LCI data for the calculation tool Feedprint for …...1 Blonk Consultants 2 Wageningen University and Research Centre November, 2012 LCI data for the calculation tool Feedprint for

M. Marinussen1

H. van Kernebeek2

R. Broekema1

E. Groen1

A. Kool1

W.J. van Zeist1

M. Dolman2

H. Blonk1

1 Blonk Consultants

2 Wageningen University and Research Centre

November, 2012

LCI data for the calculation

tool Feedprint for greenhouse

gas emissions of feed

production and utilization

Cultivation of legumes

Blonk Consultants

Gravin Beatrixstraat 34

2805 PJ Gouda

the Netherlands

Telephone: 0031 (0)182 579970

Email: [email protected]

Internet: www.blonkconsultants.nl

Blonk Consultants helps companies, governments and civil society organisations put sustainability into practice. Our team of dedicated

consultants works closely with our clients to deliver clear and practical advice based on sound, independent research. To ensure optimal

outcomes we take an integrated approach that encompasses the whole production chain.

LCI data for the calculation

tool Feedprint for

greenhouse gas emissions of

feed production and

utilization

Cultivation of legumes

M. Marinussen1

H. van Kernebeek2

R. Broekema1

E. Groen1

A. Kool1

W.J. van Zeist1

M. Dolman2

H. Blonk1

1 Blonk Consultants

2 Wageningen University and Research Centre

November, 2012

Contents

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1

3.1.1 Context of this document & reading guide ........................................................................................ 1

3.1.2 Products and countries .......................................................................................................................... 1

3.1.3 Data collection and selection ................................................................................................................ 1

3.1.4 Uncertainty ranges .................................................................................................................................. 2

3.2 Beans ............................................................................................................................................................. 4

3.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4

3.2.2 Final input-output data .......................................................................................................................... 4

3.2.3 General information about beans and peas........................................................................................ 4

3.2.4 Growing beans, field beans and horse beans ..................................................................................... 5

3.2.4.1 Germany....................................................................................................................... 6

3.2.4.2 France .......................................................................................................................... 7

3.2.5 References ................................................................................................................................................ 8

3.3 Lentils ..........................................................................................................................................................10

3.3.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................10

3.3.2 Final input-output data ........................................................................................................................10

3.3.3 General information about lentils ......................................................................................................11

3.3.4 Growing lentils ......................................................................................................................................11

3.3.4.1 Canada........................................................................................................................ 11

3.3.4.2 Turkey ........................................................................................................................ 12

3.3.4.3 USA............................................................................................................................ 13

3.3.5 References ..............................................................................................................................................14

3.4 Lucerne .......................................................................................................................................................16

3.4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................16


3.4.3 Growing lucerne ...................................................................................................................................17

3.4.3.1 Germany..................................................................................................................... 17

3.4.3.2 France ........................................................................................................................ 18

3.4.3.3 The Netherlands ......................................................................................................... 19

3.4.4 References ..............................................................................................................................................20

3.5 Lupines .......................................................................................................................................................22


3.5.2 Growing lupine .....................................................................................................................................22

3.5.2.1 Australia ..................................................................................................................... 23

3.5.2.2 Germany..................................................................................................................... 23

3.5.3 References ..............................................................................................................................................24

3.6 Peas ..............................................................................................................................................................26

3.6.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................26


3.6.3 General information about peas and beans......................................................................................27

3.6.4 Growing peas ........................................................................................................................................27

3.6.4.1 Germany..................................................................................................................... 27

3.6.4.2 France ........................................................................................................................ 28

3.6.4.3 Australia ..................................................................................................................... 30

3.6.5 References ..............................................................................................................................................31

Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes

1

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Context of this document & reading guide

This document is part of the background documentation for the FeedPrint program and database and

describes the search for life cycle inventory data related to the cultivation of legumes.

3.1.2 Products and countries

Legumes can be used as animal feed or are raw materials for feed milling.

Starting point for the selection of legumes is the Dutch CVB-table. Legumes are selected if the crop

product or one or more by-product(s) of industrial processing is listed in the Dutch CVB-table. Hence

beans (horse beans, field beans), lentils, Lucerne, lupines and peas are taken into consideration. The

search for LCI data related to the cultivation of these legumes is reported in separate sections (see also

Table 1).

Products and by-products processed by the Dutch animal feed industry are imported from several

countries (see also § 3.4 of the methodology report). We searched for cultivation data for countries that

were found relevant by the CFPAN cultivation working group, see Table 1.

Table 1: Legumes and countries taken into consideration

Crop Country taken into consideration Section

Beans, horse beans, field beans Germany, France 3.2

Lentils Canada, USA, Turkey 3.3

Lucerne France, Germany, the Netherlands 3.4

Lupines Australia, Germany 3.5

Peas Germany, France, Australia 3.6

3.1.3 Data collection and selection

Data were collected for inputs and outputs of cultivation. The report concerns input data on annual use

of seed or plant material, annual use of N, P and K-fertilizers, lime and pesticides. Data about the

application rates of different types of N-fertilizer are scarce. We estimated specification usage breakdown

of 8 types of fertilizers (a.o. Ammonium phosphate, CAN, Urea, UAN) for 6 global regions (West-

Europe, East Europe, Asia, North-America, South America and Australia). It is assumed that the region

specific breakdown holds for every crop in every country in each region. The breakdown is explained in

detail in section 8 of the methodology report. This document reports the total unspecified application

rates of N-fertilizers.

As explained in § 4.3 of the methodology report, the annual application rate of manure and the annual

energy-use for cultivation activities (e.g. soil cultivation, fertilizer application, irrigation, harvesting) are

calculated in the FeedPrint model.

Output data that are reported are the annual yields of legumes. Crop residues are calculated in the

FeedPrint model, following IPCC calculation rules as explained in § 4.3 of the methodology report.

Each section of this document starts with an introduction followed by an overview of data that are used

in the FeedPrint program. For each country that was found relevant, these data are collated in tables,

followed by an explanation about the background of the data. If applicable, general information about the


2

cultivation of the legume is presented followed by a discussion about the LCI data for the cultivation of

the crop in each country.

In case more data are available for one parameter, the Pedigree-method as described in § 3.7 of the

methodology report was helpful to select the best estimate. In the Pedigree method, each data entry gets a

number assigned between 1 and 5 for five indicators (Table 2), according to a prescribed meaning of each

value as explained in § 3.7 of the methodology report. As a consequence of relatively high Pedigree

numbers, the default data bandwidth (explained in 3.1.4) can be corrected to a larger value.

Table 2: Abbreviations used for Pedigree-indicators Indicator Pedigree-method Abbreviation used in this document

Reliability: how is the data measured? Rel

Completeness: does it describe the whole activity? Com

Temporal correlation: does the time period correlate? TRC

Geographic correlation: does the geography correspond? GSp

(Further) technical correlation: is a similar technology used? TeC

3.1.4 Uncertainty ranges

For cultivation data uncertainty ranges (and a probability density function) are assigned to:

a. Seed application rates

b. Fertilizer application rates

c. Manure application rates

d. Lime application rates

e. Pesticides application rates

f. Yield

g. Dry matter content (of the crop product)

h. Crop residues

Unless data indicate otherwise, we assumed that the distribution and uncertainty range of these

parameters can be described by one of the probability density functions:

1. Normal distribution

2. Uniform distribution

In Table 3 the default probability density functions and bandwidth of the parameters are listed. The

choices are underpinned in § 4.9 of the Methodology report

Table 3: Probability density functions (PDF) and bandwidth (BW) for cultivation parameters Parameter In EU countries In USA In other countries

PDF BW* PDF BW* PDF BW*

Seed application rates Normal ±5%*BE Normal ±5%*BE Normal ±5%*BE

Fertilizer application rates Normal ±10%*BE Uniform ±40% *BE Uniform ±40% *BE

Manure application rates Normal ±10%*BE Uniform ±40% *BE Uniform ±40% *BE

Lime application rates** Uniform 0-800 kg/ha Uniform 0-800 kg/ha Uniform 0-800 kg/ha

Pesticides application rates Uniform ±20%*BE Uniform ±20%*BE Uniform ±40%*BE

Yield*** Normal ±2*SD Normal ±2*SD Normal ±2*SD

Dry matter content (of the crop

product)

Normal ±0.05 Normal ±0.05 Normal ±0.05

Crop residues Normal See yield Normal See yield Normal See yield

*BE = Best estimate ** For lime application rates a Uniform distribution between 0 and 800 kg CaCO3/ha will be applied for every crop in every

country, unless reliable data suggest something else *** SD=Standard deviation; the bandwidth is defined to 4 times the SD


3


4

3.2 Beans

3.2.1 Introduction

The beans that are processed in the Dutch animal feed are mainly cultivated in Germany and France.

Hence, the cultivation of beans in these countries is investigated.

3.2.2 Final input-output data

Explanation footnotes in cultivation tables

# = not relevant

N/A = not available 1)

Unless data are available, the standard deviation for each fertilizer application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and 20%

in other countries. 2)

No data were found on lime application rates. The values are set to the defaults (see methodology report). 3)

The default SD for pesticide application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and the US, and to 20% in other countries.

Table 1: Cultivation beans in Germany

Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit

Seed amount Normal 150 3.75 kg/ha

Fertilizer P2O5 Normal 21 1.05 kg/ha1)

K2O Normal 50 2.5 kg/ha1)

N Normal 25 1.25 kg/ha1)

Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)

Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.3 0.13 kg/ha3)

Output

Beans yield Normal 3050 299 kg/ha

dry matter content Normal 0.83 0.025 kg/kg

Table 2: Cultivation beans in France








Output

Beans yield Normal 4400 670 kg/ha


3.2.3 General information about beans and peas

The FAO distinguishes several species of peas and beans (Table 3). The CVB however does not

specifically separate the subspecies and this will inherently give a larger uncertainty due to the large

category of ‘peas’ and ‘beans’. It should be noted that different subcategories of beans and peas can have

quite diverse production methods and yields. In general, the cultivation of dry peas and beans will be

considered, to avoid confusion with the unripe green peas and beans (which also gives large differences in


5

yields). The green varieties are usually sold directly to markets for human consumption as they have to be

consumed or processed soon after harvest.

The horse beans and field beans are different species (Vicia faba, Broad beans) but are sometimes also

incorporated in the statistics of beans. In production statistics Broad beans can be indicated as beans

(Vicia), Otherwise beans (Phas) denote the other category of beans. Sometimes, it is impossible to

separate these exactly. As a consequence, the cultivation data about beans are more uncertain than

cultivation data of crops where the definition is clear and unambiguous.

Table 3: Description of legumes according to FAO

FAOSTAT name

Meaning

Peas, dry Garden pea (Pisum sativum); field pea (P. arvense, for split peas).

Peas, green Pisum sativum (Garden pea). Mostly for shelling, but including edible- podded peas or sugar peas.

Beans, dry Phaseolus spp.: kidney, haricot bean (Ph. vulgaris); lima, butter bean (Ph. lunatus); adzuki bean (Ph. angularis); mungo bean, golden, green gram (Ph. aureus); black gram, urd (Ph. mungo); scarlet runner bean (Ph. coccineus); rice bean (Ph. calcaratus); moth bean (Ph. aconitifolius); tepary bean (Ph. acutifolius). Only species of Phaseolus should be included, though several countries also include certain types of beans. Commonly classified as Vigna (angularis, mungo, radiata, aconitifolia). In the past, these species were also classified as Phaseolus.

Beans, green Phaseolus and Vigna spp.. For shelling.

Pulses, nes Including inter alia: lablab or hyacinth bean (Dolichos spp.); jack or sword bean (Canavalia spp.); winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus); guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba); velvet bean (Stizolobium spp.); yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus);. Vigna spp. other than those included in 176 and 195 Other pulses that are not identified separately because of their minor relevance at the international level. Because of their limited local importance, some countries report pulses under this heading that are classified individually by FAO.

Lupins Lupinus spp.. Used primarily for feed, though in some parts of Africa and in Latin America some varieties are cultivated for human food.

For lupines and lucerne the definition is usually straightforward.

Legumes fix nitrogen in the soil during cultivation, and generally have a low N fertilizer application rate

than other crops. This is especially the case for beans used for feed purposes.

General handling: drying.

Dry beans and peas are generally harvested at a time when moisture content is close to what is needed

(which varies per bean or pea sub species) for storage, and the drying step for storage usually will be

small1. In general it is estimated that the beans and peas need to be dried by 2%, which according to

(Nemecek and Kägi, 2007), costs around 20 kWh of electricity and 120 MJ of heat for evaporating 20 kg

of water (2%) for 1 tonne of beans or peas. These figures will be used in FeedPrint to account for energy

use in the storage section.

3.2.4 Growing beans, field beans and horse beans

Beans are cultivated in Germany and France. As noted in the previous section, the bean category is quite

broad, and it seems most sensible to rely on countrywide statistics for average yields and fertilizer use

such as from FAOstat . As there is ample detailed access to data from the Netherlands, sometimes the

country specific data will be supplemented with Dutch figures. As the production systems (and yields) in

France and Germany are similar to the Netherlands, this is reasonable.

1 See: USA dry pea & lentil council, http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/drybeans.shtml,

http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/cowpea.shtml and Mark Goodwin, Pulse Canada, March 2003, Crop Profile for Peas.


6

For both Germany and France, the statistics indicate that the largest contribution to bean cultivation are

Broad beans (together with field beans/horse beans).

3.2.4.1 Germany

Table 4: input cultivation beans in Germany

Product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref

applied Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC

Plant material amount 150 150 n/a. n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D

Fertilizer P2O5 21 21 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

30 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 4 S

K2O 50 50 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

45 n/a n/a Kg/ha 2 2 1 1 4 S

N 25 25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 4 S

Pesticides active ingredients 1.3 1.3 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D

D: (Schreuder et al., 2009), E: (Pallière, 2011), S: (FAO, 2011a): figures for Pulses (general bean category) in Germany for

1999/2000.

The fertilizer data is for a general pulse (peas and beans) category from (Pallière, 2011). As we are dealing

with a broad range of subspecies, this value should be appropriate as an average. The data from FAO is

quite out-dated , considered less reliable and not used.

As explained in § 4.3 of the methodology report, the energy use of cultivation activities are calculated in

FeedPrint. Table 5 gives a specific representative value found in literature.

Table 5: Energy use cultivation beans in Germany

product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref

Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC

energy use cultivation diesel 71 n/a n/a l/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D

OUTPUT

As stated, outputs in Germany are of the category broad beans, field beans. The data in FAOstat is about

the annual yield of green beans, which are generally not cultivated for animal feed. The yield of Vicia will

be used as the best estimate for yield of beans in Germany

Table 6: Output cultivation beans in Germany

Product name Parameter Value Unit Ref

Mean SD Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp Tec

Beans Yield (Vicia) 3600 275 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 A

Yield (Phas) 1035 585 n/a n/a Kg/ha 2 2 4 1 1 B

dry matter content n/a n/a n/a n/a kg/kg

above ground crop residue amount 16 n/a n/a n/a kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

below ground crop residue amount 13 n/a n/a n/a kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

A: Eurostat, averaged data over 2005-2009; B: FAOstat, averaged data over 2005-2009; J Velthof and Kuikman (2000)

Table 7: Input storage for beans

Product Parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref

Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp Tec

energy Electricity 0.02 n/a n/a kWh/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L


7



Heat natural gas 0.12 n/a n/a MJ/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L

See § 3.2.3 for further explanation on these figures.

3.2.4.2 France

Table 8:input cultivation beans in France


Applied Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC

Plant material amount 150 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D

Fertilizer P2O5 25 25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

85 n/a n/a kg P/ha 4 1 1 1 1 F

K2O 45 45 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

180 n/a n/a kg/ha 4 1 1 1 F

N 25 0 n/a n/a Kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

150 n/a n/a 4 1 1 1 1 F

Pesticides active ingredients 1.3 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D

The fertilizer data is for a general pulse (peas and beans) category from Palliere. As we are dealing with a

broad range of subspecies, this value is deemed appropriate. The data about the rate of N-fertilizer is

doubtful in both databases. According to Palliere, no N-fertilizer is used, according to FAO the

application rate is 150 kg N per ha. In comparison with the application rate in Germany (25 kg N/ha) this

is very high for the cultivation of a legume that is not meant for human consumption. We will use the

values for France from Palliere, except for the application rate of N. For the application of N, we will

work with the application rate in Germany. This is reasonable since the yield in both countries are in the

same order of magnitude and both countries are in the same European region.



Table 9: Energy use cultivation beans in France



energy use cultivation diesel 71 n/a n/a l/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D

OUTPUT

According to both the FAO and Eurostat statistics, around 95% of the beans produced fall in the

category Broad beans, so these values are most logical to apply if no specific bean category is given. There

is not a big difference between the data from FAOstat and Eurostat. The value 4400 kg/ha and a

standard deviation of 670 kg/ha is chosen as best estimate of yield of beans in France.

Table 10: Output cultivation beans in France

Product name Parameter Value Unit REF


Beans Yield (broad beans) 4370 659 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 A

Yield (broad beans) 4442 688 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B

Yield (dry beans) 2645 97 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 1 1 B

Yield (green beans) 6100 427 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B


8

Product name Parameter Value Unit REF


above ground crop residue amount 16 n/a n/a Kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

below ground crop residue amount 13 n/a n/a Kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

Table 11 Input storage for beans






3.2.5 References

A: (European Commision, 2011), averaged data over 2005-2009

B (FAO, 2011b), averaged data over 2005-2009

C: (ABARE, 2011)

D: (Schreuder et al., 2009)

E: (Pallière, 2011)

F: (FAO, 2011a)

G: (White, French, and McLarty, 2008)

H: (To et al., 2011)

I: (Smith and Carpenter, 1999)

J: (Velthof and Kuikman, 2000)

K: (Bos, de Haan, and Sukkel, 2007)

L: (Nemecek and Kägi, 2007)

S: (FAO, 2011a)

T: (Productschap Akkerbouw, 2011)

ABARE. (2011). Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Retrieved from www.abare.gov.au/

Bos, J., de Haan, J., and Sukkel, W. (2007). Energieverbruik, broeikasgasemissies en koolstofopslag: de biologische en gangbare landbouw vergeleken. Rapport 140. Wageningen UR.

European Commision. (2011). Eurostat. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu/eurostat

FAO. (2011a). Fertistat - Fertilizer use by crop statistics. Retrieved from www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/

FAO. (2011b). FAOstat production statistics. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx

Nemecek, T., and Kägi, T. (2007). Life Cycle Inventories of Agricultural Production Systems. Swiss Centre for Life Cyvle Inventories.

Pallière, C. (2011). Personal communication. Director Agriculture and Environment, Fertilisers Europe, Brussels.

Productschap Akkerbouw. (2011). Website kennisakker. Retrieved from www.kennisakker.nl


9

Schreuder, R., van Leeuwen, M., Spruijt, J., van der Voort, M., van Asperen, P., and Hendriks-Goossens, V. (2009). Kwantitatieve informatie, akkerbouw en vollegrondsgroenteteelt 2009. Praktijkonderzoek Plant and Omgeving B.V., Lelystad.

Smith, K., and Carpenter, D. (1999). Pulse Point 8: Albus lupins. Pulse. NSW Agriculture.

To, H., Brown, A., Crawford, F., Fell, J., Nicholson, M., Georgeson, L., and Foster, M. (2011). Australian crop report. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.

Velthof, G. L., and Kuikman, P. J. (2000). Beperking van lachgasemissie uit gewasresten, een systeemanalyse. Alterra, Wageningen.

White, P., French, B., and McLarty, A. (2008). Producing lupins. Western Australian Agriculture Authority.


10

3.3 Lentils

3.3.1 Introduction

The globally largest producer and export country of lentils is Canada, Turkey and USA are the second and

third producing and exporting country (FAOstat). LCI data of the cultivation in these three counties is

reported in this section.



# = not relevant






Table 1: Cultivation of lentils in Canada


Seed amount Uniform 20 30 kg/ha

Fertilizer P2O5 Uniform 20 4 kg/ha1)

K2O Uniform 20 4 kg/ha1)

N Uniform 80 16 kg/ha1)



Output

Lentils yield Normal 1413 143 kg/ha


Table 2: LCI data cultivation lentils in Turkey



Fertilizer P2O5 Uniform 18 3.6 kg/ha1)

K2O Uniform 3.2 0.64 kg/ha1)

N Uniform 26 5.2 kg/ha1)



Output



Table 3: LCI data cultivation lentils in USA



Fertilizer P2O5 Uniform 20 4 kg/ha1)




11




Output



3.3.3 General information about lentils

Legumes fix nitrogen in the soil during cultivation, and generally have a lower N fertilizer application rate

than other crops.


Lentils are generally harvested at a time when moisture content is close to what is needed for storage and

transport, and the drying step involved will usually be small2. In general it is estimated that the lentils need

to be dried by 2%, which according to (Nemecek & Kägi, 2007), costs around 20 kWh of electricity and

120 MJ of heat for evaporating 20 kg of water (2%) for 1 tonne of lentils. These figures will be used to

account for energy use in the storage section.

3.3.4 Growing lentils

Lentils are cultivated all over the world. Main producers are Canada, India, USA and Turkey. According

to FAO, Canada, Turkey and USA are the main exporting countries. For this reason we collected data

about cultivation in these three countries. The cultivation of lentils is not very big, and there is not much

specific information about the use of pesticides, energy and fertilizers. It is assumed that general data for

the cultivation of pulses hold for the cultivation of lentils.

Data about seed application are obtained from IFA (1992). Seed application ranges from 200 to 300

thousands seeds per hectare. Assuming a weight of 0.1 kg per 1000 seeds, seed application ranges from 20

to 30 kg/ha.

3.3.4.1 Canada

Fertistat shows no data about the use of fertilizers in the cultivation of lentils. There is also no data about

the fertilizer application in pulses. Since data of fertilizer application at pulse cultivation was available for

the USA , we decided to extrapolate these application rates to the cultivation of lentils in Canada. There is

no information about the use of plant material and pesticides

Table 4:Input cultivation lentils in Canada



Plant material amount n/a. n/a n/a. n/a kg/ha

Fertilizer P2O5 20 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 3 2 S

K2O 20 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 3 2 S

N 80 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 3 2 S

Pesticides active ingredients n/a n/a n/a n/a kg/ha

2 See: USA dry pea & lentil council, http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/drybeans.shtml,

http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/cowpea.shtml and Mark Goodwin, Pulse Canada, March 2003, Crop Profile for Peas.


12

S: (FAO, 2011a): figures for cultivation of pulses in USA

OUTPUT

Data about yield are obtained from FAOstat. The crop residues are data from Velthof and Kuikman

(2000) for the cultivation of pulses in general. No data about dry matter content could be found. It is

assumed that the dry matter content is about the same as for soya , being 84% (see reports of soybeans).

Table 5: Output cultivation lentils in Canada



Lentils Yield (2005-2009) 1413 143 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B

dry matter content 0.84 n/a n/a n/a kg/kg

above ground crop residue Amount 16 n/a n/a n/a kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

below ground crop residue Amount 13 n/a n/a n/a kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

B: FAOstat, averaged data over 2005-2009; J Velthof and Kuikman (2000)

Table 6: Input storage for lentils






3.3.4.2 Turkey

Fertistat shows no data about the use of fertilizers in the cultivation of lentils, but data about fertilizer

application in pulses in Turkey. We decide to use these data for application rates to the cultivation of

lentils in Turkey.

There is no information about the use of plant material and pesticides

Table 7: input cultivation lentils in Turkey





K2O 3.2 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 1 2 S

N 26 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 1 2 S


S: (FAO, 2011a)

OUTPUT




Table 8: Output cultivation lentils in Turkey






13





Table 9 Input storage for lentils





See § 3.3.3 for further explanation on the figures in Table 9.

3.3.4.3 USA

Fertistat shows no data about the use of fertilizers in the cultivation of lentils, but data about fertilizer

application in pulses in USA. We decide to use these data for application rates to the cultivation of lentils

in the USA.

There is no information about the use of plant material and pesticides

Table 10: input cultivation lentils in the USA





K2O 20 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 1 2 S

N 80 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 1 2 S


S: (FAO, 2011a): figures

OUTPUT




Table11: Output cultivation lentils in the USA







Table 12 Input storage for lentils





See § 3.3.3 for further explanation on the figures in Table 12.


14

3.3.5 References



C: (ABARE, 2011)



F: (FAO, 2011a)

G: (White, French, & McLarty, 2008)

H: (To et al., 2011)

I: (Smith & Carpenter, 1999)

J: (Velthof & Kuikman, 2000)

K: (Bos, de Haan, & Sukkel, 2007)

L: (Nemecek & Kägi, 2007)

S: (FAO, 2011a)



Bos, J., de Haan, J., & Sukkel, W. (2007). Energieverbruik, broeikasgasemissies en koolstofopslag: de biologische en gangbare landbouw vergeleken. Rapport 140. Wageningen UR.




Nemecek, T., & Kägi, T. (2007). Life Cycle Inventories of Agricultural Production Systems. Swiss Centre for Life Cyvle Inventories.



Schreuder, R., van Leeuwen, M., Spruijt, J., van der Voort, M., van Asperen, P., & Hendriks-Goossens, V. (2009). Kwantitatieve informatie, akkerbouw en vollegrondsgroenteteelt 2009. Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving B.V., Lelystad.

Smith, K., & Carpenter, D. (1999). Pulse Point 8: Albus lupins. Pulse. NSW Agriculture.

To, H., Brown, A., Crawford, F., Fell, J., Nicholson, M., Georgeson, L., & Foster, M. (2011). Australian crop report. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.

Velthof, G. L., & Kuikman, P. J. (2000). Beperking van lachgasemissie uit gewasresten, een systeemanalyse. Alterra, Wageningen.

White, P., French, B., & McLarty, A. (2008). Producing lupins. Western Australian Agriculture Authority.


15

IFA (1992) IFA World Fertilizer Use Manual, Paris 1992


16

3.4 Lucerne

3.4.1 Introduction

Lucerne can both be fed as roughage without any processing and being processed (artificial dried, pelleted

and milled). Lucerne for Dutch animals is assumed to be cultivated in Germany, France and the

Netherlands. For each of these countries, LCI data of cultivation are gathered. Worldwide, the production

of lucerne is largest in Australia and Australia is also responsible for most of the export of Lucerne (meal)

(FAOstat).



# = not relevant






Table 1: Cultivation of lucerne in Germany







Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1 0.1 kg/ha3)

Output

Lucerne yield Normal 30415 2815 kg/ha


Table 2: Cultivation of lucerne in France




K2O Normal 60 3 kg/ha1)

Total N N Normal 20 1 kg/ha1)



Output



Table3: Cultivation of lucerne in the Netherlands





N Normal 40 2 kg/ha1)


17




Output



3.4.3 Growing lucerne

Lucerne is cultivated in Germany, France and the Netherlands and Belgium and is usually grown for

fodder. Lucerne is a multi-year crop, and according to www.kennisakker.nl, the yield per year after

planting can vary significantly. It is assumed that the statistics from Eurostat reflect this, as seems

appropriate when comparing these values to the average data from www.kennisakker.nl.

Lucerne is typically harvested at 80% moisture content (see: http://science-in-

farming.library4farming.org/Crops-Grains-Protein/CROPS-OF-THE-FIELD/Meals-of-Alfalfa.html and

the CVB list). However, Eurostat yields are apparently given in dry matter basis.

It is known that lucerne usually needs appropriate amounts of lime (kennisakker.nl). However, its usage

can vary and no general statistics on liming specifically for lucerne were encountered.

General storage and handling

Lucerne can be either used as silage or dried as hay. If the latter is done naturally on the land after harvest,

no additional inputs are necessary. However, lucerne can also be artificially dried (and pelletized), which

does require significant amounts of energy. This artificial drying is described in a separate chapter. The

lucerne is generally dried from a water content of 25% to a water content of 8-10%.

3.4.3.1 Germany

Table 4: input cultivation lucerne in Germany



Plant material amount 10 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D

Fertilizer P2O5 22 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E

K2O 55 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E

N 30 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E

Pesticides active ingredients 1 0 0.9 kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D

Data of fertilizer application rates are the rates for fodder (legumes) as provided by Palliere (2011). Since

no other information is available, these values are used in our calculations. Minimum and maximum

values or a standard deviation are not known. By default, the maximum value is assumed to be twice the

minimum value if data are sufficient reliable.

Data of the use of plant material and pesticides are Dutch values, obtained from Schreuder et al. (2009).



Table 5: Energy use cultivation lucerne in Germany



energy use cultivation diesel N/A 83 87 kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D


18

OUTPUT

Table 6: Output cultivation lucerne in Germany



Lucerne yield 7760 490 # # Kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 A

Yield 30,415 2,815 # # kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B

dry matter content 0,20 N/A N/A N/A kg/kg 2 1 1 1 1 U

above ground crop residue amount 23 N/A N/A N/A Kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

below ground crop residue amount 67 N/A N/A N/A Kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

The average yield according to Eurostat (7,760 kg/ha) is about 25% of the yield according to FAOstat

(30,415 kg/ha). It seems reasonable to suggest that Eurostat presents dry matter yields and FAOstat

presents the yield before artificial drying. The annual yield ratio of Eurostat and FAOstat is rather

constant (0.25). So, both data are considered sufficient reliable. For the sake of consistency with other

cultivation data, the data of FAOstat will be used for the calculations, assuming this is the yield before

additional artificial drying.

3.4.3.2 France

Table 7: input cultivation lucerne in France





K2O 60 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E

N 0 N/A N/A Kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E


Data of fertilizer application rates are the rates for application in fodder legumes and obtained from

Palliere (2011). Since no other information is available, these values are used in our calculations. Minimum

and maximum values or a standard deviation are not known. By default, the maximum value is assumed

to be twice the minimum value if data are sufficient reliable. It is remarkable that the application rate of

N-fertilizer is 0.




Table 8: Energy use cultivation lucerne in France



energy use cultivation diesel 83 87 kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D

OUTPUT


19

Table 9: Output cultivation lucerne in France



Lucerne Yield (2002-2006) 8,604 938 # # kg/ha 2 2 3 1 1 A

Yield (2005-2009) 44,338 1,543 # # kg/ha 1 1 1 1 1 B

Yield (2002-2006) 39,393 3,777 N/A N/A Kg/ha 1 1 1 1 1 B

dry matter content 0,20 N/A N/A N/A kg/kg 2 1 1 1 1 U

above ground crop residue amount 23 N/A N/A N/A Kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

below ground crop residue amount 67 N/A N/A N/A Kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

The annual yields of Lucerne in France in 2007, 2008 and 2009 are not included in Eurostat. Therefor, we

calculated the average yield over the time period 2002-2006. In FAOstat however, the yields from 2007,

2008 and 2009 are available. Like the data about the yield of Lucerne in Germany, the yield according to

Eurostat is lower than the yield according to FAOstat. The ratio between the yield data of Eurostat and

FAOstat is 25% in 2002 and 2004 and 20% in 2003, 2005 and 2006. There is no explanation why the ratio

in 2002 and 2004 is larger than in the other years. Again, it seems reasonable to suggest that Eurostat

presents dry matter yields and FAOstat presents the yield before additional artificial drying.

For the sake of consistency with other cultivation data, the data of FAOstat will be used for the

calculations, assuming this is the yield before additional artificial drying. The dry matter content of the

Lucerne is set to 20% as found in literature

3.4.3.3 The Netherlands

Table 10: input cultivation lucerne in the Netherlands





K2O 75 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E

K2O 84 93 kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 D

N 40 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E


Data of fertilizer application rates are the rates for application in fodder legumes and obtained from

Palliere (2011). Since no other information is available, these values are used in our calculations. Minimum

and maximum values or a standard deviation are not known. By default, the maximum value is assumed

to be twice the minimum value if data are sufficient reliable.




Table 11: Energy use cultivation lucerne in the Netherlands



energy use cultivation diesel 83 87 kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 D


20

OUTPUT

Table 12: Output cultivation lucerne in the Netherlands



Lucerne Yield (2007-2008) 20000 N/A 20000 20000 kg/ha 4 4 3 1 3 A

10000 N/A 8300 13200 2 2 2 1 1 T

Yield (2005-2009) 37103 2948 N/A N/A F

dry matter content

0,20 N/A N/A N/A kg/kg U

above ground crop residue

amount 23 N/A N/A N/A Kg

N/ha 2 2 2 1 1 J

below ground crop residue

amount 67 N/A N/A N/A Kg

N/ha 2 2 2 1 1 J

Eurostat is not complete about data of yield of lucerne in the Netherlands. In Eurostat, there is only data

on Lucerne yields in the Netherlands of 2007 and 2008. In comparison with the other countries, the yields

seem very high to us and are exactly the same for both years. It was decided not to use them.

The average yield calculated with data from FAOstat is 37,103 kg/ha. This is a higher yield than according

to Productschap Akkerbouw (10,000 kg/ha). Schreuder et al. (2009) only report data that apply to a single

year (amongst which there can be substantial differences).

For the sake of consistency with other cultivation data, the data of FAOstat will be used for the

calculations. The dry matter content of the lucerne is 20%.

3.4.4 References



C: (ABARE, 2011)



F: (FAO, 2011a)


H: (To et al., 2011)





S: (FAO, 2011a)


U:http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Crops-Grains-Protein/CROPS-OF-THE-

FIELD/Meals-of-Alfalfa.html




http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Crops-Grains-Protein/CROPS-OF-THE-FIELD/Meals-of-Alfalfa.html

http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Crops-Grains-Protein/CROPS-OF-THE-FIELD/Meals-of-Alfalfa.html


21












22

3.5 Lupines

The lupines that are processed in the Dutch animal feed are cultivated mainly in Australia, and a number

of European countries. In Europe, Germany is the largest producer of lupines. Therefore, LCI data are

gathered of the cultivation of lupines in Australia and Germany.



# = not relevant






Table 1: Cultivation lupines in Australia


Plant material amount Normal 150 3.75 kg/ha




Lime Lime Uniform 150 60 Kg CaCO3/ha2)


Output

Lupines yield Normal 1144 405 kg/ha

dry matter content Normal 0.87 10% kg/kg

Table 2: Cultivation lupines in Germany


Plant material Amount Normal 78 2 kg/ha




Lime Lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)


Output

Lupines yield Normal 2645 249 kg/ha


3.5.2 Growing lupine

Lupines are sensitive to phosphor deficiencies, so this fertilizer is likely to be quite heavily used. There is

also cultivation of lupines in European countries. It is not clear from which European countries the

Dutch feed industry imports lupines. Since Germany is the largest producer of lupine in Europe and this

country is the neighbour of the Netherlands, we gathered LCI data of the cultivation of lupine in

Germany.


23

3.5.2.1 Australia

Table 3: Input cultivation lupines in Australia



Plant material amount 150 n/a 120 180 kg/ha 2 3 2 1 1 i

Fertilizer P2O5 48 12.1 n/a n/a kg P/ha 2 3 3 1 1 F

P2O5 n/a n/a n/a 48 kg P/ha 2 3 2 1 1 G

P2O5 n/a n/a 15 20 kg P/ha 2 3 2 1 1 i

K2O 5 4.8 n/a n/a kg K/ha 2 3 3 1 1 F

N 10 2.5 n/a n/a kg N/ha 2 3 3 1 1 F

N n/a n/a 0 0 kg N/ha 2 3 2 1 1 I

N n/a n/a 0 10 kg N/ha 2 3 1 1 1 h

Lime Lime 150 n/a 50* 250* kg CaCO3/ha *


*Projected for Australia overall, ANRA: http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/acidification/index.html

The best estimates for the application rates of N, P and K -fertilizers are respectively 10 kg N, 5 kg K and

48 kg P per hectare.

There are no mentions on the use of manure in crop reports by the Australian government, so it is

assumed they are not applied. No data were found about pesticide use in lupine cultivation.

OUTPUT

Table 4: Output cultivation lupines in Australia



name product 1 yield 1144 405 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B

1100 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 3 1 1 1 C

1100 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 3 2 1 1 G

dry matter content 0.87 n/a n/a n/a kg/kg 2 3 2 1 1 I

According to Pulse Point 8 by NSW agriculture (Smith and Carpenter, 1999), in Australia lupines are

harvested at 13% moisture and can be easily stored at that same moisture level. Thus, no further input of

energy to storage and drying seems necessary.

3.5.2.2 Germany

Data about fertilizer use in the cultivation of lupines in Germany obtained from Palliere and FAO

(Fertistat). Both data sources contain data about fertilizer use in pulses. It is assumed that the fertilizer use

in lupines is in the same order of magnitude as the fertilizer use in pulses.

The figures for each fertilizer are in the same order of magnitude, both values seem to be appropriate.

Table 4: Input cultivation lupines in Germany



Plant material amount n/a n/a 78* kg/ha 2 3 3 3 2 K

Fertilizer P2O5 21 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 3 3 1 2 E


24



30 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 3 3 1 2 S

K2O 50 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 3 3 1 2 E

45 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 3 3 1 2 S

N 25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 3 3 1 2 E

25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 3 3 1 2 S

Pesticides active ingredients 1.75 1.44 2.05 kg/ha 2 3 4 3 3 D

* Dutch figure which results in a higher yield of 5.8 ton/ha.

Data of pesticide use is extrapolated from data of pesticide use in peas in the Netherlands. Application of

this value for cultivation of lupines in Germany is tricky, but necessary in the absence of data.

OUTPUT

Table 6: Output cultivation lupines in Germany



name product 1 yield 2645 249 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B

dry matter content 0.87 n/a n/a n/a kg/kg 2 3 2 1 1 I

According to Pulse Point 8 by NSW agriculture (Smith and Carpenter, 1999), in Australia lupines are

harvested at 13% moisture and can be easily stored at that same moisture level.

3.5.3 References



C: (ABARE, 2011)



F: (FAO, 2011a)


H: (To et al., 2011)





S: (FAO, 2011a)






25












26

3.6 Peas

3.6.1 Introduction

The peas that are processed in the Dutch animal feed are cultivated mainly in Germany, France and

Australia. Hence, LCI data of cultivation of peas in these countries are gathered.



# = not relevant






Table 1: Cultivation peas in Germany


Seed amount Normal 78 2 kg/ha




Lime Lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)


Output

Peas yield Normal 3050 299 kg/ha


Table 2: Cultivation peas in France


Seed amount Normal 78 2 kg/ha






Output



Table 3: Cultivation peas in Australia


Seed Amount Normal 150 3.75 120 180 kg/ha






Output


27




3.6.3 General information about peas and beans

The FAO distinguishes several species of peas and beans (Table 4). The CVB of animal feeds however

does not specifically separate the subspecies and this will inherently give a larger uncertainty due to the

large category of ‘peas’ and ‘beans’. It should be noted that different subcategories of beans and peas can

have quite diverse production methods and yields. In general, the cultivation of dry peas and beans will be

considered, to avoid confusion with the unripe green peas and beans (which also gives large differences in

yields). The green varieties are usually sold directly to markets for human consumption as they have to be

consumed or processed soon after harvest.

Table 4: Description of legumes according to FAO

FAOSTAT name

Meaning

Peas, dry Garden pea (Pisum sativum); field pea (P. arvense, for split peas).

Peas, green Pisum sativum (Garden pea). Mostly for shelling, but including edible- podded peas or sugar peas.

Beans, dry Phaseolus spp.: kidney, haricot bean (Ph. vulgaris); lima, butter bean (Ph. lunatus); adzuki bean (Ph. angularis); mungo bean, golden, green gram (Ph. aureus); black gram, urd (Ph. mungo); scarlet runner bean (Ph. coccineus); rice bean (Ph. calcaratus); moth bean (Ph. aconitifolius); tepary bean (Ph. acutifolius). Only species of Phaseolus should be included, though several countries also include certain types of beans. Commonly classified as Vigna (angularis, mungo, radiata, aconitifolia). In the past, these species were also classified as Phaseolus.

Beans, green Phaseolus and Vigna spp.. For shelling.

Pulses, nes Including inter alia: lablab or hyacinth bean (Dolichos spp.); jack or sword bean (Canavalia spp.); winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus); guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba); velvet bean (Stizolobium spp.); yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus);. Vigna spp. other than those included in 176 and 195 Other pulses that are not identified separately because of their minor relevance at the international level. Because of their limited local importance, some countries report pulses under this heading that are classified individually by FAO.

Lupins Lupinus spp.. Used primarily for feed, though in some parts of Africa and in Latin America some varieties are cultivated for human food.

Legumes fix nitrogen in the soil during cultivation, and generally have a low fertilizer application rate than

other crops.


Dry beans and peas can be generally harvested at a time when moisture content is close to what is needed

(which varies per bean or pea sub species) for storage, and a drying step involved will usually be small3. In

general it is estimated that the beans and peas need to be dried by 2%, which according to (Nemecek and

Kägi, 2007), costs around 20 kWh of electricity and 120 MJ of heat for evaporating 20 kg of water (2%)

for 1 tonne of beans or peas. These figures will be used to account for energy use in the storage section.

3.6.4 Growing peas

3.6.4.1 Germany

3 See: USA dry pea and lentil council, http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/drybeans.html and Mark Goodwin, Pulse Canada,

March 2003, Crop Profile for Peas.


28

Table5: Input cultivation peas in Germany



Plant material amount n/a n/a 78* kg/ha 2 2 3 3 1 K


30 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 2 2 2 S

K2O 50 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

45 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 2 2 2 S

N 25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 2 2 2 S



Data of fertilizer use are obtained from Pelletier and FAO. The figures for each fertilizer are in the same

order of magnitude, both values seem to be appropriate.


FeedPrint. Table 6 gives specific representative values found in literature.

Table 6 Energy use cultivation peas in Germany



energy use cultivation diesel n/a 75 150 l/ha 2 2 1 3 1 D

90.5 n/a n/a l/ha 2 2 2 3 1 K

OUTPUT

Table 7: Output cultivation peas in Germany



Peas yield 3050 299 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 A

3050 299 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B




Table8: Input storage for peas



energy Electricity 0.02 kWh/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L

Heat natural gas 0.12 MJ/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L

See § General information about peas and beans3.6.3 for further explanation on these figures.

3.6.4.2 France

Table 9: input cultivation peas in France




29



Plant material amount 78* kg/ha 2 2 2 3 1 K


85 n/a n/a kg/ha 4 1 1 1 1 F

125 n/a n/a kg/ha 1 1 1 1 1 U

K2O 45 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

180 n/a n/a kg/ha 4 1 1 1 F

N 0 n/a n/a Kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E

150 n/a n/a 4 1 1 1 1 F



The fertilizer data is for a general pulse (peas and beans) category from Palliere. As we are dealing with a

broad range of subspecies, this value is appropriate. The data about the rate of N-fertilizer is doubtful in

both databases. According to Palliere, no N-fertilizer is used, according to FAO the application rate is 150

kg N per ha. In comparison with the application rate in Germany (25 kg N/ha) this is very high keeping

in mind we are talking about a legume. We will work with the values for France from Palliere, except for

the application rate of N. For the application of N, we will work with the application rate in Germany.

This is reasonable since the yield in both countries are in the same order of magnitude and both countries

are in the same European region.


FeedPrint. Table 10 gives specific representative values found in literature.

Table 10: Energy use cultivation peas in France



energy use cultivation diesel 76 kg/ha 2 2 2 3 1 K

75 150 l/ha 2 2 1 3 1 D

OUTPUT

Table 11: Output cultivation peas in France



Peas yield 4260 422 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 A

4268 444 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B


above ground crop residue amount 194 n/a n/a Kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

below ground crop residue amount 13 n/a n/a Kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

Table 12: Input storage for peas






30


3.6.4.3 Australia

Little information about the cultivation of peas in Australia could be found. We found a few data about

yield, but nothing about fertilizer use. The three data sources report yields in the same order of

magnitude: 1000 kg/ha. This is much lower than the yield in European countries. The data in FAOstat

show that the annual variation is large, resulting in a standard deviation of 467 kg/ha, which is about 50%

of the mean value.

There is more information about the cultivation of lupines, which crop is rather similar to the cultivation

of peas. The yield of lupines in Australia is 1144 kg/ha with SD = 405 kg/ha (FAOstat, average 2005-

2009). Since this is in the same order of magnitude as the yield of peas in Australia, it is assumed that the

application rate of fertilizers in the cultivation of peas and lupines are equal.

Since no better data are available, it is assumed that the inputs for pea cultivation in Australia are the same

as for the cultivation of lupines in Australia.

INPUT

Table 13: Input cultivation peas in Australia



Plant material amount 150 n/a 120 180 kg/ha 2 3 2 1 1 I

Fertilizer P2O5 48 12.1 n/a n/a kg P/ha 2 3 3 1 1 F

P2O5 n/a n/a n/a 48 kg P/ha 2 3 2 1 1 G

P2O5 n/a n/a 15 20 kg P/ha 2 3 2 1 1 I

K2O 5 4.8 kg K/ha 2 3 3 1 1 F

N 10 2.5 Kg N/ha 2 3 3 1 1 F

N n/a n/a 0 0 Kg N/ha 2 3 2 1 1 I

N n/a n/a 0 10 kg N/ha 2 3 1 1 1 h

Lime Lime 150 n/a 50* 250* kg CaCO3/ha *

Pesticides active ingredients 1 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha

*Projected for Australia overall, ANRA: http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/acidification/index.html

The best estimates for the application rates of N, P and K -fertilizers are respectively 10 kg N, 48 kg P2O5

and 5 kg K2O per hectare.

OUTPUT

Table 14: Output cultivation peas in Australia



Peas yield 984 467 kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B

Yield (field peas) 1000 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 1 1 1 1 C

Yield (field peas) 1000 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 1 1 1 1 H

dry matter content n/a n/a n/a n/a kg/kg


below ground crop residue amount 13 Kg N/ha 2 2 2 2 1 J

The average annual yield of peas in Australia is 984 kg/ha with SD = 467 kg/kg. Dry matter content is

unknown but is estimated at 83%.


31

Table 15: Input storage for peas






3.6.5 References



C: (ABARE, 2011)



F: (FAO, 2011a)


H: (To et al., 2011)





S: (FAO, 2011a)


U: Plancquaert Ph., Field pea., Institut Technique des Cereales et des Fourrages (ITCF), Paris, France.









Schreuder, R., van Leeuwen, M., Spruijt, J., van der Voort, M., van Asperen, P., and Hendriks-Goossens, V. (2009). Kwantitatieve informatie, akkerbouw en vollegrondsgroenteteelt 2009. Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving B.V., Lelystad.



32




Plancquaert Ph., Field pea., Institut Technique des Cereales et des Fourrages (ITCF), Paris, France.

Documents

LCI data for the calculation tool Feedprint for …...1 Blonk Consultants 2 Wageningen University and Research Centre November, 2012 LCI data for the calculation tool Feedprint for