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Introduction to LCA Brief introduction to the basic principles of LCA for the SUPRIM industrial stakeholder workshop, 11 December 2018, Brussels, Belgium
Jeroen Guinée
Supported by:
• Philosophy behind LCA (life cycle thinking; LCT)
• LCA theory
o Inventory analysis
o Impact assessment
Life cycle assessment in a nutshell
•Complete picture to map and avoid potential problem shifting o whole life-cycle o All burdens and impacts
•Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle
Climate change Str. ozone depl. Acidification
Photoch. ozone formation Human toxicity
Ecotoxicity
Supported by:
The philosophy behind LCA; LCT
Supported by:
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) • Science, not ideology
o is an electric car indeed better ? o is recycling always a good idea ?
• Systems analysis
• Analysis of ‘externalities’
o starts from the assumption that we need, and already value, the product’s functions/services
o aims to map the non-accounted ‘externalities’ (air pollution, water pollution, etc.)
The philosophy behind LCA; LCT
As WE think it should be done ….
Applied science ….
Supported by:
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) • It’s just one method/tool for assessing environmental impacts
o no ‘supertool’
o only tool taking product functions/services as starting point of analysis, mapping all upstream and downstream environmental burdens
• Complete picture: life cycle & all impacts o avoid problem shifting (trade-offs)
o integral analysis
Supported by:
Quantitatively mapping trade-offs to:
• Other life cycle phases (zero emission car) • Other substances (CFC-free fridge) • Other countries (export of waste) • Other environmental impacts (unleaded petrol) • The future (nuclear power) • ...
The philosophy behind LCA; LCT
Supported by:
Integral analysis of environmental impacts
• Whole life-cycle (any where) • All substances • All countries (any place) • All types of environmental impacts • Integrated over time (any time) • ...
The philosophy behind LCA; LCT
Supported by:
There’s no such thing as a free lunch
• Any activity will have a certain environmental impact, direct or indirect
• Think in terms of cause and effect
• Think in terms of life-cycles
9 The philosophy behind LCA; LCT
Supported by:
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
• Standardized by ISO 14040 and ISO 14044: only requirements, no specific method
• Four phases (iterative): o Goal and Scope definition
o Inventory analysis (or Life Cycle Inventory - LCI)
o Impact Assessment (or Life Cycle Impact Assessment – LCIA)
o Interpretation
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Goal and scope definition • “Phase of life cycle assessment in which the aim of the study, and
in relation to that, the breadth and depth of the study is established”
o no formal ISO definition
• Goal definition o Goal, application, decision to be supported
• Scope definition
o functional unit o initial choices (system boundaries, temporal and geographical
coverage, impact categories, …)
Functional unit • What are you comparing ? Functions & services, not products
o not lamps, but hours of light
o etc.
• Functional unit: a quantified unit supplied by a product
system, used as a basis of comparison in an LCA o 1000 hours of light with an intensity of 1250 lumen of white
light
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Inventory analysis (LCI) • ISO 14040: “Phase of life cycle assessment involving the
compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs, for a given product system throughout its life cycle”
Supported by:
natural resources iron-ore, trees, land, etc
LCA theory: Inventory analysis
o production of components and products
o use and maintenance of products
o waste processing and recycling of waste
o transport between all lifecycle phases
LCA theory: Inventory analysis
Recycling is thus modelled as process and all its flows (including secondary
materials produced) as part of the inventory analysis
Supported by:
o materials and energy
o secondary materials
environmental interventions
economic flows
chemicals to the air chemicals to water chemicals to the soil radionuclides sound waste heat casualties
abiotic resources biotic resources
OUTPUTSINPUTS
Technosphere/economy system (of which the product system is a cutout)
Environment/nature system
LCA theory: Inventory analysis
Environmental inputs and outputs together are referred to as elementary flows in ISO
Economic inputs Economic outputs
Natural Resources (from nature)
(from technosphere)
LCA theory: Inventory analysis
Process = [P1069] iron ore, 46% Fe, at mine[GLO, 1999-2000] Description = …….. Stage = [S42] metals_extraction Region = [R4] GLO Author = ecoinvent data v2.2 Economic inflows Value Unit electricity, medium voltage, production UCTE, at grid[UCTE] 0.00142 kWh diesel, burned in building machine[GLO] 0.0255 MJ recultivation, iron mine[GLO] 1.70E-06 m2 blasting[RER] 0.000271 kg mine, iron[GLO] 8.33E-13 unit Economic outflows iron ore, 46% Fe, at mine[GLO] 1 kg Environmental resources Transformation, from unknown[resource_land] 2.13E-06 m2 Occupation, mineral extraction site[resource_land] 0.00012 m2a Transformation, to mineral extraction site[resource_land] 2.13E-06 m2 Iron, 46% in ore, 25% in crude ore, in ground[resource_in ground] 0.462 kg Environmental emissions Heat, waste[air_low population density] 0.00513 MJ Particulates, < 2.5 um[air_low population density] 0.000144 kg Particulates, > 10 um[air_low population density] 0.00144 kg Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um[air_low population density] 0.0013 kg
Supported by:
Assembly
© Sangwon Suh
Supported by:
© Sangwon Suh
Supported by:
© Sangwon Suh
Supported by:
© Sangwon Suh
Supported by:
Elementary flows Product 1 Product 2 Unit NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin[air_high population density] 1.40E-06 4.57E-07 kg Carbon dioxide, fossil[air_low population density] 2.83E-01 4.96E-02 kg Ammonia[air_high population density] 7.82E-07 2.68E-07 kg Nitrogen oxides[air_high population density] 3.76E-04 6.24E-05 kg Particulates, < 2.5 um[air_high population density] 3.87E-05 6.88E-06 kg Particulates, > 10 um[air_high population density] 5.52E-07 1.04E-06 kg Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um[air_high population density] 6.87E-07 1.02E-06 kg Zinc, ion[water_river] 4.69E-08 4.57E-08 kg Lead[water_river] 3.59E-08 2.98E-07 kg Nickel, ion[water_river] 9.84E-09 5.19E-09 kg Mercury[water_river] 4.20E-10 4.22E-11 kg Copper, ion[water_river] 5.97E-09 4.79E-09 kg Chromium, ion[water_river] 7.10E-09 1.77E-08 kg Cadmium, ion[water_river] 7.68E-10 1.56E-09 kg Arsenic, ion[water_river] 3.15E-08 1.47E-08 kg Phosphate[water_river] 1.83E-08 1.48E-08 kg Ammonium, ion[water_river] 3.86E-07 2.18E-06 kg Nitrate[water_river] 6.82E-06 1.02E-06 kg Nitrate[air_high population density] 1.24E-09 3.42E-10 kg Calcite, in ground[resource_in ground] -4.23E-03 -1.34E-03 kg Sylvite, 25 % in sylvinite, in ground[resource_in ground] -9.76E-08 -2.53E-08 kg Water, cooling, unspecified natural origin[resource_in water] -1.22E-02 -2.65E-03 m3 Water, river[resource_in water] -2.38E-03 -5.56E-03 m3 Sodium, ion[water_river] 1.48E-04 1.06E-04 kg Potassium, ion[water_river] 5.21E-06 1.58E-06 kg Chloride[water_river] 5.45E-04 1.37E-04 kg Calcium, ion[water_river] 7.74E-05 1.97E-05 kg Magnesium[water_river] 1.49E-05 3.25E-06 kg Sulfur[water_river] 1.30E-07 4.61E-08 kg Hydrogen chloride[air_high population density] 3.85E-07 1.68E-07 kg Hydrogen fluoride[air high population density] 2 03E-08 9 09E-09 kg
Supported by:
Inventory analysis summarized From unit process data To inventory table
Elementary flows Product 1 Product 2 Unit NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin[air_high population density] 1.40E-06 4.57E-07 kg Carbon dioxide, fossil[air_low population density] 0.283 0.0496 kg Ammonia[air_high population density] 7.82E-07 2.68E-07 kg Nitrogen oxides[air_high population density] 0.000376 6.24E-05 kg Particulates, < 2.5 um[air_high population density] 3.87E-05 6.88E-06 kg Particulates, > 10 um[air_high population density] 5.52E-07 1.04E-06 kg Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um[air_high population density] 6.87E-07 1.02E-06 kg Zinc, ion[water_river] 4.69E-08 4.57E-08 kg Lead[water_river] 3.59E-08 2.98E-07 kg Nickel, ion[water_river] 9.84E-09 5.19E-09 kg Mercury[water_river] 4.20E-10 4.22E-11 kg Copper, ion[water_river] 5.97E-09 4.79E-09 kg Chromium, ion[water_river] 7.10E-09 1.77E-08 kg Cadmium, ion[water_river] 7.68E-10 1.56E-09 kg Arsenic, ion[water_river] 3.15E-08 1.47E-08 kg Phosphate[water_river] 1.83E-08 1.48E-08 kg Ammonium, ion[water_river] 3.86E-07 2.18E-06 kg Nitrate[water_river] 6.82E-06 1.02E-06 kg Nitrate[air_high population density] 1.24E-09 3.42E-10 kg Calcite, in ground[resource_in ground] -0.00423 -0.00134 kg Sylvite, 25 % in sylvinite, in ground[resource_in ground] -9.76E-08 -2.53E-08 kg Water, cooling, unspecified natural origin[resource_in water] -0.0122 -0.00265 m3 Water, river[resource_in water] -0.00238 -0.00556 m3 Sodium, ion[water_river] 0.000148 0.000106 kg Potassium, ion[water_river] 5.21E-06 1.58E-06 kg Chloride[water_river] 0.000545 0.000137 kg Calcium, ion[water_river] 7.74E-05 1.97E-05 kg Magnesium[water_river] 1.49E-05 3.25E-06 kg Sulfur[water_river] 1.30E-07 4.61E-08 kg Hydrogen chloride[air_high population density] 3.85E-07 1.68E-07 kg Hydrogen fluoride[air_high population density] 2.03E-08 9.09E-09 kg

=0
Process = [P1069] iron ore, 46% Fe, at mine[GLO, 1999-2000] Description = The dust emissions are estimated to be the same as in bauxite mining. Stage = [S42] metals_extraction Region = [R4] GLO Author = ecoinvent data v2.2 Economic inflows Value Unit electricity, medium voltage, production UCTE, at grid[UCTE] 0.00142 kWh diesel, burned in building machine[GLO] 0.0255 MJ recultivation, iron mine[GLO] 1.70E-06 m2 blasting[RER] 0.000271 kg mine, iron[GLO] 8.33E-13 unit Economic outflows iron ore, 46% Fe, at mine[GLO] 1 kg Environmental resources Transformation, from unknown[resource_land] 2.13E-06 m2 Occupation, mineral extraction site[resource_land] 0.00012 m2a Transformation, to mineral extraction site[resource_land] 2.13E-06 m2 Iron, 46% in ore, 25% in crude ore, in ground[resource_in ground] 0.462 kg Environmental emissions Heat, waste[air_low population density] 0.00513 MJ Particulates, < 2.5 um[air_low population density] 0.000144 kg Particulates, > 10 um[air_low population density] 0.00144 kg Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um[air_low population density] 0.0013 kg
LCA theory: Inventory analysis
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
• ISO: “Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts of a product system”
Supported by:
Inventory Analysis
Impact Assessment
Elementary Flows
Environmental Impacts
Environmental Flow & Impact • Elementary Flows (ISO 14040): “material or energy entering the
system being studied that has been drawn from the environment without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation”
• Environmental Impact (ISO 14001): “any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization's activities, products or services”
Environmental Flows (emissions of CO2, cadmium, phosphate, ….)
Environmental Impact (global warming, ecotoxicity,
eutrophication, ….)
Activity
From LCI LCIA: characterisation •Global Warming (IPCC):
o Global Warming Potential (GWP): measure for Global Warming (Climate Change) in terms of radiative forcing potential (infra- red absorption) of 1 kg of a chemical emission relative to 1 kg of CO2 emitted
•Example: 5 kg CO2 (GWP = 1) + 3 kg CH4 (GWP = 23) = 1 x 5 + 23 x 3 kg CO2-equivalent (= 74 kg CO2–equivalent)
characterisation factor (CF)
IPCC climate model
Examples of other impact categories • Global warming • Acidification • Eutrophication • Energy use • Biotic resource use • Marine aquatic ecotoxicity • Abiotic resource use • Ozone depletion • Human toxicity
• Water dependence • Photochemical oxidant
inorganics • Carcinogenic effects on
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Abiotic resources in LCA • How serious is the use of one particular natural resource in relation
to that of another; to be expressed in characterization factors o typical LCA question: how does an aluminum beverage can compare
to a PET or glass bottle with respect to resource use?
• Natural resources one of the ‘elementary’ flows quantified in LCI o Others include emissions to air, water and soil, land use, etc.
• For some impact categories (e.g., Climate Change), international panels exist that recommend best practices; not for resource use
• Consequently many different methods exist, starting from completely different perspectives, data etc.
• Which was the starting point of SUPRIM …..
Supported by:
• Impacts of abiotic resource use cross the economy-environment system boundary for example, reserve depends on (future) technology
is it an economic or environmental problem, or both?
• Methods can’t be verified empirically: ‘correct’ definition of the problem
total amount of resource
The ADP 1995/2002
Supported by:
PEF recommended methods
Impact category Product 1 Product 2 Unit CML 2001 baseline, eutrophication 9.59E-04 1.68E-04 kg PO4-Eq CML 2001 baseline, depletion of abiotic resources 5.26E-03 6.17E-04 kg antimony-Eq CML 2001 baseline, acidification 9.44E-04 5.21E-04 kg SO2-Eq CML 2001 baseline, photochemical oxidation 4.02E-05 1.98E-05 kg ethylene-Eq CML 2001 baseline, climate change 6.77E-01 9.23E-02 kg CO2-Eq CML 2001 baseline, terrestrial ecotoxicity 5.14E-04 5.29E-04 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq CML 2001 baseline, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 1.40E-01 3.89E-02 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq CML 2001 baseline, stratospheric ozone depletion 2.62E-08 4.72E-09 kg CFC-11-Eq CML 2001 baseline, human toxicity 1.71E-01 1.22E-01 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq
Impact category Product 1 Product 2 Unit climate change//GWP 100a 6.77E-01 9.22E-02 kg CO2-Eq ecosystem quality//freshwater and terrestrial acidification 1.22E-03 6.20E-04 mol H+-Eq ecosystem quality//freshwater ecotoxicity 1.94E+00 6.52E-01 CTUh.m3.yr ecosystem quality//freshwater eutrophication 2.66E-04 4.20E-05 kg P-Eq ecosystem quality//ionising radiation 2.74E-07 3.85E-06 mol N-Eq ecosystem quality//marine eutrophication 3.95E-04 1.06E-04 kg N-Eq ecosystem quality//terrestrial eutrophication 3.88E-03 1.06E-03 mol N-Eq human health//carcinogenic effects 2.26E-08 6.52E-09 CTUh human health//ionising radiation 1.06E-01 1.11E+00 mol N-Eq human health//non-carcinogenic effects 7.68E-08 4.54E-08 CTUh human health//ozone layer depletion 2.62E-08 4.72E-09 kg CFC-11-Eq human health//photochemical ozone creation 9.69E-04 2.87E-04 kg ethylene-Eq human health//respiratory effects, inorganics 1.72E-04 6.50E-05 kg PM2.5-Eq resources//land use 3.18E-01 8.19E-02 kg Soil Organic Carbon resources//mineral, fossils and renewables 8.16E-07 4.26E-06 kg Sb-Eq
LCA theory: Impact assessment
Normalization (optional) • ISO 14040: “calculation of the magnitude of category indicator
results to reference information”
• Reference information (over a given period of time): area (e.g., France, Europe, the world) person (e.g., a Danish citizen) product (e.g., the most frequently used product)
• Understanding the relative magnitude for characterisation results providing and communicating information on the relative significance of the
indicator results preparing for additional procedures
Normalization
2000 (kg/yr) GWP100, IPCC 2007 (kg
CO2 eq./kg) Normalisation reference
value (kg CO2 eq./yr)
1,1,1-trichloroethane 71-55-6 3.57E+05 146 5.21E+07 Carbon dioxide 124-38-9 2.85E+13 1 2.85E+13 CFC-11 75-69-4 4.06E+07 4750 1.93E+11 CFC-113 76-13-1 3.86E+06 6130 2.37E+10 CFC-114 76-14-2 2.07E+06 10000 2.07E+10 CFC-115 76-15-3 8.73E+05 7370 6.43E+09 CFC-12 75-71-8 1.01E+08 10900 1.10E+12 Dichloromethane 75-09-2 1.42E+07 8.7 1.23E+08 Dinitrogen oxide 10024-97-2 1.15E+10 298 3.42E+12 HALON-1211 353-59-3 4.82E+06 1890 9.10E+09 HALON-1301 75-63-8 9.26E+05 7140 6.61E+09 HCFC-124 2837-89-0 3.93E+06 609 2.39E+09 HCFC-141b 1717-00-6 1.66E+08 725 1.21E+11 HCFC-142b 75-68-3 5.09E+07 2310 1.18E+11 HCFC-22 75-45-6 3.00E+08 1810 5.44E+11 HFC-125 354-33-6 7.40E+06 3500 2.59E+10 HFC-134a 811-97-2 1.30E+08 1430 1.86E+11 HFC-143a 420-46-2 5.40E+06 4470 2.41E+10 Methane 74-82-8 2.99E+11 25 7.47E+12 Methyl Chloride 74-87-3 1.20E+07 13 1.56E+08 Sulphur hexafluoride 2551-62-4 5.22E+06 22800 1.19E+11 Tetrachloromethane 56-23-5 4.17E+05 1400 5.84E+08 non methane VOC NMVOC 1.67E+11 0.00E+00
4.18E+13
CharFactcat,i
IndicatorResultcat,ref
InventoryResulti,ref
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ∑ Normalization
PEF recommended methods
LCA theory: Impact assessment
Impact category (CML 2001) Product 1 Product 2 Unit CML 2001, eutrophication potential, generic[GLO] 6,47E-15 1,14E-15 year CML 2001, resources, depletion of abiotic resources[GLO] 2,88E-14 3,38E-15 year CML 2001, acidification potential, average European[RER] 3,95E-15 2,18E-15 year CML 2001, photochemical oxidation (summer smog), high NOx POCP[RER] 1,10E-15 5,38E-16 year CML 2001, climate change, GWP 100a[GLO] 1,60E-14 2,18E-15 year CML 2001, terrestrial ecotoxicity, TAETP infinite[GLO] 5,09E-16 5,24E-16 year CML 2001, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, FAETP infinite[GLO] 2,55E-13 7,08E-14 year CML 2001, stratospheric ozone depletion, ODP steady state[GLO] 2,50E-16 4,50E-17 year CML 2001, human toxicity, HTP infinite[GLO] 7,27E-14 5,21E-14 year
Impact category (PEF) Product 1 Product 2 Unit climate change//GWP 100a 1,60E-14 2,17E-15 year ecosystem quality//freshwater and terrestrial acidification 4,02E-15 2,05E-15 year ecosystem quality//freshwater ecotoxicity 6,52E-14 2,19E-14 year ecosystem quality//freshwater eutrophication 1,77E-14 2,80E-15 year ecosystem quality//ionising radiation 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 year ecosystem quality//marine eutrophication 8,48E-15 2,26E-15 year ecosystem quality//terrestrial eutrophication 5,53E-15 1,52E-15 year human health//carcinogenic effects 5,59E-14 1,61E-14 year human health//ionising radiation 1,25E-09 1,30E-08 year human health//non-carcinogenic effects 2,58E-15 1,53E-15 year human health//ozone layer depletion 2,50E-16 4,50E-17 year human health//photochemical ozone creation 3,26E-15 9,67E-16 year human health//respiratory effects, inorganics 4,38E-15 1,66E-15 year resources//land use 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 year resources//mineral, fossils and renewables 9,23E-15 4,83E-14 year
Supported by:
results across impact categories using numerical factors based on value-choices
ISO: “weighting shall not be used for comparative assertions disclosed to the public”
Weighting
PEF recommended methods
LCA theory: Impact assessment
CML 2001 Product 1 Product 2 Unit weighted index 4,00E-14 1,35E-14 year
PEF Product 1 Product 2 Unit weighted index 6,23E-11 6,50E-10 year
Supported by:
Impact category (CML 2001) Product 1 Product 2 Unit eutrophication 9.59E-04 1.68E-04 kg PO4-Eq depletion of abiotic resources 5.26E-03 6.17E-04 kg antimony-Eq acidification 9.44E-04 5.21E-04 kg SO2-Eq photochemical oxidation 4.02E-05 1.98E-05 kg ethylene-Eq climate change 6.77E-01 9.23E-02 kg CO2-Eq terrestrial ecotoxicity 5.14E-04 5.29E-04 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 1.40E-01 3.89E-02 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq stratospheric ozone depletion 2.62E-08 4.72E-09 kg CFC-11-Eq human toxicity 1.71E-01 1.22E-01 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq
Elementary flows Product 1 Product 2 Unit NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds 1.40E-06 4.57E-07 kg Carbon dioxide, fossil[air_low population density] 0.283 0.0496 kg Ammonia[air_high population density] 7.82E-07 2.68E-07 kg Nitrogen oxides[air_high population density] 0.000376 6.24E-05 kg Particulates, < 2.5 um[air_high population density] 3.87E-05 6.88E-06 kg Particulates, > 10 um[air_high population density] 5.52E-07 1.04E-06 kg Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um[air_high population density] 6.87E-07 1.02E-06 kg Zinc, ion[water_river] 4.69E-08 4.57E-08 kg Lead[water_river] 3.59E-08 2.98E-07 kg Nickel, ion[water_river] 9.84E-09 5.19E-09 kg Mercury[water_river] 4.20E-10 4.22E-11 kg Copper, ion[water_river] 5.97E-09 4.79E-09 kg Chromium, ion[water_river] 7.10E-09 1.77E-08 kg Cadmium, ion[water_river] 7.68E-10 1.56E-09 kg Arsenic, ion[water_river] 3.15E-08 1.47E-08 kg Phosphate[water_river] 1.83E-08 1.48E-08 kg Ammonium, ion[water_river] 3.86E-07 2.18E-06 kg Nitrate[water_river] 6.82E-06 1.02E-06 kg Nitrate[air_high population density] 1.24E-09 3.42E-10 kg Calcite, in ground[resource_in ground] -0.00423 -0.00134 kg Sylvite, 25 % in sylvinite, in ground[resource_in ground] -9.76E-08 -2.53E-08 kg Water, cooling, unspecified natural origin[resource_in water] -0.0122 -0.00265 m3 Water, river[resource_in water] -0.00238 -0.00556 m3 Sodium, ion[water_river] 0.000148 0.000106 kg Potassium, ion[water_river] 5.21E-06 1.58E-06 kg Chloride[water_river] 0.000545 0.000137 kg Calcium, ion[water_river] 7.74E-05 1.97E-05 kg Magnesium[water_river] 1.49E-05 3.25E-06 kg Sulfur[water_river] 1.30E-07 4.61E-08 kg Hydrogen chloride[air_high population density] 3.85E-07 1.68E-07 kg Hydrogen fluoride[air_high population density] 2.03E-08 9.09E-09 kg
LCI & LCIA summarized Inventory Analysis
Impact Assessment
LCA theory: Impact assessment
Impact category (CML 2001) Product 1 Product 2 Unit CML 2001, eutrophication potential, generic[GLO] 6,47E-15 1,14E-15 year CML 2001, resources, depletion of abiotic resources[GLO] 2,88E-14 3,38E-15 year CML 2001, acidification potential, average European[RER] 3,95E-15 2,18E-15 year CML 2001, photochemical oxidation (summer smog), high NOx POCP[RER] 1,10E-15 5,38E-16 year CML 2001, climate change, GWP 100a[GLO] 1,60E-14 2,18E-15 year CML 2001, terrestrial ecotoxicity, TAETP infinite[GLO] 5,09E-16 5,24E-16 year CML 2001, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, FAETP infinite[GLO] 2,55E-13 7,08E-14 year CML 2001, stratospheric ozone depletion, ODP steady state[GLO] 2,50E-16 4,50E-17 year CML 2001, human toxicity, HTP infinite[GLO] 7,27E-14 5,21E-14 year
CML 2001 Product 1 Product 2 Unit weighted index 4,00E-14 1,35E-14 year
normalization (optional)
weighting (optional)
ch ar
ac te
riz at
io n
Supported by:
Interpretation • Conclusions, recommendations, analyses, all related to goal and
scope of the research detailed analysis of results: where are the hot spots ?
• contribution analysis
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Introduction to LCABrief introduction to the basic principles of LCA for the SUPRIM industrial stakeholder workshop, 11 December 2018, Brussels, Belgium
Content
Zero emission cars
There’s no such thing as a free lunch
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope definition
Flow diagram or flow chart
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
From inventory analysis to impact assessment
Environmental Flow & Impact
Abiotic resources in LCA
No scientifically ‘correct’ method
Example of characterization results