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Lecture MSW and BMW Management
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Munish K. Chandel Centre for Environmental Science
and Engineering IIT Bombay
What is Solid Waste?
Solid waste is the waste arising from human activities and is normally solid as opposed to liquid or gaseous and are discarded as useless or unwanted.
Focused on urban waste (Municipal Solid Waste) as opposed to agricultural, mining and industrial wastes.
Source: http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/colossal-waste-for-
india/article5290815.ece
http://clearimpression.wordpress.com/2012/06/16/does-sanctity-safeguard-indias-cows-from-
biomedical-and-municipal-solid-waste/
Source: http://www.thehindu.com Source: www.sustainuance.com
Municipal Solid Waste
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT--WHY ?
In medieval times, wastes discarded in the streets led to the breeding of rats and the associated fleas which carried the bubonic plague.
The lack of management of solid wastes thus led to the Black Plague which killed half of 14th century Europe.
Rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits: Amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.
Solid wastes also have a great potential to pollute the air and water.
Problem of Solid Waste There are different categories of waste generated, each take their own time to
degenerate
SOLID WASTE GENERATION
Small towns - 100 g/p/day
Medium towns - 300-400 g/p/day
Large towns - 500 g/p/day
In general varies between 0.3-0.6 kg/person/day
QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION
TOTAL QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE 1.15 LAKH TONNE
GENERATED IN URBAN AREAS PER DAY (TPD)
OF THE COUNTRY
% OF TOTAL
GARBAGE
WASTE GENERATED IN 6 MEGA CITIES 21,100 TPD 18.4%
WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES 19,643 TPD 17.1%
(1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)
WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER 42,635.28 TPD 37.1%
CLASS-I TOWNS
(0.1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS) ____________ _________
83,378.28 TPD 72.5%
IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE
OF WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5% OF TOTAL
WASTE.
0200
400
600
800
1947 1997 2005 2010 2015 2020
DAILY PER CAPITA WASTE GENERATION (gram)
050
100
150
1947 1997 2005 2010 2015 2020
TOTAL WASTE GENERATED
(miilion tonne)
020
40
60
80
1947 1997 2005 2010 2015 2020
AREA UNDER LANDFILL (thousand of hecatre)
CHARACTERSTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATED BY MERTO CITIES
Sl
.
N
o.
Metro city Paper Textile Leather Plastic Metal Glass Ash,
Fine
earth
&
others
Comp
ostabl
e
matter
1 Mumbai 10.0 3.6 0.2 2.0 - 0.2 44.0 40.0
2 Delhi 6.6 4.0 0.6 1.5 2.5 1.2 51.5 31.78
3 Hyderabad 7.0 1.7 - 1.3 - - 50.0 40.0
4 Jaipur 6.0 2.0 - 1.0 - 2.0 47.0 42.0
5 Kanpur 5.0 1.0 5.0 1.5 - - 52.5 40.0
6 Chennai 10.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 - - 33.0 44.0
7 Visakhapatna
m
3.0 2.0 - 5.0 - 5.0 50.0 35.0
Characteristics ( Percent by wt. )
Sharholy et al. / Waste Management 28 (2008) 459467
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing,
and disposal of wastes in a manner that is in accordance
with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering and conservation.
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is the term applied to all the activities associated with the
management of society's wastes.
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Waste generation
Waste handling, separation and
Storage at the source
Collection
Disposal
Transfer and transport Processing &
Recovery
- Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs. 500-1500/- per tonne on solid waste management of which,
* 60-70% of the amount is on collection alone
* 20% - 30% on transportation
* Hardly any fund is spent on treatment and
disposal of waste
- Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities
Bin for Source Segregation and Storage
Litter Bins
Street Sweepings
Door to Door Collection
Primary Collection through
community Bins in slums
Community Bins: Commercial Complexes, Multistoried Apartments
Community Bins: Commercial
Complexes, Multistoried Apartments
TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEM
Haul container system (HCS)
Stationary container system (SCS)
Municipal solid waste at the curbside has a density of ~100-200 kg/m3 in developed countries and 300-400
kg/m3 in India.
At those low densities, collection vehicles fill too fast, which means multiple, time- wasting trips to the disposal
site would be needed.
Modern trucks, called packers, have hydraulic, compactors that can compress that waste to as much as
750 kg/m3 density.
Compaction Ratio: 2-3
Packers/Compacters Trucks
Compactors
Compactors
Selection of proper number and size of trucks.
Choosing the most efficient collection routes and schedules.
Locating transfer stations if they were to be used.
COMPLEX SOLID WASTE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
With the growing importance of recycling and composting, those basic operations have become more complicated.
Now, a municipality may have separate trucks, routes, schedules, and destinations for recyclables and compostable materialsall of which need to be coordinated with already existing refuse collection
system .
Transportation System
Routing
A heuristic
route
emphasizing
right turns
and a
minimum
amount of
deadheading
Large vs Small Trucks
Larger trucks cost more, but they don't- have to make as
many trips back and forth to the disposal site, which can
more than offset the higher capital costs.
Larger trucks, however, are also less manoeuvrable in crowded urban areas, and their weight may exceed
allowable limits for residential streets.
Transportation System
As the distance from the collection system to the processing facility or disposal site (collectively called destination point)
increases, the cost of hauling or transportation also increases.
There will eventually be a certain transport distance, where management must decide whether or not a transfer station is
to be built.
A transfer station is a facility where the wastes collected may be stored temporarily or transferred from the smaller
collection vehicles to bigger transport vehicles for
transportations to the destination point.
Transfer Station
TRANSFORMATION OF SOLID
WASTE
TRANSFORMATION OF SOLID
WASTE Why transform solid waste? Efficient storage, handling and transport
Reduce disposal cost
Stabilize waste
Destroy toxic element (chemical or biological entities)
Generate useful energy
Re-use
TRANSFORMATION OF SOLID
WASTE
Physical method
Chemical method
Biological method
Transformation Process
Transformation Means/Method
Transformation or Principal Conversion Products
1.Component Separation
Manual and/or Mechanical Separation
Individual components found in municipal waste
2. Volume Reduction Application of energy in the form of force or pressure
The original waste component altered in form and reduced in size
3. Size Reduction Application of energy in the form of shredding, grinding, or milling
The original waste components altered in the form of and reduced in size.
Physical Transformation
Transformation Process
Transformation Means/Method
Transformation or Principal Conversion Products
1.Combustion Thermal Oxidation Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulfur dioxide(SO2), other oxidation products, and Ash
2.Pyrolysis Destructive distillation A gas stream containing a variety of gases, tar and/or pyrolytic oil, and char
3.Gassification Starved air combustion
A low-Btu synthetic gas, a charcoal containing carbon and the inerts originally in the fuel, and oil.
Chemical Transformation
Transformation Process
Transformation Means/Method
Transformation or Principal Conversion Products
1. Composting Aerobic biological conversion
Compost (Humus like material used as a soil conditioner or organic fertilizer
2. Anaerobic digestion (Low or high-solids)
Anaerobic biological conversion
Methane (CH4), Carbon dioxide (CO2), trace gases, digested humus or sludge
Biological Transformation
Shear Shredders
Trommel Screen
Air Classifiers
Magnetic Separation
AEROBIC STABILIZATION:
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING: ADVANTAGES
Transformation of biodegradable waste into biologically
stable matter using micro organisms.
Reduces the volume of waste.
Destroy pathogens/insects.
End product is a humus like material called compost
that is rich in nutrients. Compost can be used to support
plant growth and as a soil amendment.
COMPOSTING
Conventional
Vermicomposting
High Rate: Rotary Drum Composting
Windrow Composting
Source http://www.grand-island.com/index.aspx?page=173
Source: https://www.americanbiogascouncil.org/images/genericDigestionProcess.gif
Rotary Drum Composting
Worms
Eudrilus eugeniae
Eisenia fetida
VERMICOMPOSTING
Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste
Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste
Source: http://sternerconsulting.com/blog/new-efficient-anaerobic-digestion-facilities-
recycle-organic-wastes-into-renewable-energy-and-rich-compost/
Status India
The pilot plant shows that 150 t/day of MSW could produce 14,000 m3 of biogas with a methane content of 5565%, which can generate 1.2 MW of power.
Grate incinerator for domestic
waste burning
Source: http://www.igniss.pl/en/msw_municipal_waste_incinerators.php
Waste-to-energy
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATORS
Emissions: Organic Compounds: Dioxins, Furans, Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Chlorinated Benzenes etc.
Heavy Metals: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, etc. Particulate Matter: PM 2.5, PM 10 Inorganic Gases: HCl, HF, HBr, SOx, NOx etc. Organic Gases: CO, CO2 etc.
EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATORS
Solid Outputs: Fly ash: contains soot, PAHs, PCBs, Dioxins, Furans and Heavy
Metals like Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn etc.
Incinerator Effluent: Wastewater from wet exhaust gas cleaning contains heavy metals
(Pb, Cd, Sb, Cu, Hg, Zn etc.), neutral salts and unburned organic material.
Dioxins and Furans:
The most publicized concerns from environmentalists about the
incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) involve the fear that it produces significant amounts of dioxin and furan emissions
Class of compounds that are highly toxic
Formed as a by-product of combustion involving chlorine related compounds and hydrocarbons.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Dioxins and Furans:
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) Technically PCDDs are derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin. 75 PCDDs, and seven of them are specifically toxic
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) Technically PCDFs are derivatives of dibenzofuran. 135 congeners (derivatives differing only in the number and location of chlorine
atoms). Strictly speaking are not dioxins, ten of them have "dioxin-like" properties.
TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) - most toxic compound known to science.
Gasification
DISPOSAL
Open dumping
Barging in to sea
Land filling: Disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface soils of the earth.
Why Landfill
Unmanaged and uncontrolled, solid wastes openly
dumped on the land:
Generate liquid and gaseous emissions (leachate and landfill gas) that can pollute the environment
Represent a breeding ground for disease-bearing animals and microorganisms
Other risks to the public health and safety and to the environment
Sanitary Landfill
Controlled disposal of waste on the land.
Controls the exposure of the environment and humans to the detrimental effects of solid wastes placed on the
land.
Disposal is accomplished in a way such that contact between wastes and the environment is significantly
reduced, and wastes are concentrated in a well defined
area.
Good control of landfill gas and leachate, and limited access of vectors (e.g., rodents, flies, etc.) to the wastes
Sanitary Landfills
Source: http://www.nodumpconecuhcounty.com/what_is_a_landfill.html
Temporary
Holding area Environmental
monitoring facilities
Equipment
workshop
Inspection/
Screening
facility
Weighing
scale
Access
road
Leachate
treatment
facility
Gas
flaring
facility
Surface
water
collection
facility
Typical Layout of a Landfill
Completed
fill
Active
filling
area
Future
fill area
Stock piled
cover
material
Office
Landfill-Bottom
Cell liner
Leachate Collection System
Dump truck
Landfill operation
Landfill Cell
Vertical Piping System
POSTCLOSURE CARE
Activities associated with the long-term
monitoring and maintenance of the landfill
(typically 30-50 years).
Facility on Restored landfill
Example: Estimating Landfill
Requirements
Estimate the landfill area needed to handle one years MSW (7000 tonnes/day) for Mumbai. Assume no combustion, a landfill density of 600 kg/m, and a single 3m lift. Assume that 20 percent of the cell volume is soil used for cover.
Legal framework Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling ) Rule was
notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India [vide No.S.O.908 (B) dated the 25th September 2000].
The objective of these Rules are:
To make every municipal authority responsible for the implementation of the various provisions of the Rules within its territorial area and also to develop an effective infrastructure for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes
Source: www.powermag.com
3Rs of better MSW management
Reduce & Reuse The most effective way to reduce waste is to not create it in the first place.
By reducing and reusing, consumers and industry can save natural resources and reduce waste management costs.
Recycling Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable
resources.
Benefits of Recycling
Recycling reduces the need for landfilling and incineration.
Recycling prevents pollution caused by the manufacturing of products from virgin materials.
Recycling saves energy.
Recycling decreases emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change
Recycling conserves natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals.
Recycling helps sustain the environment for future generations.
Municipal waste management in 32 European
countries, 20012010
Source: Managing municipal solid waste a review of achievements in 32 European countries (EEA Report No 2/2013)
OPEN YARD
DUMPING
94%
COMPOST5%
OTHERS1%
CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS INDIA
http://www.ubbessex.co.uk/technology/
Source: http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/pollution/?728/indias-
massive-waste-problem-gallery
A child walks through plastic waste on a sea front in India's
financial capital Mumbai. Non-organic waste dumped in rivers and
sewers invariably ends up in India's seas.
Source: http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/pollution/?728/indias-
massive-waste-problem-gallery
Birds fly over a burning garbage dump in search of food on the outskirts of New
Delhi
Composting organic materials, however, could reduce the amount of material
dumped by 50 percent (Source: Reuters)
Source: http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/pollution/?728/indias-
massive-waste-problem-gallery
National Geographic Best Environmental Photos of
2011: Waste Picker Children in Kathmandu
Source: http://www.wasteventures.org/connect/blog/page/2/
Source: http://www.globalgiving.org/photo/PRA36261/lalbabu-and-naveen-pose-under-an-easybin-banner-photo-f/
Biomedical Waste Management
"Bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is
generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunisation of human beings or animals or in research
activities pertaining to the production or testing of
biological.
"Biologicals" means any preparation made from organisms or product of metabolism and biochemical reactions intended for use in
the diagnosis, immunisation or the treatment of human beings or
animals or in research activities pertaining thereto;
Biomedical Waste
Biomedical waste, (BMW), consists of solids, liquids, sharps, and laboratory waste that are potentially infectious or dangerous
Common producers of biomedical waste include hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, medical research laboratories
TYPES OF HOSPITAL WASTES Infectious Hospital Wastes: Human anatomical or surgical waste,
Animal waste
Pathological waste including tissues, organs, blood and body fluids, microbiological cultures, Cotton, Swabs etc.
Used Syringes, tubes, Blood bags and other items contaminated with blood and body fluids.
Items such as plaster and bandages, when contaminated by blood.
Waste from isolation wards.
The amount of infectious waste is ~15-20% of the total wastes generated from the health care establishment.
TYPES OF HOSPITAL WASTES Non Infectious Hospital Waste: Kitchen waste and office wastes---similar to household waste
Non infectious wastes constitute ~80-85% of the total wastes generated from a health care unit
In absence of proper segregation, the non infectious waste becomes infectious and poses environmental threat to the society.
Status India 52,000 (~53 %), health care establishments are in operation without
obtaining authorization from SPCBs/PCCs which means that waste generated from such facilities goes unaccounted and is dumped without any adequate treatment illegally.
~288 tons per day (57%) out of 506 tons per day wastes generated is being treated either through Common Bio
Medical Waste Treatment Facilities (159 in number) or captive
treatment facilities.
602 bio-medical waste incinerators
~ 70 % incinerators are provided with air pollution control devices
2,218 autoclaves
192 microwaves
8,038 shredders Source: Mohankumar et al. 2011; International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological
Archives 2011; 2(6):1621-1626
Biomedical waste generation
Average: 1.60 kg/bed/day
Patil and Shekdar, Journal of Environmental Management (2001) 63, 211220
Proportion of Biomedical Waste
Waste mixed with general waste renders the whole waste Bio-hazardous
Patil and Shekdar, Journal of Environmental Management (2001) 63, 211220
Bio Medical Waste :
(Management and Handling) Rules 2011
Every occupier generating BMW, irrespective of the quantum of wastes comes under the BMW Rules and requires to obtain authorisation
Every hospital generating Biomedical waste need to set up requisite Biomedical Waste Treatment facilities to ensure requisite treatment of waste.
Elements of the Biomedical Waste Management (As per rules)
Biomedical Waste
Biomedical waste minimization/Separation
Biomedical waste identification
(Category, use of color coding/labeling)
(Schedule for collection within the health care premises) and
(Selection of storage area till on-site treatment or transport to off-site treatment)
Biomedical waste treatment
(On-site/off-site)
Biomedical waste disposal
Record/Report
CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE: As per Rules
Option
Waste Category Treatment & Disposal
Category
No. 1
Human Anatomical Waste
(human tissues, organs, body parts) Incineration
Category
No. 2
Animal Waste (animal tissues, organs, body parts,
carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and
experimental animals used in research, waste
generated by veterinary hospitals, colleges,
discharge from hospitals, animal
houses)
Incineration
Category
No. 3
Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
(Wastes from laboratory cultures, human and
animal cell culture, infectious agents from
research and industrial laboratories, wastes from
production of biologicals, etc
Disinfection at source by
chemical treatment or by
autoclaving/ microwaving
followed by mutilation/shredding
and after treatment final disposal
in secured landfill or disposal of
recyclable wastes through
registered or authorized
recyclers.
Option Waste Category
Treatment & Disposal
Category No 4 Waste Sharps (needles, syringes,
scalpels, blade, glass, etc.) Disinfection by chemical treatment or
destruction by needle and tip cutters,
autoclaving or microwaving followed
by mutilation/Shredding
Then Final Disposal into secured
landfill or in designated concrete
waste sharp pit
Category No 5 Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic
drugs (Waste comprising of outdated,
contaminated and discarded
medicines)
Disposal in secured landfills or
Incineration
Category No 6 Soiled Waste
(items contaminated with blood, and
body fluids including cotton,
dressings, soiled plaster casts,
bedding, other material contaminated
with blood)
Incineration
Option Waste Category
Treatment & Disposal
Category No. 7
Waste generated from disposal items
other than the sharps such as tubings,
catheters, intravenous sets
etc.
Disinfection by chemical
treatment, autoclaving/
microwaving and mutilation/
shredding
After treatment final disposal
through registered or
authorized recyclers.
Category No. 8 Chemical Waste (Chemicals used in
production of biological,
chemicals used in disinfection, as
insecticides, etc.)
Chemical treatment and
discharge into drains for
liquids and secured landfill
for solids.
COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER FOR DISPOSAL OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES
Colour
Coding
Type of Container -Waste Category Treatment options as per
Schedule I
Yellow Non-chlorinated Plastic bag Cat. 1, 2, 5,
6
Incineration
Red Non-chlorinated Plastic bag /Puncture
proof container Cat. 3, 4,7
As per Schedule I
Blue Non-chlorinated Plastic bag
Cat 8
As per Schedule I
Black Non-chlorinated Plastic bag ; Municipal
waste
Municipal dump site
Treatment
Needle Cutter and Syringe Destroyer
Needle Cutter Syringe & Needle Destroyer
Incinerator
Source: www.thermaxindia.com/Fileuploader/Files/IncineratorBrochure_new.pdf
Incinerator with Venturi Scrubbing System
Incinerators
It is a controlled combustion process where waste is completely oxidized and harmful microorganisms present in it are destroyed/denatured under high temperature.
A. Operating Standards
1. Combustion efficiency (CE) shall be at least 99.00%.
2. The Combustion efficiency is computed as follows:
%CO2
C.E. = ------------ X 100
%CO2 + % CO
3. The temperature of the primary chamber shall be 800 50 C. 4. The secondary chamber gas residence time shall be at least 1
(one) second at 1050 50 C , with minimum 3% Oxygen in the stack gas.
B. Emission Standards
Parameters Concentration mg/Nm3 at (12% CO2 Correction)
(1) Particulate matter 150
(2) Nitrogen Oxides 450
(3) HCI 50
(4) Minimum stack height shall be 30 metres above ground
(5) Volatile organic compounds in ash shall not be more than 0.01%
Microwaving
In microwaving, microbial inactivation occurs as a result of thermal effect of electromagnetic radiation spectrum lying between the
frequencies 300 and 300,000MHz.
The waste material is first shredded and then mixed with water. Medical waste is placed into the microwave where it is heated
effectively neutralizing all biological waste.
Autoclaving Vertical & horizontal autoclave
Stovetop autoclaves - the simplest of autoclaves
Irradiation
Another method used to sterilize medical equipment or waste is irradiation, generally through exposure of the waste to a cobalt source
The gamma radiation generated by the cobalt source inactivates all microbes that may be present in the waste.
Dedicated sites are required for this form of treatment
The cost of developing a dedicated facility for this method is quite high
The risk , although low, of radiation exposure to workers operating the facility
Plasma Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis: Thermal disintegration process of carbonaceous material in oxygen starved environment.
Plasma is a means to convert electrical energy into heat energy efficiently.
Plasma torch generate 20000 C at the core
No air/gas flow required
Prototype Plasma Pyrolysis System
installed at Goa Medical College
(System Capacity-15 Kg/hr)
Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF)
Biomedical waste, generated from a number of
healthcare units, is treated to reduce its adverse
effects.
Need of CBWTF
Installation of individual treatment facilities by small healthcare units requires comparatively high capital investment.
Separate manpower and infrastructure development required for proper operation and maintenance of treatment systems.
Risk of proliferation of treatment equipment in a city.
Monitoring pressure on regulatory agencies.
By running the treatment equipment at CBWTF to its full capacity, the cost of treatment of per kilogram gets significantly reduced.
DEEP BURIAL 1. For population less than 5 Lacs
2. A pit or trench should be dug about 2 meters deep. It should be half filled with
waste, then covered with lime within 50 cm of the surface, before filling the rest
of the pit with soil.
3. Must be ensured that animals do not have any access to burial sites. Covers of
galvanised iron/wire meshes may be used.
4. On each occasion, when wastes are added to the pit, a layer of 10 cm of soil
shall be added to cover the wastes.
5. Burial must be performed under dedicated supervision.
6. The deep burial site should be relatively impermeable and no shallow well
should be close to the site.
7. The pits should be distant from habitation, and sited so as to ensure that no
contamination occurs of any surface water or ground water. The area should
not be prone to flooding or erosion.
8. The location of the deep burial site will be authorised by the prescribed
authority.
9. The institution shall maintain a record of all pits for deep burial.
Source: http://www.healingtalks.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/medical-
wastes.jpg