Lecture 1 Physical Growth Sexual Development

8/13/2019 Lecture 1 Physical Growth Sexual Development

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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT INCHILDHOOD AND PUBERTY

PUBERTY ANDADOLESCENCE

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTIN EARLY CHILHOOD

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTIN MIDDLE AND LATE

CHILDHOOD

HEALTH NUTRITION AND

EXERCISE

Heightand

Weight

The

Brain MotorDevelopment

HandednessPuberty

Sexuality

Some AdolescentProblem and

Disorders

StereotypingAdolescents

and TodaysYouth

A DevelopmentalPerspective on

Childrens Health

Poverty

Illness and Healthin the Worlds

Children Nutritionand Obesity

Exercise

SportsSkeletal and

MuscularSystems

Motor Skills


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TWO PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICALDEVELOPMENT

Cephalocaudal principle

Principle that development proceeds in a head-to - taildirection : the upper body partsdevelop before the lower parts

Proximodistal principle

Principle that development proceeds in a near-to-farmanner : the parts of body near its center

(spinal cord) develop before the extremities

Fig 1


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Fig 1.The laws of developmental direction


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PHYSICAL PROPORTION

Changes in the proportions of the human

body during growthThe most striking changes is that the headbecome smaller in proportion to the rest ofthe body

The increasing leg proportion is almostexactly the reverse of decreasing headproportion (Fig.2)


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Fig 2.Changes in body proportions from the 2ndfetal mo to

adulthood. (From Robbins WJ, Brody S, Hogan AG, et al:Growth New Haven, Yale University Press, 1928)

2 mo (fetal) 5 mo Newborn 2 yr 6 yr 12 yr 25 yr

1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8


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Fig 3. Velocity curves of the various components of human brain growth.Solid line with two peaks = DNA; dashed line = brain weight; singlepeak solid line = cholesterol. (From Brasel JA, Gruen RK. In; Falkner F,

Tanner JM (eds) : Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise. NewYork, Plenum Press, 1986, pp 78 -95 ).

INCREMENTS

PercentAdult/fiveweeks

WEEKS

10

BIRTH MONTHS

2.5

0

40C

5

7.5

20 6 12 18 24


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Ukuran pertumbuhan otak

3 bulan dalam

kandungan

Cepat

Pada

saat lahir

1 tahun

Lambat

2 tahun

Sangat

Lambat

5 tahun

Jaringan sel otak

(tiap sel menjadi 14000 sel otak)

2 tahunLahir

Fig 4. Pertumbuhan Otak Anak(Dikutip dari Morley, 1986)


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1. Average HC : 35 cm at birth (13.5 inches)

2. HC increases : 1 cm / mo for first yr (2 cm / mo

for first 3 mo, then slower); 10 cm for rest of life

Head Circumference (HC)


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Fig 5.Head Circumference of girl (Nellhaus)


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Fig 6.Head Circumference of boy (Nellhaus)


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Average length : 20 inches at birth, 30

inches at 1 yr

1.At age 3 yr, the average child is 3 ft tall

2.At age 4 yr, the average child is 40 inches

tall (double birth length)

3.Average annual height increase : 2-3inches between age 4 yr and puberty

HEIGHT


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APPROXIMATE AVERAGE ADULT HEIGHTBASED ON FATHER AND MOTHER

HEIGHT (GENETIC POTENTIAL)Girl : (Father height - 13cm) + Mother height +/- 8.5 cm

2

Boy : (Father height + 13cm) + Mother height+/- 8.5 cm 2

1 - year : 1.5 x birth length4 - year : 2 x birth length

6 - year : 1.5 x height at 1 year

13 - year : 3 x birth length

Adult : 3.5 x height at 2 year

RULES OF THUMB FOR HEIGHT


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Weight loss in first days : 5 - 10%

Return to birthweight: 7 - 10 days

Double : 4 - 5 moTriple : 1 yearQuadruple : 2 yr

Average : 3.5 kg at birth10 kg at 1 yr20 kg at 5 yr30 kg at 10 yr

RULES OF THUMB FOR WEIGHT


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WEIGHT KILOGRAMS (POUNDS)

(a) At birth

(b) 312 mo

(c) 16 yr

(d) 712 yr

3.25

age (mo) + 9

2

age (yr) x 2 + 8

age (yr) x 7 - 52

(7)

(age [mo] + 11)

(age [yr] x 5 + 17)

(age) [yr] x 7 + 5)

HEIGHT CENTIMETERS (INCHES)

(e) At birth(f) At 1 yr

(g) 212 yr

5075

age (yr) x 6 + 77

(20)(30)

(age [yr] x 2 + 30)

Table 1.Formulas for Approximate Average Height and

Weight of Normal Infants and Children

*Adapted from Tanner JM: Growth at Adolescence, 2nded. Oxford, Blackwell

Scientific Publications, 1962


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Fig 7.Height velocity of boy (Philibert de Montbeillard)

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

UMUR, TAHUN

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

5

4


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UMUR, TAHUN

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Fig 8. Distance curve of height in boy (Philibert de

Montbeillard)


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Fig 9.Growth velocity, in centimeters per year, at different ages of the boy and girlwhose statures are shown in figure 1. (Reproduced from Tanner et al., 1966)

13 14 1615 172 43 75 6 1281 11109 1918

242322

21

20

1918

17

16151413

12

11

109

8

7

6

5

43

21

BoysGirls

Age, years

Height

gain,cm/yr


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Fig 10. Height at different ages of a hypothetical boy and girl of mean birthlength, who grew at the mean rate and experienced the adolescentgrowth spurt at the mean age for their sex. Each finally reached themean adult stature. (Reproduced from Tanner et al ., 1966)

190

100

90

60

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

70

60

50

13 14 1615 172 43 75 6 1281 11109 1918

Boys

Girls

H

eight,cm

Age, years


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ERUPTION

Maxillary Mandible

Primary (month 1 SD)

Central incisorLateral incisorCanineFirst molar

Second molar

10 (8-12)

11 (9-13)

19 (16-22)

16 (13-19 boys)

(14-19 girls)

29 (25-33)

8 (6-10)

13 (10-16)

20 (17-23)

16 (14-18)

27 (23-31 boys)(24-30 girls)

Table 2.Chronology of Tooth Eruption


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Fig 20. Normal(gaussian) distribution curve. This curve representsthe theoretical distribution of values for many biologicmeasurements. The percentiles indicate certain positions withinthis distribution, as do the standard deviations from the mean

NORMAL

DISTRIBUTION

CURVE

PERCENTILESSTANDARD

DEVIATION

- 30 - 20 - 10

MEAN

+ 30+ 10 + 203 10 25 50 75 90 97


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Fig 21.Relationship between percentile lines on the growth curve and

frequency distributions of height at different ages

Growth Chart

Height(cm)

Age (years)

3 4 5

95

505

95

50

5

Height (cm) 89 94.9 102.0

Percentile 5 50 95Frequency Distribution for 3-Year-Olds


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Lecture 1 Physical Growth Sexual Development