Leaf Spring Properties

8/12/2019 Leaf Spring Properties

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information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interestto the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit ofeducation and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote thetimely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

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Invent a New India Using Knowledge

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Step Out From the Old to the New

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The Right to Information, The Right to Live

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IS : 3431 - 1982Reaffirmed 1997 )

Indian Standard

SPECIFICATION FORSTEEL FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF VOLUTE

HELICAL AND LAMINATED SPRINGS FORAUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSION

Second Revision )

Third Reprint MAY 1998

UDC 669.14.018.27 : 621-272 : 629.113.018.8

Q C o p y r i g h t 1983

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 3 p r i l 1983

( Reaffirmed 2001 )


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IS t 3431- 1982

I ndi an St andard

SPECIFICATION FOR

STEEL FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF VOLUTE,HELICAL AND LAMINATED SPRINGS FOR

AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSION

( Second Rev i si on

_

Wrought Steel Products Sectional Committee, SMDC 5

Ds Il. N. BHR~Y

Sxnr S. BA~ERJ EE

SERI S. K. BASOS-1 G. K. J HA ( AlZcrsotc )

SHRI A. P. BEATNAQAR

Sxxr J . BANEBJ EE Altcrnutr)SERI Y. P. S. BIBHNOSSHEI A. M. B~swas

SHRI K. L. BA~UI ( AltamatcDEPUTY DIRECTOR ( MET )

Modella Steel 6 Alloys Ltd, Bombay

Steel Re-Rolling Mills AssociationCalcutta -

M. N. Dastur Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta

of India,

Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Durgapur SteelPlant )

Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Bokaro Steel Plant)National Test House, Calcutta

Sam S. C. DEYSHBI B. K. DU~TA

Ministry of RailwayrCentral Boilem Board, New DelhiIron Steel Control, Calcutta

Soar P. R. DAS ( AlternutsSEBI Cl. R. GHOSH Mukand Iron Steel Works Ltd, Bombay

SHRI H. P. PRIOLKAR ( Altemdc )Sx.n~ A. K. JEE Ministry of Defence ( DGI )

SxnISxn~ V. I. RAMASWA~Y ( Al~arnofc)

SUDHAKAR J HA Steel Authority of India Ltd ( R D Centre forIron Steel, Ranchi)

J OINT DIRECTOR STDS (W)/I L Ministry of RailwayrJ OINT DIRECTOR ( IRON C

STEEL ) ( Alternate j

Q Copyright 1983BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

This publication ir protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) andreproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permireion of thepublisher rhall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the raid Act.


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IS,: 3431 - 1982

Continucdfrom age 1 )

Members Reprcrrnting

SHRI ONEAR S. KANWAR Association of Indian Engineering Industry ( SteelTubes Division ), New Delhi

SHRI V. B. KEANNA Directorate General of Supplies Disposals

( Inspection Wing), New DelhiSHRI D. K. PALL Altnnata)

DR K. V. KRISHNAMURTHY Bharat Heavy Electricals LtdSHRI A. K. MITTAL ( Alternate I )SHRI U. MOEAN RAO ( Altcrnat8 II )

SHRI C. K. KURIAKOSE Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, VisakhapatnamSHRI N. S. R. V. RAJU Alternatc )

DR T. MUKHERJEE Tata Iron Steel Co Ltd, JamshedpurSHRI A. N. MITRA ( Altarnatc )

SHRI SATISH MURANJAN Special Steels Ltd, BombaySERI M. R. DOCTOR ( Alternate )

SERI K. R. NARASIMHAN Metal Box India Ltd. CalcuttaSHRI A. G. SHRIMANKAR ( Altarnata )SHE1 K.V. PA1 Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Indian Iron Steel

Co, Burnpur )SHRI T. K. DATTA ( Aftcrnute )

PROB S. S. PANI Steel Authority of India Ltd (Rourkela SteelPlant 1

SHRI S. G. TUDEKAB ( Alternate )SHRI RAQHUBIR SIXOH National Metallurgical Laboratory ( CSIR ),

JamshedpurSHRI SISIR SEN Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Bhilai Steel Plant )SHRI D. SRINIVASAN Joint Plant Committee, Calcutta

-HBI B. P. GHOSH ( Alternate )SHRI Y. P. SYNOAL Federation of Engineering Industries of India,

New DelhiSHRI H. L. BHARDWAJ ( Alternate )

SHRI C. R. RAMA RAO, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-O@O Mnnbcr)Director ( Strut Met )

SHRI V. K. JAINDeputy Director ( Metals ), IS1

Panel for Spring Steel, SMDC 5/P-18

onvsncr

SHRI A. K. BEATTACEARYYA Research Design Standards Organization,Lucknow

Members

DR K. M. BAFNA Coventry Spring Engineering Co Pvt Ltd,Nagpur

SHRI A. M. BAINA ( Alternate )SHRI D. CHAEABVARTI Tata Engineering Locomotive Co Ltd,

JamshedpurSHRI M. G. LAWATE ( Ahnate )

Continwd on page 12 )

2


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IS:3431 -1982

Indian StandardSPECIFICATION FOR

STEEL FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF VOLUTE,HELICAL AND LAMINATED SPRINGS FOR

AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSION

Second Revision )

0. FOREWORD0.1 This Indian Standard ( Second Revision ) was adopted by the IndianStandards Institution on 25 November 1982 after the draft finalized byWrought Steei Products Sectional Committee had been approved by theStructural and Metals Division Council.

0.2 This standard was first published in 1965 and was revised in 1975.While reviewing the standard, in the light of the experience gained during

subsequent years, the committee decided to revise the standard incorpo-rating the following main modifications:

i) Amendment No. 1 issued earlier has been incorporated.

ii) One more grade of steel has been specified,

iii) Requirements for mode of delivery hardenability, cold shear-ability and surface decarburization has been specified.

iv) Clause on retest has been deleted as it is duly covered inIS : 8910-1978*.

0.3 In the preparation of this standard considerable assistance has beenderived from DIN 1722-1972 Hot rolled steels for quenched andtempered springs - Quality specifications, issued by Deutsches Institutfur Normung ( DIN ).

0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement ofthis standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,

expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off inaccordance with IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained

General technical delivery requirements for steel and steel products.tRulrs for rounding off numerical valws ( raised).

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in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specifiedvalue in this standard.

1. SCOPE1.1 This standard covers the requirements for hot-rolled ( as centrelessground or precision bar ) steel in the form of bars and flats for themanufacture of volute, helical and laminated springs for automotivesuspension.

2. GRADES

2.1 Steel shall be of five grades as specified in Table 1.

3. SUPPLY OF MATERIAL

3.1 General requirements relating to supply of material shall conform toIS : 8910-1978*.

4. MANUFACTURE

4.1 Steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric or a combination ofthese processes. In case any other process is employed by the manqfac-turer, prior approval of the purchaser shall be obtained.

4.2 The size of ingots, billets or continuous cast billets for any given sizeof finished steel product shall be such that a minimum reduction ratio of16 : 1 from the minimum cross sectional area of the ingot or continuouscast billets to the maximum cross sectional area of the product is ensured.However, reduction ratio other than that specified may be agreed subjectto mutual agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.

5. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

5.1 The ladle analysis of the material, when carried out by the methodspecified in the relevant parts of IS : 228t or any other establishedinstrumental/chemical method, shall be as given in Table 1. In case ofdispute, the procedure given in relevant parts of IS : 228t shall be thereferee method. However, where the method is not given in IS : 228t andits relevant parts, the referee method shall be as agreed to between the

purchasei and the manufacturer.

*General technical delivery requirements for steel and steel producfs.t Methods of chemical analysis of steel ( issued in several parts ).

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Is I 3431- 1982

SL

No

GRADE CONWITUENTS, PEBOENT

DESICJ- ,---------m-.--y

NATION[WC IS : 1762

(Part I)-19741

(1) (2)

i) 55Si7

ii) 6OSi7

iii) 65Si7

iv) 50Cr4V2

v)6OCr4V2

TABLE 1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

( clutfJcs2.1 rrti5.1)

Car- Sili- Manga- Sul-nese F&

(5) (6)

080 0.045

1

O-80 0.045

l O

0.80 0.045

Ifi0

050 0.045

OtGO

080 0.045

l

Phos-phorusMax

C O- Vana-mium diumon

(4)

1.50

2tpoO

1.50

&I

l-50

2 0

@15

6:035

0.15

0

(7)

0.045

0045

0.045

0.045

0.045

8)

-

0 90

GO

0 90

GO

9)-

0.15

&o

0.15M i n

NOTE - In case of Grade 55Si7, for the bars of sizer 26 mm, and above, carboncontent shall be as 0.55 percent Min.

*Code for designation of steels: Part I Based on letter symbols (firsr retiion).

5.2 Product Analysis -The permissible variation in the case ofproduct analysis, from the limits specified in Table 1 shall be as follows:

Constituent Permi ssi ble Vari at ion OverS ciJed L i mi t , Percent

Carbon f 0.03Manganese f 004Silicon 0.03Sulphur j- 0.005Phosphorus + 0.005Chromium 1 0.03Vanadium f o-02

NOTE - Variations shall not be applicable both over and under the specifiedlimits in several determinations in a heat.

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IS : 3431 - 1982

6. MODES OF DELIVERY ( GUARANTEE COVERAGE )

6.1 Steels according to this standard shall be supplied m one of the modesof delivery ( combination of guaranteed properties ) according to Table 2.

TABLE 2 GUARANTEE COVERAGE AND SYMBOLS FORMODES OF DELIVERY

( Clauses 6.1 and 9.2 )

SL GUARANTEE (see NATE 2 ) GIJAK ~&TIE COVERAQE AND SYMBOLSNo. FOR MOI)E OF DELIVERY ( 8~NOTE 3 )

r-------- *-~_--_--~1 la 3 3a 111 Ilk

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

i) Chemical composition X X X X X X

ii) Hardness in the core after quenching x x X X x x( see NOTE 4 )

iii) Hardness in the soft annealed X Xcondition (G)

iv) Cold shearability (C) X X

v) Mechanical properties in the quen- X X Xched and tempered conditiondetermined from the referencespecimen ( see NOTE 5 )

NOTE I -The harizontal crosses (x) appearing in each column denote theguarantee coverage of the mode of delivery concerued, for which the symboi islisted in the column headings.

NOTE 2- The code letters for the treatment condition are given in brackets.NOTE 3 -The numbers and letters are largely in agreement with t1.e idrntifica-

tions used in the international standards.NOTE 4 -See 7.1 and Table 3.

NOTE 5 - See 8 and Table 4.

Examples of application.:

a>

b)

When the order specifies the mode of delivery by quoting thesymbol la, chemical composition from the product analysis,hardness in the core after quenching and maximum hardness inthe soft annealed condition shall. bc guaranteed.If the chemical composition according to the ladle analysis, thehardness in the core after quenching and the mechanicalproperties in the quenched and tempered condition as determinedfrom the reference specimen are to be guaranteed, th:: mode c rdelivery shall be stated in the order by quoting the symboi 3,

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IS I 343l- 1992

6.1.X The treatment condition and the mode of delivery ( sse Table 2 )shall be specified when ordering. Delivery is usually made in theuntreated ( hot rolled ) condition with guarantee of the chemicalcomposition and through-hardenability (hardness in the core afterquenching ).

6.2 The surface of the material may be coated with a thin layer ofantirust oil, when agreed to between the purchaser and the supplier.

7. HARDENABILITY

7.1 For the steels according to this standard through-hardenability isguaranteed for round and rectangular cross-sections up to the maximumdimensions indicated in Table 3.

TABLE 3 LIMITING DIMENSIONS FOR THROUGH HARDENABILITYOF THE STEEL

STEEL MINIMUM VALUE HARDENING MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS FORGRADE 0~ HARDNESS IN IN* r-- _----___,

THE CORE hTER Flat Products Round SteelQUENWINI~* ( Thickness )

HRC( Diameter )

mm mm

(I) (2) (3) (4) (5)

55si7 54 Oil 16 2060s i7 ii4 Oil 16 20

65Si7 .i4 Oil 16 255OCr4V 54 Oil 16 25

60Cr4V2 54 Oil 25 40

*Valid for the qTxnching temperature of 830.860C.-

9.1.1 FulI thror;gh-hardening is denoted by a minimum hardness valueof 54 HRC.

7.1.2 Through hardenability is verified only if specially specified whileordering.

8. MECHANICAL FDWQPERTIES

8.1 The data cluoted in Table 2 for hardness in the untreated (hot-rolled)condition are r~~fcrence values and are not binding.

8.2 In the case of modes of deliverv la and 3a the maximum hardnessvalues in the soft annealed condition according to Table 4 shall beguaranteed.

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IS :3431-1982

TABLE 4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

STEEL UNTREA- TREATMENT CONDITIONGRADE TED 7------ A-- -__- --7

(HARD- Soft Quenched and TemperedNESS ) Annealed F- -_----h---.M--~

HB ( Hardnerr ) Yield StressHB MPa

Tensihle;rength

Min

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

55517 = 270 245 1 130 1 320 to , 5706OSi7 = 310 255 1 130 1320 to 1 570

65Si7 2 310 255 1 180 1370 to I 620

5OCr4V2 > 310 245 1 180 1 370 to 1620

6OCr4V2 > 310 255 1 180 1370 to 1620

ELONQATIONPERCENTGAUCJEbIW3TH5.65 fbT

Min

6)

8.3 n case of modes of delivery 3, 3a and 11 k, the mechanical propertiesaccording to Table 4 shall be guaranteed for the quenched and temperedconditions. The values shall be verified on specimens with a diameterof 10 mm which shall be taken from the core of product in the rollingdirection and shall be quenched at 830 to 860C and tempered at 350to 550C. If such a specimen with IO mm diameter can not be prepared

from the product, its diameter shall be the largest value possible asdetermined by the size ordered.

9. COLD SHEARABILITY

9.1 f, so ordered ( see Table 2 ), all the steels according to this standardare available with guaranteed cold shearability. Ordering in this way isrecommended for steels which may exhibit a hardness of more than280 HB in the as-rolled condition and for which processing by coldshearing is envisaged.

10. REEDOM FROM DEFECTS

10.1 Material shall be free from harmful defects, such as, pipe, heavyscale, rust, blisters, laminations, cracked edges and seams and/or otherrolling defects, which can impair the durability of the springs.

10.2 Flats shall be usually supplied with round edges. The edges shallbe rolled convex with a radius of curvature approximately equal to thethickness of the flat or as agreed to between the purchaser and thesupplier.

10.3 If, in view of the importance of the surface condition in terms offatigue strength, particularly for springs subject to torsional stress, round

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IS 13431 - 19S2

steel is specified in theagreement for the same

centrelesr turned or ground condition, specialshall be reached when ordering the steel.

10.4 If, so desired by the purchaser, the material shall be tested forinclusion rating as per IS : 4163-1982* and the acceptance limit shall be

as agreed mutually.11. SURFACE DECARBURISATION

11.1 Decarburisation shall be kept at minimum. A limit of decarburisa-tion may be fixed by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.

12. STRAIGHTNESS

12.1 Bars and flats shall be reasonably straight. Unless otherwise agreedto between the purchaser and the supplier, out-of-straightness to theextent of 2 mm per metre length shall be acceptable.

13. DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES

13.1 Dimensions of bars and flats shall be as specified by the purchaser.

13.2 Rolling tolerances on diameter of bars shall be as specified inTable 5.

TABLE 5 ROLLING TOLERANCES FOR

NOMINAL DIAMETER TOLERAIKJEmm mm

ROUND SECTIONS

OUT OP ROUND TOLEB-AXOE, h X

mm

(1)

5 to 25

Over 25 up to 50

(2) (3)

f 0.20 0.25f o-35 0.50

13.3 For centreless ground and precision hot-rolled bars, the tolerancesshall be as follows:

Type of Bar Toltranct on Di amtttr

Centreless ground bars *Yno5Precision hot-rolled bars:

a) Below 10 mm dia f 0.10b) 10 mm dia up to 25 mm dia f 0.15

c) Over 25 mm dia f 020

*Method for determination of inclusion content in steel by microscopic method(f;r~r revisiun .

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IS:3431 - 1982

13.4 Rolling tolerances on width, thickness, flatness and concavity of flatsshall be as specified in Table 6.

TABLE 6 ROLLING TOLERANCES FOR FLAT SECTIONS

NOXINALWIDTH

(1)

40 up to 50Over 50up to 75

Over 75up to 100

Over 100up to 125

Over 125up to 150

All dimensions in millimetres.

TOLERANCE TOLERANCE ON THICKNESS. CONCAVITY + Max

W&I---_-~i r ---

Up to and Over For Thickness ForIncluding 10 mm up to and Thickness

10 mm Including over10 mm IO mm

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

+ 0.30 *0*15 - 015 o-15

f 0.50 * 0.15 f 0.20 0.15 0.20

* O70 f 0.20 f 0.25 0.20 0.20

f 0.90 f 0.25 f 040 0.30 0.40

f 1.20 f 0.30 f 050 0.40 0.50

*Thickness measurements shall be taken at 10 mm from the edge of the flat section.tThe radii of the arcs of the two concave surfaces shall be approximately equal.

13.5 Cutting tolerances on lengths of bars and flats shall be 2: mm.

14. CALCULATION OF MASS

14.1 The mass of the material shall be calculated on the basis that thesteel weighs 7.85 g/cm3.

15. MARKING

15.1 Each bar of over 12 mm diameter or of equivalent cross section shallbe stamped with the name or trade-mark of the manufacturer, grade, andthe cast number or any other identification mark by which the steel maybe traced to the cast from which it has been made. Such marking shallbe made at the extreme end of each bar.

15.2 Bars of 12 mm diameter or of equivalent cross section and belowshall be bundled as agreed to between the purchaser and the supplier and

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IS :3431- 1982

a metal tag attached to each bundle shall bear similar markings asdescribed in 15.1.

15.2.1 The material may also be colour coded in accordance withIS : 2049-1978 .

15.3 The material may also be marked with the Standard Mark.

15.4 The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions ofBureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations madethereunder. The details of conditions under which the licence for the use ofStandard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtainedfrom the Bureau of Indian Standards.

16. SAMPLING

16.1 Sampling for Chemical Analysis - The ladle sample analysisshall be supplied by the manufacturer. If the product analysis is requiredby the purchaser, at least one product sample shall be taken from eachrast.

Colour code for the identification of wrought steels for general engineering purposes(first revision +

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IS:3431 -1982

ontinued frompage )

M nnbers R+mxting

SHRI N. S. CHATTREE Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Bhilai Steel Plant )DEPUTY DIBECTOB MET-S ) Ministry of Railways

JOINT DIREOTOB STDS (W) ( Altmute )SHRI R. N. GHOSH Burn Standard Co Ltd, BurnpurSEXI E. R. GONDA

SHRI M. K. GEOSH Ahermtc )Ahmedabad Advance Milla Ltd, Navaaari

SEBI T. V. MANWARSWAMY Tata Iron Steel Co Ltd, JamahedpurSHRI BEASKER DUTTA ( Alfcmata )

SHRI N. C. S~ROTIYADE A. R. KESKAR ( Altsrmte )

Zenith Steel Pipes Industries Ltd, Khopoli

Woa~s METALLURQIST STEELS Guert, Keen, Williamr Ltd, HowrahSHRI INDRANIL CHAKRABABTI Alternate )

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BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg. NEW DELHI 110002Telephones: 323 0131, 323 3375, 323 9402Fax:91113234062, 91113239399,91113239382

Telegrams : Manaksanstha

Common to all Offices)Central Labora tory Telephone

Plot No. 2019, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, SAHIBABAD 201010 s-770032

Regional Offices

Central : Manak Bhavan. 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 323 76 17

*Eastern : 1114 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA700054 337 86 62Northern : SC0 335336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43

Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 235 23 15

*Western : Manakalaya, EQ Behind Mar01 Telephone Exchange, Andheri East), 832 92 95MUMBAI 400093

Branch Off ices

Pushpak. Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 550 13 48

SPeenya Industrial Area, 1st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, 839 49 55BANGALORE 560058

Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T. T Nagar, BHOPAL 462003

Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001

Kafatkathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001

Savitri Complex, 116 G. T Road, GHAZIABAD 201001

53/5 Ward No. 29, R. G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003

5-8-58C. L. N. Gupta Marg. Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001

E-52, Chitaranjan Marg. C-Scheme, JAIPUR 302001

117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005

Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road,

55 40 21

40 36 27

21 01 41

8-28 88 01

8-71 19 96

54 11 37,

20 10 83

37 29 25

21 68 76

23 89 23

LUCKNOW 226001Patlipuba Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013

T. C. No. 14/1421, University l? 0. Palayam,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034

NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010

Institution of Engineers India ) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005

26 23 05

621 17

52 51 71

32 36 35

Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P. 0. Princep Street,

CALCUlTA 700072TSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007

*Sales Office is at F Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square,BANGALORE 560002

27 10 85309 65 28

222 ?Q 71

Prlntd al New India Printing Press, Khurja, India


18/19


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AMENDMENT NO. 2 DECEMBER 1989

TO

IS: 3431-1982 SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL

FOR THE HAMWACTIJRE OF VOLUTE, HELICAL

AN-D LAXINATED SPRINGS FOR

SUSPENSION

(Second Revision)

AUTOMOTIVE

(Page 6: heading of Table 2, line 3) -Substitute (Clauses 6.1 and 9.1) forClauses6.1 and 9.2) .

(Page 7, clause 8.1) - Substitute thefollowing for the existing clause:

8.1 The data quoted in co1 2 of Table 4 forhardness in the untreated (hot-rolled) conditionare reference values and are not binding.

(SMDC 5)

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Leaf Spring Properties