LCA (analisis siklus hidup)Guinée et al. 1993. Quantitative LCA of Products. J Clean Prod (1)1, 3-13 Direct applications: - Product development and improvement - Strategic planning

Discover the world at Leiden UniversityDiscover the world at Leiden University

LCA (analisis siklus hidup):past, present, future & perspectives

for South-East Asia / Indonesia

Jeroen Guinée | 2nd ILCAN Conference Series on Life Cycle Assessment (“Life Cycle Perspectivesto support Sustainable Development”), Universitas Pelita Harapan Campus, Tangerang, Indonesia

Discover the world at Leiden University

Contents

•Past-Present-Future of LCA

•LCA perspectives for South-East Asia (SEA) / Indonesia

Contents


Life Cycle Assessment (LCA; ISO 14044)

• Complete picture to map andavoid potential problem shifting- whole life-cycle

- All burdens and impacts

• Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potentialenvironmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle


LCA: how did it evolve?


USA:• Late 60s and early 70s: first solid waste LCAs

• Later broadened to energy, resources, chemical emissions and solidwaste

• Beverage containers:- Midwest Research Institute (Kansas City, US)o Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis (REPA)

Past – Present - Future


Europe: Basler & Hofmann, 1974

• First “impact assessment” (1974 !)



First mentioning of ‘avoided burden’, 1979crediting copper system co-producing steam-based electricity

Source: Boustead & Hancock, 1979, p.292



80s: Rapidly growing interest

• Swiss EMPA 1984:“Ökobilanzen von Packstoffen”

- first “database”


• Workshops• LCA guides and handbooks• Dedicated scientific journals• Databases& software

90s: Remarkable growth of scientificactivities world-wide


How to get famous?

• Publish in the Int. J. Life CycleAss.



Harmonisation• SETAC ‘Code of Practice’



And Standardization: ISO



Guinée et al. 1993. Quantitative LCA ofProducts. J Clean Prod (1)1, 3-13

Direct applications:

- Product developmentand improvement

- Strategic planning- Public policy making- Marketing- Other

Goal and scopedefinition

Inventoryanalysis

Impactassessment

Interpretation

Life cycle assessment framework

ISO’s famous framework(ISO14040, 1996)

… did you know …



2000-2010: dissemination & policy• UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative launched in 2002:

- putting LCT into practice (http://lcinitiative.unep.fr/)

- improving tools through better data and indicators

• European Policy:- Integrated Product Policy (IPP)

- European Platform on LCA established in 2005

- Renewable Energy Directive (RED)

• US-EPA promotes use of LCA: http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/

• Various regional LCA networks (Australia, Canada, Thailand, Indonesia, …)



00s: … and new Handbooks

among which numerousCarbon Footprint

Standards/Handbooks



Lessons from bio-energy studies• LCA limitations & discussions:

- data gaps and uncertainties

- influence of key methodological choices

- incompleteness of impacts included:o limited focus on GHG (CO2-eq.)

• Poorly or not captured, direct or indirect, side effects:- e.g., cutting of tropical forest, peat swamp cultivation, rising food prices (Mexican

tortilla crisis), …

Source: van der Voet et al., Biofuels 2010 (1)3: 435-449



2010-now: Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA)

• First use of LCSA by Zhou et al. (2006/2007)- LCSA = LCA + LCC

• Klöpffer & Renner (2007):- LCSA = LCA + LCC + SLCA

• Zamagni et al. (2009); Guinée et al. (2011)- Broadening of impactso LCSA = LCA + LCC + SLCA

- Broadening level of analysiso Product-, sector-, and economy-wide questions & analyses

- Deepeningo E.g, modelling rebound effects



Developing LCSA activities

• LCSA section in ISIE• SETAC-UNEP LCSA WG (broadening indicators)• Special issues of Int. Journal of LCA and Journal of Industrial Ecology• Open access book “Taking stock of industrial Ecology” with Chapter on

LCSA (http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-20571-7)• ………



PERSPECTIVES FOR SOUTH-EASTASIA (SEA) / INDONESIA

What can SEA learn from LCA history to speed up its LCA developments?

Perspectives SEA


For doing an LCA in practice, we need:• A method

• Software

• Data (inventory, impact assessment)

• (Applications)

• (Training course)

Perspectives SEA


Handbooks

Perspectives SEA


Software

Perspectives SEA


Small interruption ….• Who knows ‘SimaPro’ ?• Did you know that:

- 25 years ago …..

- the first – and CML’s last !! – SimaProversion was developed

- At CML, Leiden, the Netherlands…

- by these guys

• Riddle: SimaPro stands for ….?

Riddle


Databases

sources: https://nexus.openlca.org/databaseshttp://faculty.washington.edu/cooperjs/DFE_Website/LCA_database_list.htm

Perspectives SEA


All databases focus on EU and USA mainlyDatabase Geographical focus Temporal scope

ecoinvent + LC-Inventories.ch Europe, although scope is global(see next slide)

1995-2005

Probas; Ökobaudat; bioenergiedat Germany, Europe 1995-2015; 1995-2015; 2010-2030

GaBi Mainly Europe, some USA,Indian, Japan etc.

1995-2015

Agribalyse France ?

U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database USA 1995-2010

NEEDS Europe 2010, 2025, 2050

ELCD Europe 1995-2015

…. etc.

Perspectives SEA


Geographical representation ecoinvent v2.2 processes (%)

0,0%

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Perspectives SEA


Countries with specific LCI data for power generation andsupply (mixes)

Source: Treyer & Bauer 2013, Int J of LCA, DOI 10.1007/s11367-013-0665-2;See also Int J LCA 21 (9), special issue on ecoinvent v3


SEA processes in ecoinvent v2.2

Perspectives SEA

Abbreviation Country no. of processes in ecoinvent v2.2 no. of processes in ecoinvent v3.3

ID Indonesia 3 32

MY Malaysia 10 28

PG Papua New Guinea 3 2

PH Philippines 2 11

TH Thailand 3 28

21 101

Process Country Category Process Country Category

palm fruit bunches, at farm MY agricultural production mine, gold and silver PG metals

husked nuts harvesting, at farm PH agricultural production gold, from combined gold-silver production, at refinery PG metals

palm kernel meal, at oil mill MY biomass silver, from combined gold-silver production, at refinery PG metals

palm methyl ester, at esterification plant MY biomass sulphate pulp, from eucalyptus ssp. (SFM), unbleached, at pulpmill TH paper & cardboard

palm kernel oil, at oil mill MY chemicals round wood, primary forest, clear-cutting, at forest road MY wooden materials

palm oil, at oil mill MY chemicals provision, stubbed land MY wooden materials

glycerine, from palm oil, at esterification plant MY chemicals meranti, standing, under bark, u=70%, in rainforest MY wooden materials

crude coconut oil, at plant PH chemicals roundwood, meranti (SFM), under bark, u=70%, at forest road MY wooden materials

copper concentrate, at beneficiation ID metals eucalyptus ssp., standing, under bark, u=50%, in plantation TH wooden materials

copper, primary, at refinery ID metals roundwood, eucalyptus ssp. (SFM), under bark, u=50%, at forest road TH wooden materials

molybdenum concentrate, couple production Cu ID metals


The V2.2 data sets don’t yet fully representwhat they aim for

Copper concentrate, atbeneficiation, Indonesia

The inventory for thebeneficiation of Indonesiancopper concentrate ismodelled with mostlyEuropean flow data.

Perspectives SEA

ecoinvent

V2.2 V3.3

... [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]

… [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]

... [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]

… [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]

… [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]


World export map

Perspectives SEA

Top commodities exported byIndonesia include(http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/idn/):

Coal briquettes

Palm oil

Petroleum gas

Crude petroleum

Rubber

Copper ore, ….

……


LCA data representing SEA is main issue• Don’t focus too much on methodology and software:

- Already received/receives most attention

- Apply, learn and adapt them as needed to suit SEA

• Focus: unit process data representing the SEA industry- SEA heavily under-represented in current databases

- Unit process data mainly determine an LCA’s quality:

•Let’s go for a (South East) Asian “ecoinvent” (see also:http://www.ecoinvent.org/about/projects/sri-project/sri-project.html)

goodsservices

materialsenergy

waste* (for treatment)

goodsservicesmaterialsenergywaste (for treatment)

environmentalinterventions

economicflows

chemicals to the airchemicals to waterchemicals to the soilradionuclidessoundwaste heatcasualties

abiotic resourcesbiotic resources

land occupation

products products * economicflows

environmentalinterventions

UNIT PROCESS /PRODUCT SYSTEM

* the functional flows of the process

OUTPUTSINPUTS

land transformation

etc.

Perspectives SEA

− fossil fuels; palm oil, coconut oil, rubber, equipment, …− metal ores; clothing; plywood; ...


Further lessons to speed up SEA-LCA

• Transparency and credibility: publishsources, data and full result-details

• LCA is hard work and includes manyuncertainties ...- but the answer always is …

o don’t ignore but deal with uncertainties

Perspectives SEA

Pencil!!


Further lessons to speed up SEA-LCAEx-post versus ex-ante LCA:

what’s the stronger side of LCA?

Perspectives SEA


Riddle: SimaPro’s meaning (it’s Dutch )• S = Systeem (System)• i = integrale (integral)• m = milieu (environmental)• a = analyse (analysis)• Pro = Produkten (Products)

Systeem voor de integrale milieu-analyse van Produkten

System for the integral environmental analysis of Products

Riddle


Terimakasih atas

perhatian anda

Documents

LCA (analisis siklus hidup)Guinée et al. 1993. Quantitative LCA of Products. J Clean Prod (1)1, 3-13 Direct applications: - Product development and improvement - Strategic planning