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PUNCTUATIONMARKS

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ContentsWhy Punctuate DashFull Stop (a.k.a. Period) HyphenQuestion Mark Quotation Mark

Excla ation MarkCapital !ettersCo a

Se i"ColonColon

#postrophe

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$ead the %ollo&in' passa'e &ithoutpunctuation.

i &ould like to apply %or a o* &ith your co pany%or t&o years i ha+e *een e ployed as a salesclerk %or the ones store i sold nothin' that i didnot take pride in i a sure it &ill *e the sa e i% ,

&ork %or you

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-o& look at ho& uch easier it is to read&ith punctuation

I would like to apply for a job with yourcompany. For two years I have been employedas a sales clerk for the Jones store. I soldnothing that I did not take pride in. I am sure itwill be the same if I work for you.

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-o& look at &hat happens &hen &echan'e the position o% the punctuation

arks. ,t actually chan'es the eanin' o%

the passa'e.

I would like to apply for a job with your companyfor two years. I have been employed. As a salesclerk for the Jones store I sold nothing. That, Idid not take pride in. I am sure it will be thesame if I work for you.

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Why do we use punctuation?

We use punctuation marks:

To separate groups of meaning andemphasis.

To convey an idea of the variations ofvolume, pauses, and accent of speech. To help avoid contextual ambiguity.

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Types of Punctuationulstop!rackets"olon#yphenParenthesesPeriod$uestion %arksemicolon&ash

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Full Stop (.)Why do &e use a %ull stop/

0o end a sentence &hen it1s a state entExa ple 0he do' sat outside the door. His

aster had not %ed hi %or a &eek.

0o indicate an a**re+iationExa ple -.S.W e.'. Pro%.

Note: There’s a trend to phase out full stops with abbreviations.

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Full stops

# %ull stop is used at the end o% asentence unless the sentence calls %ora 2uestion ark (/) or an excla ation

ark (3) .Example, Joyce went to the shop.

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The po er o! the "n#l$sh

%an#ua#e

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#cti+ityPut %ull stops in the correct places in these'roups o% sentences. (4ou5ll need to add

capitals &here there are ne& sentences.)

,t had *een rainin' %or &eeks the ri+er &as risin' +ery2uickly and the %ar ers &ere a%raid the da &ould *urst&e decided &e &ould ha+e to lea+e our %ar

4ou should not dri+e i% you ha+e *een drinkin' it has*een pro+en that accidents are ore likely &hen dri+ersha+e *een drinkin'

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#cti+ity6ey

,t had *een rainin' %or &eeks. 0he ri+er &as

risin' +ery 2uickly and the %ar ers &ere a%raidthe da &ould *urst. We decided &e &ouldha+e to lea+e our %ar .

4ou should not dri+e &hen you ha+e *eendrinkin'. ,t has *een pro+en that accidents are

ore likely &hen people ha+e *een drinkin'.

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&o 'o (ou Use the Co))a ?

7se a co a to separateindependent clause (sentences) in aco pound sentence.

, like En'lish 870 it is di%%icult.

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Co as ( )0his arks a natural pause durin' a sentence. ,tis only a short pause and should not *e

con%used &ith the lon'er %ull stop pause.

So eti es co as are essential to ake the

eanin' o% a sentence clear to the reader.

Note: Don5t use too any co as as they can akeyour &ritin' erky and dis ointed. ,% in dou*t

lea+e out3

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Co as (9)When do &e use a co as/,n a list. Exa ple We *ou'ht apples *ananaspears and 'rapes. (-ote no co a *e%ore:and: in a list o% sin'le ite s)

For instance Sanny can run* +u)p* and s,$p-

0o separate ad ecti+es (descri*in' &ords)unless the &ords :'o to'ether:. Exa ples Shehad lon' thick &a+y hair. (8ut She had +ery

dark *ro&n hair.)

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Co as (

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Co as (=)When do &e also use a co as/

0o enclose the na e o% a person or their position> o* i% *oth are entioned.Exa ple 0he coach 8o* ?ones &as 'i+en ana&ard.

0o separate direct speech %ro the rest o% theSentence.

'xample: "Go away," she said.

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More on Co))as

When the date identi%ies the day o% the&eek the date is set o%% &ith a co a.

See the exa ple *elo&@n 0hursday #u'ust 9= school resu es.

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7se Co a to set o%% nouns o% direct.For exa ple ABertrude , &ant you to kno&that Matilda like Beor'e. address.

7se a co a to set o%% a year &hen it is&ith a onth and date.

" ?ulius &as *orn ?une 9= =< inBauten' So&eto .

More on Co))as

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More on Co))as

7se co as &hen &ritin' %ulladdresses in sentence %or . , li+e at 9;

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#cti+ity ,nsert co as &here necessary.

0he house &as cold da p s all and

incon+enient.When he %ired the *ullet hit the tar'etaccurately.8ill said :0he train is late.

#ndre the &orld %a ous clo&n is a French an.8e%ore &e le%t &e checked to ake sure &e5dturned o%% the co puter.

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#cti+ity (9),nsert co as &here necessary.

, insist on eatin' Brand%ather *e%ore &e lea+ethe house.Wil a Fred5s &i%e li+ed near the ri+er.?i &ill arri+e so eti e toni'ht *ut , don5t

kno& exactly &hen it &ill *e.

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#cti+ity 6ey

0he house &as cold da p s all andincon+enient.When he %ired the *ullet hit the tar'etaccurately.

8ill said :0he train is late. #ndre the &orld %a ous clo&n is aFrench an.

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#cti+ity 6ey (9)

8e%ore &e le%t &e checked to ake sure &e5dturned o%% the co puter., insist on eatin' Brand%ather *e%ore &e lea+ethe house.

Wil a Fred5s &i%e li+ed near the ri+er.?i &ill arri+e so eti e toni'ht *ut , don5tkno& exactly &hen it &ill *e.

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#cti+ity 9So e o% the exa ples *elo& need to *e t&osentences instead o% one sentence &ith aco a. Chan'e the co as to %ull stops&here necessary.

0he rain *e'an to co e do&n hea+ily &e &ere

soon &et throu'h.We ran do&n the road and soon %ound shelter in a door&ay.

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#cti+ity 9 (9)We &aited %or a*out an hour *ut the rain &ouldnot stop.

#t three o5clock y %riend dro+e *y he o%%eredus a li%t ho e.When &e arri+ed ho e our house &as %looded&e stayed &ith %riends %or the ni'ht.

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#cti+ity 9 ( )6ey

0he rain *e'an to co e do&n hea+ily.

We &ere soon &et throu'h.We ran do&n the road and soon %ound shelter in a door&ay.We &aited %or a*out an hour *ut the rain &ouldnot stop.

#t three o5clock y %riend dro+e *y. He o%%eredus a li%t ho e.

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#cti+ity 9 (9)6ey

When &e arri+ed ho e our house &as %looded.

We stayed &ith %riends %or the ni'ht.

-ote 0he exa ples in yello& each contain t&o state ents &ith no

oinin' &ord such as and so *ut or as. 8ecause o% this they need

to *e ade into t&o sentences.

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Why do &e use a se i"colon/

# se i"colon can *e used instead o% a %ull stop

&hen the t&o parts o% the sentence are tooclosely related in eanin' to *e put intoseparate sentences.

Exa ples We did not 'o into the theatre *e%oreour %riends arri+edI instead &e &aited outside., don5t kno& &ho y 'rand%ather &asI , a ore

concerned to %ind out &ho his 'randson &ill *e.

Semi-Colons

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Se i"Colon (I)Why do &e use a se i"colon/

Se i"colons can also *e used *et&een ite s ona list &hen the ite s consist o% a nu *er o% &ords or &hen the use o% co as alone &ould*e con%usin'.

Exa ple 0he co ittee consisted o% Carol?ones the sta%% representati+eI 8ill ?ohnson the*ossI 0erry S ith the local doctorI Murray 0oddthe %isher anI and Mary $ensha& the cook.

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#cti+ity

Put se i"colons in the correct places in the%ollo&in' sentences.

He and his do' spent all their ti e to'ether hehad no other %riends.She arran'ed to eet 0o inside the %oot*all'round she &anted to a+oid payin' his entry

%ee., le%t the o+ie early , &as not %eelin' &ell.0he rain %ell all day the carni+al had to *e calledo%%.

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#cti+ity

Key

He and his do' spent all their ti e to'etherI hehad no other %riends.She arran'ed to eet 0o inside the %oot*all'roundI she &anted to a+oid payin' his entry, le%t the o+ie earlyI , &as not %eelin' &ell.0he rain %ell all dayI the carni+al had to *ecalled o%%.

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#postrophy (J1)0he apostrophy can *e used to

Sho& that letters ha+e *een le%t out. 0hese are

called contractions.exa ple can5t %or cannot didn5t %or did not it5s%or it is or it has

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#postrophy (J) 9

0he apostrophe is also used to sho& possession(or o&nership) in the %ollo&in' &ays

,% the thin'>person that o&ns so ethin' issin'ular add .s Exa ples 0he 'irl5s *ooks (the*ooks *elon'in' to the 'irl)

,% the thin'>person that o&ns so ethin' is pluraland already ends &ith an :s: si ply add anapostrophe. Exa ples 0he 'irls5 *ooks (the*ooks

*elon'in' to the 'irls)

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#postrophy (J) ;

0he apostrophy can also *e used

,% the thin'>person that o&ns so ethin' is

plural *ut does not end in an :s: add 5s.Exa ples 0he &o en5s clu* (the clu**elon'in' to the &o en)

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Apostrophes

#n apostrophe is a ark ( ‘ ) used toindicate.

the possessi+e casethe o ission o% a letter or letters

,% the &ord does not end in s add Js

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(postrophe). *ndicates the possessive case of nouns and

inde+nite pronouns.E.g. The boy s mother - ara s house

/. %arks omission of letters in contracted words.E.g. didn t - o clock - telephone 0 phone

1. %arks omission of digits in numbers.E.g. class of 21

3. *s often used to form plurals of letters, +gures,punctuated abbreviations, symbols, and wordreferred to as words.

E.g. 4our plan is good, even if there are lots of but5s in it. Two of the 6unior faculty have Ph.& s.

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Apostrophes "/a)ples

Exa ples 0he *ook o% the *oy K the*oy1s *ook

0he *ook o% the children K thechildren1s *ooks,% the &ord ends in s and is sin'ular

add Js0he *ook o% Charles K Charles1s *ook

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#cti+ityWhere does the apostrophe o% possession*elon' in the %ollo&in' sentences/

0he do's dinner (the dinner *elon'in' to one

do')0he do's dinner (the dinner *elon'in' to orethan one do')0he cats &hiskers (the &hiskers *elon'in' to

one cat)0he cats &hiskers (the &hiskers *elon'in' to

ore than one cat)

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#cti+ity

6ey

0he do'1s dinner0he do's1 dinner0he cat1s &hiskers0he cats1 &hiskers

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Capital letters are used

#t the start o% a ne& sentence. Exa ple 0he cat

sat on the at. His o&ner sat near*y.

For the letter :i: &hen you are re%errin' to

yoursel%. Exa ple He can run %aster than , can.

For people5s na es. Exa ples ?i S ith 8ill

?ones

Cap$tals latters

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Capital !etters (9)Capital letters are also used

For titles. Exa ples Dr ?ones Mr 8ro&n

For *ook>%il >co pany titles ( ain &ords only).Exa ples 0he Catcher in the $ye 0he WiLard

o% @L 8ri''s and Sons

,n direct speech %or the %irst spoken &ord.

Exa ple She said :My na e is Mary.:

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Capital !etters (;)Capital letters are also used

For acrony s.

Exa ples 0#FE C,#

For titles o% days onths.

Exa ples Monday ?uly

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Cap$tals latters

# capital letter is nor ally used in&ritin'

For the %irst letter o% the %irst &ord atthe *e'innin' o% a sentence

For the %irst letter o% proper nouns(K e+in) countries ( South Africa )cities ( Johannesburg ) and titles (theC ha pion).

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Cap$tals latters

For the %irst letter o% the na es o% days(T uesday) onths ( e*ruary) %esti+als(! &ali).

For the %irst letter o% houses shipsstreets ne&spapers *ooks play"titles(K in' Street).

For a person1s initials ( K ." . # axter).For the &ord $ .

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#cti+ityPut capital letters in the correct places in the%ollo&in' sentences

r *ro&n needed to see the doctor ur'ently.ary said : ay i co e too/: i &ill 'o to see

oe on the %irst onday in ay. she li+es in

sydney ns&. karl and i &ent to the o+ies on&ednesday ni'ht. &e sa& :one %le& o+er thecuckoo5s nest: starrin' ack nicholson.

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#cti+ity6ey

Mr 8ro&n needed to see the doctor ur'entlyMary said :May , co e too/

, &ill 'o to see ?oe on the %irst Monday in May.She li+es in Sydney -SW.

6arl and , &ent to the o+ies on Wednesdayni'ht. We sa& :@ne Fle& @+er the Cuckoo5s-est: starrin' ?ack -icholson.

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"/cla)at$on )ar,s

#n excla ation ark is used a%ter expressions o% surprise otion %ear and

deli'htFor instance @h %, #h %,!ook3 and

Hurrah %

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Excla ation Mark(3)Why do &e use an excla ation ark/

0his ark sho&s stren'th o% e otion. ,t is o%ten

used in direct speech and in%or al notesessa'es and letters. ,t is less co on in

%or al &ritin'.

Exa plesHi3 Sorry , ha+en5t &ritten %or so lon'333Breat &ork3 Con'ratulations3

:!ea+e e alone3: she screa ed

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#cti+ityPut excla ation arks in the correctplaces in the %ollo&in' sentences.

What &onder%ul ne&sCo e here this instantHelp

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#cti+ity6ey

What &onder%ul ne&s3Co e here this instant3Help3

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0uest$on )ar,s

# 2uestion ark is al&ays placed atthe end o% a 2uestion.

What are you doin' & 8ut a 2uestion ark is not used in

, asked the &hat they &eredoin'.

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Question Mark (/)Why do &e use a 2uestion ark/

0o end a sentence &hen it asks a2uestion

Exa ples

Why is it so cold/Where is your &ar coat/

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#cti+ityPut 2uestion arks and %ull stops in the correctplaces in these 'roups o% sentences. (0here aret&o sentences in each exa ple)

, a 'oin' to &ash the dishes &ill you peel thepotatoes %or e

He is 'oin' *y car are you 'oin' *y *us

Ho& are you , hope you are &ell

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Quotation arks (in+erted

co asWords 2uoted are put into 2uotationarks. 0he *oy said AHe has the

*ook . -ote the co a *e%ore the2uotation ark and that since the &ordsinside the arks %or a sentence the

%irst letter is a capital letter

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Quotation ark (J1)0o enclose direct 2uotations and dialo'ue.Exa ple A4ou ust arri+e on ti e thepro%essor said.

0o denote titles and nickna es.Exa ple Her %a+ourite *ook is A8rick !ane .

-ote Punctuation 'oes inside the

2uotation arks i% it is part o% the 2uote.Exa ple ABi+e e y di'nity3 the prisoner pleaded.8ut Ha+e you seen APulp Fiction /

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#yphen). To 6oin words to show that their meaning is linked in some way.

E.g. !ook7case - race7horse

/. To make compound modi+ers before nouns.

E.g. ( blue7eyed boy - The well7known actor

1. Pre+xes.

E.g. (ll7inclusive - 'x7wife - elf7control

non7'nglish

3. When writing numbers /) to 88, and fractions.

E.g. Twenty7one - Two7thirds

9. To show that a word has been broken at the end of a line.

E.g . The directors re uested that a more conven7

ient time be arranged.

;. uspended compounds.

E.g. This rule applies only to )/7, )17 and )37year olds.

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Hyphen (")7se a hyphen to oin t&o or ore &ords ser+in'as a sin'le ad ecti+e *e%ore a nounExa ple a one"&ay streetchocolate"co+ered peanuts

7se a hyphen &ith nu *ers. Exa ple %orty"sixsixty"three a %i%teen"year"old *oy

7se a hyphen &ith certain pre%ixes. Exa ple exhus*and sel%"assured id"Septe *er allinclusi+e.

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Put a hyphen in a compound word between a pre+x and a proper nounor an ad6ective

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or an ad6ective.

mid7Auly festival

pro7%iddle 'ast peace

se a hyphen to 6oin the parts of a fractions when it is written out aswords.

two7+fths

three7sixteenths

+ve7eights

se hyphens when you spell out a word for emphasis.

* want this +lthy, that s f7i7l7t7h7y, room cleaned up immediatelyB

When * say no, * mean noB C7o.CoB

Put hyphen after some pre+xes like ex- ,self- , and all- ,expecially if

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yp p p ythe last letter of the pre+x is the same as the +rst letter of the wordit s connected to.

anti7inDammatory ex7mayor

re7elect pro7feminist all7loving

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Parenthes$s

7se parenthesis to enclose &ords or%i'ures that clari%y or are used as anaside.

Exa ple He recei+ed one hundredand %i%ty points ( = )on his ath

pro ect.

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Parentheses1. Ex plain or clarify.

E.g. Tony !lair

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Dash ("")

7sed to stron'ly e phasiLe a point or set o%% anexplanatory co ent. Don1t o+eruse it.

0o so e o% you y proposals ay see radical"" e+en re+olutionary.

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!rackets). To add clari+cation and information.

E.g. The witness said: I#e Jthe policemanK hit me.L The two teams in the +nals of the +rst * ( ootball World "up were both from

outh (merica J ruguay and (rgentinaK.

/. et oM phonetics symbols and transcriptions. E.g. Punctuation JNpO kt6QReS UnK

1. To add missing words. E.g. *t is JaK good uestion.

3. To add editorial o authorial comment.

E.g. They will not be present Jmy emphasisK.

9. To modify a direct uotation:

E.g. #e IloveJsK driving.I

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"olon). *ntroduces a clause or phrase that explains, illustrates,

ampli+es, or restates what has gone before.

E.g. The sentence was poorly constructed: it lacked bothunity and coherence.

/. &irects attention to an appositive. E.g. #e had only one pleasure: eating

1. *ntroduces a series.

E.g. Three abstained :'ngland , rance, and !elgium.

3. eparates titles and subtitles.

E.g. !attle "ry of reedom: The 'ra of the "ivil War.

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"olon9. *ntroduces lengthy uoted material set oM from the rest of

a text by indentation but not bu uotation marks.

E.g. * uote from the text of "hapter Hne:

;. eparates elements in a page references, in bibliographicaland biblical citations, and in set formulas used to expressratios and time.

E.g. Aohn 3:)F - a ratio of 1:9 - 2:1F a.m.

G. ollows the salutation in formal correspondence.

E.g. &ear ir: - Vadies and @entlemen:2. Punctuates headings in memorandums and formal

correspondence.

E.g. TH: - !A'"T: - ' ' 'C"':

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"omma9. se a comma for addresses, some dates, and titles following a

name.

E.g. Vos (ngeles, "alifornia - Covember 3, )832

;. se a comma before of after direct speech. &o not use a comma forreported speech.

E.g. #e said, L* love you.X - L* love youX, he said.

#e told her that he loved her.

G. se a comma before coordinating con6unction

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"omma

)1. eparates a tag uestion from the rest of the sentence.

E.g. *t s a +ne day, isn t it?

)3. *s used to avoid ambiguity that might arise from ad6acentwords.

E.g. To %ary, Aane was someone special.

)9. Punctuates an inverted name.

E.g. %orton, William.);. ollows the salutation in informal letter.

E.g. &ear %ark, - Yery truly yours,

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&ash). To show a pause or break in meaning in the middle of a sentence.

E.g. %y brothersZ ichard and AohnZare visiting #anoi.

*n the )9th centuryZwhen of course nobody hadelectricityZwater was often pumped by hand.

/. To show an afterthought.

E.g. * attached the photo to my emailZat least * hope * didB1. To introduce a list.

E.g. &on t forget to buy some foodZeggs, bread, tuna and cheese.

3. To show that letters or words are missing.

E.g. They are really f7777d up.

9. Hften precedes the attribution of a uotation.

E.g. %y foot is on my native heath....-Sir Walter Scott

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'llipsis). *ndicates the omission of one or more words within a uoted

passage.

E.g. *n the little world in which children have their

existence,[ there is nothing so +nely perceived

and so +nely felt as in6ustice.7"harles &ickens

/. sually indicates omission of one or more lines of poetry whenellipsis is extended the length of the line.

E.g. * think that * shall never see

( poem lovely as a tree

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poems are made by fools like me,

!ut only @od can make a tree. 0Aoyce \ilmer

1. *ndicates halting speech or an un+nished sentence in dialogue.

E.g. L* d like to [ that is [ if you don t mind [.X

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lash). eparate alternatives.

E.g. &ear ir-%adam.

%ary will eat cake and-or fruit.

/. eplaces the word to or and between related terms that are compounded.

E.g. *n the %ay-Aune issue. The +scal year /FF8-/F)F.

1. &ivides elements in dates and divides numerators and denominators infractions.

E.g. HMer expires 9-)F-/F))

/-1

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Vinking &evicesVinking words or devices help you to build a logical

argument or thread in your assignment by linking one

statement to another. (n assignment without linking words

reads like a series of unrelated statements with no Dow.

Vinking words can be used to:

Vink the Dow of ideas in your writing.

@uide your reader towards the next stage of your argument.Vink paragraphs together.

8/9/2019 Lecture PM

81/81

Thanks