ilia WavWavaZe da literaturuli sakuTrebaro samarTlis ZiriTadi uflebebis realuri dacva msofliom me-19 saukunis bolos moaxerxa, rodesac 1886 wels q. bernSi miRebul iqna literaturisa

11111

sergo jorbenaZe

ilia WavWavaZe

da literaturuli

sakuTreba

meore gamocema

Tbilisi2017

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83.3Uh1-8 WavWavaZej 711

literaturuli sakuTreba avtoris qonebriv da araqo-nebriv ufleba-movaleobaTa erTobliobas ewodeboda.

gamokvlevaSi ganxilulia ilia WavWavaZis _ avtoris, re-daqtor-gamomcemlis TvaliT danaxuli iseTi uflebebi,rogoricaa honorari, fsevdonimiT an anonimurad nawar-moebis gamoqveyneba, pirvelgamocemis ufleba, Targmnisufleba, nawarmoebis xelSeuxebloba, agreTve difamaci-is sakiTxi, samwerlobo da Jurnalistur moRvaweobaSi pi-rovnebis pativisa da Rirsebis dacva.

wigni gamiznulia specialistebisa da aRniSnuli sakiT-xebiT dainteresebul sxva mkiTxvelTaTvis.

redaqtori profesori solomon xuciSvili

recenzentebi: profesori givi miqaZe

docenti zurab axvlediani

© s. jorbenaZe 1987

4702170101D _________ M 608 (06) 87

33333

meore gamocemis redaqtori

profesori nino gvenetaZe

meore gamocemaze muSaobdnen:

manana vazagaSvili

xaTuna kobiaSvili

sofio mamulaSvili

marika maRalaSvili

TinaTin qoqraSvili

sandro jorbenaZe

ISBN 978-9941-27-297-4

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, 2017

44444

meore gamocemis redaqtorisgan

didi qarTveli mwerlis, publicistis, redaqtor-

gamomcemlis, iuristisa da eriskacis _ ilia WavWava-

Zis (1837-1907) dabadebidan 180 da gardacvalebidan 110

weli gavida.

am TariRTan da cnobili qarTveli civilistis, iu-

ridiul mecnierebaTa doqtoris, saqarTvelos mecni-

erebaTa akademiiis wevr-korespondentis, saqarTve-

los samoqalaqo kodeqsis sulis Camdgmelisa da mo-

samzadebeli komisiis Tavmjdomaris, profesor ser-

go jorbenaZis (1926-1998) dabadebis 90 wlisTavTan da-

kavSirebiT, gadavwyviteT, xelaxla gamogveca winam-

debare wigni.

profesori sergo jorbenaZe, misTvis Cveuli sti-liT, dokumentur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mogviT-

xrobs ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweobis im sferoze, rome-

lic mis saredaqcio sagamomcemlo saqmianobasa da sa-

avtoro uflebebs Seexeba, maSindeli mwerlebisa da

literatorebis wuxilsa da siduxWireze.

wignSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba mefis ruseTis

cenzuras, romelic yvelanairad cdilobda, Seeviwro-

ebina da CaexSo Tavisufali sityva, erovnuli cnobie-

reba da qveynis damoukideblobisaken swrafva.

ilia WavWavaZis didi tkivilia cenzuris arseboba,

masTan brZolas igi, erTi mxriv, sidarbaisliT, xolo,

meore mxriv, Tavisi boboqari kalmiT cdilobda. ca-

rizmTan amgvari brZola Zalian saxifaTo iyo, radgan

cenzura sakanonmdeblo doneze policiuri Sinaar-

sis wesdebiTa da sxva aqtebiT wesrigdeboda.

Tanamedrove epoqaSic umniSvnelovanesia ilia Wav-

55555

WavaZis Sexedulebebi, msjelobebi da daskvnebi nawar-

moebis avtorTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb.

termini `literaturuli sakuTreba~ amJamad aRar

gamoiyeneba, radgan masSi Semavali qonebrivi da ara-

qonebrivi uflebebis dacva dRes saavtoro samarTal-

ma iTava.

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis, kerZod ki, saavto-

ro samarTlis ZiriTadi uflebebis realuri dacva

msofliom me-19 saukunis bolos moaxerxa, rodesac

1886 wels q. bernSi miRebul iqna literaturisa da xe-

lovnebis nawarmoebebis dacvis bernis konvencia. am

konvencias saqarTvelo 1994 wels SeuerTda.

profesori sergo jorbenaZe naTlad warmoaCens

ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebebs im araqonebriv da qoneb-

riv uflebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic Semdgom ai-

saxa bernis konvenciaSi da, raoden saamayoa, rom prob-lemaTa gadaWris iliaseuli gza aRmoCnda swored is

gza, romelsac dResac mihyveba Tanamedrove msoflio.

honoraris miRebis ufleba mudam problematuri

iyo saqarTveloSi. ilia WavWavaZes arcerT mis nawar-

moebSi saavtoro honorari ar auRia. miuxedavad ami-

sa, igi Zal-Rones ar iSurebda, rom sxvebs mainc mieRo

Tundac mcire anazRaureba da niWieri xalxis yofa Se-

emsubuqebina.

ilia WavWavaZisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovania Tar-

gmnis sakiTxebi. igi SeZlebisdagvarad cdilobs, xeli

Seuwyos rogorc qarTulad ise _ qarTulidan sxva ena-

ze Targmnas, Tumca mkacrad akritikebs Targmanis xa-

risxs, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli cnobili pirov-

nebis mieraa Sesrulebuli.

mniSvnelovania ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebebi mTar-

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gmnelis, gadammuSaveblis SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufle-

bis Taobaze. igi ganasxvavebda Targmans Tavisufali

Targmanisagan, gadmokeTebisgan, mibaZvisgan.

ilia WavWavaZe Tanamedroved msjelobs fsevdoni-

miTa da anonimiT gamoqveynebul nawarmoebebze. ber-

nis konvenciiTa da msoflios yvela qveynis kanonmdeb-

lobiT dRes miRebulia fsevdonimiTa da anonimiT na-

warmoebis gamoqveyneba, Tumca sacenzuro wesdebis

muxlebis Sesabamisad, fsevdonimisa da anonimis qveS

amofarebuli avtoris Sesaxeb stambas unda ecnobebi-

na cenzurisTvis, rac avtoris ucnobad darCenis arss

ewinaaRmdegeboda.

nawarmoebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba saavtoro sa-

marTlis umaRlesi principebis safuZvelia. es ufle-

ba uvado da ganusxvisebelia.

ilia WavWavaZe dauRalavad iRvwoda rogorc gar-dacvlili, ise cocxali avtorebis nawarmoebis xel-

Seuxeblobis uflebis dacvisTvis agreTve, folklo-

ris, xalxuri sibrZnis, kerZo werilebis dasacavad.

swored ilia WavWavaZem gamoaqveyna pirvelad nikoloz

baraTaSvilis kerZo werilebi ucvlelad, yovelgvari

Casworebis gareSe.

ilia WavWavaZis dros sxvisi nawarmoebis unebarTvo

gamoyeneba Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. igi aseT kontra-

faqcias miuReblad miiCnevs, Tumca, ilia WavWavaZis

mravali mowodebis miuxedavad, Tundac samediatoro

sasamarTlosTvis miemarTa nawarmoebis Semqmnelebs,

Sedegi ar mohyolia. gamomdinare aqedan, ilia WavWa-

vaZis moRvaweobis periodSi saavtoro samarTalSi sa-

samarTlo praqtika ar mogvepoveba.

ilia WavWavaZisTvis pirovnebis pativisa da Rirse-

77777

bis dacva umaRlesi socialuri Rirebulebaa. igi, ro-

gorc redaqtor-gamomcemeli, mwerali da poeti, pub-

licisti da sazogado moRvawe, Tavisi moRvaweobis man-

Zilze ganuxrelad icavda am princips.

profesor sergo jorbenaZis wignSi siRrmiseula-

daa ganxiluli ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebebi, msjelo-

bebi da daskvnebi, rogorc saavtoro pirad araqoneb-

riv da qonebriv uflebebze, aseve, adamianis ZiriTad

uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze, romlebic (cenzuris

garda) met-naklebad dResac aqtualuria.

profesor sergo jorbenaZis wigni kidev erTxel

gvarwmunebs, dResac raoden mniSvnelovania ilias, ro-

gorc udidesi humanistis, moazrovnis, Sexedulebebis,

gamonaTqvamebisa da daskvnebis gaTvaliswineba.

meore gamocemisTvis saWirod CavTvaleT pirTa sa-

Zieblis damateba.wigni erTnairad saintereso iqneba aramarto iu-

ristebisTvis, aramed nebismieri dainteresebuli pi-

risTvis.

nino gvenetaZesaqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosTavmjdomare, samarTlis doqtori

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literaturuli sakuTreba _avtorobis dacvis samsaxurSi ........................................................ 9

ufleba Targmanebze ............................................................................ 19

mTargmnelis, gadmomkeTeblisSemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis farglebi .................................. 29

fsevdonimiTa da anonimiT daculi avtoroba ..................... 35

pirvelgamoqveynebis ufleba ...................................................... 42

nawarmoebis xelSeuxeblobis umaRlesi principi .............. 54

moCvenebiTi difamacia ....................................................................... 61

pirTa saZiebeli .................................................................................... 75

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literaturuli sakuTreba _

avtorobis dacvis samsaxurSi

ilia WavWavaZis xangrZlivi moRvaweobis mTel man-Zilze swored „literaturuli sakuTreba“ iyo

krebiTi cneba avtoris qonebrivi da piradi uflebe-bis gamosaxatavad.

istoriulad literaturuli sakuTrebis cneba av-toris qonebrivi uflebebis dacvasTanaa dakavSire-buli, roca gutenbergis genialuri gamogonebis Sem-deg wignis tiraJireba TandaTanobiT gaxda SesaZle-beli da amiT moxerxda misi, rogorc saqonlis, masob-rivad CarTva komerciis sferoSi, es SeuZlebeli iyoxelnaweri wignebis arsebobisas.

literaturuli sakuTreba uaRresad xelsayrelida marjve iuridiuli konstruqcia aRmoCnda, vinai-dan igi pirdapir iZleoda sabazro saqonlis nomenkla-turaSi literaturuli, mxatvruli nawarmoebis far-Tod CarTvis saSualebas.

„beWdvis industriis“ Seqmnis droidan avtors Se-eZlo ewera ara marto didebisa da saxelisaTvis, ara-med honorarisTvisac.

literaturuli sakuTreba niSnavda avtorTa (uf-ro xSirad ki gamomcemelTa) gansakuTrebuli ufle-bebis gaZlierebul dacvas.

miuxedavad amisa, cnobili iuristisa da litera-toris, ilia WavWavaZis studentobis droindeli pro-fesoris v. d. spasoviCis sityvebiT, literaturulisakuTreba ar gamxdara avtorTaTvis panacea, rom misarsebobas „xeli ar SeuSlia gaWirvebaSi daeliaT su-li did mwerlebs, romlebic TanamedroveTa mier ar yo-filan aRiarebulni, ar gadaurCenia maTi ojaxebi si-Ratakisagan“1 .

1 D. L. C g f c j d b x, djghjc j nfr-yfpsdftvjq kbnthfnehyjqcj,cndtyyjcnb, :eh. Dtcnybr Tdhjgs, 1874, ̀ 6, c. 465.

1010101010

marTlac, pirvel rigSi, literaturuli sakuTre-ba gamomcemelTa interesebs icavda, Semdeg farTov-deba da Rrmavdeba avtorTa qonebriv da pirad ufle-baTa dacva qveynis SigniT da saerTaSoriso doneze.1878 wels viqtor hiugo parizSi saerTaSoriso lite-raturuli kongresis gaxsnaze ambobda: „literatu-ruli sakuTreba sasargebloa yvelasaTvis .... mwera-li-mesakuTre esaa Tavisufali mwerali, waarTva massakuTreba _ niSnavs waarTva mas damoukidebloba“2.

ruseTSi saavtoro kanonmdebloba ganviTarda ro-gorc nawili sacenzuro wesdebisa. am kanonmdebloba-Si pirvelad „literaturuli sakuTreba“ 1828 wlidanixsenieba. magram mxolod 1887 wlidan gamoeyo sacen-zuro wesdebas saavtoro samarTlis normebi imperiiskanonTa krebulis me-10 tomis pirveli nawilis 420-emuxlis danarTis saxiT. Rrmad cdeboda revoluciam-deli iuristi i. kantoroviCi, roca amtkicebda, rom„amgvarad, 1887 wlidan dadgenilebani saavtoro samar-Tlis Sesaxeb gamoyofilia policiuri xasiaTis kanon-mdeblobisagan da maT, rogorc sakuTrebis Sesaxebdadgenilebebma, daikaves Sesabamisi adgili samoqala-qo kanonmdeblobaSi“3.

ruseTis imperiis arsebobis bolo dRemde polici-uri xasiaTis normebi gansazRvravdnen avtoris mdgo-mareobas. sacenzuro kanonmdeblobis wiaRidan war-momdgar saavtoro samarTlis normebs ara marto ge-netikurad ar Seuwyvetia kavSiri Tavis winamorbed-Tan, aramed samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi yovelgva-ri Sefarvis gareSe aRiarebdnen cenzuris policiurinormebis prioritets. swored amaze miuTiTebda ru-seTis imperiis kanonTa krebulis me-10 tomis pirvelinawilis 420-e muxlis danarTis 21-e punqti: „is piri,

2 Dbrnjh U . u j, Cj,hfybt cjxbytybq d 15 ntvfn, 1956, n. 15, c.668.

3 Z.F. R f y n j h j d b x, Fdnjhcrjt ghfdj yf kbnthfnehyst[elj;tcndtyyst b ajnjuhfabxtcrbt ghjbpdtltybz, 1916, dnjhjtbplfybt, Gtn., C. 56.

1 11 11 11 11 1

romelic wigns dabeWdavs sacenzuro wesdebis moTxov-naTa daucvelad, kargavs yvela uflebas masze“4.

bunebrivia, Cven ver gavigebT avtorTa namdvilmdgomareobas ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweobis periodSi,Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT cenzuris kanonTa moTxov-nebs, rasac kidev ufro arTulebda cenzuruli tero-ris simkacre „inorodcebis“ mimarT. amas ematebodaqarTuli wignis gamocemis siZnele (im dros qarTveliavtoris mier wignis dabeWdva WeSmariti wameba iyo). esiyo dro, roca qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebi iSviaTobaswarmoadgenda da i. meunargias sityvebiT, „ubiT ata-rebda Tavis nawers am dros mwerali“5. igi moklebuliiyo ara marto literaturuli kritikis keTilmyo-fel gavlenas, aramed mkiTxvels da Tavis nawarmoebsxelnaweris saxiT Tu acnobda mwerlobis moyvarulojaxebs.

swored am dros erovnuli poeturi geniis naTeligaelveba _ nikoloz baraTaSvili 27 wlis asakSi ise wa-vida am qveynidan, rom Tavisi erTi dabeWdili leqsicar unaxavs.

„ciskris“ daarsebas saavtoro urTierTobaTa ga-mococxleba mohyva. ilia WavWavaZis sityvebiT, am Jur-nalis kargi is iyo, rom arsebobda. „zogjer marto ar-sebobac Rvawlia, nametnavad im gaWirvebaSi, rogor-Sic iyo „ciskari“6. „ciskris“ arsebobis dros Zneli iyoliteratoris damoukideblobaze gvelaparaka. arcerT avtors ar SeeZlo raime honoraris imedi hqonoda(am azriT angarebas verc erT maTgans ver SevwamebT).

4 Pfrjys j gtxfnb, 1899, V., cnh. 227.5 iona m e u n a r g i a, qarTveli mwerlebi, solomon caiSvilis

redaqciiT, winasityvaobiT da SeniSvnebiT, 1941, t.II, gv. 6.6 ilia W a v W a v a Z e, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad,

pavle ingoroyvas redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT, t. 3, gv.221. Semdgom ilia WavWavaZis am aTtomeulis (1951-1961 ww)mixedviT vakeTebT miTiTebas sqolios nacvlad TviT teqstSimis, calkeul nawarmoebebze, frCxilebSi pirvelad tomisrigia miTiTebuli, Semdgom ki dasaxelebuli teqstis gverdi.

1 212121212

amis Sesaxeb maT winaswar afrTxilebda Jurnalis re-daqcia, rom „visac fiqrad aqvs fasis miReba, vTxovT,nu Seswuxdeba Tavis statiebis gamogzavniT“7.

metic, rogorc ant. furcelaZe igonebs, xdebodaisec, rom „bevri maTgani fulsac gzavnis, oRond dag-vibeWdeo: erTs amgvar mweralTagans yveli da erbocgamoegzavna erTi leqsis dasabeWdad“8 .

avtorebi, romlebic eswrafvian TavianTi saxelidabeWdili naxon, redaqciisaTvis ZRvniT savse xurji-nebs gzavnian, Tavsac imarTleben _ angarebisaTvis arvbeWdavTo, magram pativmoyvareobisa da avtorobis ma-nia maT mosvenebas ar aZlevT. amasTan, “im dros, rode-sac „koleJski registratoroba“ ufro sapatio iyo,vidre poetoba“9 . dabeWdvis saRerRelaSlil avto-rebs, imave ant. furcelaZis sityvebiT, „am Tavis Txzu-lebaze gauptyelebiaT sxvilis asoebiT Cini, titu-li10 , Tavisi da mamis saxeli da gvari“.

am Tavxeduri TviTdajerebiT ganebivrebul avto-rebs did wyalobad miaCndaT, Tu JurnalisTvis raimesdawerdnen da amiT Warb Tavisufal dros moklavdnen.

„ciskris“ ubedureba marto is ki ar iyo, rom mas arSeeZlo masalebi arCeviT daebeWda, aramed igi damoki-debuli iyo amgvar avtor-xelmomwerebze (maTi wyenaki sabediswero SeiZleboda gamxdariyo JurnalisaT-vis).

aki amis gamo arc sayvedurobda redaqcias axalgaz-

7 ix. paata g u g u S v i l i, saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiisekonomikuri ganviTareba me-19 saukuneSi, t. 7, qarTulistambis wigni 1629-1979, 1984, gv. 432.

8 ix. al. k a l a n d a Z e, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria,III, 1863-1871, 1985, gv. 22.

9 v. k o t e t i S v i l i, qarTuli literaturis istoria (19 s.)1959, gv.369.

10 imdroindelma qarTvelma Tavadebma TavianTi RirsebisSelaxvad miiRes da sasamarTloSi undodaTSeetanaTsaCivari imis gamo, rom „saqarTvelos moambes“ ewera _„gamoicemis i.WavWavaZisagan“ da ara .... „Tavadi.WavWavaZisagan“ (ix. „mnaTobi“, 1960, #10, gv.174).

1313131313

rda ilia WavWavaZe: „uf. kereseliZe gasamtyunari arari. aba nu dabeWdavs da naxavs, ramdeni xelis-momwerimoakldeba ... ginda Tu ara unda damokidebuli iyo imkacebzed, romelnic windauxedavad, uTavbolod, racmoxvdebaT hbRajnian, radganac imedi aqvT, rom sabra-lo „ciskari“, maTgan fuliT davalebuli, nebiT Tuara nebiT, aRar miscems Tavis furclebze imaT gamou-sadeg statiasa“ (3,16)11 .

am striqonebis dabeWdva „ciskris“ gverdebze, ra-sakvirvelia, redaqtor iv. kereseliZis gabedulebasadasturebda, vinaidan „erTgvar Tavganwirvasac mo-iTxovda“12 . sazogadod, ilias im statiis dabeWdva,romelic marto erTi Targmanis sakiTxs ki ar ganixi-lavda, aramed namdvili literaturuli manifestiiyo mTeli axali Taobisa. qronologiurad swored amwerilis dabeWdvas ukavSirdeba TergdaleulTa ga-mosvla. niko nikolaZe 1873 wels werda: „1861 wels axa-li Taoba Cven cxovrebaSi patiosani grZnobiT aRvsi-li Semovida, imas keTili mizani hqonda, pativsacemimimarTuleba, Sromisa da brZolis survili da axal-gazrduli aRtaceba, magram rogor an risTvis davma-lo, rom am Taobas, am axal razms Seadgenda TiTqmismarto erTi kaci, _ ilia WavWavaZe, romelic winamZRo-lic iyo da razmic, an ufro swored rom vTqvaT, uraz-mo winamZRoli iyo im axali Taobisa, romelsac CvencxovrebaSi fexi unda Semoedga am Tormeti wlis wi-naT. TviTon es Taoba gamzadebuli rodi iyo Zvel Ta-obasTan brZolaSi Sesabmelad“13 .

literaturuli sakuTreba, rogorc aRvniSneT,upirvelesad qonebrivi urTierTobis regulirebiTdaiwyo, magram qarTveli avtori arasdros yofila ga-

11 aq da SemdgomSi, frCxilebSi miTiTebulia ilia WavWavaZisTxzulebaTa sruli krebulis aT tomeulis (1951-1961)Sesabamisi tomi da gverdi.

12 ap. m a x a r a Z e, qarTuli romantizmi, 1983, gv.445.13 n. n i k o l a Z e, Txzulebani, d.gamezardaSvilis

redaqciiT da SeniSvnebiT, 1963, t.III, gv.202.

1414141414

nebivrebuli honorariT. CvenSi xSirad saJurnalomoRvaweoba mis redaqtor-gamomcemels mogebas sru-liadac ar uqadda, piriqiT, SeeZlo misi jibidan dama-tebiTi Tanxebi moeTxova. ase iyo me-19 saukunis meorenaxevarsa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi. i. kereseliZemmTeli Tavisi qoneba „ciskars“ Seswira, s. mesxma „dro-ebis“ gasaumjobeseblad aRebuli valebi saflavSi Ca-itana. i. gogebaSvilis sityvebiT, i. WavWavaZe weliwad-Si ramdensame ass Tumans adebda „iverias“14 .

qarTvel mwerals ar SeeZlo xelnaweri Tavisufladeqcia fulad, mas ar SeeZlo literaturuli SromiTearseba. erTi SemTxvevac ar yofila, rom honorarissiWarbes uaryofiTi zegavlena moexdinos nawarmoe-bis Rirsebaze, lukma-purisaTvis brZola bevr drosarTmevda uiRblo avtorebs. wigni im dros TviTRire-bulebis fasiT, zogjer sakuTari Tanxebis damatebiTTu SeeZlo daebeWda avtors. am viTarebaSi honorarzeuaris Tqma erTaderTi piroba SeiZleboda yofiliyowignis dabeWdvisa. xSirad avtori uars ambobda hono-rarze sxva, ufro xelmokle avtoris sasargeblod.ilia WavWavaZe 1864 wlis agvistoSi quTaisidan swerdapeterburgSi qarTuli poeziis gamosacem krebulSi mi-si leqsebis dabeWdvis Taobaze kirile lorTqifani-Zes: „fulisas iwerebi, netai, Cemo Zmao, imodena fuliaiRo, rom Seni Sromis da wignis xarji gamogivides, dasxvazed nuras naRvlob. Tund rom bevri fulic dag-rCes, mainc me winadve vari miyvia: Sen TiTon moixmare_ eg ukeTesi iqneba, an sxvas moaxmare, imisTanas, rome-lic gaWirvebulia. mand Cveni amxanagebi bevrni imis-Tanani arian, romelTac dRiuri lukmac uWirT, pir-veli Cveni Sromis Semosavali imaTi kuTvnilia, imaTgadaeci: Cveni leqsebi damijere, ukeTess veras iza-men. ar vici sxva ras fiqrobs da CemTvis ki isic samyo-

14 ix. nodar t a b i Z e, qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemiscdebi me-19 saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi, „mnaTobi“, 1986, #6,gv.124.

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fia, rom Cemma leqsma sxvaTaSoris isic SeiZlos, romerTs CvenTagans ufro gaWirvebuls, erT Tves maincmuceli gauZRos. amas gevedrebi, rom amisTana ram Ce-mi saxeliT ar iyos“ (10, 26).

rogor iswrafoda ilia SesaZlo honorarze uariTpeterburgeli qarTveli TanamoZmis mdgomareoba Se-emsubuqebina yoveldRiuri lukma-purisaTvis brZo-laSi. 1864 wels k.lorTqifaniZem marTlac gamosca pe-terburgSi qarTvel poetTa leqsebis SesaniSnavi kre-buli „Conguris“ saxelwodebiT.

rasakvirvelia, qarTveli literatoris mZime mate-rialuri mdgomareoba arc Semdgom Semsubuqebula,roca saqarTveloSi moimata qarTulma Jurnal-gaze-Tebma da SedarebiT dawinaurda qarTuli wignis gamo-cemis saqme. mainc werda ilia 1886 wels, rom yovladSeuZlebelia CvenSi „qarTvel literatoris kuWmaZ-Rroba“ (3, 373).

1888 wels ilia kvlav adasturebs, rom salitera-turo moRvaweoba saerTod da sakuTriv Jurnal-ga-zeTebis saqme jer kidev msxverpls iTxovs moRvawisa-gan. es, isedac mZime saqme imiT aris garTulebuli, romJurnal-gazeTis xelmZRvaneli „garda imisa, rom uw-yalo Sromas unda daetyvevinos, dro da Jami unda Ses-wiros da Tvalebi gaiwyalos auarebeli jafisagan,xSirad iZulebulia yovels amas Tavisi cotad Tu bev-rad SeZlebuli jibec zed daabertyos“ (8, 275). iqveJurnal-gazeTis xelmZRvanelis umadur, daufasebelsaqmianobaze ilia WavWavaZe dasZenda: „sircxvilia,sircxvli, kacma uangarod iSromos, usasyidlod ja-fa gaswios CvenTvis da Cven imodenad daunaxavni viy-vneT, rom xarjis gasastumrebeli Ronec ki ar vaZli-oT“ (8, 277). kvlavac da kvlavac Znelia saliteratu-ro Sroma. igi ar iZleva saSualebas Tavis rCenisa, amiTniWiers aSorebs mwerlobas, anda aseTebi saerTodikargebian mwerlobisaTvis. 1895 wels qarTuli kul-turis SesaniSnavi moamage petre umikaSvili werda qar-Tvel mweralTa ukidures uRonobasa da siRaribeze,

1616161616

rom maT „mudam dRe TavSi scems wvrilSvilis siSiSvle,uswavlelad yofna misi, an naTesavisa da megobris ga-Wirveba xom cxviridan Zmars adens“15. daumateT yove-live amas cenzuris artaxebi da maSin warmoidgenT,ramdeni siZnele unda gadaelaxa avtors da redaqtor-gamomcemels.

aseT pirobebSic ilias „iveria“ zrunavda xelmok-le avtorebze.

ilia zurabiSvili agviwers, Tu honoraris gacemisra sistema hqonda „iveriis“ redaqtors. „weliwadna-xevarma gaiara, rac me „iveriaSi“ vTanamSromlobdirogorc beletristi. am xanSi SedarebiT bevrsa vwer-di da yvela Cemi naweri ibeWdeboda. honorars, rasak-virvelia, ar maZlevdnen da arc me miTxovnia, vicodiki, rom xandaxan honorarsac iZleodnen“.

ilia zurabiSvilsac mousinjavs jariskacad yof-nis dros honoraris moTxovna. „mivitane erTi Cemi no-vela „RuRuni“ da honoraric moviTxove, giorgi las-xiSvilma miTxra, raki fuls Txoulob, Seni naweri ili-am unda waikiTxos da gadawyvitos, mogces Tu ara ga-samrjelo, aseTi wesiao“16. Semdeg igi gadmoscems im si-xaruls, rac jariskacis jibisaTvis ilias gacemulhonorars hqonda, ufro ki novelis dabeWdviT gamow-veul siamayes. avtorebisaTvis honoraris gaucemlo-bas wignis siiafe ar mohyolia.

literaturuli sakuTrebis daucvelobis pirobeb-Si gansakuTrebiT zaraldeboda im avtorebis nawar-moebTa xelSeuxebloba, romlebic cocxlebi aRar iy-vnen: avtorobas zogjer mTargmneli iCemebda, zogjerki _ gamomcemeli17.

15 p. u m i k a S v i l i, gasamrjelo saliteraturo SromisaTvis,„moambe“, 1895, #2, gv.72.

16 ilia z u r a b i S v i l i (elefTeriZe), warsulis anarekli(mogoneba ilia WavWavaZeze), Tbilisis universitetissaiubileo krebuli „ilia WavWavaZe“, 1939, gv. 320.

17 ix. magaliTad, g.miqaZis winasityvaoba fsevdonimebisleqsikonisaTvis, 1984, gv. 20-22.

1 71 71 71 71 7

cnobili qarTveli Jurnalisti sergei mesxi werda:„rogorc wvimis Semdeg sokoebi, ise ibadebian CvenSisxvadasxva, aTasgvari patara wignebi, Sauriani bro-Surebi, vinc ar ginda, gamomcemlobas Cemulobs. Ti-To-or Tumans monaxaven sadme, aiReben da sulelurleqsebs, zRaprebs, moTxrobebs an sxva ram amgvars beW-daven da hyidian.

mometebuli nawili am wignebisa arc RmerTs argia,arc ers, ufro xSirad ki es umecari gamomcemlebi iseTwignebs avrceleben, romelic mavnebelia ... amgvari wig-nebis ase mswraflad aTasobiTa da aTi aTasobiT gav-rceleba gvimtkicebs, rom Cvens xalxSi aris survili,aris xalisi wignebis kiTxvisa, amtkicebs, rom Cven ub-ralo xalxsac eWireba gonebiTi sazrdo, tvinis sakve-bi“18.

wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis Tav-mjdomare ilia WavWavaZe daucxromlad zrunavda xal-xSi sasargeblo wignebis gavrcelebisaTvis19.

ilia kargad icnobda „literaturuli sakuTrebis“cnebas da is avtorTa uflebebis dacvis mosawon saSu-alebad miaCnda. swored amitom igi 1887 wels „iveria-Si“ werda, rom „kacs, cudia Tu kargi, Tavisi naamagar-naSromi nawerebi aqvs: eg misi kuTvnilebaa, misi sakuT-rebaa, mere imisTana, romelsac dRes ruseTSi muqTadaravin aravis ar uTmobs da, cotaa Tu bevri, Tavisifasi aqvs. es sakuTreba muqTad daiCema meorem da pat-ronma es muqTamWameloba ar dauTmo da Tavisi moiT-xova. aq araferi ukadrisoba ar Seewameba patronsa“(8, 267).

rogorc vxedavT, aq saavtoro uflebis qonebrivmxarezea xazi gasmuli. sxvagan ilia saavtoro ufle-

18 paata g u g u S v i l i, saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiisekonomikuri ganviTareba me-19-20 ss. (t.7), qarTuli stambiswigni, 1984, gv. 476.

19 ix. solomon x u c i S v il i, manaTobeli (qarTvelTa Soriswera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis 100 weli), 1980,gv.38-39, 62.

1818181818

bis pirad araqonebriv aspeqtsac exeba. maT dacvasilia aranakleb rols akuTvnebs, vidre avtoris qoneb-rivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebas.

metad niSneulia „iveriis“ yvelaze xangrZlivi Ta-namSromlisa da ilias erT-erTi upirvelesi biogra-fis gr. yifSiZis sando mowmoba, rom ilia WavWavaZesTavis dReSi araviTari gasamrjelo ar auRia mwerlo-bisaTvis. metic, honorari mas ar auRia arc gvian, ro-ca „qarTuli gamomcemlobis amxanagobam“ ikisra misiTxzulebebis dabeWdva 1892 wels20 .

20 ix. ilia W a v W a v a Z e, Txzulebani, t.1, m. gedevaniSvilisgamocema, 1914, gv.32.

1919191919

ufleba Targmanebze

ilia WavWavaZe da mxatvruli Targmanis Teoriisada praqtikis sakiTxebi, sabednierod, kargadaa

Seswavlili specialistTa mier. am problemas sagange-bo gamokvlevebi mieZRvna21. es xelSemwyobi garemoebaasakiTxis samarTlebrivi mxareebis kvlevisaTvis, racjer ar gakeTebula.

samoRvaweo asparezze ilia WavWavaZis gamosvlisdros ara Tu Targmanebis saerTaSoriso dacva ar ar-sebobda, aramed TviT imperiaSic ar yofila samar-Tlebrivad mowesrigebuli „inorodeci“ avtorebis na-warmoebTa Targmani. yvelaferi es kerZo wesiT SeeZ-lo gaekeTebina mTargmnels, avtorisaTvis Setyobi-nebis yovelgvari moralur-eTikuri movaleobis gare-Se, sul erTia, Tundac avtori saxelganTqmuli mwe-rali yofiliyo. mravalTagan erTi magaliTiT davkma-yofildebiT.

1900 wels rusi iuristi da mwerali v. CeSixini wer-da: „1889 wels Cven TxovniT mivmarTeT henrix senke-viCs, neba moeca gamogveca misi romanis „warRvna“ ru-suli Targmani. Cven darwmunebuli viyaviT, rom misi,rogorc ruseTis qveSevrdomis, saavtoro uflebebidaculi iyo. rogori iyo Cveni gaoceba, rodesac mivi-ReT h. senkeviCis pasuxi, romelic didi kmayofilebiTiZleoda naTxovn nebarTvas, magram, amave dros, gvat-yobinebda, rom Cven pirvelebma vTxoveT mas amis Sesa-xeb, vinaidan rusi mTargmnelebi da gamomcemlebi misTxzulebebs yovelgvari Setyobinebisa da nebarTvisgareSe beWdavdnen.

ukanasknel aT weliwadSi movlenaTa aseTi umsgavso

21 ix. q. b u r j a n a Z e, „ilia WavWavaZe da mxatvruli Targmani~,saiubileo krebuli Tbilisis universitetisa „iliaWavWavaZe~, 1977, gv. 120-139; p. i a S v i l i , ilia WavWavaZemxatvruli Targmanis Sesaxeb, „literaturul-Teoriulinarkvevebi~, 1982 (mxatvruli asaxvis Tavisebureba dacalkeuli Janruli formebi).

2020202020

mdgomareoba sruliadac ar Secvlila. gasul 1899 wels,gazafxulze, h. senkeviCma dabeWda rusul gazeTebSi mo-wodeba, romelSic sTxovda im rus gamomcemlebsa damTargmnelebs, romlebic mis nawarmoebebs beWdavdnennebarTvis gareSe, SeewiraT „damSeulTaTvis“ nawili imTanxebisa, romelic miecemoda mas, rogorc avtors“22.

„inorodeci“ avtoris uflebaTa daucvelobis re-liefuri suraTia!

originalis avtorTa uflebebis amgvari daucvelo-ba sruliadac ar afrTxobda ilia WavWavaZes. igi ara mar-to did mniSvnelobas aniWebda avtorTa rusul Tar-gmans, aramed, amasTan erTad, igi iyo pirveli yvelazedidi organizatori am saqmisa. gavixsenoT, rogori wu-xiliT swerda igi rusulad Targmanebis simcireze nikonikolaZes 1883 wels: „Tqma ar unda, rom didi saqme iqne-ba, Cveni mwerlebis nawerebi rusuls JurnalebSi daibeW-dos. magram es aris, mTargmneli vin iqneba. kidev TqvenTu iSoviT mand, Torem aq aravin meguleba. aq TxorJev-skisaTvis mindoda meTargmnebina erTi ram, magram miT-xres, bevrs fuls moiTxovso da moverideT. mainc da ma-inc rom Sroma miiRoT da ikiTxoT, Tqvenda maxlobelredaqciebSi Targmnil leqsSi ras miscemen, Zalian kargsizamT. movisazreb mainc ra dagvijdeba Targmani, da Tumandauri fasebi SeRavaTs rasmes miscems Cvens jibeebs,danarCens Cven davyriT, rogorc iqneba“ (10,47).

originalis avtorebi sakuTar nawarmoebTa Tar-gmnisaTvis mzad arian Tavisi Raribi Semosavalic kigaiRon. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, Tavis mxriv, niko niko-laZe ara marto aqtiurad uWers mxars rusulad Tar-gmnis organizacias, aramed 1883 wels Targmnis da pe-terburgis rusul JurnalebSi aqveynebs ilias „glex-Ta ganTavisuflebis scenebs“. specialistTa azriT,„nikolaZiseul TargmanSi gaTvaliswinebulia drama-turgiuli Txzulebis Targmnis specifika. gadmoce-

22 D\ X t i b [ b y= Gj gjdjle pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j, fdnjhcrjvghfdt yf kbnthfnehyst b vepsrfkmyst ghjbpdtltybz=“:ehyfk vbybcnthcndf .cnbwbb”= 1900= ̀ 1= c\ 206-207

2 12 12 12 12 1

mulia dednis stili, personaJis metyvelebis Tavise-burebebi, xasiaTis gaxsnis saSualebebi, moqmedebisganviTarebis perspeqtiva“23.

CvenTvis ar aris cnobili ilias rusuli avtorize-buli Targmanebi, iseve rogorc cota ram viciT avto-riseuli Sefasebis Taobaze sxvadasxva rusuli Tar-gmanebisa. ase, magaliTad, 1891 wlis 27 noembers g. Tu-maniSvili swerda g. volskis: „amas winaT ilia WavWava-Ze Semxvda, saubari gvqonda „kacia-adamianis“ TargmnisSesaxeb da iliam miTxra, poltarackis Targmani armomwonso. Semdeg ilias vaCvene Tqveni Targmani da igiilias moewona“24.

eqvT. TayaiSvilis cnobiT, iv. poltarackis vaJsaleqsandres hqonia mamis mier Targmnili „glaxis na-ambobi“, „kacia-adamiani“ da „oTaraanT qvrivi“, „Tar-gmanis xelnawerTa aSiebze ilias SeniSvna-Sesworebaniyofila“25.

am rusul Targmanebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebdailia da swored amitom 1902-1903 wlebSi daweril av-tobiografiaSi saWirod Tvlis aRniSnos: „Cem Txzu-lebaTa Soris rusulad iTargmna sxvadasxvisagan ram-denime werili, leqsi da erTi poema „gandegili“ sTar-gmna batonma TxorJevskim“ (9,311)26.

avtobiografiaSi ilia WavWavaZe CamoTvlis Tavisinawarmoebebis Targmanebs inglisur, frangul da ger-

23 g. m a T i a S v i l i, ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebTa pirvelirusuli Targmanebi, 1987, gv. 112.

24 d. n a c v a l a Z e, g. volski, 1955, baTumi, gv. 99.25 eqvT. T a y a i S v i l i, rCeuli Canawerebi, 1968, t1. gv.257.26 damaxasiaTebelia, rom i. f. TxorJevski (1841-1910)

SeuZleblad Tvlida cxovrebas literaturuli,mTargmnelobiTi SromiT. 1881 wlis noemberSi igi werda nikonikolaZes: „piradad CemTvis ki materialuri mxariTyvelaze xelsayreli iqneboda uarmeyo saJurnalo saqme,vinaidan arasdros ar momcems igi imdens, rasac maZlevdaadvokatura~, ix. Bp\ gthtgbcrb Y\ Z\ Ybrjkflpt c heccrbvbb pfhe,t;ysvb kbnthfnehyj-j,otcndtyysvb ltzntkzvb= Bpl\Ghja\ U\ L;fdf[bidbkb= 1980= c= 115\

2222222222

manul enebze.pirvelad aRniSnavs marjori uordropis mier „gan-

degilis“ Targmnas.roca marjori uordropi Seudga „gandegilis“ Tar-

gmnas, inglisTan ruseTs araviTari konvencia ar hqon-da dadebuli saavtoro uflebis dacvis Taobaze. aseTviTarebaSi avtorTan SeTanxmeba mosalodneli vetosSiSiT ki ar iyo nakarnaxevi, aramed literaturulieTikisa da tradiciebis dacvidan gamomdinare. mar-Tlac, Setyobineba marto Tavazianobis aqti rodia.am dros mTargmnels bevri ram sasargeblo SeuZlia ga-igos originalis avtorisagan.

qarTul enasa da qarTul kulturaze Seyvarebuliingliseli qali, romelic am enis sirTuleebs TviTondamoukideblad Zlevs qarTuli enis uZvelesi teqste-bis SeswavliT, 1894 wlis 8 seqtembers ilias ugzavnisSemdeg werils:

„mowyaleo xelmwifev!inglisurad Targmani vhqmen Tqvensa „gandegilsa“,

romelsa ukeTesisa leqsisa Tqveni mSvenieri enaSi, romme vkiTxve, da romelsa qoneba yvelas mwerlobas dide-ba unda iyos.

me didi survili maqvs gavuziaro Cems Tanamemamu-leT is siamovneba, romelic me am leqsma magrZnobina,amisaTvis vhkadreb Txovna Tqveni neba es Cemi Targma-ni gamocemad.

vscade sityviT sityviTad mas gamoTqma, magram bev-ri misi mSveniereba unda iyos, saWirod dakarguli uc-xo TargmanSi.

Cemi Zma didi pativi hqonda, raodenme weliwadniukan tfilisSi, Tqveni gacnoba qmna, da me didi imedimaqvs, rom mec magasTan male moval saqarTveloSi, qve-yana romelken me gulwrfeli siyvaruli vhgrZneb, dasurvili maqvs rom mere me SevshZleb pirdapir gamoT-qma uRrmesi pativiscema Tqvenis niWisaTvis da dide-bulis msaxurobisaTvis micemuli saqarTvelosaTvis.

me var batono, momlodine CemTvis sasixarulo ne-

2323232323

bisa. Tqveni pativismcemeli marjor uordropi“27.ilia WavWavaZis pasuxi marto piradi madliereba

rodia ucxoeli qalis am Tavganwirvisa da siyvaruli-saTvis; eris WeSmarit mamas sababi eZleva gamoxatosmSobeli xalxis gulisnadebi. ai, adgilebi ilias pasu-xidan: „mowyaleo xelmwifav! didad moxaruli var, romCems „gandegils“ Tqveni yuradReba miuqcevia, sasaxe-lod mimaCnia, rom mogiwadinebiaT da gadagiTargmni-aT inglisurad.

inglisma metad cota ram icis Cvenis ubeduris qvey-nisa da daoblebulis erisa, romelsac erT dros Tavi-si saxelovani warsuli hqonia, Tavisi gmirni, mecnier-ni, mweralni da poetebi hyolia da maTis meoxebiT gul-dagul daxvedria ganaTlebis mtrebs _ barbarozebs.

... gadaReba inglisurad Cveni mwerlobisa, gadaRe-baa Cvenis guliscemisa, Cvenis guliTadis natvrisa,Cvenis Wirisa da lxinisa, Cvenis gonebis da grZnobisZalRonisa sayovelTao sacnobelad.

am mxriT Tqveni ganaTlebuli da gulSematkivari me-cadineoba Cvenis gonebis nawarmoebTa TargmanisaTvisdid samsaxurad miCneul iqneba yovelis qarTvelisaganda Cvens madlobas Tqvendami samzRvari ar eqneba.

Cemi „gandegili~ momirTmevia TqvenTvis, rogorcgeneboT ise imsaxureT, darwmunebuli var, rom Cems na-wers, Tqvenze ukeTes patrons da mfarvels ver avu-Cendi“ (10, 138-139).

amasTan, ilia werda im did sixarulze, romliTac mar-jori uordropTan Sexvedras moelodnen saqarTvelo-Si, da daaskvnida: „imedi gvaqvs, rom Cveni ubeduri, mag-ram mSvenieri qveyana Tavs mogawonebT da daganaxvebT,rom igi Rirsia Tqvenis yuradRebisa da siyvarulisa“.

marjori uordropma sul ormoci weli icocxla,magram mainc moaswro gaexarebina ilia WavWavaZis gu-li imiT, rom udidesi SemarTebiT Seudga „vefxistya-osnis“ inglisurad Targmnas. TviTon marjori uor-

27 ilia W a v W a v a Z e, werilebi, ioseb bocvaZis redaqciiT,winasityvaobiTa da SeniSvnebiT, 1949, soxumi, gv. 177-178.

2424242424

dropisaTvis ilia WavWavaZe gaxda qarTvelTa sulie-ri siZlieris gamoxatuleba.

ilia didad iyo dainteresebuli, rom qarTuli mxat-vruli sityva evropul enebze ametyvelebuliyo. ami-saTvis igi mzad iyo dauzarlad dro gamoeyo da zepiripwkaredebi miewodebina mTargmnelisaTvis. aq arturlaistis SesaniSnavi mogoneba gavixsenoT: „didi survi-li mqonda, Cemi Tanamemamule evropelebisaTvis sru-liad ucnobi qarTuli literatura gamecno. ilia fiq-robda, rom me unda Semedgina qarTul leqsTa krebuligermanul enaze. Cven orTaveni gulmodgined Sevude-qiT am saqmes. imxanad qarTul enaSi mainca da mainc ga-wafuli ar gaxldiT, amitom ilia sityva sityviT mi-Targmnida qarTul teqsts, rac sruliad ar amaxinjeb-da arc azrsa da arc leqsis poetur silamazes. Cemi pir-veli krebulis didi nawili saguramoSi vTargmne. aq po-etis Zveli saxlis aivanze visxediT xolme“. zepiri pwka-redis avtori rodi izRudeboda sityva-sityviTi Tar-gmaniT. artur laisti ganagrZobs: „ilia sadeklamaciotoniT leqsebs leqsebze mikiTxavda, dro da dro Tavi-si samSoblos poeziis silamazeze mimiTiTebda. wynarad,darbaislurad da WeSmariti gziT Sevyavdi mas axal qve-yanaSi, aRmosavleTis im WiSkarSi, romelic ymawvilo-bidanve mizidavda. ilia xSirad Sewyvetda xolme Tar-gmans da qarTuli enis sxvadasxva Taviseburebebze Se-udgeboda saubars, an romelime xalxur Cveulebas ax-snida. baasi da saubari SuaRamemde miatanda, vidre ir-gvliv saidumlo myudroeba daisadgurebda“28.

ilia marto araqarTvel mTargmnelTa mimarT rodiiCenda mzrunvelobas. aseve didad axalisebda igi erov-nul nawarmoebTa evropul enebze mTargmnel qarTve-lebs. rasakvirvelia, misi upirvelesi natvra iyo „vef-xistyaosnis“ ucxoel mkiTxvelisaTvis gacnoba, raTaigi qceuliyo xalxTa internacionalur sakuTrebad.

swored amis gamo, ilia usazRvro sixaruliT Sex-

28 artur l a i s t i, saqarTvelos guli, 1963, gv.4.

2525252525

vda iona meunargias mier „vefxistyaosnis“ franguladTargmnas.

saerTod qebaze sityvaZunwi ilia ar iSurebs epiTe-tebs iona meunargias Rvawlis dasafaseblad. 1884 wlis30 noembers, evropel stumarTan Sexvedrisas, ilia am-bobda: „raki samarTlianis TayvaniscemiT movixsenieTrusTaveli, maSin usamarTloba, umaduroba iqneba CvendaviviwyoT misi mTargmneli. rusTaveli mzea da mTva-re meunargia iqneba, radgan viTa mzis SuqiTa hnaTobsmTvare, isec rusTavelis SuqiT imnaTobebs meunargi-ac dReis iqiT Cveni eris moRvaweTa Soris“29.

rogor gaixarebda dRes ilia WavWavaZe, „vefxistya-osnis“ triumfaluri msvleloba rom daenaxa msofli-os sxvadasxva enebze, maT Soris isic, Tu rogor ejib-rebian didad dawinaurebuli erebis warmomadgenlebimis axal-axal srul TargmanebSi!

ilia did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebda mTargmnels.amis SesaniSnavi magaliTia misi statia „oriode sit-yva“..., sadac kozlovis „SeSlilis“ erisTaviseuliTargmani gamoacxada STamomavlobisaTvis gadasacem„gamouTqmel sicudis magaliTad“ (3, 15).

magram marto revaz erisTavi rodi gaakritika iliaWavWavaZem, igi zogierT uZveles qarTul Targmansackritikulad afasebda, magaliTad, Tvlida, rom iere-mias godeba „saZaglad aris Targmnili Cvens dabadeba-Si, Tumca alag-alag kargia“ (10, 38).

ilias xSirad mimarTavdnen misi Tanamedroveni Tar-gmanebis SefasebisaTvis da isic, misTvis Cveuli pir-dapirobiT gamoTqvamda Tavis azrs. aqve unda aRiniS-nos erTi Targmanis Sesaxeb. es gaxldaT vaJa-fSavelasmier Targmnili Sileris „orleaneli qalwuli“. sayo-velTaod cnobilia Tu ra pativs scemda ilia vaJa-fSavelas did niWs, miuxedavad amisa, roca mas sTxo-

29 solomon x u c i S v i l i, ilia WavWavaZis sityvebi da gamosv-lebi, Tbilisis universitetis saiubileo krebuli _ „iliaWavWavaZe~, 1977, gv. 107, s. lekiSvili, ramdenime dokumenti iliaWavWavaZis Sesaxeb, „saistorio moambe~, 1978, 37-38, gv. 328.

2626262626

ves gamoeTqva azri am Targmanze, ilia WavWavaZem Sem-degi guliTadi pasuxi dawera:

„wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamgeobas.Targmani „orleaneli qalisa“ me ar momewona. umor-

Cilesad vTxov gamgeobas, marto Cems azrs ar dasjer-des, da sxvasac visme gaasinjos Targmani.

vaJa-fSavela Cems TvalSi imodenad pativsacemi mwe-ralia, rom mis nawarmoebis dasafaseblad sakmao araris marto erTi kacis azri da STabeWdileba“ (10, 393).

rogorc profesor s. xuciSvilis mier gamoqveyne-buli masalebidan Cans, vaJas es piesa s. fircxalavasrCeviT uTargmnia. s. fircxalava igonebs: „vaJam mok-le droSi Seasrula Targmani da miutana gamgeobas,romelmac i. WavWavaZes gadasca gasasinjad. iliam ara-feri daskvna ar warmoadgina da wigni gamoucemelidarCa“. 1904 wels s. fircxalavas qarTuli dramatu-li sazogadoebisaTvis SeuTavazebia piesa daedga, ra-zec Tanxmoba miuRia da maSinve miuweria misTvis: „ZmaovaJa, rogorc ki miiRo es werili, dauyovnebliv afri-ne Seni „orleaneli qali“. mag piesiT gaixsneba sezoni_ 23 oqtombers. amitom axlave unda SevudgeT mzade-bas. mere sazogadoebasac gamovaceminebT“.

vaJasagan pasuxi ver miviRe, werili gavumeore,„sxvamac miswera, cdas Sedegi ar mohyva ratomRac daSileris piesis qarTul scenaze warmodgena ar moxer-xda da sabolood ganuxorcielebeli darCa“30.

1909 wlis 3 ianvars vaJa-fSavela xelSekrulebas udebss. fircxalavas am Targmanis Taobaze31. 1909 wels gazeT„droebaSi“ Targmanis erTi patara nawili daibeWda.mTlianad igi Tavis sicocxleSi vaJas ar daubeWdavs32.

30 ix. solomon x u c i S v i l i, ̀ vaJa-fSavelas garSemo~ (samsonfircxalavas mogonebaTa furclebi~). vaJa-fSavelas kabi-netis mier ̀ vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli~.1966, gv. 239-240.

31 vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebebi (axlad gamovlenili nawarmoe-bebi), 1979, gv. 235.

32 ix. vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebebi, t. 8, gv. 89-274.

2727272727

vaJa-fSavelasadmi didi pativiscemisa da, agreTvematerialuri mxardaWeris mizniT ilia WavWavaZem xel-mokle geniosi „iveriaSi“ samuSaod miiwvia, Tumca Tvi-Tonve SiSobda, gazeTSi yoveldRiuri muSaoba xels xomar SeuSlida vaJa-fSavelas umaRles mowodebas, misiSiSi gamarTlda.

rogorc iakob mansvetaSvili agviwers, mxolod sa-mi dRe imuSava vaJa-fSavelam redaqciaSi. igi vaJas aZ-levda gadasakiTxad da gasasworeblad sxvadasxva ko-respondenciebs, rusuli gazeTebidan patara wvriliambebis Targmanebs avalebda. erTxel i. mansvetaSvilssaswrafod gadasaTargmni masala miucia da SemdgommoukiTxavs:

_ ra hqen, luka gadaTargmne?win dawerili qaRaldi edva, vifiqre es swored na-

Targmni iqneba-meTqi da xeli davavle gadasaTvalie-reblad. davxede, _ leqsia.

_ es ra ambavia, luka? _ vekiTxebi.Targmanis samagierod es leqsi davwere. Targmanis

magivrobas gaswevs.imave dRes vaJam gamomicxada, rom redaqcias Tavs

anebebs: me aq muSaobas ver SevZlebo. redaqcias TaTbi-ri hqonda da ase gadavwyviteT: migveca vaJasaTvis Tve-Si xuTi Tumani, da vaJas samagierod, evaleboda TveSiraime nawarmoebi usaTaurod moewodebina“33.

mxatvruli sityvis goliaTi arc metoqeobas ar api-rebda poeturi dednebis avtorebTan da arc monobasoriginalis prozauli teqstisadmi. TargmanebSiacCans vaJas mZlavri suli, Tumca Tamaz Cxenkelis sit-yvebiT rom vTqvaT, „vaJa-fSavelas Targmanebi mkrTa-li da zogjer ususuri Cans misi brwyinvale poemebisada leqsebis fonze“34.

33 iakob m a n s v e t a S v i l i, „mogonebani naxuli da gagonili~,1936, gv. 108.

34 ix. Tbilisis universitetis vaJa-fSavelas kabinetis miermomzadebuli „vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnilikrebuli~, 1966, gv. 314.

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ilia WavWavaZis mTargmnelobiTi praqtika mxolodmxatvruli TargmanebiT ar amoiwureba. sworad werdasimon xundaZe: „saqarTvelos moambis“ redaqcia rakiTavisi sakuTari werilebis dabeWdvas ver axerxebda(akrZaluli hqonda politikur sakiTxebze beWdva), mi-marTavda iseTi werilebis Targmnas, romelic mis az-rebs Seesabameboda. ibeWdeboda belinskisa, dobroli-ubovisa, prudonis da sxvaTa werilebi35.

specialistebi axla arcTu usafuZvlod fiqroben,rom „saqarTvelos moambeSi“ gamoqveynebuli bevrixelmouwereli Targmani SeiZleba swored ilia WavWa-vaZes ekuTvnodes36. prof. al. kalandaZis mtkicebiT,sulxan baraTaSvilis „saqarTvelos istoria“ iliaWavWavaZis mieraa Targmnili, metic, mas udavod miaC-nda, rom „i. WavWavaZe iyo sulxan baraTaSvilis „saqar-Tvelos istoriis“ mTargmneli, redaqtorica da re-cenzentic“37.

eWvi ar unda Segveparos imaSi, rom ilia redaqti-rebas gaukeTebda „saqarTvelos moambeSi“ gamoqveyne-bul mraval sxva Targmansac.

Semdgomac xom igi am mxriv, bevrs akeTebda, gardaimisa, rom TviTonac Targmnida sxvadasxva avtoristeqstebs, igi 1875 wels swerda vasil maCabels: „peter-burgSi Sevxvdi d. CubinaSvils da „hsTxove Cem magierlazistanze rom rusulad naweri aqvs, gamomigzavnos,me TviTon vhsTargmni da ise davbeWdav“ (10, 59). „iveri-is“ 1877 wlis # 14, 15, 16, 17 daibeWda es Targmanebi.

34 ix. Tbilisis universitetis vaJa-fSavelas kabinetis miermomzadebuli „vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnilikrebuli~, 1966, gv. 314.

35 ix. s. x u n d a Z e, ilia WavWavaZe da batonymobis sakiTxi,„ilia WavWavaZe~, 1939, gv. 77; agreTve, v. g a g o i Z e,„saqarTvelos moambe~, 1956, gv. 144.

36 ix. v. J v a n i a, ̀ marTlmsajuleba da publicistikis zogierTisakiTxi ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi~, 1974, gv. 77.

37 al. k a l a n d a Z e, ̀ qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~, 1978,III, gv. 74.

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mTargmnelis, gadmomkeTeblis

SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis farglebi

mxatvruli Targmani iliasaTvis literaturissruluflebiani Janria. mxiarulebis momgvreli

calkeuli mTargmnelobiTi kuriozebiT rodi afaseb-da igi maRalmxatvrul doneze Sesrulebel Targma-nebs.

originalis avtors ki, volteris sityvebiT, mTar-gmneli ise unda arCevdes, rogorc arCeven megobars.Targmanebis warmatebas iliac, upirvelesad origina-lis SerCevas ukavSirebda, kerZod: „statiis amorCevagadmosaRebad aris pirveli da uwarCinebulesi saqme,uazro statias, Tugind Cinebuladac iyves gadmoTar-gmnili, mainc ar eqneba Rirseba da verafers Sehmatebsliteraturasa .... mTargmneli aris Tavisufali ... sta-tiis amorCevaSi, romelic moewoneba _ imas mohkidebsxels ... rac TviTon waikiTxa kargi da mSvenieri sxvaenazeda ... surs Tavis moyvaresac Seatyobinos“38. sa-Targmni originalis TviTnebur da mcdar SerCevasusayvedurebda ilia revaz erisTavs: „Tu kacs rusu-lidgan Targmna unda risame, puSkini, lermontovi, go-goli rogor unda daaviwydes da mivardes wirplianskozlovsa, mere netav imis cud poemebSi ucudesi ma-inc ar amoerCia Tavad erisTavs~ (3,12).

ufro gvian, 1886 wels, rodesac mTargmnelTa mierTeatrisaTvis saTargmneli originalebis TviTneburSerCevas exeboda, ilia WavWavaZe werda, rom Tuki ga-dawyvite Targmanebi da gadmokeTeba, swored iseTi na-warmoebi unda amoirCio, romelic „sulis margebeliciyos da xorcisac“, amitom sruliad usamarTlo iqne-boda, Targmanebis uxarisxoba dagvebralebina imisaT-vis, rom sxva enebzec ar aris kargi Txzulebebio dadamajereblad askvnida: „sarCevad am SemTxvevaSi me-

38 ix. al. k a l a n d a Z e, „qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~,1985, III, gv. 198.

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tad didi da gadaSlili moedania. rusuli, franguli,germanuli, italiuri da inglisuri saTeatro Txzu-lebani imdenia, ramdenic ki SesaZloa adamianis xarbmagulma inatros da daitios. Tqma ar unda, rom am uzar-mazar TxzulebaTa xvavSi bevri kargia da bevric cu-di. Cveni mTargmneli saTofe nadirsaviT gaisiswvri-vebs xolme, ivlis, ivlis da zed ki waawydeba marto cud-sa, uferulsa, romelic arc saaqaosia da arc saiqio-si“ (3, 117).

rasakvirvelia, niWieri originalis SerCevac jerkidev cotaa, SeiZleba isic „waaxdinos“ cudma mTar-gmnelma ise, rom Zneli gamosarkvevi gaxdes avtori„icnobda-Ra Tavis Svils“ (3, 123).

mTargmneli sxvadasxva pirobebs unda akmayofileb-des. ilias azriT, „mTargmnels unda hqondes SemdgomiRirseba: upirvelesad man unda icodes ori ena ... meo-re _ unda hqondes gawmendili gemo da ganaTlebuligoneba“39. mas unda SeeZlos mSobliuri enis mdidari re-sursebis gamoyeneba. originalis enis codnas yvelazekargad SeuZlia uzrunvelyos originalis erTgule-ba, mwerlis stilis erTguleba. rasakvirvelia, es arkmara dedniseuli JReradobiT TargmanebSi nawarmoe-bis ametyvelebisaTvis, vinaidan mSobliuri enis moT-xovnaTa daucvelobam, sxva enis hipnozma, SeiZleba po-eziis ukeTesni yvavilni „usuldgmulo, usurneloyvavilebad Secvalon“ (3, 8). es maSin xdeba, roca Tar-gmanebSi daSretilia SemoqmedebiTi suli dednis av-torisa. swored amas sayvedurobda revaz erisTavs _„erTi bewo Sebraleba da siyvaruli ara hqonia ... arcimasa, rac uTargmnia, arc Tavisive amorCeuli poeti-sa, arc xelovnebisa, arc Tavis mSobliuri enisa“ (3, 25).

ilia WavWavaZe poeziisa da prozis mravali nawar-moebis mTargmnelia qarTul enaze. yvelaze mokle, mag-ram zust daxasiaTebas ilias mTargmnelobiTi moRva-

39 ix. q. b u r j a n a Z e, i. WavWavaZe da mxatvruli Targmani,krebuli „ilia WavWavaZe~, 1977, gv. 124.

31313 13 13 1

weobisa, ioseb griSaSvili gvaZlevs: „ilia sazogadodkargi mTargmneli iyo. mis mier naTargmni leqsebi (puS-kinidan, lermontovidan, heinedan, baironidan) aRsav-sea grZnobiT da qarTuli enis JReradobiT“.

ioseb griSaSvili maRal Sefasebas aZlevs iliasprozaul Targmanebs, misi azriT, „... ilias mier naTar-gmni „iza“, Sig rom ucxo saxelebi ar iyos, qarTulinawarmoebi egoneba mkiTxvels“.

akaki SaniZis sityvebiT, ilia WavWavaZe am „naTargmnromanSi iZleva misabaZav nimuSs imisas, Tu rogor un-da iqmnes gadmoqarTulebuli romelime nawarmoebi“40.

savsebiT sworia is ganzogadeba, rom „ilia Targma-niTac Tavisi drois did sazogadoebriv problemebsemsaxureboda41 .

saavtoro samarTlis TvalsazrisiTac uaRresadsayuradReboa iliaseuli gansxvaveba Targmanisa gad-mokeTebisagan. erTic da meorec Semoqmedebaa, TumcamaT ganmasxvavebeli niSnebic sagrZnobi aqvT.

mTargmneli valdebulia uyvardes saTargmni, amas-Tan erTad, Rrmad icnobdes originals, avtoris Semoq-medebiT Taviseburebebs, nawarmoebis Seqmnis garemosada istorias. mxolod am gziT SeuZlia mas nawarmoebiTargmnos „ise, rogorc aris, utyuarad da Seucvle-lad“ (3, 125). „gulmodgined da msgavsad“ (3, 14). es mTar-gmnelis uwmindesi movaleobaa. mTargmneli unda faqi-zad da frTxilad ekidebodes pirvelwyaros momxibvle-lobas da simSvenieres, iCendes pativiscemas dednisad-mi, misi azrisa da mTlianobisadmi. swored amitom, igisamarTlianad sayvedurobda revaz erisTavs, origina-lis avtors „Tu ara aqvs, Tqven ra ufleba gaqvsT, romsTargmniT da azrebsa scvliT“? (3, 50).

maSasadame, mTargmnelis Tavisufleba usazRvro

40 akaki S a n i Z e, ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc mebrZoli axalisaliteraturo qarTulis damkvidrebisaTvis, Tbilisisuniversitetis saiubileo krebuli _ „ilia WavWavaZe~, 1939, gv. 1.

41 g. g a C e C i l a Z e, „mxatvruli Targmanis Teoriis sakiTxebi(realisturi Targmanis problemebi)~, 1959, gv. 58.

3232323232

rodia. Targmanis warmatebis saidumloebas dednis in-dividualuri wakiTxva gansazRvravs. ilia WavWavaZeganasxvavebda Targmans Tavisufali Targmanisagan, mi-baZvisagan, gadmokeTebisagan da am kriteriumebiTxelmZRvanelobda Tavis SemoqmedebiT praqtikaSic.

ilia WavWavaZe miiCnevs, rom Targmanisagan gansxva-vebiT gadmokeTebis dros nawarmoebis azri, saganiaaRebuli, xolo iq ki, „saca sxvisa xasiaTi, zne-Cveule-ba da viTareba cxovrebisa ar Segvefereba, ar gvixde-ba, gveucxoeba, _ iq Cveni xasiaTi, Cveni zne-Cveuleba,Cvenis cxovrebis viTareba Caayenos. amiT ucxo xatisxvisis cxovrebisa cotad Tu bevrad Cvenis cxovre-bis xatad gardaiqmneba, da ramdenadac es gardaqmnadidia, imodenad naSromi kargia da mosawoni“ (3, 125).gadmomkeTebelma, ilias azriT, rasakvirvelia, metiTavisufleba SeiZleba dauSvas. amitom igi „ufroTviTmoqmedia, vidre mTargmneli“, mas ufro didi sag-zali unda, ufro meti codna da niWi, vidre mTargmne-lobasao, Tumca mas kargad esmis, rom Semoqmedeba mra-valwaxnagovani aqtia da mis formebs Soris sxvaoba ad-vilad SesamCnevi rodia. swored esaa mizezi, rom „pir-dapir naTargmni xSirad „gadmokeTebulis“ saxeliTagvetuzeba xolme Tvalwin~ (3, 126).

poeturi mibaZva ilia WavWavaZis mTargmnelobiTsaqmianobaSi mxolod sababia axali SemoqmedebiTi na-warmoebis Sesaqmnelad.

ilia WavWavaZe „didad sapatio Sromad“ ganixilav-da ucxouri piesebis qarTulad gadmokeTebas. mas kar-gad esmoda, rom sjobda qarTul Teatrs erovnuli re-pertuari hqonoda, magram radgan qarTuli piesebi ararsebobda, igi yovelmxriv axalisebda qarTulad am-gvar scenur gadakeTebebs da yovelive amas rTul Se-moqmedebiT sferod ganixilavda.

ilias azriT, „dramis Seqmna yvela sxva poeturTxzulebaze gacilebiT Znelia da yvela mwerali _Tund niWieric _ vera hbedavs xeli SehmarTos“ (3, 186).igi wuxda, rom CvenSi es saqme metad advilad aris miC-

3333333333

neuli. cnobilia, rom TviTon ilia metad iSviaTadqmnida dramatul nawarmoebebs, magram yovelTvis Tan-xmdeboda Tavisi nawarmoebebis scenur gadakeTebebzesxvaTa mier da arc erTxel ar uwuwunia prozauli ori-ginalis sxva avtorTa msgavsad am gadakeTebaTa nak-lovanebebze. mTlianad unda daveTanxmoT ioseb gri-SaSvilis mtkicebas, rom „kacia adamiani“ Tavisi ukvda-vi dialogebis wyalobiT ufro egueba scenur piro-bebs“42 .

ilias sicocxleSi ramdenjerme gadaakeTes sityva-kazmuli mwerlobis es Sedevri.

TviTon iliam erTaderTxel gadaakeTa 1881 wels Ta-visi prozauli nawarmoebi scenurad da es iyo swored„kacia-adamiani?!“.

ioseb griSaSvili agviwers am gadakeTebis istori-as. swored man, 1937 wels, rusTavelis Teatris muze-umSi miagno ilias xeliT gadaweril komedia „maWan-klis“ teqts43 .

i. griSaSvilis samarTliani sityvebiT, ilia WavWa-vaZem es erTaderTi gamonaklisi axalgazrda msaxio-bis nato gabunias didi SemoqmedebiTi niWis pativis-cemis gamo dauSva, nato gabuniam „Tavisi sabenefisoscenisTvis gadaakeTebina „kacia-adamiani“. es gadake-Teba iliam mxolod natos eSxiT ikisra“44 .

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1892 wels gamocemul Tavisi nawe-rebis krebulSi ilias ar Seutania piesa „maWankali“.

pavle ingoroyvas azriT, es imiT unda aixsnas, rompiesa ilias „kacia-adamianis?!“ anarekl oreulad mi-aCnda, aqve mkvlevari sworad daaskvnis, rom „maincilias gadaWarbebuli sisastike gamouCenia, rom mas ampiesis dabeWdva saWirod ar ucvnia“ (2, 601).

42 ioseb g r i S a S v i l i, „ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli Teatri~,saiubileo krebuli „ilia WavWavaZe~, 1939, gv. 98.

43 iqve, gv. 35.44 ioseb g r i S a S v i l i, „ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli Teatri~,

rusTavelis saxelobis literaturis institutissaiubileo krebuli, 1957, gv. 150.

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rasakvirvelia, „kacia-adamiani?!“, ukvdavi Sedev-ri qarTuli prozisa, gacilebiT ufro Zlieri nawar-moebia, vidre misi, TviT avtoriseuli gasceniureba.amis Sesaxeb Tavidanve werda misi pirveli aRmomCeniioseb griSaSvili: „gadavikiTxe es piesa, SevadareTmoTxrobas da unda iTqvas, rom ilias saxelisaTvissusti nawarmoebia“45, Tumca masSi cvlilebebi da da-matebebic Seutania dednis avtors, romelsac Seuz-Rudveli ufleba hqonda amgvari gadakeTebisa. escvlilebebi SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTisa iyo, rogorcmTlianad gadakeTeba nawarmoebisa. amitom unda dave-TanxmoT ioseb griSaSvils, rom „ilias mravalfero-van moRvaweobas am piesiT erTi axali xazic emateba“46 .

rogorc aRvniSneT, ilias sicocxleSive mimarTav-dnen misi nawarmoebebis scenur gadakeTebas. amJamadxom bevria amgvari scenuri da ekranuli gadakeTebe-bi. ar iqneboda swori, gvelaparaka maTi umetesobismarcxiT damTavrebaze, Tumca ufro xSirad gadamke-Tebelni (maT Soris pirvelwyaros avtoric) ver amaR-lebulan prozauli mwvervalis doneze, rac sruliadar gviSlis xels, am gadakeTebaTa maRali mxatvrulidone aRvniSnoT. ilias nawarmoebebze Cvens droSi Seq-mnili mxatvruli qmnilebebi adastureben imas, romilias ukvdavi dialogebi marTlac SesaniSnavad egue-ba scenisa da ekranis moTxovnebs, rac axal maRalmxat-vrul nawarmoebTa Seqmnis pirobaa.

45 ioseb g r i S a S v i l i, „ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli Teatri~,saiubileo krebuli „ilia WavWavaZe~, 1939, gv. 97.

46 iqve, gv. 106.

3535353535

fsevdonimiTa da

anonimiT daculi avtoroba

nawarmoebis avtoroba masze aRniSnuli gvariT das-turdeba. amasTan erTad, uZvelesi literaturu-

li tradiciiTa da TviT saavtoro samarTliT, avtorsufleba aqvs gamosces Tavisi nawarmoebi fsevdonimiTanda anonimurad.

literaturis istoriaSi mraval avtors popula-roba moupovebia ara Tavisi namdvili gvariT, aramedfsevdonimiT. mravali motiviT irCevdnen avtorebifsevdonims. sacenzuro kanonmdebloba yovelTvis eW-vis TvaliT uyurebda fsevdonimebiT sargeblobas, ra-Ta avtorebs arsebuli wyobis sawinaaRmdegod ar ga-moeyenebinaT es ufleba.

ilia WavWavaZis droindeli kanonmdebloba am sa-kiTxs isev policiuri suliskveTebiT aregulirebda.avtors marTlac hqonda ufleba, Tavisi nawarmoebifsevdonimiT anda anonimurad gamoeca, magram saqmeamiT ar mTavrdeboda. amasTan erTad, sacenzuro wes-debis 47-e muxliT, cenzuraSi xelnaweris an wignis war-dgenis dros avtoris Sesaxeb misive TxovniT SeiZle-boda araferi Tqmuliyo, magram stambas avtoris Se-saxeb cnoba unda hqonoda47.

sxvanairad anonimis (da fsevdonimis) gamoyenebaidevneboda da avtors ar SeeZlo, darCeniliyo inkog-nitod.

periodul gamocemaTa TiToeul redaqcias masaliscenzuraSi wardgenis win unda scodnoda, vin aris misiavtori, sasamarTlo organoebis anda Sinagan saqmeTasaministros moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad48. aseve,perioduli gamocemis is redaqcia, romelic gamodio-da winaswari cenzuris gauvlelad, valdebuli iyo Si-nagan saqmeTa saministros moTxovniT, ecnobebina wo-

47 Pfrjys j gtxfnb= 1899= c\ 35\48 iqve, gv. 78.

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deba, saxeli da gvari avtorisa, romelic ibeWdeboda49.rasakvirvelia, yvelaferi es studentobidanve kargadicis ilia WavWavaZem. niSneulia am mxriv, misi weriliilia winamZRvriSvilisadmi. 1861 wels iliam mas gaug-zavna statia _ „oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas ZeerisTavis mier „SeSlilis“ Targmanzed“. amasTan dakav-SirebiT, igi werda: „ai am statias gigzavni, Cemi saku-Taria, Tumca sxva gvari aweria: me ar minda gamovaCino,rom es Cemi dawerilia mizezisa gamo sxvisa da sxvisa.Senc Zalian Segexvewebi, rom ar gamoaSkaravo aravis-Tan: imisaTvis ar minda, rom Sen miutano kereseliZes esstatia, radganac is mixvdeba, rom Sen Cemis meti aravingigzavnis statiebsa. ise unda moiqce, rom TiTon re-daqtors da cenzorsac ar Seatyobino, kanoniT imaT un-da icodnen, magram Sen, rogorc iyos, sxva mxriT daaje-re isini, rom marTalia da aznauri zumberiZe marTaligvaria da ara mogonili~ (10, 23).

literaturis istoria adasturebs, rom avtorebi,Cveulebriv, yvelaze metad axalgazrdobis wlebSi mi-marTaven fsevdonimebs (zogjer anonimsac); es ufroxSirad damwyeb avtorebs exeba.

ilias axalgazrdobis wlebSi fsevdonimebi mxolodcenzuris Tvalis asaxvevad rodi sWirdeboda. mas amgziT ufro exerxeboda simarTlis Tqma.

ilias studentobis wlebi didi SemoqmedebiTi mi-zandasaxulebis xana iyo. mas Tavidanve kargad esmodaaxali Taobis istoriuli movaleoba. SemdgomSi, iliakvlav da kvlav mimarTavs fsevdonimebs (iyo momenti,roca ilia fsevdonimebs Tavis sacoles _ o. guramiS-vilsac ar umJRavnebda)50 , mxolod gvian da TandaTa-nobiT TviTonve xsnis da Sifravs maT.

erTi magaliTiT davkmayofildebiT amis dasadas-

49 iqve, gv. 79.50 ix. al. k a l a n d a Z e, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, II,

gv. 30.50 ix. al. k a l a n d a Z e, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, II,

gv. 30.

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tureblad.1864 wels igi kirile lorTqifaniZes swerda: „maqvs

ki Zveli imisTana leqsebi, romelic jer ar dabeWdi-la, maTgans yvelas gamogigzavni. amas ki gTxov: arcerT leqss Cemi saxeli ar miawero: netai leqsma ivar-gos, Torem saxeli ra saWiroa, Tu Zalian da Zalian gin-da, rom mag wignSi Cemi saxelic iyos, SegiZlian TavSisazogadod moixsenio, rom sxvaTaSoris am wignSi Wav-WavaZis leqsebic aris-Tqo, da romeli leqsia WavWava-Zisa TviTeulad da saxeldobr, nu moaxseneb. amisTvisme pativsadebi sabuTi maqvs“ (10, 25). mogvinebiT ki, iliaWavWavaZe Tanaxmaa, gaxsnas fsevdonimi, anda ukve Ta-visi gvari moaweros. 1868 wels kirile lorTqifaniZeTxovs mas nebas „kacia-adamianis?!“ dabeWdvisa, pasu-xad ilia wers: „momicia sruli neba dabeWdvisa da TuZalian gsurT Cemi saxelic CaurTeT jimSeriZis magi-erad“ (10, 27). Semdgom wlebSi misi mxatvruli nawarmo-ebebi, rogorc wesi, gamodis misive saxelis (gvaris)xelmoweriT. aq adrindeli fsevdonimi gaSifrulia.

fsevdonims zogjer imisaTvis iyenebda ilia, rom na-warmoebi cenzuris eSafotze ar aRmoCeniliyo.

sayuradReboa, rom ilias leqsi „bednieri eri“ 1871wels gamoqveynda rogorc mibaZva italiel poet jus-tisadmi, Tumca araviTar mibaZvas51 adgili ar hqoniada es cenzuris Tvalis asaxvevad gakeTda.

calke dgeba anonimurad gamocemuli nawarmoebTasakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT ki, am gziT gamosuli misi we-rilebi rogorc redaqtorisa, rogorc saJurnalo we-rilebis avtorisa.

ilias saJurnalo moRvaweobaSi anonimurobam bev-ri siZnele warmoSva. am siZneles TviTon ilia gvixsnis1886 wels daweril erT werilSi, rom saxelisa da gva-

51 ix. iv. l o l a S v i l i, oci weli giorgi leoniZesTan, 1980,gv. 64; zaira s t u r u a, ilia WavWavaZis erTi leqsisistoriisaTvis, „literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1987, 24ivlisi.

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ris mouwerlad (anonimurad) gamoqveyneba imas gvafiq-rebinebs, rom „werili an TviTon redaqtorisaa, an mismier Tanagaziarebuli“ (8, 236).

kvlavac unda gagrZeldes warmatebulad dawyebu-li kvleva saJurnalo moRvaweobaSi anonimurad gamoq-veynebuli werilebis iliaseuli avtorobis dasadge-nad. amasTan, Cven mcdarad migvaCnia profesor al. ka-landaZis mtkiceba, rom ilia WavWavaZes, rogorc „sa-qarTvelos moambis“ mTavar Zalas, uxdeboda ra zogi-erTi masalis saxeldaxelod momzadeba-dastambva „na-ucbadevad Seqmnil am Txzulebebs Semdgom TviTon didmniSvnelobas aRar aniWebda da es Txzulebebi uavto-rod darCa“. is, rom ilia WavWavaZe ar tovebda uyu-radRebod Tavis saJurnalo moRvaweobas, Cans 1902-1903wlebSi Sedgenil avtobiografiaSi: „bevri wvrili we-rilia kidev Cem mier dawerili sapolitiko, sapubli-cisto, sakritiko da sapolemiko Sinaarsisa, agreTvewerilebi sapedagogo sagnebis Sesaxeb“ (9, 313). maTi ano-nimuroba rodi niSnavs, rom isini uavtorod darCnen.

Semdgomac xom „iveriaSi“ bevri mowinave weriliailias xelmouwerlad dabeWdili.

ukiduresi iSviaTobaa, ilias mxriv, mxatvruli na-warmoebis dabeWdva anonimurad, aq Cven SevexebiT mxo-lod 1871 wlis dekemberSi daweril ilias „gamocanebs“.am SesaniSnav pamfletSi reaqciul qarTvel Tavadaz-naurobas amaTraxebs `gamocanebis~ anonimuri avto-ri. igi xelnawerad vrceldeboda. ilias biografi gr.yifSiZe aRwers: „moefina TiTqmis mTels saqarTveloses xelnaweri saepigramo literatura, romelsac bev-rni gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen. sul zepirad swavlob-dnen, ise Rrmad swvdebodaT gulSi, rogorc gamocane-bi, ise pasuxis pasuxi“52 .

„gamocanebis“ stamburad gamoqveyneba ilias SeuZ-leblad miaCnda. igi amis Sesaxeb swerda daviT eris-

52 ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebani, m. gedevaniSvilis gamocema, t.I, 1914, gv. XXXVIII.

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Tavs: „gigzavni gamocanebs, rom waikiTxav da daakvir-debi, mgonia, mixvde, vinc arian aRwerilni. saqme ima-Sia, rom aravin _ arc Senma maxlobelma da arc Cemma _ar unda icodes, visgan aris dawerili da xalxSi gav-rcelebuli. Sen ici rogor Seinaxav Cems saxels sai-dumlod. dabeWdva mag leqsisa ar iqneba, _ eg ise undagavrceldes qalaqSi“ (10, 33). ilias sicocxleSi isinimarTlac ar dabeWdila.

rogorc pavle ingoroyvam daadgina, ilia WavWava-Ze sxvadasxva fsevdonims iyenebda poeziaSi, mxatvrulprozaSi da publicistikaSi (1, 400).

literaturis (maT Soris, rasakvirvelia, qarTuliliteraturis) istoria icnobs sxvadasxva avtoris mi-er erTi saziaro fsevdonimis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebs,rasac Semdgom mravali Tavsatexi gauCenia specialis-tebisaTvis. am dros namdvili avtoris dadgena uki-duresad gaZnelebulia da amitomac fsevdonimebis ga-Sifvrisas, maqsimaluri sifrTxilis gamoCena gvmar-Tebs. kargad SeniSnavs amis Taobaze ioseb griSaSvili:„Secdomisgan aravin ar aris dazRveuli, magram es Sec-domebi, rom SevamciroT da samudamod aRmovfxvraTmaTi gameoreba, saWiroa xangrZlivi, dakvirvebuli mu-Saoba da ara naucbaTevad daskvnis gamotana. iqnebasjobdes sadavo fsevdonimi auxsneli davtovoT, vid-re igi SecdomiT amovxsnaT“53.

rasakvirvelia, sifxizle gvmarTebs anonimur na-warmoebTa mimarTac. ar arsebobs universaluri xer-xi, romelic naTels gaxdida yvela sadavo sakiTxs. na-weris stilisturi analizi ar aris yovelTvis utyua-ri da saimedo xerxi WeSmaritebis dasadgenad. marTe-bulia ioseb griSaSvilis mtkiceba, rom, magaliTad,„iveriaSi“ ilia WavWavaZis stili da marTlwera iyo ga-batonebuli. gr. yifSiZis, art. axnazarovis, sxva Ta-namSromlebis mier SeTvisebuli ena Zalian hgavda ili-

53 ioseb g r i S a S v i l i, fsevdonimebis da kriptogramebisamoxsnisaTvis, „mnaTobi~, 1969, # 5, gv. 124.

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as mier SemuSavebul enas“: iliam marTlac „iveriis“ re-daqcia „JurnalistTa aRzrdis skolad aqcia“54 .

amis garda, ilias, rogorc redaqtoris saJurnalomoRvaweoba, ise sxvadasxva pirTan erTad publicistu-ri gamosvlebi namdvil Tanaavtorobas niSnavda. amisSesaxeb gvaqvs i. gogebaSvilis pirdapiri miTiTebac (5,399).

qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqciaTa nivTierisiRatake imiTac aRmoCnda saziano, rom, TiTqmis, aRardagvrCa sahonoraro uwyebis xelnawerebi, romliTacmoxerxdeboda fsevdonimebisa ada anonimebis gaSif-vra.

ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc redaqtor-gamomcemeli,sxvisi fsevdonimebis keTilxmovanebasa da moxerxebu-lobaze fiqrobda. iona meunargia igonebs, rom „ive-riaSi“ unda dawyebuliyo mis mier Sekrebili istori-uli da samwerlobo nakvesebis beWdva „lelos“ fsev-donomiT. ilias ar moswonebia es fsevdonimi (saxel-wodeba „nakvesic“ ilias mogonili yofila)55 .

ai, swored amis gamo swerda igi iona meunargias 1885wlis dekemberSi: „Seni fsevdonimi arc erTi ar mome-wona. aq movigoneT ori fsevdonimi: 1. „me var da Ceminabadi“, Tumca grZelia, magram SenTvis zed gamoWri-lia: 2) „abedi“, viTom nakvesma Sen cecxli mogikida, ro-gorc abeds, da Sen Cven gadmogveci. es ukanaskneli,kargia, magram akaki wereTels sabuTs miscems qarTu-li abedi rusul j,tl-ad gadaaqcios; maSin Sen sxvis sa-dilebis maZebars geZaxoda da dagcinoda. orSi erTiamoirCie da telegramiT macnobe“ (10, 109-110).

ilia WavWavaZem kargad icoda, rom yoveli ufleba,maT Soris _ ufleba anonimiT an fsevdonomiT nawar-moebis gamoqveynebisa, SeiZleba borotad iqnes gamo-yenebuli da avtoris upasuxismgeblobas amarTlebdes.ilia bejiTad icavda imas, rom fsevdonimisa da anoni-

54 lado m i n a S v i l i, ilia WavWavaZe, 1986, gv. 23.55 iona m e u n a r g i a, qarTveli mwerlebi, 1957, 11, gv. 35.

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mis amofarebiT ar SeiZleba adamianis Rirsebis odna-vi Selaxvac. meore mxriv, ilia uflebas fsevdonimzeimisaTvis iyenebda, rom socialuri usamarTlobismsxverplT ar egrZnoT SemoqmedebiTi uimedoba. amdros fsevdonimis gamoyeneba rodi xdeba literatu-ruli modis pativiscemisaTvis.

saintereso mogoneba dagvitova ip. varTagavam:„buntisaTvis“ ramdenime seminaristi gauricxavT re-aqciul xelmZRvanelebs da maT Soris _ iakob cincaZe.igi ilias „iveriaSi“ miuRia samuSaod. Semdgom, rocagausaxlebiaT Tbilisidan lenqoranSi, i. cincaZe mi-sula iliasTan gamosamSvidobeblad. ilias gulTbi-lad miuRia, gaumxnevebia da uTqvams: „azalgazrdaxar, iolad gadaitan sasjels, suliT nu daecemi, ga-dasaxlebaSic were, gamogzavne werilebi sxva fsevdo-nimiT da yovelTvis dagibeWdavT~56 .

i. cincaZes (ia ekalaZes) pirnaTlad Seusrulebiailia WavWavaZis es rCeva-darigeba57 . am gziT fsevdo-nimi xels uwyobda imas, rom damwyebi mwerlis Semoqme-debiTi rwmenis saTave ar dazianebuliyo. swored Se-moqmedebiTi rwmebis gaRviZebiT ilia WavWavaZes ara-erTi avtori SeuZenia qarTuli mwerlobisa da Jurna-listikisaTvis. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom ila WavWa-vaZes, Tavisi gautexeli nebisyofiT, SeeZlo pirdapireTqva damwyebi avtorisaTvis, rom mas xeli aeRo mwer-lobaze da sxva mowodeba epova. am gziTac mas bevri pi-rovnebis niWisaTvis swori mimarTuleba miucia.

56 ip. v a r T a g a v a, me-19 saukunis qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebisgamoCenili redaqtorebi, 1957, gv. 120.

57 i. cincaZis fsevdonimebis Sesaxeb ix. g. miqaZe, fsevdonimebisleqsikoni, gv. 42.

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pirvelgamoqveynebis ufleba

uaRresad sainteresoa ilia WavWavaZis dakvirvebaavtoris mier nawarmoebis pirvelad gamoqveynebis

uflebaze, rogorc mTavar elementze saavtoro uf-lebisa. iliasaTvis naTeli iyo, rom yvelas, visac Se-uZlia, unda hqondes ufleba Semoqmedebisa, sabolo-od, Tavisi nawarmoebis gamoqveynebisa, magram es imasar niSnavs, rom yvela da TiToeuli aucileblad undabeWdavdes Tavis nawers, Cqarobdes mis gamoqveynebas.pirvelgamocemis uflebas TviTon ilia didi pasuxis-mgeblobiT ekideboda.

marTalia, gamoqveynebis ufleba saavtoro ufle-bis centraluri nawilia, magram mis naCqarevad, win-dauxedavad gamoyenebas ziani SeuZlia moutanos na-warmoebis srulyofas da TviT avtoris prestiJsac.

mxolod avtori wyvets, mzadaa Tu ara Tavisi nawar-moebi mwife nayofis msgavsad, moswydes mis kalams sa-yovelTao saxalxod gasacnobad.

amitomac, dResac Zalas ar kargavs asze meti wliswin, 1886 wels, dawerili ilias Txovna-mowodeba poe-ziis axalgazrda moyvarulTadmi. igi „iveriis“ meTa-uri werilis saxiTaa. redaqcias siZneleebi Seqmniaaxalgazrda avtorebis moZalebis gamo. ilia iqve Se-niSnavda, nu gviwyenTo patara megobrebo pirdapirsityvas. „pirdapiri sityva sjobia tyuilubralo wa-qezebas“ (3, 90). ilia maT Rrma pativiscemiT swerda:Tqevn mogmarTavs Tqveni guliTadi megobari da keTi-lis mosurne, „Tu RmerTs poetobis niWi moumadlebiaTqvenTvis, Cemo patara megobrebo, nu CqarobT magisgamoCenasa. nu geSiniaT, igi ar migemalebaT arsad. igiTavis drozed gamoixeTqebs, rogorc ankara wyarokldis gulidama, oRond pirvel xanSive nu miaklebTmag ususurs madls _ mecnierebis noyier ZuZusa“ (3, 91).jer codnas, mecnierebas unda daeufloT, vinaidanmecnierebis Suqis gareSe poezia azizi, mzeTunaxaviyvavilia, romelic male Wkneba, Tavis surnelebas kar-

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gavs _ dasZenda ilia.marto asakobrivi cenziT rodi zRudavda ilia Wav-

WavaZe avtoris mier pirvelad gamoqveynebis uflebas.mas aranakleb aRelvebda is, rom bevrs survili uCnde-ba kalmis pirvelive WaSniki gadascen dasabeWdad, ro-ca aseTi pirebi TamaSoben da „werisa da bRajnis mous-venari saRerRel aSlilni“ (8, 248) cdiloben uRirsadmwerlis saxelis miTvisebas, maSin, roca Tu amgvarnipirni literatorTa rigebs gamoakldebian, es „aravisar unda darCes sanaRvlelad, imitom, rom yvelgan dayovel saqmeSi mravalni arian wveuln da mxolod mci-redi rCeuln~ (8, 248).

ilia daundobeli simarTliT werda „ciskris“ Zve-li Taobis zogierTi avtor-TanamSromlis Sesaxeb:sjobda kalams isini xelSi ar iRebdnen da „Tu aiReb-dnen, marto mokiTxvis wignebis dasawerado~ (3, 29).

ilia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirdapirobiT aRniS-navda 1861 wels „ciskarSi“ gamoqveynebul nawarmoeb-Ta Taobaze: „madlobeli iyaviT „ciskris“ redaqcii-sa, rom Tqveni leqsebi ibeWdebian: madlobeli iyaviT,rom „ciskari“ egre cudia, rom yvelafersa beWdavs,Torem Tqvens leqsebs dabeWdva ar eRirseboda TavisdReSia“.

amJamad, ganagrZobda ilia, literaturis warmo-madgeneli mxolod „ciskaria“, magram niSnavda Tu araes imas, rac axla „ciskarSi“ iwereba, saqarTvelos xal-xis fiqria, Wkuaa, gonebaa, Cveulebaa? da iqve iZleo-da pasuxs: „ara, aTasjer ara. mec imitom ese pirdapirvlaparakob, rom vinc windauxedavad bRajnis, aRarabRajnos; radganac igini Tavis bRajniTa amdablebenCvens enas. me imisaTvis vlaparakob egre sastikad, pir-moufereblad, rom uniWoni da amasTan uswavlelnicTavis oTaxidgan fexs nu gamodgamen, gareT, litera-turaSi. amas vTxovT xalxis saxeliTa, xalxisve saxe-lis dacvisaTvis!~ (3, 37).

es Wabukis sijiute ar yofila. am gziT surda axal-gazrda ilias brZola agresiuli uvicobis aRmosaf-

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xvrelad, roca igi mowinaaRmdeges arwmunebda, rom maTumjobesia „kalami Seasvenon“ (3,46) da „ciskari“ uke-Tes dReebs naxavso.

TviTon ilia WavWavaZe xom ymawvilobis gamo aravi-Tar SeRavaTs ar aZlevda Tavis Tavs. igi udidesi mom-TxovnelobiT epyroboda pirvelad gamoqveynebis uf-lebas. es momTxovneloba marto mxatvrul nawerebs kiar exeboda, aramed publicistikasac. aqac, filipe go-giCaiSvilis mowmobiT, „ilia arasodes ar gauSvebda xe-lidan Tavis nawers Savad, gadauwerels“58 , ilia, sxve-bis mimarT ase mkacri da sastiki, gansakuTrebul moT-xovnas upirvelesad sakuTari naweris mimarT iCenda.

„mamebis“ winaaRmdeg gaafTrebuli Setakebebisdros ilia WavWavaZes yofnida Sinagani sulieri Zale-bi, mopaeqris mier sworad miniSnebuli SecdomisaTvissaqveynod bodiSi moexada (3, 51). teqstis enis srulyo-fas sazRvari ara aqvs da ilia gulwrfeli iyo, rocawerda: „Cven yvelani qarTuli enis xmarebaSi codvil-ni varT~ (3, 26).

qarTulis mSvenieri ostatis _ ilia zurabiSvilissityvebiT, „ilia Tavisadmi marTlac da ulmobeli iyo,amis dammowmebelia ilias koreqtura misive nawerebi-sa. minaxavs ara erTxel es koreqtura da unda vTqva,rom arc erTi topografiuli ruka ar Seedreboda misnaxazobas. an rogor axerxebdnen asoTamwyobni am ko-reqturis gasworebas, pirdapir sakvirvelia“59.

ilias es momTxovneloba mxolod SemorCenil koreq-turebSi rodi Cans. misi nawerebis gadarCenili avtog-rafebi, maTi variantebi mWevrmetyvelurad gviCvene-ben „raodeni pasuxismgeblobiT amuSavebda i. WavWava-Ze ara marto nawarmoebis siuJets, aramed xSirad yo-

58 filipe g o g i C a i S v i l i, ori epizodi ilia WavWavaZisa daCemi nacnobobis droidan, `mnaTobi~, 1962, #12, gv. 179.

59 ilia z u r a b i S v i l i (elefTeriZe), warsulis anarekli(mogoneba ilia WavWavaZeze) saiubileo krebuli „iliaWavWavaZe~, 1939, gv. 322.

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vel sityvas, rom mkveTri suraTi Seeqmna mas da mkiT-xvelSi Sesabamisi gancda gamoewvia“60.

ilia WavWavaZes dRiurebi ar dautovebia, romle-bic gagviadvilebdnen avtoris Semoqmedebis proces-ze dakvirvebas, darCenili avtografebis variantebibevri ara gvaqvs. ilia WavWavaZe ar ekuTvnoda im av-torTa ricxvs, romelnic iswrafvian sxvadasxva moti-viT mospon TavianTi Savi samuSaos kvali. Tavisi Se-moqmedebis sferodan is saidumloebas ar qmnida. ami-tom, samwuxaroa, rom Tanamedroveebma nakleb izru-nes ilias avtografebis srulad SenaxvisaTvis, magramrac gadarCenilia, adasturebs avtoris swrafvasmxatvrul sityvasTan dauokebeli Widilisa da maincmis mudmiv SemoqmedebiT ukmayofilebas. fsiqologi-uri sarCuli ilias mier Seqmnil nawarmoebTa dagvia-nebiT gamoqveynebisa mniSvnelovnad amaSi unda veZi-oT, es gulisxmobs gaZlierebuli pasuxismgeblobisgrZnobas mwerlisa mkiTxvelis winaSe, romelic gansa-kuTrebuli gulmxurvalebiT xvdeboda mis nawerebs.marTebulad SeniSnavda gr. kiknaZe: ilia WavWavaZis sa-xeli qarTvelma xalxma TiTqmis gaaigiva TavisTavTan,„amitomac hqonda ilia WavWavaZis yoveli moTxrobisaTu statiis gamoqveynebas movlenis mniSvneloba“61.ilia WavWavaZe adre dawerils gvian aqveynebda. igi swo-red im avtorTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda, vinc SedarebiTswrafad wers, magram advilad ver imetebs xelnawersdasabeWdad. es gadaxaneba SemoqmedebiTi pauzis droki araa, aramed dednis ganuxreli srulyofis perio-di. es dasturdeba ilias epistolaruli memkvidreo-bidan da TanamedroveTa mogonebebiT.

1864 wels ilia swerda kirile lorTqifaniZes: „airisi gamogzavna exla SeviZeli: „qarTvlis dedas“ ar

60 mixeil z a n d u k e l i, ilia WavWavaZis zogierTi nawarmoebisaxali avtografebi, zemoT dasaxelebuli krebuli, gv. 470.

61 gr. k i k n a Z e, literaturis Teoriisa da istoriissakiTxebi, 1978, gv. 175.

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gigzavni, mitom, rom verasgziT ver gavaswore, gaus-woreblad ki ver gamogigzavne imitom, rom SigadaSigufro ritorikaa, vidre sxva rame“. aq igi ar gamoT-qvams sayvedurs cenzorebisadmi, romlebmac „sunisaReba kargad ician“, magram iqve agrZelebs „kako yaCa-Ris“ Sesaxeb, rom igi „Tumca dasrulebuli maqvs, mag-ram ar gigzavni, radganac vici, rom ar dabeWdaven.Tund mand moaxerxo da nebis darTva aiRo, aq mTelwigns agikrZalaven, es namdvilad vici. me bevri vecadeaqauri cenzuris komitetSi, magram Zalian amikrZa-les“ (10, 26). ilia Tavis muSaobas ase axasiaTebs duSe-Tidan petre umikaSvilisadmi gamogzavnil werilSi:„didi mosveneba da SeRavaTi minda, rom davwero rameda minam me Cinovnikobas Tavs ar davanebeb _ eg mosvene-ba da SeRavaTi CemTvis sizmaria, Tu daviwye rame daaraferma ar damiSala. dawyobils male Sevasruleb ...exlandeli Cemi mdgomareoba iseTia, rom werisaTvisxangrZlivi mocaleoba ara maqvs“ (10, 36).

imave wels wuxiliT swerda petre umikaSvils: „mwe-rals damoukidebloba unda, mwerals Tavisi dro sulmas unda ekuTvnodes“ (10, 37).

„qarTvlis dedaze“ ilia didxans agrZelebda muSa-obas.

1871 wels petre nakaSiZes swerda: „gigzavni xelax-lad gadakeTebuls Sendami naZRvnevs Cems „qarTvlisdedas“. Tu mogewonos, mieci nikolaZes dasabeWdaT“ (10,32).

„qarTvlis dedis“ pirveli varianti 1860 welsaa da-werili, bolo ki 1871 wels e. i. SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba11 weli gagrZelda. aseve mdidari SemoqmedebiTi is-toria aqvs „glaxis naambobs“, romelic jer „kacia-adamianisa?!“ da „kako yaCaRis“ gamaerTianebeli nawar-moebis Semadgeneli nawili unda yofiliyo62. pirveladigi damoukidebeli nawarmoebis saxiT 1859 wels dauw-yia ilias, Semdeg 1862 wels daumuSavebia pirveli naxe-

62 ix. l. m i n a S v i l i, ilia WavWavaZe, 1986, gv. 15.

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vari moTxrobisa da es nawili daibeWda kidevac „sa-qarTvelos moambis“ pirvel nomerSi. Semdgom ilia in-tensiurad muSaobs am Tavis SesaniSnav prozaul nawar-moebze da 14 wlis Semdeg amTavrebs mas. 1873 wels iliaaRniSnavda kirile lorTqifaniZisadmi miweril we-rilSi: „glaxis naambobi davasrule da TebervlisaTamdin gamogigzavni. rac dabeWdila imazed, Tu arameti, naklebi ar gamova. didi xania es naambobi gulSimedo da Zlivs moviSore. ar vici rogor mogewonebaT.zogierTi adgilebi mainc mgoni kargi unda iyos, mag-ram rac aris, RmerTma mihsces, me xom Tavidan moviSo-re da“ (10, 29).

imave wels niko nikolaZes swerda: „glaxis naambo-bis gasworeba fiqradac ara maqvs, rogorc dabeWdi-lia, ise gadabeWdeT, dee mag pirmSo Zeman Cemman ise ia-ros qveyanaze, rogorc Tavdapirvel Sobila. visac armoewonos gza auqcios“ (10, 43). „glaxis naambobis“ da-mamTavrebeli nawili bunebrivi gagrZelebaa pirveli-sa. SesaniSnavad ambobs pavle ingoroyva: „miuxedavadimisa, rom pirveli nawili „glaxis naambobisa“ aTi-ca-meti wliT aris dacilebuli meore nawilisagan, moT-xrobas ar emCneva raime bzari, ar axlavs stilis elfe-ris raime sxvaoba, TiTqos moTxrobis erTis midgomiTda erTis ganwyobilebiT aris nawerio“ (2, 596). es ar exe-ba ilias marto am nawarmoebs. igi damaxasiaTebeliayvela sxva naRvawisaTvis, maT Soris cenzuris mier Se-yovnebulisaTvis. arc erTi maTgani Semdgom avtoriskeTilmyofeli Carxis gakvris gareSe ar gamosula. eserTaderTi sikeTea, rac cenzuris daxanebebs hqonda.

iliasaTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom mwerals vermovTxovT, yovelTvis iyos Tavisi Semoqmedebis mwver-valze, magram pirvelgamoqveynebis ufleba Tavisi Se-saZleblobis doneze mainc unda Seasrulos. Tanamed-roveni sayvedurs gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom „die-taze amyofebs Tavis mkiTxvels ilia wlebis ganmavlo-baSio“. es sayveduri umarTebuloa. marTlac, yovelimwerali individualuri movlenaa, amitom `mTavaria

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ara maTi SemoqmedebiTi laboratoriis „mowyobilo-ba“, aramed is literaturuli produqcia, romelic amlaboratoriidan gamodis. am mxriv ki did ilias sayve-durs veravin etyvis“63.

ilia WavWavaZis mier mxatvrul nawarmoebTa dagvi-anebiT gamoqveynebis Taobaze sxvadasxva axsnaa lite-raturaSi, maT Soris mcdaric da sadavoc. magram ariserTi, romelic daufaravad cilismwamebluria da Sem-zaravad umaduri, kerZod, RvarZliani mtkiceba, romilia WavWavaZes batonymobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli na-warmoebebi maSin ki ar gamouqveynebia, roca es yvela-ze metad saWiro iyo, aramed batonymobis gadavardni-dan aTi-TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg64. gamonakliss aq, ra-sakvirvelia, uSveben „kacia-adamianis“ mimarT.

TiTqos es Sedevri ar kmara avtoris Seurigebelidamokidebulebis gamosaxatavad batonymobis sisaZag-lis mimarT. aq xom „ilia WavWavaZe mkacrsa da sastiksatiras mihmarTavs, satiras molierisasa da volte-risas, satiras, romelic daundoblad hkicxavs da mi-wasTan asworebs yovels, romelsac daumaxinjebia daSeurcxvenia wminda saxeli adamianisa“65. gadaWriT un-da iTqvas _ ilias dasrulebuli antibatonymuri mxat-vruli nawarmoebebi Tavis droze ver daibeWda imitom,rom amas saSineli ZaliT win aRudgnen azris jalaTebi_ cenzorebi. isic vTqvaT, cenzuruli terori sawermagidasTanac xom Tavs edga avtoris kalams yovelistriqonis werisas. aq axalgazrda ilias dawyebuli na-warmoebebi srul uSiSroebas da Seurigeblobas am-JRavneben batonymobis mimarT. is sulTamxuTavi at-mosfero, rac cenzuram Seqmna, rogorc ilia WavWava-Zis Semoqmedebis, ise misi redaqtorobiT gamosuli

63 m. d a T u k i S v i l i, i. m. meunargia _ axali qarTuliliteraturis klasikosTa mkvlevari, 1983, gv. 161.

64 ix. magaliTad, ioseb b o c v a Z e, ilia WavWavaZerevoluciamdel qarTul literaturul kritikaSi, 1877,gv. 176-177.

65 k. a b a S i Z e, etiudebi, 1911, 1, gv. 231.

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„iveriis“ garSemo sakmao sisruliTaa Seswavlili66.marTlac xdeboda ise, rom ilias gverd-gverd unda

gamoeglija nawarmoebi cenzuris xelidan, unda daecvasruliad uwyinari sityvebic67. magram aqve unda Sev-niSnoT, rom ilias nawarmoebTa dagvianebiT gamoqvey-nebas amasTan erTad sxva mizezic hqonda. aq erTmaneTsenaskveboda cenzuris terori da avtoriseuli sif-rTxile, am TvalsazrisiT, bevr rames gvixsnis nawar-moebTa SemoqmedebiTi istoria.

aq pirvel rigSi vgulisxmobT poema „aCrdils“.es poema iliam ocdaerTi wlis studentma dawera

jer kidev 1858 wels. misi nawyveti „ciskarSi“ 1859 welsibeWdeba. am wels iqmneba „aCrdilis“ meore varianti,mesame varianti _ 1872 wels, xolo sabolood gaimarTa1872-1881 wlebSi, e. i. iliam igi 44 wlisam daasrula uk-ve „SemoqmedebiTi simwifis asakSi“68. gadaWarbebaa ili-as Semoqmedebis gamoCenili mkvlevris pavle ingoroy-vas Semdeg mtkicebaSi: „cenzuris wyalobiT Cven dResara gvaqvs „aCrdilis“ sruli teqsti. poemis 22 da 23Tavebi dakargulia, „aCrdilis“ bolo redaqciis pir-velnaweri avtografebi ar Senaxula, xolo nabeWd teq-stSi es ori Tavi ... amoSlilia cenzuris mier. ras Sei-cavda „aCrdilis“ es ori dakarguli Tavi, amis SesaxebaraviTari pirdapiri cnoba ar Senaxula“69.

66 paata g u g u S v i l i, „iveria~ cenzuris rkalSi (1877-1887),Tbilisis universitetis saiubileo krebuli „iliaWavWavaZe~, 1939, gv. 202-229.

67 ase, 1889 wlis oqtomberSi ilia werda rafiel erisTavs,rogorc cenzors: „Tqveni Wirime, kniazo rafiel, amstriqons nu amoSliT. Vyjufz ktnf nuTu akrZalulisityvaa? geficebiT am leqss wauSlelad TviTon lukastefanisZec ki (isarliSvili _ s.j.) daubrkoleblivgauSvebda. Tqveni Wirime, leqss nu waaxdenT, pasuxis gebaCemi iyos, Tu vinme ram SehniSnos~ (10, 87).

68 ix. lado m i n a S v i l i, „ilia WavWavaZis „aCrdilis~SemoqmedebiTi istoriisaTvis~, Tbilisis universitetissaiubileo krebuli „ilia WavWavaZe~, 1977, gv. 74, 90.

69 pavle i n g o r o y v a, ilia WavWavaZe, narkvevi, 1957, gv. 115.

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„aCrdilis“ ase dagvianebiT dabeWdva marto cenzu-ris70 brali rodia. TviTon ilia 1872 wels daviT eris-Tavisadmi gagzavnil werilSi cenzuris mimarT ki ar ga-moTqvams sayvedurs, aramed miuTiTebs gulwrfel Se-moqmedebiT ukmayofilebaze: „me arafers ara vwer, am„aCrdilma“ tyavi gamaZro. istoriulis nawilzed ga-qir virsaviT Sevdeg da erTi biji win veRar wavdgi. arvici ra vqna? vambob am „aCrdils“ Tavi davanebo meTqi...“ (10. 34). cenzuris makratels ver davabralebT, romman dakarga poemis ocdameore da ocdamesame Tavebi71.Cveni azriT, sworia g. jiblaZis mtkiceba, rom ilias ardauweria es Tavebi, radgan Cvens istoriaSi xalxi araris warmoCenili mTeli misi ZlierebiT da swored amanaaRebina xeli poemis avtors maT daweraze72.

gedevaniSviliseuli gamocemis winasityvaobaSi ki-ta abaSiZe aRniSnavda: „22-23 Tavi, romelnic ar ariandabeWdili, versad ver vipoveT da ver aRvadgineT“73.yovel SemTxvevaSi amis axsnas igi cenzuris moqmedeba-Si ar eZebs. es savsebiT swori gzaa, vinaidan ar arisvariantebi avtografebSi, rom miuTiTebdes mis arse-bobaze. amasve adasturebs avtografebis gverdebisTanmimdevroba. Cven arc erTi sxva SemTxvevac ar vi-ciT, rom cenzuras ilias romelime nawarmoebis mTe-li Tavi moespos, miT ufro im nawarmoebisa, romlissrulyofas iliam TiTqmis 23 weli Sealia. cenzuri-saTvis gverdis avlas ilia iTvaliswinebda „aCrdilis“beWdvis win. gavixsenoT, 1873 wels igi swerda niko ni-

70 1891 wlis 16 oqtombers cenzuram akrZala poema „aCrdi-lidan~ nawyvetis rusuli Targmanebi (ix. a. ioviZe, „iliaWavWavaZe~ dokumenturi masalebi, „saistorio moambe~, 1947,gv. 232-233).

71 pavle ingoroyva erTaderTi rodia, romelic cenzurisbrals miawers „aCrdilis~ ori Tavis dakargvas. msgavsSexedulebas Semdgomac gamoTqvamen. ix. i. bocvaZe, iliaWavWavaZe revoluciamdel qarTul kritikaSi, 1977, gv. 177.

72 g. j i b l a Z e, ilia WavWavaZe, 1966, gv. 286.73 ix. ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebani, m. gedevaniSvilis gamocema,

1914, t. 1, gv. XX.

5 15 15 15 15 1

kolaZes: „Cemi aCrdilis pirvel nawils gigzanvi, TumogewonoT srulad dabeWdeT. vici, rom me-16 xanisukanasknel oTx striqons cenzori amoSlis, isev isahsjobia Cven winadve davaswroT, rom sxvaze mainc araReldes“ (10, 44). rogorc vxedavT, aq laparakia „aC-rdilis“ mxolod pirvel nawilze. imave wels igi swer-da kirile lorTqifaniZes: „Tu es leqsebi ar mogewo-nos, umikovs Cemi „aCrdili“ aqvs, axladgadakeTebuli,iqidan me-7, 8 da me-9 muxli dabeWde im saTauriT, ro-gorc adre iyo dabeWdili krebulSi“ (10, 30).

ilia WavWavaZe principuli mebrZoli iyo cenzurismarwuxebis winaaRmdeg da miuxedavad iZulebiTi daT-mobisa, arc erTxel ar uRalatia 1863 wels „saqarTve-los moambeSi“ gakeTebul gancxadeba-ficisaTvis:

„... Tumca gza gaxiduli gvqonda, magram gulwrfe-lad da gabedviT vityviT, rom sxvas mosawonad arc er-Tis Cvenis guliTadis azrisaTvis ar gviRalatnia, sxvismosafereblad arc erTi grZnoba ar gagviyidnia. rome-lime angariSisaTvis yalbi vercxlad ar gagviyvania. CvendavCumebulvarT da svindisisaTvis ki ar gviRalatnia,rogorc goneba Cveni hsWrida, rogorc guli gviTxrob-da, ise vlaparakobdiT, roca ki SegveZlo da kvlavacise moviqceviT, Tund rom amiT Cvens Jurnals bolo mo-eRos“74 . am sityvebis erTguli ilia WavWavaZe daeTan-xmeboda ki Tavisi poemis gamoqveynebas ise, rom masSi oriTavi amoglejili yofiliyo. 1861 wels, roca ilia wi-namZRvriSvils swerda: „Cemi aCrdili da xaji-abreki rayofaSi ariano“ (10,24), mas gadawyvetili hqonda, „aCrdi-lis“ mTlianad dabeWdva, magram maSin cenzuram ar ga-uSva75 . 1859 wels ilias xeliT gadaTeTrebuli am vari-

74 `saqarTvelos moambe~, 1863, #11, gv.1.75 sainteresoa n. nikolaZis mogoneba cenzurisa da ilias

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. ix. m. gafrindaSvili, erovnulida klasobrivi ilia WavWavaZis ganmanaTleblur-revolu-ciur-demokratiuli da utopiur-socialistur msofl-mxedvelobaSi, istoriograiful-meTodologiuri narkve-vi, 1987, gv. 15.

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antis mixedviT, pavle ingoroyvas swori SeniSvniT, Se-uZlebelia dakarguli Tavebis aRdgena (1, 372). Cven vfiq-robT, rom SeuZlebelia axali masalebis aRmoCena, vi-naidan, sazogadod, ar arsebobda isini. avtoris mierdasabeWdi teqstisadmi gansakuTrebuli momTxovnelo-ba ilia WavWavaZes im mweralTa ricxvSi aqcevda, rome-lic ase Znelad eleva Tavis xelnawers. am fsiqologiu-ri barieris Sesaxeb saintereso mogoneba dagvitova ia-kob mansvetaSvilma.

mas iliasaTvis uTxovia saymawvilo Jurnal „jeji-lisaTvis“ raime leqsi gadaeca: rogorc iqna, ilia Se-pirebia. „mTeli Tve momixda ukan devna, minam ilia ga-bedavda Tavis danapirebis Sesrulebas“. es iyo iliaserT-erTi ukanaskneli leqsi „bazaleTis tba“. i. man-svetaSvili aRwers im kmayofilebas, rogoriTac mkiT-xveli Sexvda mis gamoqveynebas. igi agrZelebs: „iliasvuCvene dabeWdili leqsi da vkiTxe, xom lamazi aris-meTqi? Tanac davumate: ese gamoqveynebuli ara sjobs,vidre ujraSi magrad Camaluli-meTqi.“

iliam amaze ase Taviseburad mipasuxa:_ ra giTxraT? manam leqsi CemTan aris _ Cemi mgonia,

maxarebs, da raki daibeWdeba, saqveynod gaxdeba, iseTsgrZnobas ganvicdi, TiTqos gulidan sayvareli RviZ-li Svili momglijeso“. am dros Svidi weli mainc iyogasuli „bazaleTis tbis“ daweridan76. i. mansvetaSvi-lis saintereso dakvirvebiT, albaT, am fsiqologiu-ri TaviseburebebiT unda aixsnas, rom „ilia did xansinaxavda kalTis qveS amofarebuls Tavis pirmSo Svi-lebs da minam asakis xanSi ar Sevidodnen, ar imetebdamaT saqveynod gamoSvebas, rogorc Citi budidgan argamouSvebs da ar daafrens Tavis bartyebs, vidre ma-gar frTebs ar Seisxamen“77. marTlac, ilia WavWavaZis

76 ix. s. x u r c i l a v a, `qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri damefis cenzura~, 1980, gv. 77.

77 iakob m a n s v e t a S v i l i, ̀ mogonebani, naxuli da gagonili~,l. asaTianis redaqciiT, winasityvaobiT da SeniSvnebiT, 1936,gv. 115.

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didi mxatvruli tiloebi xangrZlivi SemoqmedebiTiSTagonebis RadarSia gavlili. marTalia, bolo mxat-vruli Sedevri „oTaraanT qvrivi“ mokle droSia da-werili da daweridan momdevno _ 1888 welsve gamoqvey-nda, magram aqac ilia WavWavaZis mravalgzis gadauwe-ria misi xelnawerebi am sityvieri qandakebebis sabo-loo saxiT Camoqnamde.

rasakvirvelia, mwerals SeuZlia srulyos erTxelgamoqveynebuli teqsti, magram es ar unda iqces ad-rindeli poziciis mudmivi gadasinjvis Jinad.

bunebrivia, mkiTxvelis pativismcemeli avtorivaldebulia, mkveTrad asxvavebdes Tavis uflebasxelnawerze, maT Soris dasabeWdad gamzadebulze dauflebas gamoqveynebul nawarmoebze.

marTalia, nawarmoebis gamoqveynebis saboloo ga-dawyvetilebas martooden avtori iRebs, magram mxat-vruli nawarmoebis avtors, viqtor hiugos sityvebiT,„ukve ara aqvs ufleba raime waSalos mas Semdeg, racnawarmoebi gamoqveynebulia. SeuZlia Seitanos sti-listuri Sesworebebi, magram ver Seitans arsebiT Ses-worebebs. ratom? imitom, rom sxva piri _ sazogadoeba_ gaxda mflobeli misi nawarmoebisa“78.

marTlac gaubzaravi stilis avtori ilia WavWava-Ze swored aseTi pasuxismgeblobiT epyroboda ukve ga-moqveynebuli teqstis Semdgom gamocemas.

78 Dbrnjh U . u j, Cj,hfybt cjxbytybq d 15 njvf[, n. 15,c. 676

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nawarmoebis xelSeuxeblobis umaRlesiprincipi

nawarmoebis xelSeuxebloba saavtoro samarTlisumaRlesi principia.

es exeba ara mxolod cocxal avtorTa nawarmoebebs,aramed daculia gardacvlili avtorebisa da maTi mem-kvidreebis uflebaTa xelSeuxebloba.

nawarmoebis xelSeuxeblobis principi yovelgvarivadis gareSe moqmedebs da igi kulturuli memkvidre-obis dacvisa da gafrTxilebis saerTo procesis nawi-lia. swored amitom ilia WavWavaZe gansakuTrebul yu-radRebas iCenda Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglTaxelSeuxeblobisaTvis, anu rogorc TviTonve werda _teqstis „simarTlis aRdgenisaTvis“ (10, 95). am mizniTigi mravali organizaciuli wamowyebis moTave iyo.Rirssacnobia Tundac erTi aseTi faqti: 1876 wlis 5marts profesori al. cagareli swerda ilias peter-burgidan: „Zalian kargi hazri mogvsvliaT, Zveli mwer-lobis gamocemis sazogadoeba rom SegidgeniaT. amazedbevri laparaki ar gvinda, amis saWiroeba cxadia ...

mwer wminda ninos cxovrebazed. aq akademiaSi arisqarTvel mamaTa cxovreba, magram gadawera da mand ga-mogzavna, mgoni, meti Sroma iyos. Cemis azriT, sjobdaamave studentebisaTvis mogendoT dabeWdvaca, ro-melTac fuli gamougzavneT. eseni gadaswerdnen da Se-eZloT akademiis tipografiaSi TviTonve emuSavnaT,rogorc asoTamwyobebs dabeWdvaSi, amgvaraT ufroadvilad gadaswyvetdnen TavianT vals, Tu gamoubri-diT _ es aris maTi survili da hazri“79.

ilia WavWavaZe mravaljer yofila wera-kiTxvis ga-mavrcelebeli sazogadoebis mier Seqmnili qarTulisamwerlobo Zeglebis specialuri samecniero komisi-is Tavmjdomare Tu wevri da misi damsaxureba am sfe-roSi, kerZod ki, „vefxistyaosnis“ teqstis dadgenaSi,

79 ix. g. g o z a l i S v i l i, aleqsandre cagareli (1844-1929),„saistorio moambe~, 1977, #35-36, gv. 229-230.

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kargadaa Seswavlili80.ilia iyo 1884 wels gamosuli „visramianis“ pirveli

gamocemis erT-erTi redaqtori. SemorCenilia ilia-seuli teqsti winasityvaobisa81, romelic gamiznuliiyo am „yovelmxriT SesaniSnavi ganZisadmi“, romelicar „yofila dRevandlamde dabeWdili srulad“ (3, 472).

ilia WavWavaZe saavtoro samarTlisadmi did pati-viscemas amJRavnebs sxvadasxva popularuli broSurisbeWdvisas, romlebSic kacobriobis SvilTa brZnuli,moswrebuli azrebia Tavmoyrili.

ilia folkloris, xalxuri sibrZnis mouRleli Sem-krebi da aseve bejiTi redaqtor-gamomcemeli iyo82 . amdargSi misi nayofieri moRvaweobis nimuSad mxoloderTi werilic kmara, i. oqromWedliSvilisaTvis gag-zavnili: ... „me am wels (1881 w._s.j.) davbeWde oTxi wig-ni: „Zmuri sityva“, romelic ukve mogarTvi, „nakvese-bi“ da „damakvirdi“, romelTac amasTanave gigzavni, da„fSavuri leqsebi“, romelic am dReebSi gamova da SencmogerTmeva.

ara mgonia damiwuno, rom dro da fuli am wignebi-saTvis gamovimete. kai gasarTobi wignebia CveneburmkiTxvelebisaTvis da Zalianac iyideba“ (10, 95).

g. yifSiZis sando cnobiT, „jer kidev 1882 wels Se-adgina iliam programa zRaprebis, andaza-gamocanebi-sa da xalxur zepir-sityvierebis SegrovebisaTvis“83.„saandazo leqsebis“ gamocemisas, imisaTvis, rom ker-

80 ix. l. m e n a b d e, me-19 saukunis qarTveli klasikosebi daZveli qarTuli mwerloba, 1973, gv. 73-145.

81 am teqsts pirvelad miagno da dabeWda al. baramiZem, ix. al.baramiZe, ilia WavWavaZe da visramiani, Tbilisisuniversitetis saiubileo krebuli „ilia WavWavaZe~, 1939,gv. 223-228.

82 ix. qsenia s i x a r u l i Z e, qarTveli mwerlebi da xalxuriSemoqmedeba, 1956, wigni 1, gv. 10-30; m. Ciqovani, iliaWavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi wyaroebi, krebulSi „folklorida literatura~, 1980, gv. 5-54.

83 ix. ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebani, t. 1, m. gedevaniSvilisgamocema, 1914, t. 5, gv. lXVI.

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Zod Tqmuls zogadis azris mniSvneloba miscemoda,ilia cvlida zogierT sityvas, amasTan, ar iviwyebdaavtorze miTiTebas84.

Tavad xom ase uxvad iyenebda xalxur sibrZnes mxat-vrul nawerebSi. kargad ambobs geronti qiqoZe: „Zne-lia meore qarTveli mwerlis dasaxeleba, romelsacCveni saliteraturo ena iseve gaemdidrebinos gamoT-qmebiT, andazebiT da sityvis masaliT, rogorc es iliamhqmna „oTaraanT qvrivSi“, „qvaTa RaRadSi“85.

sayuradReboa ilia WavWavaZis damokidebuleba ker-Zo werilebis mimarT. kerZo werilebs sruliad sapi-rispiro mniSvneloba SeuZliaT hqondeT da sruliadgansxvavebuli roli iTamaSon literaturis istori-aSi. kerZod, SeiZleba mogvevlinon WeSmarit litera-turul da istoriul Zeglebad, anda piriqiT, inti-mur detalebze miniSnebebiT iqcnen saCoTiro cnobis-moyvareobis, anda uwmawuri sensaciis sababad.

ilia WavWavaZis rwmeniT, yovel SemTxvevaSi cocxa-li avtorisa da adresatis nebarTvis gareSe kerZo we-rili ar unda ibeWdebodes, vinaidan yvelgan da TiTo-eulisagan „adamianis Rirseba, patiosneba, sindisi ...pativcemuli unda iyos sruliad xelSeuxebeli“ (5,167). Zveli da axali Taobis mwvave paeqrobis dros „ma-mebis“ warmomadgenlebma gamoiyenes ilias kerZo weri-li g. sulxaniSvilisadmi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom„saqarTvelos moambis“ redaqtori ilia WavWavaZe „arasdgas arasodes erT azrzed“.

adresati g. sulxaniSvili aRSfoTebuli werda amisgamo: „uf, ciskris redaqtoro! eg wigni CemTan iyo mo-werili da Tqven ra ufleba gaqvT, rom sxvisagan dasxvasTan miwerils wignsa daukiTxavada beWdavT? ... magwigniT unda geCvenebinaT, rom WavWavaZe erT azrzedar dgaso, radganac maSin molaybes aqebdao da exla ki

84 ix. l. m e n a b d e, ìlia WavWavaZe da Zveli qarTulimwerloba~, Tsu, „Sromebi~, 69, 1958, gv. 115.

85 geronti q i q o Z e, ètiudebi da portretebi~, 1958, gv. 127.

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aZagebso. mag wignis TariRi rom gamogecxadebinaT, ma-Sin Tqveni cilisSewameba TavisTavad dairRvevoda,amas mimxvdarxarT, rom TariRi wignTan ar dagibeWdi-aT, Tqven Zalian kargad iciT, rom m o l a y b i s saxeli-Ta bevri sxvadasxva kaci swerda Tqvens ciskarSi ... uf.WavWavaZe im pirvels, am ori statiis damwers aqebs magwigniT, romelsac Tqven da Tqveni razmi, ise uxeirodhbaZavda, ver mihbaZa ki“ (10, 475).

aRtacebas da siamayes ganicdida ilia nikoloz ba-raTaSvilis SemoqmedebiT. TanamedroveTa cnobiT, ba-raTaSvilis leqsebis gacnobam SesZra axalgazrda ilia,„mTeli erTi kvira ymawvili hbodavda baraTaSviliT“86.arc Semdeg dauSurebia ilias STagonebuli sityvebi„meranis“ avtoris mimarT, romelmac „kacobriobiswyurvils qarTvelic Tanamoziared gauxada“ (3, 219). igiwerda: nikoloz baraTaSvili „oboli magaliTia, obo-li imitom, rom martod-martoa Cvens mwerlobaSi, arcwinamorbedi hyavs, arc ukan momdevi“ (3, 221).

ilias mTeli sicocxle stanjavda is, rom axalgaz-rda geniosis uRvTo sikvdiliT vin icis, ramdeni sa-unje damarxa misma mSobelma xalxma.

ilia WavWavaZe, bunebrivia, udidesi yuradRebiTekideboda nikoloz baraTaSvilis memkvidreobas, yo-vel striqons, mis mier datovebuls. „saqarTvelos mo-ambe“ didi siamayiT beWdavda n. baraTaSvilis leqsebs,romlebic poetis mamas _ meliton baraTaSvils gada-ucia axalgazrda redaqtorisaTvis da marTlac, „sa-qarTvelos moambes“ rom aTvalierebT, iseTi STabeW-dileba grCebaT, TiTqos nik. baraTaSvili sagangebodam JurnalisTvisac werda Tavis leqsebs“87.

ilia iyo nikoloz baraTaSvilis kerZo werilebis ga-moqveynebis erT-erTi Taosani. 1872 wlis 9 dekembers igi

86 ix. literaturuli memkvidreoba, wigni 1, Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetis gamocema, 1935, gv. 564.

87 ix. al. k a l a n d a Z e, `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~,III, 1985, gv. 162-163. memkvidreoba, wigni 1, Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetis gamocema, 1935, gv. 564.

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swerda kirile lorTqifaniZes: „gigzavni baraTaSviliswignebs. Sen ici da Senma rigianobam, rogorac kargadSeuSlelad da Seumcdarad dahbeWdav. marTlwera daniSnebis xmareba sruliad da Seumcdarad dedanisa arisda agreTve unda daibeWdos. sakvirvelia, rom Cvengangakicxuls asoebs arc nik. baraTaSvili xmarobs magrerigad. hsCans mag asoebs arc is ewyoboda. SesaniSnavia.gTxovT mag wignebs amisTana SeniSvna gaukeTo: es oTxiwigni nik. baraTaSvilisagan erTi da igive pirTan miwe-rili, gadmogvca Cvenma erTma pativcemulma pirma, qar-Tuli enisa da mwerlobis moyvarulma. visac esmis ragvari mniSvneloba aqvsT amgvarTa werilTa literatu-ris istoriisaTvis da TviT mwerlis mimarTulebasa daTvisebis axsnisaTvis, _ igi CvenTan erTad guliTad mad-lobas moaxsenebs mag wignebis gardmomcemelsac (10, 28).nikoloz baraTaSvilis werilebi iliasaTvis gadauciasiZes, aleqsandre saginaSvils, romlis saojaxo arqiv-Si aRmoCnda maiko orbelianisadmi miwerili baraTaS-vilis oTxi baraTis dedani, am werilebis dabeWdvaze ne-barTva, rogorc Cans, ilias auRia im pirobiT, rom maTamgvari winaTqma eqneboda. werilebi 1873 wels daibeW-da Jurnal „krebulis“ pirvel nomerSi ilias am SeniS-vnasTan erTad. redaqcias male miuRia n. baraTaSviliskidev oTxi werili gr. orbelianisadmi, isini „krebu-lis“ 1873 wlis mesame nomerSi ibeWdeba. marTlac, didipoetis am werilebis gamoqveynebam „udidesi roli iTa-maSa poetis Semoqmedebis Semdgomi Seswavlisa da Sefa-sebis saqmeSi“88.

rogorc vxedavT, avtoris gardacvalebis Semdeg mi-si nawerebi (maT Soris _ kerZo werilebi), ilias azriT,srulad da Seumcdarad unda dabeWdiliyo, rasakvir-velia, es imas ar niSnavda, rom redaqtors uneblie Sec-doma, kalmis lafsusi ar gaesworebina89.

88 d. C i k v i l a Z e, Jurnali „krebuli~ (1871-1873 ww.), 1974,gv.26.

89 ix. sol. c a i S v il i, ilia WavWavaZis werilebi, „mnaTobi~,1950, #5, gv. 174.

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ilia WavWavaZe pativiscemiTa da sifrTxiliT eki-deboda cocxali avtorebis teqstebsac. es mis, ro-gorc redaqtor-gamomcemlis, moRvaweobasac exebo-da.

ilias Tanamedroveni: i. mansvetaSvili, i. zurabiS-vili, ar. axnazarovi, ip. varTagava igoneben, Tu ragulmodgined aSalaSinebda igi redaqciaSi Semosulwerilebs, magram mas, daxelovnebul da gawaful re-daqtors, borotad arasdros gamouyenebia Tavisimdgomareoba, redaqtorobisas, ilia sruliadac ar ga-modioda iqidan, Tu rogor dawerda TviTon imave Te-maze, aramed udides pativiscemas amJRavnebda avto-ris individualobis, misi stilis mimarT. art. axnaza-rovis gadmocemiT, ilia _ redaqtori „yovel sityvasgvisworebda im dromde, vidre ar darwmundeboda, romcotad Tu bevrad qarTuli ena SeTvisebuli gvqonda.sakvirveli is iyo, rom werilebis gasworebis dros we-ris maneras an yaidas ar Seexeboda, radgan im azrisaiyo, rom yovel mwerals Taviseburi weris yaida da sti-li unda hqondeso“90. avtorobis pativiscema gulis-xmobs winasityvaobis, epigrafis, miZRvnis, boloTqmisxelSeuxelobas, rasac aseTi sifrTxiliT axorcieleb-da ilia WavWavaZe Tavis saredaqtoro-sagamomcemlomoRvaweobisas.

gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT epyroboda ilia uf-lebas saTaurebze.

avtoris uflebis dacva misi nawerebis saTaurzecvrceldeba. avtors ufleba aqvs, daicvas swored mismier mowonebuli saTauri. marjve saTauris mignebaZvirfasi SemoqmedebiTi niWia.

literaturis istoriidan cnobilia, rom zogjerdidi mweralic advilad eTanxmeboda sxvis mier SerCe-ul saTaurs. saTaurmac teqstis gacnobamde unda mi-

90 ar. a x n a z a r o v i, ilia WavWavaZe da misi dro (mogoneba),Tbilisis universitetis saiubileo krebuli „iliaWavWavaZe~, 1939, gv. 298.

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izidos mkiTxveli da wakiTxvis Semdegac unda miscesgarkveuli mimarTuleba.

zogjer saTauri sxva enaze Targmnis dros Zneladgadadis, Tumca am drosac saavtoro samarTali icavsmas.

ilias sxvadasxva nawarmoebTa avtografebi adas-turebs, Tu rogori gulmodginebiT arCevda igi saTa-urebs, vidre saboloo saxiT Camoayalibebda. ilia xomsaTaurebis didostatic iyo. misi „moTxrobis saTau-rebi Seesatyviseba nawarmoebTa ZiriTad azrs. isiniRrma, sada da mkafioa“91.

ilia WavWavaZe aRtacebuli iyo saba-sulxan orbe-lianis mier Tavisi igav-arakTa krebulisaTvis saxel-wodebis _ „sibrZne-sicruisas“ SerqmeviT. marTalia,aRniSnavs ilia, sicrues samarTlianad aqvs saxeli wam-xdari, magram saba orbelianis sicrue „ucodvelia,umwikvloa, uborotoa, ubryviloa“ (3, 410). amasTan,„zRapari, araki, igavi erTsa da imave dros sibrZnecaris da sicrue, sibrZne suliT, sicrue xorciT, aq sic-rue xatebaa, gansaxovnebaa sibrZnisa“ (3, 408).

91 dawvrilebiT ix. n. t a b i Z e, ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobaTasaTaurebi, „werilebi mxatvrul-publicisturi ostatobisSesaxeb~, 1978, gv. 114-117.

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moCvenebiTi difamacia

ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweobis dros, rogorc davina-xeT, avtorebi moklebuli iyvnen gamoqveynebul na-

warmoebze honorars, magram maT mainc xels aZlevdaTnawarmoebis gamosvla yovelgvari anazRaurebis gare-Se. am viTarebaSi kontrafaqcia avtorebs did boro-tebad ar miaCndaT.

kontrafaqcia niSnavs TviTneburi gamocemis gziTavtoris uflebis darRvevas: esaa aRbeWdva da gavrce-leba sxvisi ukve gamoqveynebuli nawarmoebisa, moge-bis miRebis mizniT, avtoris interesebis sawinaaRmde-god, anda avtoris uflebis monacvlis sazianod damaTTan SeuTanxmeblad.

literaturuli normebisa da eTikis darRveviTgavrcelebul nawarmoebze kontrafaqtori ar malavsnamdvil avtors (sxvanairad saqme gveqneboda plagia-torobasTan), amitomac qarTveli avtorebi xSiraduars ambobdnen TviT samediatoro sasamarTlosadmimimarTvazec ki, darRveuli uflebebis aRsadgenad, sa-dac imdroindeli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuliiyo ara marto avtorisa da misi uflebis monacvleo-bisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba da maT sa-sargeblod gauvrcelebeli egzemplarebis CamorTme-va, aramed, agreTve, kontraqtoris sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, saxeldobr, cixeSi patim-roba oridan rva Tvemde.

ilias nawerebSi Cven verafers vpoulobT qarTvelavtorTa davebis Sesaxeb kontrafaqciis gamo, samagi-erod, ilia WavWavaZe mravalgzis exeba mwerlis, Jur-nalistis, sazogadod avtoris pasuxismgeblobas saku-Tari naweris mimarT da amasTan dakavSirebiT, igi ixi-lavs samwerlobo _ saJurnalo moRvaweobaSi e. w. di-famaciis sakiTxs, e. i. werilobiT saxelis gamtexi cno-bebis gavrcelebas imis miuxedavad, sinamdviles See-fereba Tu ara igi.

metad mniSvnelovania ilia WavWavaZis ganzogade-

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ba: „literaturas sxvaTa Soris erTi Svili hyavs, ro-melic dRes yvela sxva Svilebze ufro gaZlierebulia,ufro gavleniania. am Svils „Jurnal-gazeTobas“ eZa-xian“ (8, 265).

ilias azriT, Jurnal-gazeTs „xelSeuxeblad ver ga-daurCeba“ (3, 260) cxovrebiseuli saWirboroto sakiT-xebi sazogadoebisa Tu calke pirisa, magram yvelasada TiToeulis mimarT „pativiscema deda-kanonad un-da hqondes yovels rigians da marTebuls Jurnals TugazeTsa“. es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom kaci kacs pirmoT-ned eqceodes. „eg pativiscema ki ara, eg Seuracxyofaiqneba, cudia, Tavisi mecnierebis Semaginebelia, ada-mianis moRalatea is eqimi, romelic sneuls uebars wa-mals ar asmevs marto imis gamo, rom mwareao. ara, WeS-mariti patmiviscema is aris, rom pirSi gulaxdilad,adamianma adamians marTali sityva uTxras, ise uTxras,rom ar Seuginos, ar Seuracxyos misi adamianoba, misikacobriuli grZnoba, Rirseba da pativi~ (3. 260). amas-Tan, literators, avtors ar unda waerTvas ufleba,hqondes kritikuli Tvalsazrisi, roca mas zogad miz-nad naklovanebaTa aRniSvna dausaxavs. es imitom, rom„danaxva naklisa xom naxevrad gasworebaa, codna sat-kivarisa xom pirveli da TavidaTavi saWiroebaa gan-kurnebisaTvis“ (9 283).

1886 wlis 8 oqtombris „iveriis“ nomerSi ilia Wav-WavaZe gamoTqvamda ukmayofilebas difamaciis bral-debiT gazeT „droebis“ redaqtor ivane maCablis gasa-marTlebis gamo.

gazeTma dabeWda zRaprad mowerili ambavi. am ambav-Si icno Tavisi Tavi erT-erTma moxelem, Tumca arc da-saxelebuli iyo igi da arc raimeTi miniSnebuli. moxe-les raki TavisTavi ecna da im ambavSi moxsenebuli saq-meni da saqcielni eTakilna, CauTvlia, rom misi Rir-seba da pativi Selaxulia da saCivari Seutania sasa-marTloSi. ilia gakvirvebulia, braldeba rogor un-da aSenebuliyo amgvar usafuZvlo sabuTzed, romelicsarCulad daudga Tavis saCivars gulgamwyralma da

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windauxedavma moxelem (literaturis istoriidan araerTi magaliTia, roca namdvili difamaciis dros ma-Rali Tanamdebobis pirs dumili umjobinebia, rom Sem-dgomSi ar darCeniliyo masze miniSnebuli saxelgam-texi saqcieli).

ilia gansakuTrebulad aRniSnavs yoveli adamianispativisa da Rirsebis dacvis garduvalobas, miT uf-ro, Tu es saqveynodaa Cadenili beWdviTi sityvis gziT,magram wuxs, rom „metismeti daqveiTeba iqneba kanoni-sa, rom kacma zRaprad dawerili ambavi Tavis-TavzedmiiRos da kanons Txovos gamomesarCleo“. amgvari ga-dawyveta gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobebs Seuqmnida li-teraturas, vinaidan „gana aris qveyanazed imisTana na-weri, saca ki adamiania xsenebuli, rom gazviadebulmagrZnobam Takilobisam klanWi ar gamohkras rasme daTavisTavzed ar miiRos“ (8, 234). ilia „droebis“ redaq-tor iv. maCabels amarTlebs kidev imitom, rom mas arSeeZlo efiqra, vin miiRebda Tavis Tavze moTxrobaSimoyvanil ambavs, Tumca arc gvari, arc saxeli da arcrame miniSnebaa pirisa. am dros redaqtor-gamomcemelsgulTmisnobis niWi unda hqondeso da damajerebladdaaskvnis: „kanoni ver ikisrebs dahsajos kaci, imitomrom gulTmisani ara xaro“ (8, 234).

Tbilisis sasamarTlo palatam „droebis“ redaqto-ri gaamarTla. ilias ara marto uxaria es gadawyveti-leba, aramed gaocebulia, ratom saqme gasamarTlebam-de ar iqmna mospobili da saCivari uyuradRebod da-tovebuli.

ilias moxdenili gamoTqmiT: ̀ Tbilisis sasamarTlopalatas rom damnaSaved ecno ivane maCabeli, rogorc„droebis“ redaqtori, es Tavzars dascemda mTels li-teraturas“, vinaidan ̀ mas Semdeg SeuZlebeli iqnebo-da kacs raime moTxroba, romani, komedia daewera, imi-tom, rom arc erTi amisTana rame ise ar iwereba, romadamianis saqcieli an avad an kargad ixseniebodes“ (8,234-235). miT ufro, rom literatura imodenadaa qe-buli, ramdenadac igi axloa cxovrebasTan. amasTan,

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cxovrebiseuli simarTlis weras, ilias azriT, aras-dros ar SeiZleba, Seewiros pirovnebis pativi da Rir-seba.

ilia WavWavaZis, didi qarTveli mwerlis, publicis-tis, redaqtor-gamomcemlisa da iuristis, saocradmTliani, mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba adamianis pativisada Rirsebis dacvis Rrma humanuri ideebiTaa gamsWva-luli.

iliasaTvis pirovnebis pativi da Rirseba umaRlesisocialuri Rirebulebania.

igi „adamianis uZvirfases da xelSeuxebels kuTvni-lebas Seadgens“ da daculia yvelasa da TiToeulisxelyofisagan. „didi moZRvreba adamianis xelSeuxeb-lobisa“ (9, 303) kacobriobis uZvirfasesi monapovaria.aq igulisxmeba „gana marto policiis mier xelSeuxeb-loba, aramed yovelgvari xelSeuxebloba da, sxvaTaSoris, igic, roca samarcxvino da saxelgasatex bralsrasme sdebs erTi meores tyuilisa da marTlis winas-war gamouZieblad da auwonlad“ (9, 270).

kacs daumsaxureblad Crdili aravin ar unda miaye-nos, Tavmoyvareoba ar unda Seulaxos, miT ufro ada-mianis gaqelvis ufleba, aravis ar unda hqondes. ̀ sxvara uflebaa adamianisa imazed ucilobeli, imazed sa-natreli, imazed wminda da uZvirfasesi, rom kacma ka-cisagan pativiscema, Rirseulad da marTebulad moq-ceva iTxovos?~ (3, 260), es uklebliv yvela adamians exe-ba da ar arsebobs raime gamonaklisi, roca SeiZlebodakacis Rirsebis damcireba. es dauSvebelia TviT avaza-kis mimarTac ki, romelic „ukve wamoskupebulia dam-naSaveTa skamzed da msjavri mis mier Seginebulis saT-noebisa ukve Tavs dastrialebs samarTlian zRvevisaT-vis~ (8, 253). swored amitom, miT umetes marTebT adami-anebs, ufrTxildebodnen sxvis Rirsebas, iseve, ro-gorc sxvis pativs, vidre „cxadi, ucilo, utyuari sa-buTi ar gveqneba xelSi, rom igi mag kuTvnilebas sxvissavneblad xmarobs~ (5, 168). uRirsad, ukadrisad xsene-ba marTali kacisa dauSvebelia, magram simarTlis Tqma-

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sac windaxeduleba da guldinjoba sWirdeba. es advi-li rodia. saTakilo qcevis gulRvarZliani uSvero-biTa da gametebuli jiqurobiT Zageba CveulebrivutifrobaSi gadaizrdeba xolme da man gamousworebe-li zneobrivi travma SeuZlia miayenos pirovnebas.

„guldamjdarad, auCqareblad, marTebulad, gul-mtkivneulad da gulwrfelad naTqvami sityva. Tun-dac wunisa, ufro mWrelia, ufro SemZlebuli, vidreniSnmogebuli, gawiwmatebuli, gaborotebuli avyio-biTa da wiwlakianobiTa~ (3, 264).

ilias erT-erT gamouqveynebel CanawerSi vkiTxu-lobT: ̀ sabuTianad avad xseneba kacisa kidev Sesawyna-rebelia, Tumca aqac arabriyvi da znezrdili kaci kin-tour leqsikonis xmarebas unda eridebodes“92.

maSasadame, sabuTianadac ar aris advili avadxse-neba kacisa, igi mxolod Sesawynarebelia. es mxolodmaSin SeiZleba, Tu darwmunebuli xarT momxdari faq-tis utyuarobaSi, piris saqcielis dagmobis aucileb-lobaSi da roca „gamxela da gakicxva wunis dadebissazRvrebs ar unda gadascildes“ (3, 264).

ilia WavWavaZe kacobriobis yvela did humanistTanerTad aRiarebs, rom pirovnebis nebismieri qceva ke-Tilsindisieri qcevaa, Tu Cven ucilod ara varT dar-wmunebuli sapirispiroSi: yoveli eWvi unda wydebodesdazaralebulTa sasargeblod da ilia aqve SesaniSna-vad ayalibebs arabraleulobis prezumfcias, rogorcsocialuri samarTlianobis ganxorcielebis aucile-bel pirobas.

„varaudobiT gankiTxva adamianis sindisisa da Cir-qis mocxoba didi ukadrisobaa da, kidev vityviT, ada-mianis pirovnebis uflebis sruli uaryofaa. es ar un-da epatios aravis, vinc ki amaSi damnaSaved aRmoCnde-ba“ (5, 169). marTlac, RvarZlian eWvianobas erTader-Ti _ vneba moutania, mxolod uciloblad, utyuarad

92 k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti, iliaWavWavaZis fondi #88 (88, #17-19).

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dadgenili garemoebani iZleva safuZvels piris bra-leulad gamocxadebisa, sxvanairad marto TviTime-dovneba, rom, rac Tqven utyuarad geCveneba, sinamdvi-lea, sakuTari ucodvelobis gazviadebuli rwmena, _sxvadasxva gaugebrobisa da gadacdomis wyarod SeiZ-leba gaxdes. ilia mouwodebda presis warmomadgen-lebs: manamde nu iCqareben gamoqveynebas, vidre sru-lad ar darwmundebian aRniSnulis sinamdvileSio. er-Ti personaluri kazusis gamo ilia werda: „minam saqmegamoZiebuli ar iqneba, Znelia kacma ikisros bralivisme dasdos~ (8, 67) da kadniereba iqneba davaswroTgamoZiebaso. es imisTvisaa aucilebeli, rom odnaviCirqi ar unda moecxos daumsaxureblad pirovnebisRirsebas, rom „usamarTlo ganaCenma aravis SeubRalosadamianuri Rirseba da adamianuri pativi ganzrax Tuganuzraxvelad~ (8, 222).

ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc iuristi, rogorc redaq-tor-gamomcemeli, rogorc mwerali da publicistiTavis moRvaweobaSi ganuxrelad icavda am moTxovnas.sworad aRniSnavda iona meunargia: „rogorc redaq-tors, ilias mudmiv erTi azri aqvs: gazeTi aravis pi-radobas umarTebulod ar Seexos. am mxriT is daSine-bulia gazeT „droebis“ ganurCevlobiT. sxvis pirado-bis damcvels Tavis gazeTSi ilias ar unda, rom Tvi-Ton umarTebulod exsenebina vinme sxvis gazeTSi“93.

mas guls stkenda gazeTis an Jurnalis gadaqcevapirovnebis saxelis waxdenis Tavisebur manqanad.

im dros, roca saWiro da aucilebelia mwvave, sapa-eqro werilis gamoqveyneba, ilia mouwodebs Tavisi ga-zeTis TanamSromlebs, rom ìsini nu miecemian TviTi-medovnebas, rom mravaltiraJiani calebiT CaaxSobenadresatis usamarTlo wyenas da pasuxis gacemis inte-ress daukargaven mas“.

saintereso mogoneba dagvitova „iveriis“ aqtiur-

93 iona m e u n a r g i a, qarTveli mwerlebi, 1857, 11, solomoncaiSvilis redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT. gv. 40.

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ma TanamSromelma art. axnazarovma, romelic xSiradwerilebs Cioras fsevdonomiT aqveynebda: „ymawvile-bo, gazeTis furclebze sapolemiko weriliT gamos-vla igive brZola aris, omia da vidre aseT oms daiw-yebdeT, sakamaTo sagani kargad unda SeiswavloT, ga-iTvaliswinoT Tqvens mowinaaRmdeges da mokamaTes rapasuxis gacema SeuZlian da imis pasuxsac imTaviTve pa-suxi moumzadeT. erTi sityviT garSemo zarbaznebi un-da SemoiwyoT da brZolis velze ise gaxvideT“94 . sxva-nairad, presis amofarebiT SeiZleba gamovides Zmabi-Wuri mikerZoeba da uwminduri angariSsworeba marTalpirovnebasTan imis daviwyebiT, rom „adamianis urTi-erToba SeuZlebelia daafuZno uzneobis sawyisebze“(10, 81).

1905 wels ilia uwonebda „iveriis“ redaqcias, rom„presa adamianis saTelvad ar gagixdiaT ganukiTxve-lado“95. ilia WavWavaZis publicistur-polemikuri ni-Wi mis mxatvrul nawarmoebebze aranakleb mowonebasimsaxurebda mkiTxvelebSi. 1894 wels „saqarTvelos ka-lendarSi“ gamoqveynebul statiaSi aRniSnulia, romilias publicistika maRali Rirsebis Semcvelia, „esRirseba aris ganusazRvreli pativiscema adamianis pi-rovnebisa, xelSeuxebloba misi adamianuri Rirsebisa96.

ilia dauSveblad miiCnevs pirovnebis pativisa daRirsebis xelyofis Sewynarebas im drosac, roca cno-bebis gamavrcelebeli piri moqmedebda yovelgvari bo-roti ganzraxvis gareSe, anda, roca Secdoma mouvidagaufrTxileblobiT an kidev TviT gulmarTlobiTac,maSasadame, Secdoma unda gaswordes yvela SemTxveva-Si, sulerTia, ra wyaroc ar unda hqondes mas. am Tval-

94 art. a x n a z a r o v i, ilia WavWavaZe da misi dro (mogoneba),Tbilisis universitetis saiubileo krebuli „iliaWavWavaZe~, 1939, gv. 258.

95 ix. filiZe g o g i C a i S v il i, ori epizodi ilia WavWavaZisda Cemi nacnobobis droidan. „mnaTobi~, 1962, #12, gv 177.

96 ix. i. b o c v a Z e, ilia WavWavaZe revoluciamdel qarTulliteraturul kritikaSi, 1977, gv. 150.

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sazrisiT niSneulia ilias damokidebuleba, sofrommgalobliSvilis Jurnalisturi Secdomisadmi97.

sofrom mgalobliSvili ilias „iveriis“ metad na-yofieri, pativsacemi da sasurveli TanamSromeli iyo.1887 wlis maisSi mis mier „iveriaSi“ gamoqveynebulmakorespondenciam sruliad daumsaxureblad SebRalaerT-erTi moqalaqis Rirseba. amiT didad Sewuxebuli„iveriis“ redaqcia 1887 wlis 4 ivliss aqveynebs meTa-ur werils da principulad emijneba mas, „erTs saziz-Rar codvaSi, Cven, Cvenda uneburad, monawileoba mi-viReTo“.

sofrom mgalobliSvili moiTxovs, aRiniSnos, rommisi mxridan raime winaswari ganzraxva ar yofila. igiaRSfoTebiT werda: „roca „iveriis“ meTauri wavikiT-xe, saSinlad gamaoca, gamaoca imitom, rom is redaq-cia, romelic hqadagobs maRal zneobas, namussa da pa-tiosnebis dacvas, me daniT mklavs, iseT Seuracxyo-fas mayenebs, romelsac saxeli ar moeZebneba ara ro-melsame leqsikonSi. bralsa mdebT imisTana saqmeSi, ro-melSic arc xorciT da arc suliT araviTari me dana-Sauli ar mimiZRvis.

rogora hgoniaT redaqcias, gana me iqnamdis namus-ze xelaRebuli, iqnamdis tvindabneuli, iqnamdis da-undobeli var, iqnamdis ar vafaseb Zmobas, megobro-bas, CemTvis Zvirfass adamianebs, rom ganzrax Caviden-di im saqciels, romelSiac redaqcia bralsa mdebs“98.

magram, ilias azriT, arafriT SeiZleba pirovnebisRirsebis Selaxvis gamarTleba, maT Soris, imaTic, ro-gorc cnobis gamavrceleblis mxriv ganzraxvis arar-sebobaa. igi sof. mgalobliSvils swerda: „me yovels eWvsgared darwmunebuli var, rom Tqven amisTana ganzrax-va ara gqoniaT, magram miT Secdoma Secdomad hrCeba da

97 dawvrilebiT ix. sofrom m g a l o b l i S v i l i, mogonebani,1938, gv. 133-145.

98 ix. ilia W a v W a v a Z e, werilebi i. bocvaZis redaqciiT,winasityvaobiTa da SeniSvnebiT, 1949, soxumi, gv. 174.

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me Cemda uwmindaes movaleobad vican saqveynod gamo-mecxadebina, rom Cvens gazeTs im yovlad myrals pas-kvilTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs da Tu Cvens gazeT-Si misi xsenebaa, eg Cven arcodniT mogvivida“ (10, 122).

ramdenadac „ganuzraxveli da uneburi danaSauli“mainc danaSaulia, roca sxvisi Rirseba daumsaxurebladilaxeba, sulerTia, moufiqreblobiT da ara gangeb, amviTarebaSi bodiSis saqveynod moxda, ilias Rrma rwme-niT, aucilebelia, raTa „gumansac ki Tvisis brWyaliTar gaekawra wminda saxeli gazeTisa“ (10, 123). iliasRrmad sjera, rom am dros avtori gansakuTrebuladunda frTxilobdes, vinaidan „amisTana SemTxvevaSi ga-daWarbebuli sifrTxile sjobia, windauxedavs siTama-mesa~ (10, 123). aq guldinji garCeva imisaTvisaa aucile-beli, rom adamianis pativi da Rirseba arc erT SemTxve-vaSi „Woris saTamaSo burTad“ ar gaxdes (10, 124).

rogorc yoveli ufleba, beWdvis Tavisuflebac,ilias gagebiT, gansazRvrul farglebSi moqmedebs,romlis iqiT igi SeiZleba TviTnebobad iqces da sru-liad daumsaxureblad Seiwiros pirovnebis pativi daRirseba da Sedegad marTali piri aRmoCndes gawbile-buli da Seginebuli, amitom, erTia, informaciis mi-Rebis ufleba, da meorea, saCoTiro cnobismoyvareo-ba: avtors, Jurnalists yovelTvis unda axsovdes is,rom misi ufleba iq mTavrdeba, sadac moqalaqis pira-di cxovrebis saidumloeba iwyeba, romelic TviTon ampirovnebis nebis gareSe ar unda gaaSkaravdes da ar Se-iZleba saTrevi da salanZRavi gaxdes sxvebis winaSe.

mwerals, Jurnalists pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba arunda Ralatobdes.

asze meti wlis win, 1882 wels, ilia mwvave gulistki-viliT werda: „roca kaczed vismezed sja da laparakimogvindeba xolme, moqmedebas ki ar vusinjavT, ara, amasTavs vanebebT, sindisSi, gulSi vcdilobT Caxedvasa daiqaurobas vuqoTebT“.

ilias yvelazed mtkivneulad is miaCnda, rom ìm-droindel Jurnal-gazeTebSi amgvar saqciels kari

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aqvs Ria da Sedegad xdeba usabuTod gamolaSqreba kac-zed da „misis ganzraxvis, sindisis da gulisnadebis Ta-viseburad Cxreka da aqoTeba, ise gveadvileba, aramcTu Sinaurs laparakSi, aramed sajarod Jurnal-gaze-TobaSi, rom TiTqo bakla da ispanaxi iyos. yovels Cven-gans sxvisi guli, sxvisi sinidisi dauwerel qaRaldadmiaCnia da rac qeifSi mouva, zed imasa swers“ (5, 167).

ilias basri kalami daundobelia saCoTiro cnobis-moyvareTa mimarT, romelTac mwvave sensaciebiT undagaakvirvon mkiTxveli da arafrad uRirT qurduladSeeparon adamians saxlSi, jaSuSsaviT boZs ukan aetu-zon, „aca iqneba mizezi ram mameces, samarcxvino boZ-zed gavakra da Tavzed lafi davasxao“, 1886 wels iliawerda, `roca amgvari ukadrisi qceva avtorisa aRmo-ifxvreba, Cvens egreTwodebuls literators „sakbi-lo piridam gamoecvleba da uSveris werasa da bRajni-saTvis gza Seekvris, Tavis uxeiro Svildisars Zirs das-debs, gamoeTxoveba literatorobas da Tavisi Wkuisa,codnis, marTebulobis da zrdilobis Sesafers sxvaTanamdebobas da saqmes monaxavs“ (8, 248).

yvelaze cudia, ilias azriT, roca gamkicxveli Ca-safrebulia, boroti sixaruliT niSanSi iRebs daCxreks mxolod cuds, kargs ganzrax ar xedavs _ Rvar-Zliani gulisnadebis yoveli amgvari gamovlena, Sxa-mavs atmosferos, mxolod siZulvilsa da fuW afori-aqebas iwvevs.

ilia mZlavrad ilaSqrebs beWdvis Tavisuflebis bo-rotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. mis gulmZvinvarebassazRvari ara aqvs, roca pirovnebis pativisa da Rir-sebis Selaxvas iwvevs „aRvirmiSvebuli varjiSoba kal-misa Tu sityvisa“. ilias swams, rom WuWyiani sityva misdamwersa da warmomTqmels arcxvens.

1887 wels ilia ase Soltavda amgvari saqcielis moy-varulT: „WuWyiani sityva-pasuxi, WuWyiani gulisna-debi, romelic zedabeWdia xolme yovels kacs, sxvis ga-sabiabureblad gamolaSqrebuls, metismetad cxadiniSania TviTon molaSqris uwmindurobisa da WuWyisa~

7 17 17 17 17 1

(8, 253). ilia iTxovda mepaeqris Rirsebis mimarT pati-viscemiT damokidebulebas. swored amitom, 1883 welsigi gulmarTali gakvirvebiT kiTxulobda: „ar vici,raTa gvgonia xolme brmani da sulelni yovelni isini,viszedac laparakis Jini mogviva, anu visac dro da Ja-mi sakamaTaod pirSi mogvcems xolme ... aq uTanxmoebismizezi erTis Wkua ki ar aris da meoris sisulele, er-Tis Tvalxiluloba da meoris sibrmave, aramed sxvaram, romelsac pativiscema unda, ese igi Rrmad dak-virveba gamoCxreka da sxva arara“ (5, 312). winaswar mo-ukiTxavad, „kbilis gausinjvelad“, gazeTis an Jurna-lis mier patiosani pirovnebis lafSi amosvra beWdvis,presis Tavisufleba ki ar aris, aramed, „borotad xma-rebaa im gapatiosnebul Zal-Ronisa, im Zlevamosil Se-saZleblobisa, romelic presas samarTlianad xelTupyria da romlis meoxebiT dRes gvirgvinosannic kiqeds ixrian sasoebiT da mowiwebiT~ (9, 271), werda ilia1905 wels.

yovlad dasaZraxisia, roca gulze mowolili, saZa-geli sawadelisaTvis asparezad presaa gamoyenebuli.„lanZRva-Treva gogo-biWebis CalurSiac sazizRariada gareT, mTeli eris, mTelis qveynis moedanzed _ ra-Ra Tqma unda!~ (3, 263).

iliam kargad icis, rom beWdvis Tavisuflebis aR-virmiSvebul ukadrisobasa da upasuxismgeblobas mra-vali konfliqti gamouwvevia da gamousworebeli zne-obrivi travmebi mohyolia, amitomac beWdvis Tavisuf-leba misTvis ar aris Rirsebis Semlaxveli uzneo moq-medebis Tavisufleba. miT ufro Seurigebelia igi imupasuxismgeblo avtorTa mimarT, romlebic ciniku-rad ar malaven TavianT usaqcielobas. swored amis ga-mo ambobda ilia, rom „urcxvoba“ yvela danaSaulzemZimeao (8, 21). kritika, ilias azriT, ar unda iyos Se-faruli RvarZliTa da SxamiT, vinaidan „kritika mar-Tlmoyvare gamomZiebelia da marTlgamkiTxavi saswo-ri“ (4, 80), TviTon ilia iZleoda swored amis nimuSs.kargad SeniSnavs gr. kiknaZe: „ilias dacinva arasdros

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ar gadasula niSnis mogebasa da RvarZlianobaSi. amiTamaRlebula kidec da SeunarCunebia esTetikuri Ri-rebuleba ilias satiras“99. es exeba mis publicistika-sac.

upirvelesi movaleoba avtorisa isaa, rom yovel-Tvis weros simarTle (yvelaze saZraxisia, roca Segne-bulad ar naxulobs igi simarTles). yovel SemTxveva-Si, TviTon avtori Rrmad unda iyos darwmunebuli,rom, rasac wers, simarTlea. igi TviTon unda cdilob-des Secdomis gasworebas. Secdomis nebayoflobiTigasworeba udidesi sikeTea. am gziT SeiZleba gaqar-wyleba wyenisa, romelic marTlac gamxdara mravalWirTa bade, bodiSis moxda am dros yvelaze saimedo damosawoni gzaa wyenis Sedegebis aRmofxvrisa.

iliasaTvis udavoa, rom daumsaxureblad gakriti-kebul pirs, miT ufro usamarTlod gawbilebulsa daSeginebuls, yovelTvis unda hqondes Tavis marTle-bis SesaZlebloba, zepirad Tu werilobiT _ „uaryo-fis ufleba“.

yovelive es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom kriti-kuli, miT ufro Rirsebis Semlaxveli, werilis avtorsmoqmedebis SeuzRudveli Tavisfleba hqondes da, racmoesurveba is weros, Seumowmeblad da usabuTod, wi-naswar moukiTxavad lafSi amosvaros adamianis pati-osneba da Rirseba, imis gamourkvevlad, vin mtyuaniada vin marTali: „redaqciis kalami niCabi xom ar aris,rom aiRos da vinc ar esiamovneba lafi da talaxi Seas-xas an Tavisis an sxvisa xeliT~ (9, 271).

avtoris amgvari ukadrisi qcevis Semdeg, aRniSnavsilia, pirT rCeba SesaZlebloba pasuxis gacemisa, isevbeWdviTve, magram miutevebel Secdomas davuSvebdiT,Tu presis aseT gulsaklav usaqcielobas vadidebdiTbrmad da ganusjelad: marTali kaci „pasuxis sagebladmoedanze gamosWimos~ (9, 274) imis imediT, rom, Tu usa-

99 gr. k i k n a Z e, literaturis istoriisa da TeoriissakiTxebi, 1978, gv. 275.

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buTod da usamarTlod SebRalulia misi Rirseba, Tvi-Tonve presis gziT saqveynod Tavi imarTloso.

am Znel viTarebaSi Tavis marTlebis mZime tvirTiar unda davakisroT patiosan kacs.

samarTlisa da eTikis mdidari humanisturi sawyi-sebis Rrma codniT ilia WavWavaZe 1905 wels werda: „jerbralmdebels unda daasabuTebinoT braldeba imode-nad, rom dasajeri mainc iyos, da mas mermeT, diaR mxo-lod da mxolod mas mermeT moekiTxos braldebuls pa-suxi. uimisod braldebulTa skamze dasma adamianisapasuxis sageblad wawymedaa. miwasTan gasworebaa, pir-qve damxobaa im sakacobrio samarTlisa, marTlmsaju-lebisa, romelzedac aSenebulia mTeli adamianuriurTierToba, mTeli adamianuri yofa-cxovreba“. esyovlad Seuwynarebelia, dauSvas beWdviTma sityvam„Torem aq aRviris miSveba da sadaves migdeba karis ga-Rebaa im erTgvar uwmindurebisaTvis, romelsac „San-taJs“ eZaxian~ (9, 272).

mravaljer TviTon ilias winaaRmdeg Tqmula cili,bezRi, lanZRva, mas mZlavrad upasuxnia, magram man kar-gad icis, rom am araTanabar viTarebaSi, roca „mabez-Rars yovelive iaraRi xelSi aqvs da dabezRebuli kiiaraR-ayrilia~ (8, 8), Znelia simarTlis aRdgena. ami-tomac werda igi 1905 wels: „Tu marTali xar, Tavi imar-Tle beWdviTveo, es advilad saTqmelia da zogjer Se-uZlebeli asasruleblad~ (9, 274). am imediT waxalise-buli cilismwamebeli SeiZleba ar moeridos sruliadmtknar sicrues, saxeldaxelod mofiqrebul uwmin-dur garemoebas, saxelgamtex usaqcielobaze miTiTe-bas, rom niSanSi amoRebuli piris zneobriv avladide-bas ziani miadges da Sercxvenis raime kvali mainc dar-Ces.

uwminduri JiniT dabezRebuli TviTon ilia kiTxu-lobs: „gana aq tyuilis damtkiceba SesaZlebelia? riTda ra gziT? ... aq cariel uaryofis meti xom sxva gzada Rone ar aris, raki damtkicebaze midga saqme, uar-yofa gana damtkicebaa braldebis tyuilisa? uaryo-

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fa patiosan kacisa da aSas kvra qurdisa erTmaneTisa-gan rogor unda gairCes amisTana SemTxvevaSi?~ (9, 274).ilias Rrma rwmeniT, beWdvis Tavisufleba mTlianadgamoricxavs Secdomebis daSvebis gamarTlebas. aravisara aqvs ufleba, usafuZvlod Serisxos da zneobri-vad stanjos sxva adamiani.

piriqiT, ilias sjera, rom literatura, „rogorcmoRvaweoba ukeTesTa kacTa erTaderTi farxmali un-da iyos adamianisa, roca mis Rirsebas, uRirsad, ukad-risad xels Seaxeben xolme da miss zneoburs kuTvni-lebas staceben. literaturis mravalgvar da rTulmovaleobaTa Soris es movaleoba erTi udidesTaga-nia, imitom, rom namusis SebRalva, namusis axda, kacissaxelis gatexa iseTi didi ubedurebaa, rom, Tu ar zed-miwevniT gamorkveul, utyuar sabuTad literaturamsxva gziT amaebSi aravis ar unda dauTmos erTis ioti-sodenaca. am mxriT literatura yovelis kacis pat-roni unda iyos da mfarveli~ (8, 263).

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pirTa saZiebeli*

a

abaSiZe kita _ 48; 50axnazarovi art. _ 39; 59X3; 67X2

bbaironi _ 31baraTaSvili meliton _ 57baraTaSvili nikoloz _ 11; 57X6; 58X5baraTaSvili sulxan _ 28X2baramiZe al. _ 55X2belinski _ 28bocvaZe ioseb_ 23; 48; 50; 67; 68burjanaZe q. _ 19; 30

ggabunia nato _ 33X3gamezardaSvili d. _ 13gafrindaSvili m. _ 51gaCeCilaZe g. _ 31gedevaniSvili m. _ 18; 38; 50; 55gogebaSvili iakob _ 14; 40gogiCaiSvili filipe _ 44X2; 67gogoli _ 29gozaliSvili g. _ 54griSaSvili ioseb _ 31X2; 33X5; 34X3; 39X3guguSvili paata _ 12; 17; 49guramiSvili olRa _ 36

ddaTukiSvili m. _ 48dobroliubovi _ 28

eerisTavi daviT _ 50erisTavi rafiel _ 49erisTavi revaz _ 25; 29X2; 30; 31; 36

* indeqsi aRniSnavs Sesabamis gverdze gvaris miTiTebisjeradobas

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vvirTagava ip. _ 41; 59volski g. _ 21X2volteri _ 29; 48

zzandukeli mixeil _ 45zurabiSvili ilia _ 16X3; 44X2; 59

TTayaiSvili eqvT. _ 21X2TumaniSvili g. _ 21TxovrJevski _ 20; 21X2

iiaSvili p. _ 19ingoroyva pavle _ 11; 33; 39; 47; 49; 50; 52ioviZe a. _ 50isarliSvili _ 49

kkalandaZe al. _ 12; 28X2; 29; 36X2; 38; 57kantoroviCi i. _ 10X2kereseliZe iv. _ 13; 14kereseliZe uf. _ 13; 36kiknaZe gr. _ 45X2; 72kozlovi _ 25; 29kotetiSvili v. _ 12

llaisti artur _ 24X3lasxiSvili giorgi _ 16lekiSvili s. _ 25leoniZe giorgi _ 37lermontovi _ 29; 31lolaSvili iv. _ 37lorTqifaniZe kirile _ 14; 15; 37X2; 45; 47; 51; 58

mmaTiaSvili g. _ 21mansvetaSvili iakob _ 27X3; 52X4; 59maCabeli vasil _ 28maCabeli ivane _ 62; 63X2maxaraZe ap. _ 13

7 77 77 77 77 7

mgalobliSvili sofrom _ 68X5menabde levan _ 55; 56mesxi sergei _ 14; 17meunargia iona _ 11X2; 25X3; 40X3; 48; 66X2minaSvili lado _ 40; 46; 49miqaZe g. _ 16; 41molieri _ 48

nnakaSiZe petre _ 46nacvalaZe d. _ 21nikolaZe niko _ 13X2; 20X2; 21X2; 46; 47; 50; 51

oorbeliani gr. _ 58orbeliani maiko _ 58orbeliani saba-sulxan _ 60X2oqromWedliSvili i. _ 55

ppoltoracki iv. _ 21X2prudoni _ 28puSkini _ 29; 31

JJvania v. _ 28

rrusTaveli _ 25X3

ssaginaSvili aleqsandre _ 58senkeviCi henrix _ 19X2; 20sixaruliZe qsenia _ 55spasoviCi v. d. _ 9X2sturua zaira _ 37sulxaniSvili g. _ 56X2

ttabiZe nodar _ 14; 60

uumikaSvili petre _ 7; 15; 16; 46X2umikovi _ 41; 51uordropi marjori _ 22X2; 23X4

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ffircxalava s. _ 26X5furcelaZe ant. _ 12X2fSavela vaJa _ 25X2; 26X8; 27X8

qqiqoZe geronti _ 56X2

yyifSiZe gr. (g.) _ 18; 38; 39; 55

SSaniZe akaki _ 31X2Sileri _ 25; 26

CCeSixini v. _ 19; 20CikvilaZe d. _ 58Ciqovani m. _ 55CubinaSvili d. _ 28Cxenkeli Tamaz _ 27

ccagareli al. _ 54X2caiSvili solomon _ 11; 58; 66cincaZe iakob _ 41X4

wwereTeli akaki _ 40winamZRvriSvili ilia _ 36; 51

xxundaZe simon _28X2xurcilava s. _ 52xuciSvili solomon _ 17; 25; 26X2

jjavaxiSvili g. _ 12jiblaZe giorgi _ 50X2jimSeriZe _ 28justi _ 37

hheine _ 31hiugo viqtor _ 10X2; 53X2

Documents

ilia WavWavaZe da literaturuli sakuTrebaro samarTlis ZiriTadi uflebebis realuri dacva msofliom me-19 saukunis bolos moaxerxa, rodesac 1886 wels q. bernSi miRebul iqna literaturisa