr sxva SemTxvevaSic-zogjer higienuri

TvalsazrisiT, zogjerac crurwmenis gamo.

gansakuTrebul rituals ganekuTneba sagnebis ganbanva. samzareulos da

sasadilos metalis da minis nivTebi (arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba

keremikul da faifuris WurWelze). ganbanili unda iyos mikveSi, axali

WurWelic ki, Tu is SeZenilia araebraelisgan, radgan arsebobs didi

albaToba imisa, rom es nivTi exeboda araqaSer sakvebs. aseT ganbanvas

Tan axlavs benediqcia.

sinagoga (berZn.: συναγωγή, translit. synagogē, „yriloba, TavSeyra“; בית

beiT Tfila, „locvis תפילה בית or שול ;“beiT qneseT, „TavSeyris saxli כנסת

saxli“; אסנוגה, esnoga) — ebrauli salocavi adgili.

sinagogas, rogorc wesi, aqvs erTi vrceli darbazi locvebisaTvis, mcire

oTaxebi saswavleblad da xSirad sazogadoebrivi darbazi da ofisebi.

zogierTs aseve calke oTaxi aqvs Toras saswavlod, romelsac beiT

midraS-s uwodeben — מדרש בית (beiT midraS, „swavlis saxli“).

sinagoga warmoiqmna palestinaSi (Zv. w. IV s), egvipteSi (Zv. w. III s).

ierusalimis taZris dangrevis (ax. w. 70 w.) da diasporis (palestinis

farglebs gareT ebrauli koloniebi) gafarToebis Semdeg sinagogebi

arsdeba yvelgan, sadac ki ebraelebi cxovroben.

sinagogaSi asruleben RvTismsaxurebas, kiTxuloben da komentarebs

ukeTeben bibliasa da Talmuds, marTaven ritualur trapezebs. Sua

saukuneebSi vinc iudeur dogmebs gadauxvevda, sinagogidan gankveTdnen

(magaliTad: uriel akosta, spinoza).

111

sinagogis arqiteqturuli kompozicia da dekori ZiriTadad

mavritanulia, Tumca ufro xSirad Seesabameba im qveynisa da epoqis

arqiteqturul stils, sadac Sendeba.

menora (ebr. ְמנֹוָרה — menora, "ganaTebeli") — oqros Svidtotiani

ganaTebeli (SvidsanTela), romelic bibliis Tanaxmad mdebareobda

skiniaSi. mere gadmoitanes ierusalimSi ierusalimis meore taZris

dangrevamde, aris iudaizmis erT erTi uZvelesi atributi. menora

gamosaxulia israelis saxelmwifo gerbze.

rimonim (seferToris damagvirgvinebeli) – ebr. sityva broweulis

mravlobiT ricxvia , ris formasac waagavda Tavdapirvelads gvirgvini.

broweulis simbolika ganpirobebulia misi feriT, formiTa da Sinagani

struqturiT, romelic ganasaxierebs mravlobis da mravalferovnebis

erTobisa da erTianobis princips. Zvel berZnul tradiciaSi

nayofierebis, ayvavebisa da ojaxuri cxovrebis simboloa.

finikielabTan broweuli sicocxlis simboloa da mzis RmerTis

atributia. Broweuli moixseneba aRmosavluri tradiciis zogierT wminda

wignSi da agreTve bibliaSi, sadac silamazis saxierebad da samyaros

mTlianobis simbolodaa warmoCenili.

broweuls samkurnalo Tvisebebic gaaCnia, ris gamoc man “RvTaebrivi”

nayofis statusi miiRo.

iudaistur xelovnebaSi broweuli – Secnobis da sicocxlis xis

simboloa. xe, romlis fesvebi Rrmad miwaSia, xolo totebi cisken aris

mimarTuli, bevr kulturaSi samyaros RerZis simboloa, romelic

aerTianebs cas da miwas. Eebraul tradiciaSi Secnobis xe da sicocxlis

xe arsebobs. RmerTma isini edemas baRSi moaTavsa. Sxavdasxva legendebSi

Secnobis xe identificirebulia rogorc leRvis xe, vaSlis xe,

broweuli, etrogi (limnis magvari citrusis nayofi). cnobilia

akrZaluli nayofis “Secnobis” mravali interpretacia: moraluri

112

kanonebi, seqsualuri, racionaluri, inteleqtualuri codna.

qristianobisgan gansxvavebiT, iudaizmi adamis da evas codvas ara

akrZaluli nayofis Secnobis xidan gasinjvaSi, aramed RmerTis nebis

darRvevaSi xedavs.

Talmudistur literaturaSi sicocxlis xes erTazrovani ganmarteba ar

eZleva. Aapokriful wyaroebSi es zeTisxilis xea. midraSSi aRwerilia,

rom is edemis baRis centrSi idga da mTels edems Crdilavda. Mis

mwvervals didebis 7 Rrubeli faravda, xolo mis nayofs gemosa da

aromatis 15 aTasi elferi dahkravs. tradicia zeTis xilis xes Toras

ukavSirebs. Locvis Tanaxmad, Tora - sicocxlis xea maTTvis, vinc

“maszea SeWidebuli”, da “Cvens Soris arsebul maradiul sicocxles”

warmoadgens. xis RerZs, romelzec Toris gragnilia daxveuli, aseve

sicocxxlis xes uwodeben. Aam RerZebis kideebs agvirgvinebs broweulis

formis “rimonimi”.

droTa ganmavlobaSi Toris gragnilis xis RerZebis forma garTulda.

adreulebi mzaddeboda xilis, kerZod broweulis formis, taZris

svetebis msgavsi. mogvianebiT sityva “rimon” (broweuli) Toris RerZis

nebismier gvirgvins aRniSnavda. aseTi morTulobani ara mxolod

broweulis, aramed sxva xilis, gvirgvinis, gumbaTis formis mzaddeboda.

cnobilia vercxlis rimonimebi vaSlis, mavritanuli TaRebis, samiarusian

samrekloebis, yvavilebis Taigulis, samsarTuliani koSkis formis. XV s.

sicialiaze kvadratul koSkebis formis rimonimebsa da Tora-Sildis

firfitebze patara zanzalakebis mimagrebis wesi damkvidrda. Ees wesi

gavrcelda da dRemde populiaruli mTels evropaSi. zanzalakebis

melodiuri xma Toris SeswavliT gamowveli sixarulis simboloa da

mlocvelebs Toris moaxloebas acnobebs da pirveli TaZris

RvTismsaxurTa samoselis kideebze mimagrebuli zanzalakebis xmas, raTa

ismodes is wminda adgilas RvTis winaSe.

broweuli SemTxveviT ar iyo arCeuli Toris gragnilis mosarTavad,

saukuneebis manzilze is Zalze popularuli motivi iyo ebraul

dekoratiul xelovnebaSi. taZris kapitelebze broweulebi da liliebi

113

iyo gamosaxuli. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, solomon mefis gvirgvinsac

broweulis forma qonda. Bbroweulis gamosaxuleba Zvel monetebzec

xSirad gvxvdeba.

midraSis mtkicebiT broweulis marcvlebis raodenoba 613-ia, rac Toris

mcnebaTa ricxvs Seesabameba. Bbroweuli mWidro kavSirSia roS-a-Sanas

dResaswaulTan, da ara mxolod imitom, rom weliwadis am dros

mwifdeba, nayofis “gvirgvini” ebrauli axali wlis erT erT centralur

TemasTan – mefobasTan da mesiis mosvlasTan asociirdeba. monaniebis

dReebSi ebraelebi ufals mimarTaven locviT, rom maTi keTili

saqcielni iseTive mravalricxvovani iyos, rogorc broweulis

marcvlebi. Bbroweulis nayofi erec-israelis erT erTi Svidi simboluri

mcenareTagania.

finikis palma

TanaxSi erec-israeli moxseniebulia rogorc miwa, romelic rZiTa da

TafliT moedineba. Aaq moyvanil strofebSi TaflSi finikis serofi

igulisxmeba. Lamazma formam da simaRlem palma popularul da motivad

iqca xelovnebasa da literaturaSi. Ppalmis foTlebs triumfalur

msvlelobisas iyenebdnen, palmis reliefi ki SeiZleba vnaxoT rogorc

taZarSi, aseve sinagogebSi. Eebrauli saxelmwifos dapyrobis Semdeg

romaelebi monetebze palmis qveS traurSi mjdom qals gamosaxavdnen –

es damarcxebuli iudeis simbolo iyo. Bbibliur periodSi palma

silamazis, sinatifisa da nayofierebis simboloa.

ebraul tradiciaSi lulavs – palmis rtoebi gauSleli foTlebiT –

atareben sinagogaSi msvlelobis dros rogorc erT erT im oTxi

simboluri mcenareTagans, romelsac suqaSi anTavseben. vinaidan palma

mTlianad gamoyenebadia (finikebi sakvebad gamoikeneba, foTlebi da xe ki

mSeneblobaSi), rabinebi ebrael xalxs palmas adarebdnen da

amtkicebdnen, rom israelis xalxis Soris ar arian uvargisebi (“bereSit

raba”, 41:1). Ffinikis palmisa da misi foTlebis gamosaxuleba _

samarTlianobis simboloa.

114

vazis lerwi uZvelesi droidan dRemde israelis cxovrebSi

umniSvnelovaness rols asrulebs da nayofierebiT, faqizi gemoTi,

romlisganac maRali xarisxis Rvinos amzadeben. Llerwi yovelTvis

aZlevda adamians sakvebs, Rvinos, mzisgan TavSesafars.

pirvelad vazi, rogorc kulturi mcenare, bibliaSia naxsenebi noesTan

dakavSirebiT, roca udidesi warRvnis Semdeg noem miwisa damuSaveba

daiwyo da vazi gaaSena. (“bereSiTi”, 9:20-21, 24)

yurZnis mtevani – “gefeni” – mesamea mcenareTa Svid saxeobas Soris,

romlebic israelis miwis nayofierebis simboloa (“dvarimi”, 8:8).

yurZeni mravalricxovani STamomavlobis simboloa. saqorwino

kontraktze _ “qeTubaze” _ xSirad gamosaxaven yurZnis mtevans fsalmunis

Semdegi strofidan gamomdinare: “colio Seni, rogorc vazis lerwami

nayofieria” (“Teilimi”, 128:3)

Citebi, romlebic yurZnis marcvlebs Wamen, im sulis simboloa, romelic

maradiul sicocxles eziara. Eelinizirebulma ebraelebma es motivebi

sinagogebis mozaikebidan, samarxebisa da sarkofagebis ornamentebidan

gadmoiRes. SesaZloa es gamosaxulebebi sikvdilis Semdeg sicocxlis

imedis simbolos ganasaxierbdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi am simboloebma

dakarga religiuri Sinaarsi da mxolod Cveulebriv dekoratiul

elemntebaT iqca. yurZnis mtevani _ mosavlis simboloa, agreTve

dalocvis simbolo _ kiduSi, amitom xSirad Rvinis Tasebsa da SabaTis

sxva sagnebze gamosaxaven. suqaSi mosarTavad yurZnis mtevnebs iyeneben.

yurZeni an qiSmiSi, erec-israelis nayofierebis erT erTi Svidi

simboluri mcenareTaganaa, romelic Tu-bi-SvaTis sadResaswaulo sufris

aucilebeli nayofia.

yvavilebi silamazis da aromatis wyalobiT bevr kulturaSi sakulto

simboloebad da dekoris popularul elementad iqca. TanaxSi

moxsienebuli yvavilebi erec israelis uZvelesi mcenareebia, magram maTi

saxelwodebebi yovelTvis ar Seesabameba analogiuri dasaxelebis

115

Tanamedrove mcenareebs. magaliTad, “SoSana”, Cveulebrivad iTargmneba

rogorc vardi an lilia, Tumca es sityva SeiZleba agreve niSnavdes

“SroSana”, “giacinti”, “krokusi”, “narcisi” bibliaSi yvavilebis

saxelwodebebi xSirad silamazis, aromatis, sicocxlis warmavalobis,

sinazisa da saswaulis simboloebia. taZarSi yvavilebs gamosaxavdnen

wminda WurWelze, avejze, agreTve gvirgvinze.

Zvel droSi yvavilebis gvirgvins atarebnen qalwulebi, patarZlebi da

sasiZoebi, saomar moqmedebebSi gamarjvebulebi; yvavilebisgan amzadebnen

zeTs,romelic gamoiyeneboda taZarSi msaxurobisas. gvirgvinebs idgavdnen

suqoTSi sadResaswaulo msvlelobis monawileebi.zogoerT ebraul tomSi

yvavilebis gvirgvins Tavze adgavdnen mSoblebs,rodesac isini aTxovebnen

an aqorwinebdnen bolo Svils.

Savoutis dResaswaulis dros sinagogis yvavilebiT morTva simbolurad

asaxavs ebraelTa TavSeyras sinais mTasTan- “saqorwino” saCuqris, Toras

misaRebad. arsebobs legenda,romlis Tanaxmadac Toras gadacemis dRes

sinais mTa daifara yvavilebiT.

amerikasa da israelSi sinagogaSi damkvidrda xufas, suqas,aseve bimas

morTva yvavilebiT,roca tardeba bar da baT-micva,an raime

gansakuTrebuli RmerTmsaxureba. saxlebSi yvavilebi amSveneben magidebs

SabaTs da sadResaswaulo dReebSi. israelis veluri yvavilebi gaxdnen

erec-israelis silamazis da nayofierebis simbolo.

ToraSi SoSana (vardi) qaluri silamazis sinonimia. “simReraTa

simReraSi” satrfo ekalTa Soris SoSanas edreba. vinaidan Talmudistur

literaturaSi “simReraTa simRera” interpretirebulia rogorc

siyvarulis alegoria RmerTsa da israels Soris, es yvavilic ebraeli

xalxisa da misi RmerTan kavSiris simboloa. vardi xSirad moixsenieba

miSnaSi. igi asociirebs SavuyoTis dResaswaulTan, romelic droiT mis

yvavilobas emTxveva, xolo vardis kvirti, romelic idealur yvavilad

ifurCqneba, sinais mTaze Toris Cuqebis simboloa.

ebraelebis sikvdilisagan xsnisa da mterze gamarjvebis istoria,

romelic moTxrobilia “megilaT esTerSi”, babilonis samefos dedaqalaq

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SoSanaSi. Eetyoba sityvebis “SoSan” da “SoSana” Tanxmovneba akavSirebs

vards furimis dResaswaulTan. Aam dResaswaulisas vardebiT rTaven

sinagogebs, furimis WurWlis ornamentebSia gamoyenebuli d asxva

dekoratiuli elementebi.

“zoaris” wignSi naTqvamia, rom 13-furcliani vardis msgavsad, RvTaebrivi

gulmowyalebis 13 atributi moicavs ebrael xalxs. vardi xalxuri

Semoqmedebis ritualuri sagnebis, surnelovani kolofebisa da qeTubebis

popularul motivad iqca.

tirifi

Zvel babilonSi ,evfratis napirebze devnili ebraelebi gaWirvebis Jams

mRerodnen: “tirifebze CamovkideT Cveni kinorebi,radganac Cveni

damtyvevevblebi iTxovdnen simReras da Cveni damcineblebi-garTobas.

rogor vimReroT saRmrTo simRera ucxo miwa-wyalze?”(137 fsalmuni).

kinora-aris musikaluri instrumenti,romelic waagavs arfas. kinoras

gamosaxuleba tirifze gaxda me-9 avis simbolo(TiSa be-av) da

gamoxatavda mwuxarebas taZris dangrevis gamo. gamoTqma “mtirala

tirifi” aseve asaxavs kavSirs tirifsa da glovas Soris.

midraSSi oTxi saxeobis mcenareTa da israelis xalxis Sorisaa

gavlebuli paraleli.

midrasma Caatara Sedareba israelis oTx mcenares da mosaxleobas

Soris da adarebs tirifs im ebraelebs,romlebmac ar ician Tora da ar

sCadian keTil saqmeebs.

tirifi upirveles yovlisa asocirdeba wyalTan. isaias

winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT: “aRmocendebian isini(iakobis STamomavlebi)

balaxsa Soris,rogorc tirifi wylis dinebaSi”. xoSan-rabaTze-suqoTis

dResaswaulis meSvide dRes-tirifis xeebs aclian totebs da urtyaven

miwas. TalmudSi naTqvamia,rom am dRes “wydeba msoflios bedi-miewodeba

Tu ara mas wyali”(anu ramdenad nayofieri zamTari iqneba

miwaTmoqmedebisTvis erec-israelSi).

117

vaSli

Zvel droSi vaSli iyo gavrcelebuli ornamentuli siuJeti. idealuri

formis,tkbili gemosi da aromatis wyalobiT is gaxda silamazis,sitkbos

da imedis simbolo. rZeSi amovlebuli vaSli aris ebrauli axali wlis-

roS-xa_Sanis mTavari elementi da gvevlineba imedis da baraqiani

“tkbili” axali wlis simbolod.

aqeda

mravali saukunis manZilze aqeda iyo ebrauli xelovnebis popularuli

motivi. icxakis msxverplTSewirva xSirad iyo gamosaxuli danis tarze

da langarze,romliTac mihyavdaT Cvili moelTan. es gamosaxuleba

asaxavs mSoblebis imeds, rom maTi Svilis winadacveTa utoldeba

avraamis mier Tavisi Svilis msxverplad Sewirvas.

kibe

msoflios mraval kulturaSi arsebobs warmodgena mbrunav

RerZze,romelic aerTianebs or samyaros(cas da miwas). kibe aris simbolo

vertikaluri kavSiris-an adamianis sulieri amaRleba,an zeciuri

madli,gardamosuli adamianebze.udavoa,rom kibe,romelic iakobma naxa

sizmarSi aris ebrauli kulturis yvelaze cnobili kibe: “da daesizmra

mas:ai kibe dgas miwaze,xolo misi kide cas swvdeba..da ia RvTis

angelozebi adian am kibeze” (“bereSiTi” 28:12) iakobis sizmarSi nanaxi

kibe,iseve rogorc ebrauli tradiciis bevri sxva kibe aris

antropomorfuli azrovnebis gardasaxva abstraqtulSi.

tradiciis mixedviT zogierTi aSkenaziuri tomis warmomadgenlebi iom-

kipuris win miirTmeven halas gamomcxvari kibiT,niSnad imisa,rom maTi

locva Sesmenili iqneba zecaSi.Savoutze kibe halaze ganasaxierebs

moses,romelic adis sinaize Toras misaRebad.

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hasidebi aRiqvaven kibis gamosaxulebas rogorc sulieri ganviTarebis

simbolos: sulieri TavSekavebulobis miRweviT adamiani adis siwmindis

safexurebiT maRla.

saswori

saswori-Zalian Zveli simboloa,savaraudod warmoSobilia

mesepotamiidan.is warmoadgens kavSirs danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris.

dabalansirebuli saswori metyvelebs harmoniasa da Tanasworobaze.

zodiaqos meSvide niSani-libra (23 seqtemberi-21 oqtomberi)-rogorc wesi

gamoisaxeba sasworis saxiT. xSirad zodiaqos es niSani gamosaxulia

SiSveli adamianis saxiT,romelsac xelSi uWiravs horizontalur RerZze

gawonasworebuli saswori. elinizmis epoqaSi ebraul sinagogebSi

iatakze SexvdebodiT sasworis mozaikur gamosaxulebebs. berZnebi

ukavSirebdnen am simbolos astras-samarTlianobis qalRmerTs. Cven

droSi saswori aseve aris kanonis da samarTlis simbolo.

ebrauli axali weli - roS-ha-Sana - aRiniSneba TiSras meSvide Tves da

ganmsWvalulia samarTlianobis motivebiT,romlebsac ganasaxierebs

saswori. sadResaswaulo liturgiaSi asaxulia saRvTo sasworze

dadebuli adamianTa qcevis Tema.

“aron-xa-kodeSi” - Toras gragnilis Sesanaxi karada

“aron-xa-kodeSi”(qivoTi)-“wminda karada”-nivTi,romelsac aqvs rogorc

gamoyenebiTi,aseve simboluri mniSvneloba,aris sinagogas ganuyofeli

atributi. masSi inaxeba Toras gragnilebi,iseve,rogorc odesRac

kidobanSi inaxeboda aRTqmis furclebi.Tavdapirvelad karada iyo

gadasatani,Semdeg mas aSenebdnen sinagogas kedelSi. odiTganve aron-xa-

kodeSi ganlagebulia ierusalimisken mimarTul kedelze,xolo Tavad

ierusalimSi- taZris mTaze. aron-xa-kodeSi karibWe ganasaxierebs

gzas,romelsac mivyavarT TorasTan da

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RmerTTan.

wminda karadis damzadebis tradiciebSi sxvadasxva ornamentebis gaCena

metyvelebs sxva xalxebis kulturis SemoWraze da gavlenaze ebrael

xalxze.

me-18 saukunis germaniaSi karadebi mzaddeboda baris

stiliT:svetebiT,frontonebiT da larnakebiT. aRmosavleT evropis

sinagogobSi qivotebi mzaddeboda gansxvavebuli maneriT-masze

gamosaxuli iyo lomebi,arwivebi da irmebi. zogierTi

qivoti,gansakuTrebiT me-19 saukunis amerikaSi, mzaddeboda mavritanul

stilSi: gumbaTebiT da geometriuli ornamentiT dafaruli TaRebiT.

miuxedavad gansxvavebuli dekoratiuli morTulobisa karadebs aqvT

erTnairi funqciuri datvirTva. rogorc wesi is dafarulia amoqarguli

CamosafarebliT-“paroqeTi”. xSirad mis win an ukan ganlagebulia kari.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi paroqetis win aTavseben naWris zols,romelic

mogvagonebs kidobanis Tavsaxurs-“kaporets”. aharon-xa-kodeSis klasikuri

dekoris elementebia-sjulis ficari,ori aRrialebuli

lomi,TaRebi,portali,karibWe,gvirgvini,menora,eqvsqimiani varskvlavi.



(kodeS-ha-kodaSim). tradiciulad diasporaSi sinagoga samxreTiskenaa

orientirebuli, xolo misi Sesasvleli ierusalimiskenaa mimarTuli.

salocavis darbazis centrSi “Tebaa” aRmarTuli, xolo Sesasvlelis

mopirdapire mxares ukana kedlis centrSi “aharon-ha-kodeSi” – wminda

karadaa ganTavsebuli, sadac sefer Torebi (Toris gragnilebi) inaxeba.

paroxeti ToraSicaa moxseniebuli rogorc farduli, damzadebuli


qerubimebiT oqros sakidebiT oqroTi mopirkeTebul oTx svetze


(გამოსვლა26:31-33)

sxva atributebis msgavsad, aRTqmis kidobnis farda, rogorc wesi,

saCuqrad gadaecema sinagogas, rogorc Semowiruloba raime

120

mniSvnelovani TariRis aRsaniSnavad da umetes wilad xeliTaa

moqarguli.

sxvadasxva epoqebsa da sxvadasxva qveynebis diasporebSi gansxvavebuli

stilis paroxetebs vxvdebiT, magram, rogorc wesi, paroxeti mzaddeba

Zvirfasi qsovilisagan (xaverdi, abreSumi, ufro iSviaTad seli, bamba) da

oqromkediT, vercxlmkediT da abreSumis ZafebiTaa moqarguli.

sainteresoa, rom Cven muzeumSi daculi paroxetebi ori gansxvavvebuli

tipis dekoriTaa morTuli, Tumca stilisturad orive aSkenazuri

warmomavlobisaa da me-XIX saukuneSia damzadebuli.

evropul tradiciaSi Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo aseTi tipis

gamosaxulebani, gvirgvini, romelis miuTiTebs seferToris gvirgvinze,

lomebs (ierusalimis simbolo) moses aTi mcneba uWiravT, arwivebs kidev

erTi gvirgvini da qvemoT menora – sinagogis simbolo. meore paroxetze

gansxvavebuli, magram aseve gavrcelebuli dekoria: stilizirebuli oTxi

sveti, romelic TaRiviT ikvreba da mcenareuli da yvavilebis motivebiT

mdidruladaa ornamentirebuli.

solomonis taZari (ebr.: המקדש בית, beiT hamikdaS), aseve pirveli taZari,

bibliurad pirveli ebrauli taZari ierusalimSi. taZari locvebisa da

msxverplSerwirvis umTavresi adgilis daniSnulebas asrulebda. taZris

mSenebloba dasrulda Zv. w. X saukuneSi. taZari, romelic 410 weli idga,

babilonelebma gaanadgures Zv. w. 586 wels. Mmefe nabuqodonosorma

daibyro ierusalimi, xolo iudevelebi babilonSi gadaasaxla. Mmeore

taZris mSenebloba daaxloebiT Zv. w. 350 w. Dasrulda. meore taZari 420

weli idga. a. w. 70 wels romaelma imperatorma titusma daangria meore

taZari da daibyro ierusalimi, rasac mohyva 2000 wliani iZulebiTi

migracia. taZari dangreuli unda darCes, sanam RmerTi mesiad ar

moavlens daviTis STamomavalss, romelic israels daubrunebs Zvel

didebas da ierusalimis taZarsac aRaSenebs. Aaxlandeli “godebis

kedeli” ierusalimSi – solomonis taZris EerTaderTi gadarCenili

kedelia. is uwmindes adgilad iTvelba da masTan mTeli msifliodan

Camosuli piligrimebi loculoben.

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monoTeizmi (berZn. μόνος = erTaderTi da θεός = RmerTi), erTRmerTianoba,

ama Tu im religiaSi erTaderTi RmerTis arseboba, upirispirdeba

poliTeizms, mravalRmerTianobas. formalurad monoTeisturad iTvleba

iudaizmi (iahve), qristianoba (mamaRmerTi), islami (alahi), magram

sinamdvileSi es arc erT religiaSi ar xorcieldeba. TviT iudaizmi uZv.

warsulSi mravalRmerTiani yofila (uZv. bibliuri RmerTi "elohim" –

"RmerTebi", teqstSi SemorCa). qristianuli sameba samsaxovania. islamSic

– muhamedi. iudevelTa da islamis sarwmunoebas SemorCaT tomTa

RmerTebis rwmenac. zigmund froidma Tavis antireligiur pamfletSi

"mose da monoTeizmi" (1950) aseTi idea wamoayena: mose faraonis msaxuri

iyo.

faraonma exnatonma scada egvipteSi erTi RmerTis – atonis kultis

SemoReba. mis reformas win aRudga qurumoba da rogorc ki faraoni

mokvda, mzis RmerT atonis saqmec dasrulda. mosem scada es idea

ebraelebSi ganexorcielebina, magram xalxma is mokla, Tumca Semdeg

inana, mose mainc gaaRmerTeso. es saintereso idea mxolod varaudebs

eyrdnoba, froidi grZnobs amas da miuTiTebs: dasabuTeba Cems SromaSi

"totemi da tabu" movaxdineo. igulisxmeba misi "oidiposis kompleqsi",

Svilebis mier mamis mokvla, mere sinanuli, mamis gaRmerTeba da mis

saxelze cxovelis totemad gamocxadeba. fsiqoanalizis aseTi gziT

cxadia monoTeizmi ver aixsneba, sakmarisi argumentaciis ararsebobis

gamo.

formebi

monoTeizmis ramdenime forma arsebobs, maT Soris:

Teizmi - terminia, romelic miuTiTebs RmerTisa an RvTaebrivi arsebis

arsebobisadmi rwmenaze.

deizmi - monoTeizmis forma, romlis rwmeniT erTi RmerTi arsebobs.

Tumca, deizmi uarhyofs ideas, rom es RmerTi msoflios ganagebs.

maSasadame, raime saxis RvTiuri gamocxadeba SeuZlebelia da RmerTis

arsSi Cawvdena mxolod meditaciiTa da samyaros bunebaze dakvirvebiT

aris SesaZlebeli. deisti amgvarad uarhyofs saswauls da religiur

teqstebs, rogorc raime RvTiuri codnis wyaros.

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monistiuri Teizmi - monoTeizmis tipia hinduizmSi. Teizmis es tipi

gansxvavdeba semituri religiebisgan vinaidan is efuZneba panTeizms,

monizms da amave dros moicavs piradi RmerTis, rogorc universaluri,

omnipotenturi uzenaesi arsebis koncefcias. monisturi monoTeizmis

mimdevari skolebia ramanuja an viSiStadvata, romelic aRiarebs, rom

samyaro RmerTis nawilia, an naraiana, penenTeizmis forma, Tumca maTi

rwmeniT uzenaes arsebaSi da dvataSi suli mravlobiTi formiTaa.

panTeizmis mixedviT samyaro TviT aris RmerTi. transcendenturi

uzenaesi RvTaebis arseboba bunebisgan gancalkevebiT uarhyofilia.

imisda mixedviT Tu rogor gavigebT amgvar rwmenas, panTeizmi SeiZleba

aTeizmis, deizmisa an Teizmis nawilad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

panenTeizmi, an monisturi monoTeizmi - Teizmis forma, romlis mixedviT

RmerTi Seicavs, Tumca identuri ar aris samyarosi. erTaderTi RmerTi

aris yovlisSemZle da yovlismomcveli, xolo samyaro ki RmerTis

nawilia, da is erTsadaimave dros imanenturi da transcendentria.

substanciuri monoTeizmi - zogierTi afrikuli religiebis safuZvelia,

romlis mixedviT bevri RmerTi aris erTi ZiriTadi substanciis mravali

forma da rom es ZiriTadi substancia Tavad aris RmerTi. es Sexeduleba

emsgavseba qristianuli samebis koncefcias, romelSic sami substancia

erTis nawilia.

iudaizmi (ebr. יהדות - iahaduT) ebraeli eris religia; istoriaSi

aRnusxuli pirveli monoTeisturi rwmena da antikuri xanidan

SemorCenili erT-erTi religia. iudaizmis doqtrina da istoria

mniSvnelovani nawilia sxva monoTeistur, kerZod: samariul, qristianul

da muslimanur religiaTa safuZvlebisa.

ukanaskneli daaxloebiT 2000 wlis manZilze iudaizmis praqtikuli

mimdevroba monoliTuri ar yofila: mas ara hyolia centraluri

sulieri mmarTveloba; ara hqonia SemboWavi dogma. miuxedavad amisa,

yovel variaciaSi iudaizmi mWidrod dakavSirebuli darCa ramodenime

religiur principTan, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia erTaderTi,

yovlismcodne, yovlisSemZle, yovlad mowyale da uxilavi

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(transcendentuli) RmerTis rwmena; RmerTisa, romelmac samyaro Seqmna

da romelic ganagrZobs mis gangebas. ebrauli azrovnebis mixedviT

samyaros Semqmnelma RmerTma uZvelesi aRTqmiT kavSiri daamyara ebrael

erTan, roca maT Toris saxiT mis mier dadgenili kanonebi da mcnebebi

gauziara. ebrauli RvTismsaxureba yvelaze did adgils uTmobs am


ganxorcielebas ise, rogorcaa interpretirebuli religiis kanonikur

wignebsa da rabinul literaturaSi.

ebraeli, romelic wyvets ebrauli ojaxis CveulebaTa Sesrulebas, mainc

ebraelad iTleba. Eebrauli kanoniT, arc is ebraeli unda gamoakldes

ers, vinc ebrauli rwmenis principebs uaryofs da agnostikurad, an

aTeisturadaa ganwyobili. Aamave kanoniT, sxva sarwmunoebis mimRebi

ebraelic ki ebraelad iTvleba, Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani kargavs

yovelgvar statuss ebraul TemSi.

ebrauli filosofia filosofiuri disciplinisa da ebrauli Teologiis

gadajvaredinebas warmoadgens. Sua saukuneebis ebrael filosofosTa

ricxvs miekuTvnebian saadia gaoni, Slomo ibn gabiroli, iehuda halevi,

moSe ben maimoni, levi ben gerSomi. ebraelTa ganaTlebis moZraobam (me-18

saukunis miwurulidan me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebamde) didi cvlilebebi

moaxdina ebraul filosofiaSi. es cvlilebebi gamoxates mogvianebiT

Tanamedrove xanis filosofosebma martin buberma, franc rozencvaigma,

mordexai kaplanma, abraham joSua heSelma, vil herbergma, imanuel

levinasma, riCard rubinSteinma, emil fakenhaimma, iosef soloveiCikma.

ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi ebraelebi ramdenime

mimdinareobad daiyvnen. TiToeul maTgans sxvanairad esmis Tu ra unda

iyos ebraelisaTvis aucileblad misaRebi rwmenis principebi da rogor

unda icxovros adaminma ebraelad. Ggarkveulwilad, am doqtrinulma

gansxvavebebma ganxeTqileba Camoagdes maT Soris. miuxedavad amisa,

garkveul donemde ebrauli erToba SenarCunda; konservatori

ebraelisaTvis, magaliTad ar iqneba uCveulo orTodoqsalur an

reformistul sinagogaSi ilocos.

124

orTodoqsaluri iudaizmis Tanaxmad, Tora RmerTma Seqmna, Semdeg ki

moses ukarnaxa, da amitom Toris kanonebi damavalebeli da ucvlelia.

orTodoqs ebraelebs Sulxan aruxi (zepiri kanoni) ebrauli kanonis

saboloo kodifikaciad miaCniaT. isini agreTve amtkiceben, rom Cveni

drois orTodoqsaluri iudaizmi ganaTlebis moZraobamde arsebuli

iudaizmidan uSualod gamomdinareobs. orTodoqs ebraelTa umravlesoba

ebrauli Teologiis erT-erT formas aRiarebs, romelic moSe ben

maimonis sarwmunoebis camet princips eyrdnoba. orTodoqsalur

ebraelobas araformalurad ori stilis morwmuneebi Seadgenen; maT

Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi mizezia ori midgomisa, romelsac

Tanamedrove orTodoqsaluri iudaizmi ansaxierebs cal-calke.

filosofiurad, es ori jgufi TanamedroveobasTan Seguebis da

azrovnebis ara-ebraul disciplinaTa mniSvnelobis sakiTxebSia

SeuTanxmebeli. Ppraqtikul sferoSi am ori jgufis ebraelebi Cacmis

stiliT da religiuri wesebisaTvis Tavgamodebis doniT gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisagan. Tanamedrove OorTodoqsaluri iudaizmi tradiciuli

ebraelobis farTod gavrcelebuli formaa. igi pativs scems istoriul

tradiciebsa da wesebs, tradiciulad swams RmerTi da eweva

RvTismsaxurebas, magram amasTanave afasebs ganaTlebasa da mecnierebas.

xareduli iudaizmi Zlier konservatuli formaa. mas zogjer ultra-

orTodoqsulsac uwodeben. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom xareduli iudaizmis

ramdenime jgufi (rogorc lubaviCuri xasidebisa) Tanamedrove

orTodoqsebisaviT eTviseba modernizacias, xaredebis umravlesoba

Tanamedrove materialur kulturas mxolod RmerTisaTvis ukeTesi

samsaxuris gawevis saSualebad Tvlis, xolo Tanamedrove sulier

kulturas araviTar angariSs ar uwevs. Kkonservatuli iudaizmis

mixedviT, ebrauli kanoni ucvleli ar yofila – igi yovelTvis cvalebad

pirobebTan SeguebiT viTardeboda; konservatori ebraelebis azriT, Tora

RmerTisagan STagonebul winaswarmetyvelTa mier dawerili saRvTo

sabuTia, magram isini uaryofen orTodoqsalur Sexedulebas, rom Tora

RmerTma moses ukarnaxa. konservatuli iudaizmi zepir Torasac saRvTod

da damavalebelad miiCnevs, magram uaryofs misi kanonebis zog

125

orTodoqsalur interpretacias. Pprogresuli iudaizmi mravali

moZraobisgan Sedgeba, romlebsac ramdenime Qqveynis ebraelTa Soris

mravali mimdevari hyavT.

reformistuli iudaizmi, romelsac zog qveyanaSi liberalurs an

progresulsac uwodeben, me-19 saukunis germaniaSi warmoiSva ganaTlebis

moZraobis gavleniT. sxva mimdinareobebisgan misi gansxvavebuli Tvisebaa

imis uaryofa, rom ebrauli kanonebis Sesruleba aucilebeli religiuri

valdebulebaa. reformistebis azriT, iudaizmis sakiTxebSi

gacnobierebuli TiToeuli ebraeli unda sargeblobdes avtonomiiT.

reformistebi ebrauli tradiciis individualurad SeTvisebas moiTxoven

da ara dadgenili wesebiT RvTismsaxurebas. sabolood, reformistebma

ebraeloba dasaxes mxolod religiad, da ara erovnebad an kulturad.

reformistebma agreTve uaryes ToriT nakarnaxevi ritualuri wesebi da

yofacxovrebis SemboWavi, Torisave bevri amkrZalavi kanoni. samagierod,

reformistebma xazi gausves winaswarmwtyvelTa mowodebas zneobriv

sispetakisaken. reformistulma iudaizmma Tavisi locvanic gamouSva

diasporis qveynebis enebze. Bbolo dros, bevrma reformistulma Temma

aRadgina ebraul enaze locvis tradicia da bevri maTgani morwmuneebs

mouwodebs ramdenadme daicvan ebrauli kanonebi.

rekonstruqcionisturi iudazmi Tavdapirvelad filosofiur

mimdinareobad warmoiSva me-20 saukunis konservatori rabinis mordexai

kaplanis mier. Aam moZraobis mizania iudaizmis xelaxali interpretacia

Tanamedrove kulturasTan mis Sesafaseblad.

humanisturi iudaizmi patara arareligiuri moZraobaa, romlis

mtkicebiT ebrauli vinaoba maTi istoriiTa da kulturiT ganisazRvreba,

da ara wminda teqstebiT.

orTodoqs ebraelTa umravlesoba adamianis ebraelobas sazRvravs ara

imiT, Tu romeli mimdinareobas miekuTvneba, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu

ramdenad axlosaa misi RvTismsaxurebis wesebi maT wesebTan. orTodoqs

ebraelTa azriT, ebraeli, romelic ar asrulebs SabaTis, iom-tovebis

(wminda dReebis), qaSruTisa da ojaxuri siwmindis kanonebs, morwmuned ar

126

unda CaiTvalos; nebismier ebraels, romelic Tundac mxolod am

kanonebs Seasrulebs, isini RvTis msaxurad da morwmuned CaTvlian.

iudaistika aris disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis da ikvlevs iudaizms,

anu israelis xalxis istorias, kulturasa da rwmenas. am kvlevebSi

mTavari amosavali wertili aris ebrauli werilobiTi Zeglebis

filologiuri analizi. rogorc cnobilia, es wyaroebi sxvadasxva enaze

(ebrauli, arameuli, iudeo-arabuli, idiSi, ladino, iudeo-sparsuli

iqmneboda. wyaroTa filologiuri damuSavebis, masalebis Seswavlas da

kvlevas ganagrZoben im meTodebiT, romlebsac filosofiis fakultetis

specialobebze gamoiyeneben.

iudaistika filologiuri da kulturul-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT

iziarebs da iTvaliswinebs ebraelobis swavlebaTa tradiciebs, magram

arsebobs erTi metad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, rac iudaistikas rogorc

akademiuri samecniero dargs gamoarCevs iudaizmis swavlebaTagan;

iudaizmi iyo ebrauli swavleba ebraelobaze da ebraelTaTvis, rasac am

xalxis identobis, TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi ganuzomeli

mniSvneloba hqonda. miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove iudaistika cdilobs

neitralur poziciebze mdgomma mecnierulad ikvlios sxvadasxva

problematuri sakiTxi. swored am mizezis gamo aris xSirad iudaistika

dasavleTis universitetebis filosofiuri, saistorio Tu

kulturologiuri fakultetebis nawili da ara Teologiurisa. ase

axerxebs iudaistika Tavidan aicilos konfesiuri SezRudvebi, an

iudaizmis rogorc mxolod religiad ganxilva.

am samecniero dargis arsebobis gamarTleba aris isic, rom es dargi

dakavebulia sferoTi, romelsac sxva dargebi (semitologia, istoria,

filosofia) ar ikvleven da kerZod; iudaizmi gare gavlenaTa pasiuri

obieqti ki ar iyo, aramed adamianuri kulturis aqtiuri, qmediTi nawili,

romelic samecniero kvlevis TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa. mxolod

amgvari centrirebiTaa SesaZlebeli iudaizmis rogorc am

mravalwaxnagovani kulturuli fenomenis ukeT Secnoba.

127

ebraistika dakavebulia ebrauli enisa da kulturis SeswavliT.

ebraistikis damfuZneblad miiCneven germanel humanists iohanes roixlins

(1455 - 1522), romelic 1480 wlidan kabalis SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. man

Seiswavla ebrauli ena da 1506 „Zveli ebrauli enis gramatika“ gamosca.

Zvelebraistika

Zvelebraistika ikvlevs e.w. klasikur ebrauls rogorc Zveli israelis

enas da Zvel aRTqmas Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulidan vidre

daaxl. Cv. welTaRricxvis 200-mde.

samaritanistika aris ebraistikis erT-erTi dargi, romelic

samaritanelTa enisa da kulturis SeswavliTaa dakavebuli.

diaspora berZnuli warmoSobisa sityvaa da "gabnevas" niSnavs. diasporas

iwvevs iZulebiTi gadasaxleba, genocidis safrTxe, ekonomikuri da

geografiuli faqtorebis zemoqmedeba. Tavdapirvelad termin ”diasporas”

iyenebdnen palestinis gareT mcxovrebi ebraelebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT

mas Semdeg, rac samSoblodan gandevnes jer babilonis mefe

nabuqodonosor II-m (Zv.w. VI s.), Semdeg romaelebma ax.w. I-II ss-Si.

SemdgomSi igi gavrcelda sxva eTnikuri (mag. somxebi, irlandielebi,

Cinelebi) da religiuri (mag. pirveli qristianebi) erTobebis mimarTac.

Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi cneba ”diaspora” aRniSnavs

eTnikuri umciresobis jgufs, romelic gadasaxlda, cxovrobs da

moRvaweobs mimReb qveyanaSi, amasTan aqvs Zlieri sentimentaluri da

materialuri kavSirebi warmoSobis qveyanasTan. diaporis problema

warmoadgens saSinao politikis obieqts da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa

subieqts, romelic qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikis

SemakavSirebuli Zafia.

akademiur kvlevebs diasporis sakiTxze safuZveli Caeyara XX s-is me-2

naxevarSi, romlebic ZiriTadad Seexeboda im droisaTvis cnobil

istoriul diaporebs. maT ricxvs miekuTvneboda:

ebrauli diaspora: israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg misi

teritoriis gareT darCenili ebrauli mosaxleoba.

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afrikuli diaspora: afrikis kontinentidan gamoyvanili monebis

STamomavalni.

palestina (ber.: Παλαιστίνη, ebr.: פלשתינה palesTina, arab.: فلسطين filastin

an falastin, ix. agr. qanaaneli) erT-erTi istoriuli saxelia miwisa

xmelTaSua zRvasa da md. iordanes Soris, ramdenime mosazRvre

teritoriebTan erTad aRmosavleTiTa da samxreTiT. regionis

saxlwodeba warsuli sami aTaswleulis ganamvlobaSi gansxvavebuli

formebiT arsebobda.

ebraelebi eZaxian am teritorias Tavis bibliur saxel "erec israel"

.adgili, sadac israelis samefo Seiqmna ,("ישראל ארץ")

ebraelebi - semituri modgmis xalxi. raodenoba - 13,62 mln, maT Soris

aSS-Si - daaxl. 6 mln, israelSi - 4 mln, ruseTis federaciaSi - 551 aT.

saxelebi: TviTwodeba - iehudim, idn; frangulad - Juifs; rusulad - Евреи.

ena: ebraelTa didi nawili laparakobs im qveynis enaze, sadac cxovroben.

ebraelTa nawili laparakobs agreTve ebraul enebze - ivriti, idiSi da

sxva.

morwmuneebi: ZiriTadad iudevelebi. diasporaSi isini gayofili arian

aSkenazebad da sefardebad.

babiloni iyo antikuri imperiis, mesopotamiis dedaqalaqi, romlis

nangrevebi dResac dgas iranSi, qalaq al hillahSi, baRdadidan

samxreTiT, 85 kilometrSi. erTaderTi, rac dRes am qalaqs gvaxsenebs , es

aris tigrissa da evfrats Soris mesopotamiis noyier miwaze mdgari

talaxis agurebiT naSeni Senobebis nangrevebi. istoriuli wyaroebi

gvamcnoben, rom babiloni, daarsebuli Zv. w-iT me-3 aTaswleulis

dasawyisSi, Tavidan patara qalaqi iyo, romelic ayvavda pirveli

dinastiis aRzevebis dros. Zv. w-iT 2300 wels is xdeba wminda qalaqi, Zv.

w-iT 612 wels ki sataxto qalaqi. babilonis kiduli baRebi Svidi

saocrebidan erT-erTia. qalaqis saxeli babiloni aris berZnuli

varianti aqaduri babilusi, rac niSnavs " RmerTebis karibWes.

nabuqodonosor II babilonis mefe. mefobis wlebi: Zv. w. 605 - Zv. w. 552.



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fesaxi (ivriTi, idiSi: ֶּפַסח ) anu qarT. paseqi aris udidesi ebrauli da

samariuli dResaswauli, romelic aRiniSneba yovelwliurad ebrauli

kalendaris nisanis Tvis me-15-e dRidan 21-e (22-e) dRis CaTvliT.

dResaswaulis TariRi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso kalendariT moZravia

da martSi an aprilSi aRiniSneba. fesaxi aris erT-erTi sami

piligrimuli dResaswaulidan. igi eZRvneba uflis mier ebraelTa

gamoxsnas egviptelTa monobidan, pirvelSobil yrmebis gadarCenas (rasac

win uZRvoda RvTis risxva egviptelTa mimarT) da antikuri eviptidan

ebraelTa gamosvlas. sauflo dResaswaulze (israelSi Svid da israelis

gareT rva dRis manZilze) ebraelebi icaven marxvas ufuari puris kveriT.

Zveli aRTqmis wigni gamosvla mogviTxrobs, egvipteSi saSinlad

iCagreboda ebraeli xalxi. ufalma maT gansaTavisufleblad mravali

niSani da aTi seni mouvlina egviptes. magram faraons guli

gasastikebuli qonda. maSin ufalma egviptelebs mouvlina RvTis risxva -

pirvelSobilTa mokvdineba. ebraelebi gafrTxilebulebi iyvnen, saxlis

Sesasvlel karze niSani daedoT batknis sisxliT. am niSnis mqone kars

sikvdilis angelozi gverd aaridebda da seni maT ar Seexeboda[4].aseTi

gansasjelisagan Tavzardacemulma faraonma ebraelebs neba darTo

egviptidan wasuliyvnen. ganTavisuflebuli ebraelebi ise Cqarobdnen,

rom puris afuebas aRar daelodnen, ufuari comisagan xmiadi kverebi

daacxes da sagzlad waiRes. amitom fesaxis dReebSi, rodesac ixsenieben

pirvelSobil yrmaTa xsnas, monobisagan ganTavisuflebasa da egviptidan

gamosvlas, ar Wamen afuebul purs. amis gamo dResaswauls meorenairad

"ufuarobis dResaswauls" uwodeben (ַהַּמּצֹות ַחג - hag ha’macoT)[5] [6] am

dResaswaulis uSualo simbolo da aucilebeli atributia ufuari puris

kveri - xmiadi, romelsac maca ewodeba.

Tora (הרות) -- ebraulad swavleba, darigeba, kanoni. Tora aris Tanaxis

.nawili, romelic qristianuli bibliis Zvel aRTqmas Seesabameba (ך"נת)

Tora Sedgeba moses 5 wignisagan:

dabadeba Genesis (bereSiT תישארב) - moses I wigni

gamosvlaTa Exodus (SemoT תומש) - moses II wigni

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130

levitelTa Lexitikus (vaikra ארקיו) - moses III wigni

ricxvTa Numeri (bemidbar רבדמב) - moses IV wigni

meore rjulisa Deuteronomium (dvarim םירבד) - moses V w

zepiri Tora ( פה-תורה שבעל , Tora Se'be'al-pe), miSnaSi da TalmudSi

aRnusxuli ebrauli kanonebia. ebraelTa azriT, TanaxTan (ebraul

bibliasTan) erTad, RmerTma moses zepiri Torac uZRvna sinais mTaze,

nakarnaxeb-Cawerili bibliis kanonebis ganmartebis mizniT. mas Semdeg

zepiri Tora marTlac zepirad gadaecemoda ebraelTa sasuliero

wodebis Taobebs, pirvel saukunemde.

ierusalimis meored aoxrebis Semdeg (70w.) rabinebma, zepiri tradiciis

gawyvetis SiSiT, zepiri Toris saxiT mocemuli wesebis Cawera daiwyes.

Cawerili masala me-3 saukunis dasawyisSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin

iehuda hanasis mier. zepiri Toris am pirvel kodeqss miSna(משנה) ewodeba.

momdevno saukuneebSi, im periodis brZenma rabinebma - amoraebma - miSnaSi


daumates. am komentarebSi isini zogjer zepiri Toris im wesebsac



gemaras erTad redaqtirebiT Talmudi (תלמוד) Sesdgeba.

radgan antikuri xanis miwurulSi ebraelebi or did Temad iyvnen

gayofilni (umravlesoba babilonis diasporaSi cxovrobda, umciresobas

ki romaelTa mier dapyrobili israelis mkvidrni warmoadgendnen), ori

qveynis amoraebma cal-calke Seadgines Talmudebi. ierusalimis Talmudi

me-4 saukunis bolo mesamedSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin ioxanan bar

nafxas mier. me-5 saukunis miwurulSi babilonis Talmudi redaqtirebul

iqna ori amoras mier, romlebic cnobilni arian mxolod maTi piradi

saxelebiT - aSi da rabina. babilonis Talmudi ufro vrceli da

avtoritetulia.

saerTod, zepiri Tora udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobs. zepiri Toris

TalmudebSi redaqtirebis Semdeg, - dawerili Toris kanonTa sruliad

uSualo interpretacia (e.i. zepiri Toris safuZvelze misi TalmudSi

131

ganxilvis gauTvaliswinebloba ), an dawerili Toris teqstebis mxolod

maTi literaturuli SinaarsiT axsna - mkrexelobad iTvleba.

marTlmadidebel ebraelTa azriT, zepiri Toris saWiroeba ori

mizezidan gamomdinareobs:


axsnebi da miTiTebebi - dawerili Toris teqsti xandaxan gaurkveveli


ganmartebisa da darigebis gareSea mocemuli; zogjer TviT Toris

teqstSi navaraudebia mis gasagebad aucilebeli informaciis arseboba

codnis romeliRac gareSe wyaroSi.


mier nakarnaxebi sityvebisagan Sesdgeba, ar SeiZleba, rom am ToraSi iyos

Tundac erTi sityva, - romlis azri, an zusti mdebareoba teqstSi -

mxolod misi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da

winadadebaTa agebulebiT aixsnebodes. aTi mcneba - aTi umTavresi kanoni

(wesi), romelic Zveli aRTqmis xuTwigneulis Tanaxmad Tavad RmerTma

misca mose winaswarmetyvels sinas mTaze (Zveli aRTqma, gamosvlaϧ , 19:10-

25).

bibliis qarTuli kanonikuri teqstis Tanaxmad me var ufali RmerTi

Seni, da ara iyvnen Senda RmerTni ucxoni, Cemsa gareSe.

ara hqmne Tavisa Senisa kerpi, arca yovladve msgavsi, raodeni ars caTa

Sina ze, da raodeni ars qveyanasa zeda qve, da raodeni ars wyalTa Sina

qveSe qveyanisa: ara Tayvani-sce maT, arca msaxurebde maT.

ara moiRo saxeli uflisa RvTisa Senisa amaosa zeda.

moixsene dRe igi SabaTi da wmida-hyav igi: eqvs dRe iqmode, da hqmne maT

Sina yovelive saqme Seni, xolo dRe igi meSvide SabaTi ars uflisa

RvTisa Senisa.

pativ-ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, raTa keTili geyos Sen da

dRegrZel iyo qveyanasa zeda.

ara kac-hkla.

132

ar imruSo.

ar iparo.

ara cili-swamo moyvassa Sensa wamebiTa cruiTa.

ara guli giTqmides colisaTvis moyvasisa Senisa, ara guli giTqmides

saxlisaTvis moyvasisa Senisa, arca yanisa misisa, arca karaulisa misisa,

arca yovlisa sacxovarisa misisa, arca yovlisa misTvis, raica iyves

moyvasisa Senisa.

Zveli aRTqmis (39 wigni) didi nawili dawerilia Zvel ebraul enaze.

mxolod zogierT, SedarebiT gviandel wignSi (ezrasi da danielisa),

gvxvdeba mcire CanarTi arameul enaze. zveli aRTqma Sedgenilobis mxriv

metad sxvadasxvagvarovani krebulia; Seicavs istoriul dokumentebs,

xalxur miTebisa da legendebis Canawerebs, sxvadasxva epoqisa da

socialur fenaTa msoflmxedvelobis amsaxvel iuridiul dokumentebs,

gansxvavebul religiur kultebTan dakavSirebuli ritualebis amsaxvel

teqstebs, religiisa da lirikuli poeziis

nimuSebs. am nairgvari masalis Sekreba, redaqcia da kanonizacia

mWodrod ukavSirdeba Zvel ebraul monoTeisturi religiur koncefciis

Camoyalibebasa da ganvitarebas. saboloo saxe ebraulma Zvelma aRTqmam

sakmaod gvian miiRo. misi kanonizacia daiwyo babilonis tyveobis Semdeg

- Zv. w. V saukunisa da damTavrda daaxloebiT ax. w. II saukuneSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli aRTqmis redaqtorebi teqstis gaerTianebisas

cdilobdnen mTlianad moeSalaT pirvandeli sxvaobani, wigns mainc

axasiaTebs Sinaarsobrivi, enobriv-stilisturi da janrobrivi siWrele.

xSiria rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, aseve faqtobrivi Secdomebi da

winaaRmdegobebi. Zvel aRTqmas ebraulad erTiani saTauri ara

aqvs, igi sam nawilad iyofa. pirvels ewodeba kanoni (ebr. Tora), mis

Sedgenas tradicia moses miawers, Sedgeba xuTi wignisagan (dabadeba,

gamosvlaTa, levitelTam, ricxvTa da meore sjuli); meore nawilia

winaswarmetyvelni; masSi Sedis wignebi - isu navesi, msajulTa, samoelis

pirveli da meore wigni (qarTulad mefeTa pirveli da meore), mefeTa

pirveli da meore (qarTulad mefeTa mesame da meoTxe) wigni, esaiasi,

133

ieremiasi, ezekielisa da 12 mcire winaswarmetyvelisa - osiasi, ioelisa,

amosisa, obadiasi, ionasi, miqeasi, naumisa, ambakumisa, sofoniasu, angeasi,

zaqariasi da malaqiasi. mesame nawilSi, romelsav ebraulad dawerilebi

ewodeba, Sedis fsalmunni, solomonis igavebi, iobis wigni, qebaTa qeba,

ieremias godeba, eklesiaste da wignebi esTerisa, danielisa, ezrasi,

neemiasi da neStTa (pirveli da meore). qronologiuri zRvari Zveli

aRTqmis calkeul nawilebs Soris metad didia.

Tora (תורה) -- ebraulad swavleba, darigeba, kanoni. Tora aris Tanaxis

.nawili, romelic qristianuli bibliis Zvel aRTqmas Seesabameba (תנ"ך)


dabadeba Genesis (bereSiT בראשית) - moses I wigni

gamosvlaTa Exodus (SemoT שמות) - moses II wigni

levitelTa Lexitikus (vaikra ויקרא) - moses III wigni

ricxvTa Numeri (bemidbar במדבר) - moses IV wigni

meore rjulisa Deuteronomium (dvarim דברים) - moses V wigni

zepiri Tora ( פה-תורה שבעל , Tora Se'be'al-pe), miSnaSi da TalmudSi

aRnusxuli ebrauli kanonebia. ebraelTa azriT, TanaxTan (ebraul

bibliasTan) erTad, RmerTma moses zepiri Torac uZRvna sinais mTaze,

nakarnaxeb-Cawerili bibliis kanonebis ganmartebis mizniT. mas Semdeg

zepiri Tora marTlac zepirad gadaecemoda ebraelTa sasuliero

wodebis Taobebs, pirvel saukunemde.









134



radgan antikuri xanis miwurulSi ebraelebi or did Temad iyvnen

gayofilni (umravlesoba babilonis diasporaSi cxovrobda, umciresobas

ki romaelTa mier dapyrobili israelis mkvidrni warmoadgendnen), ori

qveynis amoraebma cal-calke Seadgines

Talmudebi. ierusalimis Talmudi me-4 saukunis bolo mesamedSi

redaqtirebul iqna rabin ioxanan bar nafxas mier. me-5 saukunis

miwurulSi babilonis Talmudi redaqtirebul iqna ori amoras mier,

romlebic cnobilni arian mxolod maTi piradi saxelebiT - aSi da

rabina. babilonis Talmudi ufro vrceli da avtoritetulia. saerTod,

zepiri Tora udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobs. zepiri Toris

TalmudebSi redaqtirebis Semdeg, - dawerili Toris kanonTa sruliad

uSualo interpretacia (e.i. zepiri Toris safuZvelze misi TalmudSi

ganxilvis gauTvaliswinebloba ), an dawerili Toris teqstebis mxolod

maTi literaturuli SinaarsiT axsna - mkrexelobad iTvleba.

marTlmadidebel ebraelTa azriT, zepiri Toris saWiroeba ori

mizezidan gamomdinareobs:


axsnebi da miTiTebebi - dawerili Toris teqsti xandaxan gaurkveveli


ganmartebisa da darigebis gareSea mocemuli; zogjer TviT Toris

teqstSi navaraudebia mis gasagebad aucilebeli informaciis arseboba

codnis romeliRac gareSe wyaroSi.


mier nakarnaxebi sityvebisagan Sesdgeba, ar SeiZleba, rom am ToraSi iyos

Tundac erTi sityva, - romlis azri, an zusti mdebareoba teqstSi -

mxolod misi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da winadadebaTa agebulebiT

aixsnebodes.

135

fesaxi anu paseqi , iseve rogorc SavouTi da sukoTi miekuTvneba sam

piligrimul dResaswauls (SaloS regalim), rodesac istoriuli

tradiciis Tanaxmad, morwmuneebi locviT msvlelobas awyoben da

moilocaven ierusalimis taZars. analogiur momlocvelTa msvlelobas

awyoben samaritelebi im gansxvavebiT, rom am msaxurebaSi mxolod

mamakacebi monawileoben da moilocaven gerizimis mTas.

hamoed” (ebr. המועד חול). diaspora 8 dRis ganmavlobaSi zeimobs.

Zveli aRTqmis Tanaxmad, fesaxi aRiniSneba ebrauli kalendris mixedviT

nisanis Tvis 15 ricxvSi, savsemTvareobisas. amisi Sesabamisi

samaritielebisa da karaitebisaTvis aris abibis Tvis 15 ricxvi. es

gazafxulis dResaswaulia, romelic gazafxulis buniaobis Semdeg dgeba.

Zveli ebrauli tradiciiT nisanis Tvis dadgomis niSani iyo qeris

momwifeba. Tu qeri ar damwifda, maSin nakiani Tve adaris meore Tve unda

daematos kalendars. bolo 12 saukunis manZilze kalendari

maTematikurad

gamoiTvleba.

fesaxis anu paseqis dResaswaulis pirveli da meSvide dRe uqmea, ikiTxeba

locvebi, mzaddeba sadResaswaulo kerZebi. Sualed dReebs ewodebaT

”xol xda im mizeziT, rom Sors mcxovreb ebraels sakmarisi dro

hqonoda ierusalimis taZarSi wasasvlelad.

karaitebi da samaritielebi ebrauli kalendrisagan gansxvavebul

kalendars iyeeben da maTi paseqis TariRi odnav gansxvavebulia.

magaliTad, 2009 wels ebrauli kalendaris nisanis Tvis 15 ricxvi

Seesabameba 9 aprils, xolo samaritiuli da karaituli abibis Tvis 15

Seesabameba 11 aprils. karaitebi da samaritielebi paseqis Svid dRes

erTnairad aRniSnaven da mTeli dResaswaulis ganmavlobaSi miirTmeven

aufuebul purs.

adaT-wesi

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136

ფესახის სუფრა

Singamomcxvari Smura maca

paseqis anu fesaxis dResaswauli uflis mier dadgenili wesiT

aRinniSneba, romelic aRwerilia xuTwigneulSi. nisanis 10-Si batkani an

kravi unda sagangebod unda gadairCes, 14-Si unda daiklas, Seiwvas da

unda miirTvan 15-Si saRamos. amasTan momzadebuli unda iyos ufuari

xmiadebi - maca da mware mwvanili - marori. gamTeniisas saWmlis narCenebi

unda daiwvas. es aris msxverplSewirva.

paseqis rituali bibliis garda aRwerilia Zv.w.a. V saukunis egviptur

papirusebze e.w. arameul papirusebSi; herodes periodis flaviusis da

filonis xelnawerebSi.

fesaxi anu paseqi pirvelad naxsenebia Zveli aRTqmis xuTwigneulSi,

gamosvlaSi. sityvis mniSvnelobaze ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad fesax niSnavs gverdis

aridebas da xazs usvams faqts,rom sikvdilis angelozma gverdi aarida

ebraelTa saxlebs da RvTis risxva maT ar SeexoT. es ganmarteba

mocemulia ZvelberZnul septuagintaSi.

amave mosazrebas eyrdnoba paseqis inglisuri saxelwodeba Passover ing.

passover (passed over). es termni pirvelad gamoyenebulia bibliis

uiliam tindaliseul Targmansa da inglisis mefis jeimz I stiuartis

versiaSi.

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137

meore mosazrebiT, fesax ganimarteba rogorc frTebiT dagifarav da am

zmnis msgavsebas zmnasTan, romelic gamoyenebulia esaias

winaswarmetyvelebis 31:5 frazaSi [12].

mesame mosazrebiT, fesax aRniSnavs batkans, kravs. aqedan momdinaerobs

fraza korban fsax (ivriTi: "zvaraki" קרבן), rac qarTulad sazvarake

kravs niSnavs. 10 nisans SeirCeva sazvarake kravi, 14-15 nisanis saRamoebs

Soris periodSi daikvleba, Seiwveba da 15 nisans daisis Semdeg fesaxis

wes-ganrigis mixedviT miirTmeva. sazvarake kravi - korban fsax, ufuari

puris xmiadi - maca da mware mwvanili - maror sadResaswaulo sufris

aucilebeli atributi da pirdapiri simboloebia.

fesaxis wes-ganrigiT sazvarake kravi unda mietanaT karavSi, mogvianebiT

ki ierusalimis taZarSi. sazvarake kravi moixsenieba 14 nisanis dilis

locvisa da RvTismsaxurebis dros. vinaidan fesaxis kravi wminda

Sesawiria, misi kerZiT ar SeiZleba gaumaspinZldnen iudaizmis umecar da

uwmindur adamianebs, gandgomilebs, msaxurebsa da winadaucveTelebs[13].

kavSiri axal aRTqmasTan

fesaxis anu paseqis dResaswaulze ieso qriste gaemarTa ierusalimSi, ise

rogorc uflis mer dadgenili wesi moiTxovda. ierusalimelebi mas

palmis rtoebiT miegeben. dResaswaulis dReebSi aRsrulda

winaswarmetyveleba, Ze RvTisa gasces, Seipyres, gansajes, jvars acves,

xolo sami dRis Semdeg igi mkvdreTiT aRedgina. bzoba, vnebis kvira da

brwyinvale qristianuli dResaswauli aRdgoma kalendarulad

dakavSirebulia fesaxis dResaswaulTan. marTlmadidebluri qristianuli

sarwmunoeba aRdgomas aRniSnavs fesaxis dResaswaulis Semdeg. saaRdgomo

sufris erT-erTi Semadgenelia afuebuli namcxvari ”saaRdgomo pasqa”.

saaRdgomod Sewiruli kravi simboloa im msxverplisa, rac gaiRo ieso

qristem.

↑Zveli aRTqma, levianni 23:5-6 - pirvel Tves, Tvis meToTxmete dRes

uflis paseqia. amave Tvis meTxuTmete dRes sauflo xmiadobis

dResaswaulia. Svid dRes ufuari kverebi WameT.

↑ ricxvni 28:17 - am Tvis meTxuTmete dRes dResaswaulia: Svid dRes

xmiadebi unda iWamos.

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138

↑ ricxvni 33:3 - ramzesidan gaemgzavrnen pirveli Tvis meTxutmete dRes;

paseqis meore dRes gavidnen israelianebi gabedulad mTeli egviptis

Tvalwin.

↑ gamosvla 12:13 - sisxli gqondeT niSnad saxlebze, sadac cxovrobT;

davinaxav sisxls da gverds agivliT. ar mogekarebaT damRupveli seni,

roca egviptelTa Semusvras daviwyeb.

gamosvla 12:17 - daicaviT ufuaroba, radgan swored am dRes gamoviyvane

Tqveni mxedroba egviptis qveynidan; daicaviT es dRe Taobidan TaobaSi

samaradiso wesad.

↑ lev. 23:6, ricx. 28:17, ricx. 33:3.

↑ ↑ gamosvla, XII Tavi.

↑ esaia 31:5 rogorc Citi bartyebs, ase daifaravs cabaoT ufali

ierusalims, daifaravs da ixsnis, moufrTxildeba da gadaarCens.

↑ gamosvla 12:43-48.

paseqis anu fesaxis dResaswauli uflis mier dadgenili wesiT

aRinniSneba, romelic aRwerilia xuTwigneulSi. nisanis 10-Si batkani an

kravi unda sagangebod unda gadairCes, 14-Si unda daiklas, Seiwvas da

unda miirTvan 15-Si saRamos. amasTan momzadebuli unda iyos ufuari

xmiadebi - maca da mware mwvanili - marori. gamTeniisas saWmlis narCenebi

unda daiwvas. es aris msxverplSewirva[11].

paseqis rituali bibliis garda aRwerilia Zv.w.a. V saukunis egviptur

papirusebze e.w. arameul papirusebSi; herodes periodis flaviusis da

filonis xelnawerebSi.

saxelwodeba

fesaxi anu paseqi pirvelad naxsenebia Zveli aRTqmis xuTwigneulSi,

gamosvlaSi. sityvis mniSvnelobaze ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad fesax niSnavs gverdis

aridebas da xazs usvams faqts,rom sikvdilis angelozma gverdi aarida












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139

ebraelTa saxlebs da RvTis risxva maT ar SeexoT. es ganmarteba

mocemulia ZvelberZnul septuagintaSi.

amave mosazrebas eyrdnoba paseqis inglisuri saxelwodeba pasover ing.

passover (passed over). es termni pirvelad gamoyenebulia bibliis

uiliam tindaliseul Targmansa da inglisis mefis jeimz I stiuartis

versiaSi.

meore mosazrebiT, fesax ganimarteba rogorc frTebiT dagifarav da am

zmnis msgavsebas zmnasTan, romelic gamoyenebulia esaias

winaswarmetyvelebis 31:5 frazaSi [12].

mesame mosazrebiT, fesax aRniSnavs batkans, kravs. aqedan momdinaerobs

fraza korban fsax (ivriTi: "zvaraki" קרבן), rac qarTulad sazvarake

kravs niSnavs. 10 nisans SeirCeva sazvarake kravi, 14-15 nisanis saRamoebs

Soris periodSi daikvleba, Seiwveba da 15 nisans daisis Semdeg fesaxis

wes-ganrigis mixedviT miirTmeva. sazvarake kravi - korban fsax, ufuari

puris xmiadi - maca da mware mwvanili - maror sadResaswaulo sufris

aucilebeli atributi da pirdapiri simboloebia.

fesaxis wes-ganrigiT sazvarake kravi unda mietanaT karavSi, mogvianebiT

ki ierusalimis taZarSi. sazvarake kravi moixsenieba 14 nisanis dilis

locvisa da RvTismsaxurebis dros. vinaidan fesaxis kravi wminda

Sesawiria, misi kerZiT ar SeiZleba gaumaspinZldnen iudaizmis umecar da

uwmindur adamianebs, gandgomilebs, msaxurebsa da winadaucveTelebs[13].

kavSiri axal aRTqmasTan

fesaxis anu paseqis dResaswaulze ieso qriste gaemarTa ierusalimSi, ise

rogorc uflis mer dadgenili wesi moiTxovda. ierusalimelebi mas

palmis rtoebiT miegeben. dResaswaulis dReebSi aRsrulda

winaswarmetyveleba, Ze RvTisa gasces, Seipyres, gansajes, jvars acves,

xolo sami dRis Semdeg igi mkvdreTiT aRedgina. bzoba, vnebis kvira da

brwyinvale qristianuli dResaswauli aRdgoma kalendarulad

dakavSirebulia fesaxis dResaswaulTan. marTlmadidebluri qristianuli

sarwmunoeba aRdgomas aRniSnavs fesaxis dResaswaulis Semdeg. saaRdgomo

sufris erT-erTi Semadgenelia afuebuli namcxvari ”saaRdgomo pasqa”.

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140

saaRdgomod Sewiruli kravi simboloa im msxverplisa, rac gaiRo ieso

qristem.

sqolio

↑ Zveli aRTqma, levianni 23:5-6 - pirvel Tves, Tvis meToTxmete dRes

uflis paseqia. amave Tvis meTxuTmete dRes sauflo xmiadobis

dResaswaulia. Svid dRes ufuari kverebi WameT.

↑ ricxvni 28:17 - am Tvis meTxuTmete dRes dResaswaulia: Svid dRes

xmiadebi unda iWamos.

↑ ricxvni 33:3 - ramzesidan gaemgzavrnen pirveli Tvis meTxutmete dRes;

paseqis meore dRes gavidnen israelianebi gabedulad mTeli egviptis

Tvalwin.

↑ gamosvla 12:13 - sisxli gqondeT niSnad saxlebze, sadac cxovrobT;

davinaxav sisxls da gverds agivliT. ar mogekarebaT damRupveli seni,

roca egviptelTa Semusvras daviwyeb.

gamosvla 12:17 - daicaviT ufuaroba, radgan swored am dRes gamoviyvane

Tqveni mxedroba egviptis qveynidan; daicaviT es dRe Taobidan TaobaSi

samaradiso wesad.

↑ lev. 23:6, ricx. 28:17, ricx. 33:3.

↑ The Samaritans' Passover sacrifice by Amnon K'fir

↑ Ancient Samaritan sect marks Passover sacrifice near Nablus Haaretz 01.05.2007

↑ lev. 23:4

↑ Stephen Jones (1996) Secrets of Time.

↑ gamosvla, XII Tavi.

↑ esaia 31:5 rogorc Citi bartyebs, ase daifaravs cabaoT ufali

ierusalims, daifaravs da ixsnis, moufrTxildeba da gadaarCens.

↑ gamosvla 12:43-48.








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141

xanuqa erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriuli dResaswaulia. Mmeore taZris


mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba daukarges ebraelebs, aramed TviT

ebrauli sulis mTavari arsis – sarwmunoebis ganadgureba da cdilobdne

ebraelebi kerpTayvanismcemel elinebaT gadaeqciaT. berZnebi cdilobdnen

rwmenas aecdinaT ebraelebi, aeZulebinaT uari eTqvaT SabaTis da

qaSruTis dacvaze, Toris Seswavlaze. taZarSi ki TavianTi kerpebi

qandakebebi aRmarTes. Eebraeli xalxi daTrgunuli iyo da amavdroulad

ajanyebis naperwkalic Rvivdeboda. Qqalaq modiinSi qoenebis (taZris

msaxurTa) ojaxma daiwyo ajanyeba sityvebiT “vinc RmerTiskenaa – is

Cemsken”. ajanyebas SeurTda yvela, vinc suliT Zlieri iyo da ar undoda

ebrauli tradiciebis ganadgurebas Segueboda. araTanabar brZolaSi

ebraelebma daamarcxes mravalricxovani mteri. Ebaruli ajanyebuli

jaris saTaveSi idga mamaci meomari iehuda makabi (aqedanaa saxelwodeba

makabielTa) yvela da ukavSirdeba makabielTa gamarjvebas, rodesac maT

Zv. w. 165 wels selevkidebis mier dapyrobili ierusalimis taZari

daibrunes. berZnebis mier wabilwul taZarSi mxolod erTi dRis samyofi

wminda zeTi iyo darCenili, romliTac menoras (taZris SvidsanTlian

Sandals) anTebdnen. Aaxali zeTis gamosaxdelad ki rva dRe iyo saWiro.

moxda saswauli da sanTlebi zustad rva dRe ar Camqrala. amitom

xanuqas sinaTlis dResaswaulsac uwodeben tradiciulad xanuqiaze

(cxrasanTlian Sandalze) rva dRis ganmavlobaSi anTeben sanTlebs (erTi

damxmare sanTliT yovel dRe TiTo sanTels amateben).

xanuqis dResaswaulis warmoSobis istoria sxvadasxvagvarad aris

interpretirebuli Talmudsa da makabelTa wignSi.

Talmudiseuli versiis Tanaxmad, saswauli menoris anTebisas moxda.

Aamitom xanuqis dResaswauli 8 dRe aRiniSneba da da anTebuli Saldami

fanjris rafaze idgmeva, rom auwyos samyaros momxdari saswaulis

Sesaxeb.

uZvelesi xanuqiebi makabielTa epoqis Semdgom periods miekuTvneba da

warmoadgens gamomwvari Tixis rvabudian sanaTurs. Masze rogorc wesi

gamosaxuli iyo an taZari, an menora.

142

rva sanTliani Sandali, romelic menoris saswaulis simboloa, erT

erTia im ori mTavari morTulobisagan, romelTa saxecvlilebis mowmeni

vxdebiT ori aTasi wlis manZilze. Mmeore TviT taZris gamosaxulebaa,

romelic xanuqis dResaswaulis saxelwodebas ukavSirdeba, anu “wminda

adgilis kurTxeva”. Aam ori simbolos – cecxli da arqiteqtura -

cvlilebebs xangrZlivi istoria. Oorive motivi ucvleli rCeboda, Tumca

icvleboda xanuqiis forma da sxvadasxva epoqaTa Tu qveynis stils

asaxavda.

diasporaSi Seqmnili yvelaze uZvelesi sakulto sagnebi, romlebic

Cvenamde movida arauadres meTormete saukuniTaa daTariRebuli.

uZvelesi sagania xanuqia, romelic marTkuTxa marmarilosaganaa

gamoTlili. fiTilisTvis gankuTvnili 8 bude romanuli stilis

kolonadas warmoqmnis, maTze aRmarTuli fanjris formis CaRrmavebiTaa

dagvirgvinebuli. Qqveda nawilSi amokveTilia orstrofiani teqsti

ivriTze Toridan: “mcneba ars lampari da darigeba” (igavni, Tavi 6, 23).

იომ-ქიფური

moris gotlibi, ebraelebi loculoben sinagogaSi iom-

qifuris dRes, vena, 1878.

iom-qifuri (ivr. ִּכּפּור יֹום, sityvasityviT «mitevebis dRe», iTargmneba

rogorc «gamosyidvis dRe», «gankiTxvis dRe») — iudaizmSi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani da wminda dResaswauli; marxvis, aRsarebisa da codvebis

mitevebis dRe; aRiniSneba ebrauli TiSris Tvis meaTe dRes da monaniebis

aTi dRis dasasrulia.

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iom qifuris dRe mitevebisa da sulieri amaRlebis mwvervalia, romelic

ebraul erze 40 dRis ganmavlobaSi gamgeblobs. 40 dRian pirveli 30 dRe

elulis Tves miekuTvneba. Ees aris periodi, rodesac yoveli adamiani

valdebulia daufiqrdes, CauRrmavdes, gaiTviTcnobieros sakuTari

cxovebis gavlili da gasavleli, labirinTebiTa da Sinagani sulis

WidiliT garemosili cxovrebis gza. Semdgomi 10 dRe ki – Sinagani

TrTolvis, SiSis da monaniebis periodia, dro, rodesac codvilma

Svilebma bodiSi unda movuxadoT “mSobel mamas”.

iom qifuri – wminda dRea, Tora brZanebs: “ar arsebobs israelis Svili,

romelsac TeSubis, gamCenisken mobrunebis unari ar Seswevs”. roS

haSanasa da iom qifurs Soris 10 dRis intervalSi yovel ebraels

qristianTa umravlesoba iom-qifurs, rogorc «mitevebis», «gamosyidvis»,

«gankiTxvis» dRes ar aRniSnavs, radganac igi axal aRTqmaSi ar

moixsenieba. Tumca swavlulebi da Teologebi pouloben mWidro kavSirs

«iom-qifuris» mniSvnelobasa da qristes samsjavroze wardgomis dRes

Soris, romelsac momavalSi moelian qristianebi.

marTlmadideblur religiaSi iom-qifuris dRes Seesabameba ori dRe:

jvarTamaRlebis wina dRe, romelic aseve seqtemberSi aRiniSneba mZime

marxviTa da locviT, Tumca es dRe fiqsirebuli TariRia. am or

religiur TariRs Soris kavSiris realobas bevri Teologi aRniSnavs.

didi paraskevi - vnebis kviris paraskevi, rodesac marTlmadidebeli

qristianebi ixseneben ufal ieso qristes jvarcmis dRes , rodesac iesom

gamoisyida kacobriobis codvebi. marTlmadideblebi am dRes mkacrad

marxuloben da loculoben.

nisani (Tve) (ebr. נִיָסן ebrauli kalendaris samoqalaqo wlis meSvide Tve

(merve Tve nakian wlebSi) da religiuli wlis pirveli Tve. saxelwodeba

momdinareobs babilonidan. ToraSi da Zveli aRTqmis qarTul

TargmanebSi nisanis Tves ewodeba «abibi» (an avivi), rac niSnavs qeris

TavTavis mwifobis dros. esTeris wignSi ki ukve gvxvdeba «nisani». es Tve

dgeba gazafxulis buniaobis Semdeg da grigorianuli kalendaris

mixedviT marts an aprils Seesabameba

144

nisanis dResaswaulebi

14 nisani - marxva pirvelSobilTa xsnisaTvis (Tu SabaTi dRe daemTxveva -

12 nisani)

15-21 nisani - fesaxi (damatebiT 22 nisani ebrauli diasporisaTvis)

27 nisani - iom haSoa (Tu SabaTis daemTxva - 26 an 28 nisani)

mniSvnelovani TariRebi

7 nisani (1273 Zv.w.) - mstovrebi ierixonSi

moses gardacvalebidan (7 adari) 30 dRis Semdeg ieso naves Zem ori

mstovari gaagzavna mdinare iordanes gayolebiT ierixonisaken. mzveravebs

unda moegrovebinaT informacia, romelic saWiro iyo wminda saomari

moqmedebebisaTvis. ierixonSi maT daexmaraT iq mcxovrebi qali raxabi.

10 nisani (1274 Zv.w.) - miriamis gardacvaleba

moses da miriami gardaicvala 126 wlis asakSi, 2487 wels ebrauli

kalendriT, egviptidan gamosvlidan 39 wlis Semdeg da 1 wliT adre,

vidre ebraeli xalxi wminda miwaze dabrundeboda.

10 nisani (1273 Zv.w.) - mdinare iordanes gadalaxva

ieso naves Zis mstovrebi dabrundnen ierixonidan. israelebi daiZrnen,

maT winaSe iordane gaipo, ise rogorc wiTeli zRvis wyali gaipo 40

wlis winaT egviptidan gamosuli maTi mamebis winaSe (ieso 4)

15 nisani (1713 Zv.w.) - isaakis dabadeba

ufalma Sesmina abraamis locva da saras SeeZina vaJi isaaki(dabadeba 21:1-

6)

15 nisani (1313 Zv.w.) - gamosvla

ufalma egviptelTa monobidan gaanTavisufla ebraeli xalxi da moses

winamZRolobiT wminda miwisaken daabruna.

26 nisani (1245 Zv.w.) - ieso naves Zis gardacvaleba

ieso naves Ze (1355-1245 Zv.w.) iyo ebraelTa winamZRoli moses Semdeg , igi

SeuZRva wminda miwaze ebrael xalxs.

28 nisani (1273 Zv.w.) - ieriqionis dacema

145

israelis xalxma wminda miwaze daibruna pirveli qalaqi - ierixoni,

cixe-galavaniT iyo gamagrebuli. Svidi dRis ganmavlobaSi ebraelebi

mwyobrad uvlidnen gars qalaqis kedlebs da ukravdnen sayvirebs -

sofars. meSvide dRes qalaqis galavani Camoingra. (ieso .6)

ebrauli kalendris Tveebi

TiSrei | xeSvani | qislevi | teveTi | Svati | adari | nisani | iari | sivani |

Tamuzi | avi | eluli

მოსე (ებრ.: מֶֹשה მოშე; არაბ.: موسى, მუსა) — ბიბლიის მიხედვით, ძვ. ებრაელთა

სჯულმდებელი და წინასწარმეტყველი, განმათავისუფლებელი და ბელადი.

udidesi winaswarmetyvelis wodeba israelis Zvel istoriaSi

mimagrebuli aqvs moses. igi ara marto ebraeli eris damfuZnebeli iyo

rogorc naciis, aramed misi kanonmdebeli, mRvdeli da RmerTTan

Suamavali. albaT yvelaze kargad is cnobilia Tavisi xalxis

zebunebrivi gamoyvaniT monobidan egvipteSi C.w.-mde 13-e saukuneSi.

moses Tanaxmad, samyaro 10 mcenabaze aris damokidebuli. romlebganac

adamianis qcevis sabaziso wesebi gamodis. misi cxovrebis istoria

pirveladaa aRwerili bibliis wign "eqsodSi", Tumca arsebobs agreTve

mniSvnelovani miTiTebebi wignebSi "cifrebi", "levitusi" da "deuterumi".

dRes iudaizmis religia mxolod ibliis am xuT wignzea dafuZnebuli

(romlebsac xSirad moses wignebs eZaxian). maT hqvia Tora, kanonis

wignebi.debatebi moses cxovrebis irgvliv, misi rolis israelis

warsulSi, misi avtorobis bibliis pirvel xuT wignze, mZvinvarebs

mecnierTa Soris ukve mravali mravali dekadis ganmavlobaSi. simarTle

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146

albaT arasdros ar gairkveva. isini vinc biblias sityva-sityviT igeben,

Tvlian, rom yvelaferi moseze naTqvami aris absoluturi istoriuli

simarTle. xolo swavlulebi da istirikosi kritikebi Tvlian, rom

wignSi SemdgomSi bevri legendaruli, fantastikuri Caiwera. isini

agreTve daJinebiT amboben, rom, igi ver miiwerda wignebs. am

dapirispirebaSi upiratesoba aqvT swavlulebs, radganac maT daamtkices,

rom biblia Sedgeba ramdenime gaerTianebuli teqstisgan.

ებრაული ერის წარმომავლობა

Tavis moqmedebebSi mosem israelisgan cota madloba daimsaxura. xalxi

mudam Cioda da janydeboda. sinais udabnos gaWirvebam gaxada isini

msurvelebi raTa egvipteSi dabrunebuliyvnen. isini ise Sors wavidnen,

rom daiwyes axalgazrda xaris Tayvani,

romelic savaraudod iyo gakeTebuli kirqvisgan da ara oqrosgan,

rogorc eqsodi gveubneba. amis gamo RmerTs maTi mitoveba surda, Tumca

mose Seevedra RmerTs mas misi xalxis qcevis patieba.

moses sabolood mihyavda misi xalxi iordanis mdinaris aRmisavleTi

napiriT pirdapir maT dapirebul miwasTan. misi bolo oficialuri

brZaneba iyo sinais SeTanxmeba 40 wliani rTuli mgzavrobis Semdeg.

Semdeg igi pisgahis mTaze avida .am mTidan RmerTma misca mas nebarTva

raTa daenaxa dapirebuli miwa, Tumc ar misca mas nebarTva iq wasvlis.

igi gardaicvala mTaze. ebraelebs igi Semdgom ar daunaxavT, arc

dakrZalvis adgilia cnobili. xalxis mitovebamde man Tavis Semcvlelad

joSua daniSna.

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147

biblia (berZn. Bbiblia – sityvasityviT wignebi) - iudaisturi da

qristianuli religiebis "saRvTo" wignebis krebuli. Sedgeba Zveli da

axali aRTqmisagan. qristianoba cnobs bibliis orsave nawils. iudaizmi

ki mxolod Zvel aRTqmas.

Zveli aRTqmis (39 wigni) didi nawili dawerilia Zvel ebraul enaze.

mxolod zogierT, SedarebiT gviandel wignSi (ezrasi da danielisa),

gvxvdeba mcire CanarTi arameul enaze. zveli aRTqma

Sedgenilobis mxriv metad sxvadasxvagvarovani krebulia; Seicavs

istoriul dokumentebs, xalxur miTebisa da legendebis Canawerebs,

sxvadasxva epoqisa da socialur fenaTa msoflmxedvelobis amsaxvel

iuridiul dokumentebs, gansxvavebul religiur kultebTan

dakavSirebuli ritualebis amsaxvel teqstebs, religiisa da lirikuli

poeziis nimuSebs. am nairgvari masalis Sekreba, redaqcia da kanonizacia

mWodrod ukavSirdeba Zvel ebraul monoTeisturi religiur koncefciis

Camoyalibebasa da ganvitarebas. saboloo saxe ebraulma Zvelma aRTqmam

sakmaod gvian miiRo. misi kanonizacia daiwyo babilonis tyveobis Semdeg

- Zv. w. V saukunisa da damTavrda daaxloebiT ax. w. II saukuneSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli aRTqmis redaqtorebi teqstis gaerTianebisas

cdilan mTlianad moeSalaT pirvandeli sxvaobani, wigns mainc axasiaTebs

Sinaarsobrivi, enobriv-stilisturi da janrobrivi siWrele. xSiria

rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, aseve faqtobrivi Secdomebi da winaaRmdegobebi.

Zvel aRTqmas ebraulad erTiani saTauri ara aqvs, igi sam nawilad iyofa.

pirvels ewodeba kanoni (ebr. Tora), mis Sedgenas tradicia moses miawers,

Sedgeba xuTi wignisagan (dabadeba, gamosvlaTa, levitelTam, ricxvTa da

meore sjuli); meore nawilia winaswarmetyvelni; masSi Sedis wignebi -

isu navesi, msajulTa, samoelis pirveli da meore wigni (qarTulad

mefeTa pirveli da meore), mefeTa pirveli da meore (qarTulad mefeTa

mesame da meoTxe) wigni, esaiasi, ieremiasi, ezekielisa da 12 mcire

winaswarmetyvelisa - osiasi, ioelisa, amosisa, obadiasi, ionasi, miqeasi,

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148

naumisa, ambakumisa, sofoniasu, angeasi, zaqariasi da malaqiasi. mesame

nawilSi, romelsav ebraulad dawerilebi ewodeba, Sedis fsalmunni,

solomonis igavebi, iobis wigni, qebaTa qeba, ieremias godeba, eklesiaste

da wignebi esTerisa, danielisa, ezrasi, neemiasi da neStTa (pirveli da

meore). qronologiuri zRvari Zveli aRTqmis calkeul nawilebs Soris

metad didia.

149

daskvna

1995 wels Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebma gamoiwvia avtoris

daintereseba iudaikiT da misi Semoqmedebis Seswavlam, Tematikidan

gamomdinare, moiTxova siuJetebis ganmarteba. iudaikis sakiTxebSi ufro

Rrma wvdomam gaafarTova avtoris interesi da garkveul wilad ubiZga

sadisertacio Temis arCevisaken. Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebi ebrauli

koleqciis nawils warmoadgens da mis SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli kostumebi,

ritualuri, religiuri Tu yofiTi daniSnulebis nivTebi inaxeba amave

muzeumis fondebSi. sainventaro wignebSi Cawerili monacemebi xSir

SemTxvevaSi gadamowmebas saWiroebda da am garemoebam kidev ufro

gaaRviva mTlianad ebrauli koleqciis Seswavlisa da xelaxali

atribuciis logikuri survili.

es samecniero kvlevisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani axali monacemebia, maTi

dadgena moxda ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze Seswavlili mdidari

paraleluri masalis safuZvelze, rogorc literaturul wyaroebsa da

iudaikis Temisadmi miZRvnili mravalricxovani saitebisa da auqcionebis

daTvalierebiT, aseve (rac yvelaze nayofieri da mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda),

sxvadasxva qveynebSi ebrauli koleqciebis uSualo Seswavlisa da

analogiur eqsponatebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze.

dekoratiuli, religiuri, ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebis atribucia

daemyara umdidresi analogiuri masalis uSualo gacnobas florenciis,

Tel avivis, ierusalimis, berlinis, londonis, parizis, praRis ebraul

muzeumebSi.

ukanaskneli atribuciebidan gamomdinare, Seicvala eqsponatebis

daTariReba. naSromSi warmodgenili eqsponatebi cota scdeba

disertaciis Tavdapirvel saTaurs da asaxavs iudaizms saqarTvelos ara

mxolod me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, aramed me-19 saukunidan. Ees

gadaTariReba exeba mxolod eTnografiul masalas, religiuri da

ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebs.

150

sadisertacio naSromSi aRnusxulia ebrauli koleqciebis mniSvnelovani

nawili. avtoris mier moxda maTi atribucia, Seswavla da Temis

specifikidan gamomdinare, koleqciis eqsponatebis aRwerisas,

TandarTulia maTi Sinaarsis, simbolikisa da terminologiis

ganmartebani.

naSroms Tan erTvis agreTve ZiriTadi terminologiis mokle leqsikoni,

gamoyebenuli literaturis CamonaTvali, avtoris mier gamocemuli sami

ilustrirebuli katalogi (romlebSic warmodgenilia ebrauli muzeumis

ganxiluli koleqcia), damatebiTi ilustraciebis albomi.

rogorc avRniSneT, Tema ara mxolod mecnieruli, aramed praqtikuli

mniSvnelobiTa da aqtualurobiTac gamoirCeva. Aamaze metyvelebs ukve

ganxorcielebuli sami gamofena TandarTuli katalogebiT, danarCenis

eqsponatebis dagegmili restavracia da ebrauli muzeumis mudmivi

eqspoziciis aRorZinebis perspeqtiva.

aTwleulebis manZilze es saocari koleqcia sacavebSi iyo ganTavsebuli

da ucnobi iyo ara mxolod farTo sazogadoebisaTvis, aramed

specialistebisTvisac ki. Eeqsponatebi sakmaod dazianebuli iyo im

wlebSi saerTo samuzemo fondebis mZime pirobebis gamo. 2005 wels

saqarTvelos erovnul muzemSi mopovebul grantis safuZvelze

SesaZlebeli gaxda Tavi momeyara adre Catarebuli samecniero

kvlevisaTvis Ppirveli ebraeli mxatvris Salom koboSvilis namuSevarTa

albomis publikaciisaTvis da 2006 wels saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi

Salom koboSvilis 130 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT movawyeT misi

personaluri gamofena da gamoica sruli katalogi. Salom koboSvili

pirveli ebraeli mxatvaria saqarTveloSi da misi saocari biografiis

wyalobiT sruliad gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. man 61 wlis

asakSi daiwyo xatva da misi moRvaweoba mxolod sam weliwads gagrZelda

(mis gardacvalebamde), magram am mokle drois manZilzec man moaxerxa

qarTvel ebraelTa yofis saocari dokumentur-TxrobiTi matiane Seeqmna.




151



gamofenis sruli katalogi.

2010 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis mier mesame ebrauli proeqti

ganxorcielda, romelic mieZRvna saqarTveloSi ierusalimis ben cvi

institutis mier organizebul saerTaSoriso ebraul istoriul seminars.

gamofenasTan dakavSirebiT gamoica katalogic. wina ori gamofenisagan

gansxvavebiT, am ukanasknelze garda ebrauli muzeumis koleqciisa,

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis fondebSi daculi, qarTvel ebraelTa

istoriis amsaxveli uZvelesi eqsponatebic iyo warmodgenili.

am sami proeqtis saSualebiT, mravali wlis manZilze miviwyebuli

eqsponatebi TiTqosda gacocxlda da specialistebisa da farTo

sazogadoebis didi interesi daimsaxura.

upirveless yovlisa am proeqtebis ganxorcielebis wyalobiT

SesaZlebeli gaxda ebrauli muzeumis koleqciis mniSvnelovani nawilis

Seswavla, atribucia, movla da mowesrigeba. Ees exeba ara mxolod

ferwerasa da grafikas, aramed kostumebs, qsovilebs, sxvadasxva tipisa

da daniSnulebis religiur Tu ritualur artefaqtebs. Gam gamofenebze

warmodgenili yvela eqsponati daeqvemdebara restavraciasa da

konservacias. gansakuTrebiT savalalo mdgomareobaSi qsovilebi iyo,

nawili, rac gamoifina, SeiZleba iTqvas am etapze gadarCenilia, xolo

danarCens esaWiroeba saswrafo konservacia da restavracia, rac uaxloes

momavalSi Cveni ZiriTadia mizania. vimedovnebT, rom male ebrauli

koleqcia sruli saxiT iqneba mowesrigebuli da Tavis Rirseul adgils

daikavebs saqarTvelos kulturis istoriaSi, rogorc misi sinTezuri da

ganuyofeli nawili.

am TvalsazrisiT, Tema ara mxolod mecnieruli, aramed praqtikuli

mniSvnelobiTa da aqtualurobiTac gamoirCeva.

1995 wels sworeT Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebma gamoiwvia avtoris

daintereseba da misi Semoqmedebis Seswavlam, Tematikidan gamomdinare,

moiTxova siuJetebis ganmarteba. iudaikis sakiTxebSi ufro Rrma wvdomam

gaafarTova avtoris interesi da garkveul wilad ubiZga sadisertacio

152

Temis arCevisaken. Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebi ebrauli koleqciis

nawils warmoadgens da mis SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli kostumebi, ritualuri,

religiuri Tu yofiTi daniSnulebis nivTebi inaxeba amave fondebSi.

sainventaro wignebSi Cawerili monacemebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gadamowmebas

saWiroebda da am garemoebam kidev ufro gaaRviva mTlianad ebrauli

koleqciis Seswavlisa da xelaxali atribuciis logikuri survili.

koboSvilis Semoqmedeba scdeba mxolod mxatvrul-stilistur CarCoebs.

mas gacilebiT ufro seriozuli da mniSvnelovani Sinaarsoblivi

datvirTva gaaCnia. misi Semoqmedeba garkveul Tematur ciklebad SeiZleba

daiyos. TiToeuli maTgani qarTvel ebraelTa yofiT, religiur Tu

ritualur cxovrebas ukavSirdeba, iseve, rogorc ebraul Tematikaze

Seqmnili daviT gvelesianis namuSevrebic, xolo muzeumis sxva

eqsponatebi xels uwyobs ufro TvalnaTliv warmoaCino saqrTvelos

ebrauli diasporis istoria, eTnografia, kultura.

erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi qorwinebis ciklia, romelSic

gaerTianebulia koboSvilis da gvelesianis am Temaze Seqmnili suraTebi

da agreTve saqorwilo samosi da am TemasTan dakavS

irebuli sxva eqsponatebi. Semdeg religiuri dResaswaulebis, sinagogis,

ritualuri Tu yofiTi scenebis, vaWrobis Temis amsaxveli ciklebi.

maTi detaluri ganxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs ebrauli muzeumis

koleqciis safuZverlze warmovaCinoT sadisertacio naSromis Tema –

iudaizmi saqarTvelos xelovnebaSi.

153

danarTi ganmartebiTi leqsikoni

amuleti (arabulidan - sakidi) - gamoyenebas Zveli tradicia gaaCnia,

miuxedavad imisa, rom ebrauli religiuri kanoni RmerTisa da raime

simboloebis gamosaxulebas krZalavs. rogorc wesi amuletebze

ubedurebisgan damcavi magiuri teqstebi da niSnebia moTavsebuli.

saukuneebis manZilze mravali tipis amuleti iyo gavrceelbuli da

TiToeuls gansakuTrebuli simboluri datvirTva axasiaTebda.

gamosaxulebeis garda, xSirad amuletis Sinaars masze moTavsebuli

warwerebi ganmartavs, zogi orsul qals da mSobiares icavs, zogi

mgzavrobaSi myof adamians, an zogadad avi Tvalisgan damcavia.

TilismebaT xSirad mezuza, menora, moses aTi mcneba da bolo dros

yvelaze popularuli - stilizirebuli sityva „hai“ (sicocxle) da magen

daviTi gamoiyeneba. am amuletebs rogorc iudaizmis niSans atareben. M

aharon-ha-kodeS – wminda karadaa, sadac sefer Torebi (Toris

gragnilebi) inaxeba. tradiciulad diasporaSi sinagoga samxreTiskenaa

orientirebuli, xolo misi Sesasvleli ierusalimiskenaa mimarTuli.

salocavis darbazis centrSi “Tebaa” aRmarTuli, xolo Sesasvlelis

mopirdapire mxares ukana kedlis centrSi “aharon-ha-kodeSi”, romelic

faroxeTiT (farda) aris gamoyofili.

ajla (ajilaki) - mesxur-javaxuri darbazis erT-erT kuTxeSi xaliCebiT

damSvenebuli, nefe-dedoflisaTvis gankuTvnili ficruli an

qsovilebisagan gakeTebuli patara, momaRlo oTaxi iyo masSi

ganTavsebuli taxtiT. oTaxis Sesasvlels sinagogidan motanili

ramdenime moqarguli farda hqonda Camofarebuli. ajla mxolod

axalcixisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da gavrcelebuli iyo, rogorc

ebraelTa, aseve qarTvelTa Soris.

154

bagini huriaTa - ebrauli salocavi Zvel mcxeTaSi (gvianantikuri xanis

sinagoga)

beT hamikdaS - taZari (“saxli RvTisa”, “saxli rCeuli”, “saxli

siwmindisa”

beT haqneseT – salocavi – “saxli sakrebulo”, diasporis fenomenia.

briT mila – windacveTa, iudaizmisadmi kuTvnilebis simbolo.

broweuli - erec-israelis erT erTi Svidi simboluri mcenareTagania.

midraSis mtkicebiT broweulis marcvlebis raodenoba 613-ia, rac Toris

mcnebaTa ricxvs Seesabameba, amitom broweuli SemTxveviT ar iyo

arCeuli Toris gragnilis mosarTavad, romlis saxelwodeba – rimonim –

ivriTze sityva broweulis mravlobiTi ricxvia. saukuneebis manzilze is

Zalze popularuli motivi iyo ebraul dekoratiul xelovnebaSi.

broweulis simbolika ganpirobebulia misi feriT, formiTa da Sinagani

struqturiT, romelic ganasaxierebs mravlobis da mravalferovnebis

erTobisa da erTianobis princips. iudaistur xelovnebaSi broweuli –

Secnobis da sicocxlis xis simboloa. xe, romlis fesvebi Rrmad miwaSia,

xolo totebi cisken aris mimarTuli

gmara (גמרא) - me-3 saukunis kodeqsSi “miSnaSi” mocemuli zepiri Toris

wesebs momdevno saukuneebSi brZenma rabinebma - amoraebma – sakuTari

interpretacia da komentarebi daumates. am komentarebSi isini zogjer

zepiri Toris im wesebsac aRniSnavdnen, romlebic miSnaSi ar Sesula

(aseT wess braiTa hqvia). miSnaze damatebul rabinul diskusias gmara

ewodeba.

diaspora - berZnuli warmoSobisa sityvaa da "gabnevas" niSnavs. ebraelebi (iehudim)- semituri modgmis xalxi. raodenoba - daaxloebiT 14

mln.

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155

ebraelTa nawili laparakobs im qveynis enaze, sadac cxovroben.

ebraelTa didi nawili laparakobs agreTve ebraul enebze - ivriti,

idiSi da sxva. sarwmunoeba –iudaizmi. diasporaSi ebraelebi gayofili

arian aSkenazebad da sefardebad.

ebraistika - dakavebulia ebrauli enisa da kulturis SeswavliT.

ebraistikis damfuZneblad miiCneven germanel humanists iohanes roixlins

(1455 - 1522), romelic 1480 wlidan kabalis SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. man

Seiswavla ebrauli ena da 1506 „Zveli ebrauli enis gramatika“ gamosca.

ebrauli diaspora - israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg misi

teritoriis gareT darCenili ebrauli mosaxleoba.

ebrauli kalendris Tveebi - TiSrei | xeSvani | qislevi | teveTi | Svati |

adari | nisani | iari | sivani | Tamuzi | avi | eluli

erec israel ("ישראל ארץ") – palestinis teritoriis bibliuri

saxelwodeba, miwa, sadac israelis samefo Seiqmna

esTeris gragnili vazis lerwi - uZvelesi droidan dRemde israelis cxovrebSi

umniSvnelovaness rols asrulebs. pirvelad vazi, rogorc kulturi

mcenare, bibliaSia naxsenebi noesTan dakavSirebiT. yurZnis mtevani –

“gefeni” – mesamea mcenareTa Svid saxeobas Soris, romlebic israelis

miwis nayofierebis simboloa (“dvarimi”, 8:8). yurZeni mravalricxovani

STamomavlobis simboloa. saqorwino kontraktze _ “qeTubaze” _ xSirad

gamosaxaven yurZnis mtevans. yurZnis mtevani _ mosavlis simboloa,

agreTve dalocvis simbolo _ kiduSi, amitom xSirad Rvinis Tasebsa da

SabaTis sxva sagnebze gamosaxaven. suqaSi mosarTavad yurZnis mtevnebs

iyeneben


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156

zepiri Tora (פה-שבעל תורה, Tora Se'be'al-pe) - miSnaSi da TalmudSi

aRnusxuli ebrauli kanonebia. ebraelTa azriT, TanaxTan erTad, RmerTma

moses zepiri Torac uZRvna sinais mTaze, nakarnaxeb-Cawerili bibliis

kanonebis ganmartebis mizniT. mas Semdeg zepiri Tora marTlac zepirad

gadaecemoda ebraelTa sasuliero wodebis Taobebs, pirvel saukunemde.











Talmudi (תלמוד) - miSnasa da gmaras erTad redaqtirebuli kodeqsi.

Tora (תורה) -- ebraulad swavleba, darigeba, kanoni. Tora aris Tanaxis

.nawili, romelic qristianuli bibliis Zvel aRTqmas Seesabameba (ך"תנ)


dabadeba Genesis (bereSiT בראשית) - moses I wigni

gamosvlaTa Exodus (SemoT שמות) - moses II wigni

levitelTa Lexitikus (vaikra ויקרא) - moses III wigni

ricxvTa Numeri (bemidbar במדבר) - moses IV wigni

meore rjulisa Deuteronomium (dvarim דברים) - moses V wigni

Tora-Sildi - religiuri dResaswaulebis kalendaria, is rogorc wesi

Tavsdeba sefer Toris gragnilze, SeiZleba masze iyos gadakiduli, an

zevidan ikideba, mis qveda nawilSi patara fanjaraa amoWrili, romelSic

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157

calke liTonis warwerebiani firfitebia moTavsebuli. TiToeulze

religiuri dResaswaulis saxelwodebaa. Toris kiTxvisas, kalendarzec

Sesabamisad icvleba firfitebi.

iom-qifuri (ivr. ִּכּפּור יֹום, sityvasityviT «mitevebis dRe», iTargmneba

rogorc «gamosyidvis dRe», «gankiTxvis dRe») — iudaizmSi erT- erTi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani da wminda dResaswauli; marxvis, aRsarebisa da

codvebis mitevebis dRe; aRiniSneba ebrauli TiSris Tvis meaTe dRes da

monaniebis aTi dRis dasasrulia.

iudaistika - disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis da ikvlevs iudaizms, anu

israelis xalxis istorias, kulturasa da rwmenas. am kvlevebSi mTavari

amosavali wertili aris ebrauli werilobiTi Zeglebis filologiuri

analizi. rogorc cnobilia, es wyaroebi sxvadasxva enaze (ebrauli,

arameuli, iudeo-arabuli, idiSi, ladino, iudeo-sparsuli iqmneboda.

iudaistika filologiuri da kulturul-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT

iziarebs da iTvaliswinebs ebraelobis swavlebaTa tradiciebs.

iudaizmi (ebr. יהדות - iahaduT) - ebraeli eris religia; istoriaSi

aRnusxuli pirveli monoTeisturi rwmena da antikuri xanidan

SemorCenili erT-erTi religia. iudaizmis doqtrina da istoria

mniSvnelovani nawilia sxva monoTeistur, kerZod: qristianul da

muslimanur religiaTa safuZvlebisa.

iudaizmi mWidrod dakavSirebulia ramodenime religiur principTan,

romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia erTaderTi, yovlismcodne, yovlisSemZle,

yovlad mowyale da uxilavi (transcendentuli) RmerTis rwmena. ebrauli

RvTismsaxureba yvelaze did adgils uTmobs Toris da Talmudis


ganxorcielebas.s

158

kabbala - ebrauli misticizmis Semadgeneli erT-erTi wigni lulavi – palmis rto. ebraul tradiciaSi lulavs – palmis rtos

gauSleli foTlebiT – atareben sinagogaSi msvlelobis dros, rogorc

erT-erT im oTxi simboluri mcenareTagans, romelsac suqaSi anTavseben.

vinaidan palma mTlianad gamoyenebadia (finikebi sakvebad gamoiyeneba,

foTlebi da xe ki mSeneblobaSi), rabinebi ebrael xalxs palmas

adarebdnen da amtkicebdnen, rom israelis xalxis Soris ar arian

uvargisebi (“bereSit raba”, 41:1). finikis palmisa da misi foTlebis

gamosaxuleba _ samarTlianobis simboloa.

magen daviTi (eqvsqimiani varskvlavi) - dRes yvelaze gavrcelebuli da

iudaizmis umTavress simbolod aRiarebuli „daviTis varskvlavi“ an

„daviTis fari“, rogorc mas xSirad moixsenieben, Tavdapirvelad ufro

internacionaluri simbolo iyo da gvxvdeba Zvel indoeTSi, mogvianebiT

ki axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi.

magen daviTi TalmudSi ar aris moxseniebuli.

geqsograma (eqvsqimiani varskvlavi) saukenenbis manZilze gvxvdeba, magram

mxolod XVII saukunidan iqna aRiarebuli wminda ebraul simbolod

praRaSi. Mmagen daviTi xSirad sakulto daniSnulebis sagnebis

mosarTavad an rogorc religiuri simbolika ise gamoiyeneba.

ebraul saflavis qvebze magen daivTs mxolod XVIII saukunis bolodan

gamosaxaven.

malkuti _ saritualo rozgebigamoiyenebdnen codvis gamosyidvisas maca - ufuari xmiadebi kveri, romelsac fesaxis, paseqis dResaswaulis

dros 8 dRis ganmavlobaSi puris magivrad miirTmeven. Mmaca egviptidan

gamosvlisas siCqareSi qvaze gamomcxvari ufuari puris simboloa.

menora (ebr. ְמנֹוָרה — menora, "ganaTebeli") — SvidsanTliani Sandali,

oqros Svidtotiani ganaTebeli (SvidsanTela), romelic bibliis Tanaxmad

159

mdebareobda skiniaSi. mere gadmoitanes ierusalimSi ierusalimis meore

taZris dangrevamde, aris iudaizmis erT erTi uZvelesi atributi. menora

gamosaxulia israelis saxelmwifo gerbze.

mezuza - sityva “mezuzas” pirdapiri mniSvneloba karebis zRrublia. is

aRniSnavs karebze mimagrebul patara kolofs, sadac Toris

gamonaTqvamebiani miniaturuli pergamentis gragnilia moTavsebuli.

sityva mezuzoTi (mezuzas mravlobiTi ricxvi), bibliidan iRebs

saTaveebs (meore kanoni 6:9): “da dawere Seni saxlis zRrublebze da Sen

WiSkrebze”. Mmezuza amavdroulad ebraelebisTvis RvTis kanonebis

Sexsenebacaa da danarCen ebraelobasTan erTobis simboloa. Eebraelebi

mezuzas ojaxuri kerisa da misi binadrebis erTgvar damcvelad aRiqvas .

msgavsi mosazreba Talmudis droidan Caisaxa da Suasaukuneebis gavliT

Tanamedroveebamde moaRwia.

mikve - mikve sinagogasTan arsebuli ritualuri abanoa, romlis

daniSnuleba ara mxolod higienuri sisufTavis dacvaa, aramed

ritualuri ganwmendaa. amitom mikveSi winaswar dabanilebi Sedian.

cnobebi da kanonebi mikves Sesaxeb jer kidev ToraSia moxseniebuli.

SemdgomSi mikves kanonebi TalmudSi traktatSia Tavmoyrili da agreTve

sxxva TalmudisSemdgom literaturaSi ganixileba.





sisufTavesTanaa asociirebuli.

miSna (משנה)– zepiri Toris pirveli kodeqsi. ierusalimis meore taZris

dangrevis Semdeg (70w.) rabinebma, zepiri tradiciis gawyvetis SiSiT,

zepiri Toris saxiT mocemuli wesebis Cawera daiwyes. A Cawerili masala


160

me-3 saukunis dasawyisSi redaqtirebuli iqna rabin iehuda hanasis mier da

am kodeqss miSna ewoda.

nisani - ebr. נִיָסן ebrauli kalendaris samoqalaqo wlis meSvide Tve da

religiuli wlis pirveli Tve. saxelwodeba momdinareobs babilonidan.

ToraSi da Zveli aRTqmis qarTul TargmanebSi nisanis Tves ewodeba

«abibi» (an avivi), rac niSnavs qeris TavTavis mwifobis dros. esTeris

wignSi ki ukve gvxvdeba «nisani». es Tve dgeba gazafxulis buniaobis

Semdeg da grigorianuli kalendaris mixedviT marts an aprils

Seesabameba. Aam Tvis 15 ricxvs modis fesaxis dResaswauli.

oqrokaba - qalis saqorwino tansacmeli, Zvirfas parCaze, abreSumis an

atlasis qsovilze oqromkediT naqargi axaluxi. umetesad

damaxasiaTebeli iyo axalcixel ebraelTaTvis.

rimonim (seferToris damagvirgvinebeli) – ebr. sityva broweulis

mravlobiT ricxvia, ris formasac waagavda Tavdapirvelad gvirgvini.

Tradiciulad rimonimis formis gamoyeneba ukavsirdeba broweulis

nayofis marcvlebis raodenobas, romelic ToraSi 613 micvis tolia.

gvirgvini simbolurad xazs usvams Toris sidiadesa da mniSvnelobas.

gvirgviniT Toris Semkobis tradicia Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. igi

xSirad mdidrulad dekorirebulia WedurobiT ebraul motivebze,

warwerebiT, reliefebiTa da ornamentebiT. xolo masze mimagrebuli

zanzalakebi, Toris gadaadgilebisas mis gamoCenas axmovaneben.

samaritanistika - ebraistikis erT-erTi dargi, romelic samaritanelTa

enisa da kulturis SeswavliTaa dakavebuli.

sederi - sadResaswaulo simboluri vaxSmis kurTxevis rituali,

romelic fesaxis pirvel Rames, hagadis dros sruldeba.

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http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90

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161

seferTora - Toris gragnili. “sefer” – ivriTidan wigns niSnavs.

seferTora sinagogis yvelaze wminda nivTia. rogorc wesi, seferTora

Semosilia sagangebod misTvis gankuTvnili Toris samosiT (kabiT) an

Tavsdeba stilizebul tomaraSi da Tavze adgamen gvirgvins.

simxaT-Tora - suqoTis dResaswaulis bolo dRe simxaT-Toris

dResaswaulis aRniSvniT gvirgvindeba. am dRes, Toris bolo furclis

wakiTxvisTanave, sinagogis aharon-ha-kodeSidan (seferToris Sesanaxi

karadidan) gamoaqvT seferTorebi (Toris gragnilebi), sazeimod

Semoatareben da Semdeg erTi wliT kvlav aRTqmis kidobanSi inaxaven.

sinagoga (berZn.: συναγωγή, translit. synagogē, „yriloba, TavSeyra“; כנסת בית

beiT qneseT, „TavSeyris saxli“; שול or ילהתפ בית beiT Tfila, „locvis

saxli“; אסנוגה, esnoga) — ebrauli salocavi adgili.

sinagoga warmoiqmna palestinaSi (Zv. w. IV s), egvipteSi

(Zv. w. III s). ierusalimis taZris dangrevis (ax. w. 70 w.) da diasporis

(palestinis farglebs gareT ebrauli koloniebi) gafarToebis Semdeg

sinagogebi arsdeba yvelgan, sadac ki ebraelebi cxovroben.

solomonis taZari (ebr.: המקדש בית, beiT hamikdaS), egreT wodebuli

pirveli taZari - pirveli ebrauli taZari ierusalimSi. taZari

bibliurma mefe solomonma, daviTis Zem, israelis mesame mefem aago.

taZris mSenebloba Zv. w. X s. dasrulda. taZari locvebisa da

msxverplSerwirvis umTavresi adgilis daniSnulebas asrulebda.

babilonelma mefe nabuqodonosorma Zv. w. 586 w. daibyro ierusalimi da

daangria taZari.

taliTi (ַטִּלית) – ebrauli ritualuri mosasxami, romelic marTkuTxa

TeTri qsovilisagan (Sali, bamba, abreSumi) mzaddeba. kideebSi ramodenime

cisferi, lurji an Savi zoli aqvs Caqsovili. iudaizmSi locvis dros


162

mamakacisaTvis taliTis mosxma Toris miTiTebebis siwmindeSi Semosvasa

da RmerTis nebisadmi simbolur damorCilebas gulisxmobs.



(kodeS-ha-kodaSim). “aharon-ha-kodeSi” – wminda karadaa, sadac sefer

Torebi (Toris gragnilebi) inaxeba. Aam karadas faravs faroxeTi.

faroxeTi ToraSicaa moxseniebuli rogorc farduli, damzadebuli


qerubimebiT, oqros sakidebiT oqroTi mopirkeTebul oTx svetze


(გამოსვლა26:31-33)

fesaxi (paseqi) - rvadRiani dResaswauli ukavSirdeba moses mier

ebraelebis gamoyvanas egviptidan, sadac isini oTxaswlian monobaSi

imyofebodnen. am dResaswauls gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs da eris

gaTavisuflebis simboloa. fesaxis pirvel Rames sruldeba sederis

rituali (sadResaswaulo simboluri vaxSmis kurTxeva).

finikis palma - TanaxSi erec-israeli moxseniebulia rogorc miwa,

romelic rZiTa da TafliT moedineba. Aaq moyvanil strofebSi TaflSi

finikis serofi igulisxmeba. Llamazma formam da simaRlem palma

popularul motivad aqcia xelovnebasa da literaturaSi. palmis

foTlebs triumfalur msvlelobisas iyenebdnen, palmis reliefi ki

SeiZleba vnaxoT rogorc taZarSi, aseve sinagogebSi. bibliur periodSi

palma silamazis, sinatifisa da nayofierebis simboloa.

qeTuba (qeTuboTi) - qaRaldze an pergamentze dawerili, mxatvrulad

gaformebuli erTgvari saqorwino xelSekrulebaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mcxovreb ebraelebs gansxvavebuli saqorwino

163

tradiciebi aqvT, qeTuba yvelasaTvis mTavaria. am tradicias fesvebi

uxsovari droidan Caeyara.

qoeni

yvavilebi - silamazis da aromatis wyalobiT sakulto simboloebad da

dekoris popularul elementad iqca. TanaxSi moxsienebuli yvavilebi

erec israelis uZvelesi mcenareebia, magram maTi saxelwodebebi

yovelTvis ar Seesabameba analogiuri dasaxelebis Tanamedrove

mcenareebs. magaliTad, “SoSana”, Cveulebrivad iTargmneba rogorc vardi

an lilia, Tumca es sityva SeiZleba agreve niSnavdes “SroSana”,

“giacinti”, “krokusi”, “narcisi”. bibliaSi yvavilebis saxelwodebebi

xSirad silamazis, aromatis, sicocxlis warmavalobis, sinazisa da

saswaulis simboloebia. taZarSi yvavilebs gamosaxavdnen wminda

WurWelze, avejze, agreTve gvirgvinze.

Sadai - “Saddai” sityva “RmerTis” sinonimia. mravali wlis manZilze


ubedurebisagan icavda. amuletze xSirad weria sityva “Sadai” romelic

avi Tvalisagan icavs. amJamad yvelaze gavrcelebuli Tilismebia

stilizirebuli sityva “hai” (sicocxle) da eqvsqimiani varskvlavi (magen

daviTi). rogorc wesi am amuletebs rogorc iudaizmis niSans atareben.

Saliaxi (misioneri)- XIX s-is miwurulsa da XX s-is damdegs

ierusalimidan sxvadasxva qveyanebSi agzavnidnen misionerebs. ierusalimis

Rarib ebraelTa daxmarebisa da sinagogebisaTvis fulis Segrovebis

mizniT. zogierTi misioneri hyidda ierusalimis wminda miwas ebraelTa

Soris an kurTxevisTvis iRebdnen gasamsjelos.

Saqar-puri – qarTvel ebraelTa niSnobis ceremonia

164

Sofari – sasule ritualuri musikaluri sakravi, damzadebuli

specialurad damuSavebuli Txis an cxvris rqisagan. gamoirCeva maRali

Zlieri JReradobiT.

Soxeti – (damkvleli) specialurad momzadebuli piri, romelsac

miRebuli aqvs religiuri wesebis dacviT frinvelis an saqonlis

dakvlis ufleba. ebraelTaTvis sakvebad vargisad iTvleboda mxolod

Soxetis mier dakluli qaSeri xorci.

ciciti - saritualo foCebiani samosia, romelsac mamakacebi arateben.

ciciti (ִציִצּיֹות ,ִציִצית,) bibliur ivriTSi qsovilis foCs niSnavs. Eebraeli

mamakacis samosze cicits ritualuri daniSnuleba gaaCnia.

Zvelebraistika - ikvlevs e.w. klasikur ebrauls, rogorc Zveli israelis

enas da Zvel aRTqmas Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulidan.

xanuqa - erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriuli dResaswaulia. Mmeore taZris


mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba daukarges ebraelebs, aramed TviT

ebrauli sulis mTavari arsis – sarwmunoebis ganadgureba da

cdilobdnen ebraelebi kerpTayvanismcemel elinebaT gadaeqciaT. xanuqis

dResaswauli ukavSirdeba makabielTa gamarjvebas, rodesac maT Zv. w. 165

wels selevkidebis mier dapyrobili ierusalimis taZari daibrunes.

berZnebis mier wabilwul taZarSi mxolod erTi dRis samyofi wminda

zeTi iyo darCenili, romliTac menoras (taZris SvidsanTlian Sandals)

anTebdnen. Aaxali zeTis gamosaxdelad ki rva dRe iyo saWiro. moxda

saswauli da sanTlebi zustad rva dRe ar Camqrala. amitom xanuqas

sinaTlis dResaswaulsac uwodeben tradiciulad xanuqiaze

(cxrasanTlian Sandalze) rva dRis ganmavlobaSi anTeben sanTlebs (erTi

damxmare sanTliT yovel dRe TiTo sanTels amateben).

xeremi _ anaTema



165

xufa - abreSumis an xaverdis qsovilis didi naWeria, romelic oTx

svetzea gadafenili an oTx adamians uWiravs nefe-patarZlisa da maT

mowmeTa Tavze qeTubis wakiTxvis dros. tradiciulad ebrauli

qorwinebis ceremonia tardeba xufis qveS.

jeizi _ mziTvis aRweris ceremonia

hagada – fesaxis (paseqis) pirvel Rames sruldeba sederis rituali

(sadResaswaulo simboluri vaxSmis kurTxeva).

haTara _ codvis Sendoba

166

bibliografia

1. abduSeliSvili m. qarTvel ebraelTa antropologiis

sakiTxebi. d. baazovis sax. saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-

eTnografiuli muzeumis “Sromebi”. V. Tbilisi. 2008

2. abulaZe q. qarTvel ebraelTa socialur-ekonomikuri da

kulturuli mdgomareoba 1921-1940 wlebSi. sadisertacio naSromi.

Tbilisi. 2000

3. amiranaSvili S. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria. Tb. 1971

4. ajiaSvili j. ase gamando ufali Cemi. Tbilisi. 1998

5. afaqiZe a. qalaqi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi. T.I.

Tbilisi. 1963

6. afxazava n. adreuli Suasaukuneebis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

nivTieri kultura. Tbilisi. 1979

7. babalikaSvili n. ebrauli epigrafikuli Zeglebi saqarTveloSi.

Tb. 1971

8. bagrationi vaxuSti. aRweara samefosi qarTlisa. qarTlis

cxovreba IV. Tb. 1973

9. baToSvili a. ebraeli xalxis istoriidan. Tbilisi. 1991

10. bezaraSvili c. mamakacis tradiciuli tansacmeli

saqarTveloSi. eTnologiuri Ziebani, III. Tbilisi. 2007

11. ben-oreni g. aboenT nergi.

12. berZeniSvili n. istoriuli dokumentebi saqarTvelos abraelTa

Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul eTnografiuli

muzeumis Sromebi. t. I. Tbilisi. 1940

13. bibliis enciklopedia. Tbilisi. 1997

14. bibliis leqsikoni. Mmasalebi. თბილისი. 2000

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arqiteqtura saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi. 1998

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saukunis meore naxevarSi. Tbilisi. 2001.

17. gegeWkori a. aSkenazTa sinagogebi TbilisSi. “menora 10”.

Tbilisi. 2003

18. gelaZe T. mxatvari daviT gvelesiani (1890-1949). Ssmm, 45.

Tbilisi. 2003-2004.

19. davaraSvili z. “mikve” – ebrauli ritualuri gansabaneli. d.

baazovis sax. saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli

muzeumis “Sromebi”. V. Tbilisi. 2008

20. davidi i. nawerebi. Tel-avivi – ierusalimi. 1976

21. davidi i. lamazi qristiani gogo uflis saflavTan. Tel-avivi.

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22. daviTi i. qarTuli palestiniana. Nnawerebi. Tel-avivi,

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istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi XXVI (ebrauli krebuli). Tb. 2008

25. eTnologiuri Ziebani. III. Tbilisi. 2007

26. eTnosebi saqarTveloSi. red. basilaia m. Tbilisi. 2008

27. TavdidiSvili r. eTnografiuli narkvevbi. Tbilisi. 1940

28. Toris xuTwigneuli. ieruSalaimi. 1995

29. iveliSvili T., cagareiSvili T. gvixmobs mamuli mama-papaTa.

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30. kasireri e. ra aris adamiani. Tbilisi. 1983

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32. kerami k. RmerTebi, akldamebi, mecnierebi. Tbilisi. 1972

33. kiknaZe z. saubrebi bibliaze. Tbilisi. 1989

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gaqristianebis gzaze. Aadamianebi da siwmindeebi. Tb. 2009

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ebraelTa istoriul eTnografiuli muzeumis Sromebi. t. I.

Tbilisi. 1940

37. kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi XXVI (ebrauli

krebuli). Tb. 2008; 2010

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Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba. 2003

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kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi. 1996

40. lorTqifaniZe g., yifiani g. “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” da mcxeTis

galuTi gvianantikur xanaSi. samecniero krebuli : “istoriani”,

miZRvnili roin metrevlis dabadebis 70 wlisTavisadmi. Tbilisi.

arTanuji. 2009. (457-472)

41. loria m., tunaZe T. ebraelTa sacxovrebeli da saqarTveloSi

maTi adaptaciis zogierTi aspeqti. d. baazovis sax. saqarTvelos

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