LATIN 1 HONORS FINALS STUDY GUIDE (CH. 12-21)Masculine and Feminine Nouns: Third Declension (identified by is ending in genitive singular)SingularPluralSingularPluralNom.fraterfratressororsororesGen.fratrisfratrumsororissororumDat.fratrifratribussororisororibusAcc.fratremfratressororemsororesAbl.fratrefratribussororesororibus

Singular Endings: -is, -i, -em, -ePlural Endings: -es, -um, -ibus, -es, -ibus *Vocative is the same as the nominative *No standard nominative singular ending

Nouns: amor, amoris (m.); frater, fratris (m.); mater, matris (f.); nepos, nepotis (m. or f.); pater, patris (m.); soror, sororis (f.); auctor, auctoris (m.); cupido, cupidinis (f.); laus, laudis (f.); timor, timoris (m.); virtus, virtutis (f.); multitudo, multitudinis (f.); dolor, doloris (m.); dux, ducis (m.); homo, hominis (m. or f.); rex, regis (m.); lex, legis (f.); uxor, uxoris (f.); altitudo, altitudinis (f.); latitudo, latitudinis (f.); longitudo, longitudinis (f.); nemo, neminis (m. no plural)

Neuter Nouns: Third Declension (identified by -is ending in genitive singular) Nouns usually end in: -men (base -min-); numen, numinis (n.) -us (base -or-); decus, decoris (n.) -us (base -er-); munus, muneris (n.)

SingularPluralSingularPluralNom.numennuminadecusdecoraGen.numinisnuminumdecorisdecorumDat.numininuminibusdecoridecoribusAcc.numennuminadecusdecoraAbl.numinenuminibusdecoredecoribus

*Note: The declension is the same as the masculine and feminine nouns except, as always with neuters, nominatives and accusatives are identical and in the plural they end in a.

Nouns (for neuter 3rd declension): decus, decoris; munus, muneris; numen, numinis; pectus, pectoris; iter, itineris; nomen, nominis; carmen, carminis

Third Declension I-Stem Nouns (-ium instead of -um for genitive plural ending) Nouns end in: -is, -es, or, -er in nominative w/ same number of syllables in genitive; navis, navis (f.); caedes, caedis (f.); imber, imbris (m.) -ns or rs in nominative singular; parens, parentis (m. or f.); mors, mortis (f.) Or nouns w/ one syllable in nominative singular w/ base that ends in 2+ consonants; arx, arcis (f.); urbs, urbis (f.)

SingularPluralSingularPluralNom.navisnavesmorsmortesGen.navisnaviummortismortiumDat.navinavibusmortimortibusAcc.navemnavismortemmortisAbl.navenavibusmortemortibus

*Note: The declension is the same as the masculine and feminine nouns except in the plural genitive, the ending is -ium, and in the accusative plural, the ending is -is. However, these rules dont apply to irregular nouns; the only irregular i-stem noun we need to know is vis, vis (f.). This, along with a neuter i-stem noun, is declined below:

SingularPluralSingularPluralNom.visviresmaremariaGen. visviriummarismariumDat.viviribusmarimaribusAcc.vimvirismaremariaAbl.viviribus marimaribus

*Note: Neuter i-stem nouns can be identified by having -e, -al, or -ar endings in the nominative singular. They end in -i in the ablative singular and -ia in the nominative and accusative plural. As always, in both numbers, the nominative and accusative are identical.

Nouns (i-stem): amnis, amnis (m.); arx, arcis (f.); caedes, caedis (f.); hostis, hostis (m.); ignis, ignis (m.); imber, imbris (m.); mare, maris (n.); mors, mortis (f.); navis, navis (f.); parens, parentis (m. or f.); pars, partis (f.); urbs, urbis (f.); vis, vis (f.); anguis, anguis (m. or f.); gens, gentis (f.); mons, montis (m.)

Adjectives & Adverbs: Third Declension (identified by -is ending in genitive singular)

Adjectives of One Termination (adj. that dont end in -er or -is in masc. nom. singular) Same form for nominative singular for all three genders Most have stem ending -i in abl. singular, gen. and acc. plural (all genders), and in the neuter nom. plural (-ia):

Singular (m. & f.)Singular (n.)Plural (m. & f.)Plural (n.)Nom.parparparespariaGen.parisparispariumpariumDat.paripariparibusparibusAcc.paremparparispariaAbl.paripariparibusparibus

Adjectives: ingens, ingentis; memor, memoris; par, paris; vetus, veteris

Adjectives of Two Terminations (adj. that end in -is in masc. nom. singular) Same i-stem declension as one termination adj. but has a different form for the neuter

Singular (m. & f.)Singular (n.)Plural (m. & f.)Plural (n.)Nom.omnisomneomnesomniaGen.omnisomnisomniumomniumDat.omniomniomnibusomnibusAcc.omnemomneomnisomniaAbl.omniomniomnibusomnibus

Adjectives: omnis, omne; similis, simile; tristis, triste; fortis, forte

Adjectives of Three Terminations (separate forms for all three genders) All the masculine nominative singular adjectives have the er ending but some retain the e ending in other forms (celer) while others drop it (acer):

SingularPluralMasc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.celerceleriscelereceleresceleresceleriaGen.celerisceleriscelerisceleriumceleriumceleriumDat.celericelericelericeleribusceleribusceleribusAcc.celeremceleremcelereceleriscelerisceleriaAbl.celericelericelericeleribusceleribusceleribus

Nom.aceracrisacreacresacresacriaGen.acrisacrisacrisacriumacriumacriumDat.acriacriacriacribusacribusacribusAcc.acremacremacreacrisacrisacriaAbl.acriacriacriacribusacribusacribus

Adverbs Adverbs in third declension formed by adding iter to the base of an adjective: celeriter in a swift way, swiftly in a fierce way, fiercely

First Conjugation (present stem ends in a; voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum)

Present ActiveImperfect ActiveTranslations: am/are/do call/callingTranslations: was/were/kept on calling; used to call Singular PluralSingularPlural1st vocovocamus1stvocabamvocabamus2nd vocasvocatis2ndvocabasvocabatis3rd vocatvocant3rdvocabatvocabantFuture ActivePerfect ActiveTranslations: shall/will callTranslations: (have/has) called; did call SingularPluralSingularPlural1st vocabovocabimus1stvocavivocavimus2nd vocabisvocabitis2ndvocavistivocavistis3rd vocabitvocabunt3rdvocavitvocaverunt (-ere)

Pluperfect ActiveFuture Perfect Active Translations: had calledTranslations: shall/will have called Singular PluralSingularPlural1st vocaveramvocaveramus1stvocaverovocaverimus2nd vocaverasvocaveratis2ndvocaverisvocaveritis3rd vocaveratvocaverant3rdvocaveritvocaverint

Present PassiveImperfect PassiveTranslations: am/are/is (being) calledTranslations: was/were/kept on being called used to be called Singular PluralSingular Plural1stvocor vocamur1stvocabarvocabamur2ndvocaris (-re) vocamini2ndvocabaris (-re) vocabamini3rdvocatur vocantur3rd vocabatur vocabantur

Future PassivePerfect PassiveTranslations: will/shall be calledTranslations: have been, was/were called Singular Pluralvocatus, -a, -um sumvocati, -ae, -a sumus1st vocabor vocabimurvocatus, -a, -um esvocati, -ae, -a estis2nd vocaberis (-re) vocabiminivocatus, -a, -um estvocati, -ae, -a sunt3rd vocabitur vocabuntur

Pluperfect PassiveFuture Perfect PassiveTranslations: had been calledTranslation: shall/will have been calledvocatus, -a, -um eram vocati, -ae, -a eramusvocatus, -a, -um erovocati, -ae, -a erimusvocatus, -a, -um eras vocati, -ae, -a eratisvocatus, -a, -um eris vocati, -ae, -a eritisvocatus, -a, -um erat vocati, -ae, -a erantvocatus, -a, -um eritvocati, -ae, -a erunt

Present Imperatives*Note: Verbs are not listed but their Singular Active: vocaPlural Active: vocatepresent stems end in a Singular Passive: vocare Plural Passive: vocamini(-are, -avi, -atum)

Second Conjugation (present stem ends in e; habeo, habere, habui, habitum; translations are the same as the first conjugation)

present stem found by dropping re from second principle part, as with first conjugation verbs

Present ActiveImperfect ActiveFuture Activehabeohabemushabebam habebamushabebohabebimushabeshabetishabebas habebatishabebishabebitishabethabenthabebat habebanthabebithabebunt

Perfect ActivePluperfect ActiveFuture Perfect Activehabui habuimushabueramhabueramushabuerohabuerimushabuisti habuistishabuerashabueratishabuerishabueritishabuit habuerunt (-ere)habuerathabueranthabuerithabuerintPresent PassiveImperfect PassiveFuture Passivehabeorhabemurhabebarhabebamurhabeborhabebimurhaberis (-re)habeminihabebaris (-re)habebaminihabeberis (-re)habebiminihabetur habenturhabebaturhabebanturhabebiturhabebuntur

Perfect PassivePluperfect Passivehabitus, -a, -um sumhabiti, -ae, -a sumushabitus, -a, -um eram habiti, -ae, -a eramushabitus, -a, -um eshabiti, -ae, -a estishabitus, -a, -um eras habiti, -ae, -a eratishabitus, -a, -um esthabiti, -ae, -a sunthabitus, -a, -um erat habiti, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect Passive Present Imperativeshabitus, -a, -um erohabiti, -ae, -a erimus Singular Active: habe Plural Active: habetehabitus, -a, -um erishabiti, -ae, -a eritisSingular Passive: habere Plural Passive: habeminihabitus, -a, -um erithabiti, -ae, -a erunt

Verbs: careo, carere, carui, ; habeo, habere, habui, habitum; iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitum; maneo, manere, mansi, mansum; teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum; timeo, timere, timui, ; video, videre, vidi, visum; misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum; moveo, movere, movi, motum

Third Conjugation (present stem ends in a consonant or u; pono, ponere, posui, positum)

present stem found by dropping o from first principal part vowel (i, e, or u) added to stem before personal endings tense sign for imperfect is eba tense sign for future is a or e second principal part ends in ere not re (but macrons not shown in study guide)

Present ActiveImperfect ActiveFuture Activeponoponimusponebamponebamusponamponemusponisponitisponebasponebatisponesponetisponit ponuntponebatponebantponetponent

Perfect ActivePluperfect ActiveFuture Perfect Activeposuiposuimusposueramposueramusposueroposuerimusposuistiposuistisposuerasposueratisposuerisposueritisposuitposuerunt (-ere)posueratposuerantposueritposuerintPresent PassiveImperfect PassiveFuture Passiveponorponimurponebar ponebamurponarponemurponeris (-re)poniminiponebaris (-re) ponebaminiponeris (-re)poneminiponiturponunturponebatur ponebanturponeturponentur

Perfect PassivePluperfect Passivepositus, -a, -um sumpositi, -ae, -a sumuspositus, -a, -um erampositi, -ae, -a eramuspositus, -a, -um espositi, -ae, -a estispositus, -a, -um eraspositi, -ae, -a eratispositus, -a, -um estpositi, -ae, -a suntpositus, -a, -um eratpositi, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect PassivePresent Imperativespositus, -a, -um eropositi, -ae, -a erimusSingular Active: pone Plural Active: ponitepositus, -a, -um erispositi, -ae, -a eritisSingular Passive: ponere Plural Passive: poniminipositus, -a, -um erispositi, -ae, -a erunt

Verbs: cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum; duco ducere, duxi, ductum; mitto, mittere, misi, missum; peto, petere, petivi, petitum; pono, ponere, posui, positum; rego, regere, rexi, rectum

Third Conjugation: -io Verbs (present stem ends in i; capio, capere, cepi, captum)

second principle part tells you its third conjugation because it has a short e (again, macrons are omitted in the study guide) first principle part shows you its an i-stem when you remove the o -i in the stem changes to e in second principle part, present passive second person singular, and present active and passive imperative singular present active and passive third person plural has a u in between stem and ending tense sign for imperfect is eba and future is a or e

Present ActiveImperfect ActiveFuture Activecapiocapimuscapiebamcapiebamuscapiamcapiemuscapiscapitiscapiebascapiebatiscapiescapietiscapitcapiuntcapiebatcapiebantcapietcapient

Perfect ActivePluperfect ActiveFuture Perfect Activecepicepimusceperamceperamusceperoceperimuscepisticepistisceperasceperatisceperisceperitiscepitceperunt (-ere)ceperatceperantceperitceperint

Present PassiveImperfect PassiveFuture Passivecapiorcapimurcapiebarcapiebamurcapiarcapiemurcaperis (-re)capiminicapiebaris (-re)capiebaminicapieris (-re)capieminicapiturcapiuntur capiebaturcapiebanturcapieturcapientur

Perfect PassivePluperfect Passivecaptus, -a, -um sumcapti, -ae, -a sumuscaptus, -a, -um eramcapti, -ae, -a eramuscaptus, -a, -um escapti, -ae, -a estiscaptus, -a, -um erascapti, -ae, -a eratiscaptus, -a, -um estcapti, -ae, -a suntcaptus, -a, -um eratcapti, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect PassivePresent Imperativescaptus, -a, -um erocapti, -ae, -a erimusSingular Active: cape Plural Active: capitecaptus, -a, -um eriscapti, -ae, -a eritis Singular Passive: capere Plural Passive: capiminicaptus, -a, -um eritcapti, -ae, -a erunt

Verbs: aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectum; respicio, respicere, respexi, respectum; capio, capere, cepi, captum; facio, facere, feci, factum

Fourth Conjugation (present stem ends in i; audio, audire, audivi, auditum)

present stem found by dropping re from second principle part exactly like third conjugation io verbs except they differ in the second principle parts and some forms of the present tense

Present ActiveImperfect ActiveFuture Activeaudioaudimusaudiebamaudiebamusaudiamaudiemusaudisauditisaudiebasaudiebatisaudiesaudietisauditaudiuntaudiebataudiebantaudietaudient

Perfect ActivePluperfect ActiveFuture Perfect Activeaudiviaudivimusaudiveramaudiveramusaudiveroaudiverimusaudivistiaudivistisaudiverasaudiveratisaudiverisaudiveritisaudivitaudiverunt (-ere)audiverataudiverantaudiveritaudiverint

Present PassiveImperfect PassiveFuture Passiveaudioraudimuraudiebaraudiebamuraudiaraudiemuraudiris (-re)audiminiaudiebaris (-re)audiebaminiaudieris (-re)audieminiaudituraudiunturaudiebaturaudiebanturaudieturaudientur

Perfect PassivePluperfect Passiveauditus, -a, -um sumauditi, -ae, -a sumusauditus, -a, -um eram auditi, -ae, -a eramusauditus, -a, -um esauditi, -ae, -a estisauditus, -a, -um eras auditi, -ae, -a eratisauditus, -a, -um estauditi, -ae, -a suntauditus, -a, -um erat auditi, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect PassivePresent Imperativesauditus, -a, -um eroauditi, -ae, -a erimusSingular Active: audi Plural Active: auditeauditus, -a, -um erisauditi, -ae, -a eritisSingular Passive: audire Plural Passive: audiminiauditus, -a, -um eritauditi, -ae, -a erunt

Verbs: aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum; audio, audire, audivi, auditum; reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum; venio, venire, veni, ventumSyntax Review

Ablative of Place Where: He is on the road. (Road in the abl. case)Ablative of Means: He fled on a horse. (Howcant be by/with a person? Horse in the abl. case)Ablative of Accompaniment: The master walked with his friends. (Whom? Friends in the abl. case)Ablative of Personal Agent: They were saved by their friend. (One who performed passive verb; friend in abl. case)

Dative with Adjectives: Poeni Africanis finitimi sunt. The Carthaginians are adjacent to the Africans.Africanis is in the dative case.

Objective Genitive:meus amor puellaemy love for the girlpuellae is in the genitive case; other prepositions (instead of for) to use include: of, from, over

Ablative of Specification: used without a preposition With respect to what? in is used in English translation, of in the case of worthinessNostros virtute superant.They surpass our men in courage.(virtute is in the abl. case)Aeneas laude dignus est.Aeneas is worthy of praise.(laude is in the abl. case)

The Genitive of the Whole/Partitive Genitive: part or portion of the wholePars urbis occupata est.Part of the city has been seized.(urbis is in the gen. case)Partitive Ablative of Place Which: partitive idea with pauci or multi expressed by ablative de or exPauci de nautis ad insulam navigant.Few of the sailors are sailing to the island. (nautis is abl.)Multae e navibus ad insulam navigant.Many of the ships are sailing to the island. (navibus is abl.)

Ablative of Separation: separation where no motion is implied from is used in English translationServum timore liberavimus.We freed the slave from fear.(timore is in abl. case)Ablative of Place from Which: motion from rather than separation (uses preposition)Servum a domino liberavimus.We freed the slave from his master. (domino is in abl. case)Dative of Reference: used to indicate advantage or disadvantageBona viro occupaverunt.They seized the goods from the man.(viro is in dative case)

Ablative of Manner: manner in which an action is formed without adjective, preposition cum is needed; with adjective, cum can be omittedVerba cum cura paravit.He prepared his words with care.Verba magna cura paravit.He prepared his words with great care.

Dative of Possession:Puero equus est.A horse is to the boy. = The boy has a horse.(Puero in dative case)Puero equus deest.A horse is lacking to the boy. = The boy lacks a horse.(Puero in dative case)

Partitive Expressions with Numerals: Partitive Ablative of Place from Which with cardinals Genitive of the Whole/Partitive Genitive with ordinalsDuo ex filiis iam viri sunt. Two of my sons are already men.Filiorum primus et secundus iam viri sunt. The first and second of my sons are already men.(filiis is in the ablative case; filiorum is in the genitive case)Genitive and Ablative of Description determines quality the genitive and ablative of description are interchangeableVir magnae virtutisA man of great courage(magnae virtutis is in the genitive case)Vir magna virtuteA man of great courage(magna virtute is in the ablative case)

Passage Translations (WARNING: These are rough translations, there may be some errors but the main idea is conveyed. Study at your own risk.)

Ch. 12: Friends and MonstersAeneas was pleasing Elisa by means of a story: we have sailed from the island of the harpies to the Adriatic sea, from where we were called to Epirus by means of a miraculous report, the Trojan captives Andromacha and Helenus had been named as masters of Epirus! We were delighted because the pleasing rumor was true; soon Andromacha called our men to the palace kindly where she gave many great gifts to Anchises and Ascanius. Helenus, the husband of Andromacha, was a famous prophet, therefore he was encouraging our spirits with true words, and also he gave welcome advice about the danger of the way: you are to sail toHesperia, around the Island of Sicily, for between Italy and Sicily there are horrible monsters. On one side the monster seizes sailors out of the ships, on the other side the ships are given downwards to the water as they are devoured by a second monster. Therefore you are to avoid the channel and you are to sail around Sicily. Also the Sicilian monster Polyphemus is to be avoided; for he has already devoured many Greek men.Thus we were sailing just as the plan had been given by Helenus. But as we were sailing near Sicily we were called to the shore by a miserable sailor: Trojans save a miserable Greek! I sailed to Sicily with the lord of Ithaca, but in our flight when Polyphemus had devoured many allies and was blinded by our men, I wandered away from my friends and so I did not sail from the island with the lord. As the miserable one was shouting Polyphemus, the large blind, foul, dire monster, walked to the shore. Immediately, we sailed from the island; we saved the Greek and we were carrying him on our ships. Alas! afterwards Anchises exhaled his soul; his grave is in Sicily. Queen, at that time we were carried to your kingdom in Africa by a great storm.

Chapter 13: Juno and Venus ConspireThe Trojans were carried by the storm to the town of Carthage. The Goddess Juno, the queen of the sky, stirred up the storm; for Juno was the eternal enemy of Aeneas and the Trojans, she was always a friend to Dido and the Carthaginians. And she swooped down to the goddess Venus, mother of Aeneas. She pretended that she was not an enemy and she acted like a friend: "Dido, will love Aeneas, and will save the kingdom of the Carthaginians. This man always will live in Troy; I will give my town of Carthage to your Trojans." Moreover, she pondered in her prophetic soul, "If Aeneas and the Trojans will have built a town in Italy, one day they will prepare for a Punic War against Carthage. But if they will have not sailed to Italy but they will remain here, they will give great help to Dido against the Africans, enemies to the Carthaginians. Indeed, I am forbidden by the fates, but I will try." Thus, she thought this because Dido and the Carthaginians were dear to Juno.Junos plan was pleasing to Venus, this in fact Aeneas, her dear son, meanwhile will be safe. And thus Cytherea gives help to Juno. Venus comes to Ascanius and with his grandson she flies into the sky; meanwhile on the earth in the place of Ascanius she places her son Love, brother of Aeneas.Dido loved small Ascanius and thus tricked she placed Amor, the false Ascanius, in her lap. As love flew from her lap into her soul, when he stirred up flames, the queen will love Aeneas miserably. And thus the Trojan hero loved Dido, because she was good and beautiful.

The Carthaginians were pleasing to the Trojans and the Trojans to the Carthaginians: The Trojans stayed in the town of the Carthaginians and what is more, they were preparing for war against the fierce Africans.

Chapter 14: A Jealous Rival Stirs Up TroubleJoyfully, Aeneas was living in Didos kingdom with the Trojans; he was happily building a new town with the Carthaginians. A great love for the queen had seized his heart: now neither dutifulness towards the gods nor courage, nor command of the Fates nor divine will of the gods were in his mind. Iarbas, the king of the Africans, was agitated by his unhappy love for Dido, but the queen did not love the king. And so his love was changed into rage and what is more because of his rage, he was preparing a war against the Carthaginians. The rumor about Didos love was reported to Iarbas: now the queen was loving Aeneas. The king Jupiters son, and so the king rushed towards to the gods altar and demanded help: Where at this time, my father and the founder of my kingdom, is your love for Iarbas? I gave Dido a suitable place for a town in my lands, but the queen did not show gratitude for the many good things. And what is more, just now a Trojan stranger, a true son of Venus, sailed to Elissas kingdom, he is not a manI cannot call a man without courage a true man. Then Cupid helped his brotherand now Aeneas is living in the town Carthage, the new lord of the kingdom! Unless you will help your son, we Africans are carrying sacred gifts to your altar in vain.At once, the angry Jupiter calls Mercury: Son, rapidly fly into Africa and carry to the son of Venus the command of the Fates and my own: immediately he will sail to Hesperia, where the Fates call the Trojans. He loiters in Africa, the captive of a woman, for the ancient desire of a good reputation and of honor and praise and glory flew from the hero along with his memory of Anchises and his care for Ascanius. At once, he is to sail at once!

Chapter 15: The End of the Affair

When Mercury had carried the commands of Jupiter and the fates, Aeneas was seized by fear of divinities. He called together the Trojans: Men, make haste to the shore, prepare all things suitable for flight, for we will sail soon. However, prepare all things secretly, for the command of the gods will not be pleasing to Dido. And although we overcome the Phoenicians in courage, the Phoenicians overcome the multitudes of our men.Meanwhile, Aeneas mind suffers with sharp anxieties. He loves Elissa miserably, but love for the queen fights with fear of the gods, with dutifulness towards parents, and with the desire for honor in his heart. And what is more, how will he announce Jupiters command to Elissa?However, now the bad rumor had flown to Dido: the Trojans were making haste to the shore and what is more they were preparing flight. Rage was fighting with love in the queens heart. She was angry towards the Trojan hero that will fly and called to Aeneas with sharp words: Where now, Aeneas, is your love for Dido? I protected and helped your Trojans when you got away from the deep waters that almost destroyed you. You are called a lord in my kingdom. Now you wont ungratefully sail from my town will you? Of course the man is worthy of the Fates care! Neither will she stand nor will she wait for Aeneas words, but she angrily walked back to her kingdom.Now the Trojans had prepared for flight, now they were sailing over the deep on swift ships. Immediately they had sailed, and so not all of Aeneas weapons and clothes were on the ship.Then Dido called to her sister Anna: The memory of the accursed Trojans and the detestable love will be destroyed. I will build a large funeral pyre where I will carry Aeneas weapons and clothes. Here, all of his clothes and weapons with the memory of his unwelcome love will be given to the fire and will be devoured by the flames!

Chapter 16: Italy at Last!Elissa had called the huge pyre the magical funeral of her love or a sacred gift to the gods below; but there was death in the sad heart of the queen. And so Dido stood before the altar of Juno and was shouting, "At the end of my life, Juno, in the midst of death I am calling on your divine will: hereafter let there be no friendship between the Carthaginians and Trojans, a godless people: always let our people be enemies, let our children and grandchildren fight forever." Then the queen, on the top of the pyre with Aeneas's clothes, took a sword and made a wound in her breast and breathed out her life.Meanwhile, in the middle of the sea, Aeneas was sailing swiftly to Sicily with the Trojans. He was looking at the shore of Africa where the flames were flying to the sky, as the fierce fire seized the pyre of the citadel. Fear and grief seized the heart of the Trojan.Then the Trojans sailed to Sicily, into the kingdom of their friend Acestes, where Anchises had breathed out his life. Acestes was the son of the Trojan woman Segesta (Segesta had sailed to Sicily before, in a flight from the danger of the Trojan War) and Crimsus, a Sicilian river god. There, as the Trojans were giving a funeral for the death of father Anchises, part of the women thought, "We have looked at a sufficient amount of the lands and seas; let our city be built here!" Then they carried fire to the ships, from which the ships were seized by flames. But when he had been called by Aeneas, Jupiter gave a great rainstorm down from the sky and a part of the ships was saved.The Trojans were sailing on the sea again; a few of the women had sailed with the men, but many women stood in Acetes kingdom. Finally Aeneas sailed to the town Cumae in Italy.

Chapter 17: The Temple at CumaeIn the town of Cumae, a Sybil named Deiphoba was living in the holy temple where there was a great shrine of Apollo. Apollo, because he used to love Deiphoba when she was a girl, had given the Sybil the gift of immortality in exchange for her love. However, the god, forgetful because he was burning with love, was not holding in memory the example of Aurora, and he did not give a second gift to Deiphoba: the Sybil did not always remain young forever. And so, at this time she was very little and very old, for through many years, life and spirit continued for the miserable old woman.Apollo's temple was built by the well-known Daedalus. He had been held back by Minos, the king of Crete, in the Labyrinthe with his son Icarus, from where, nevertheless, he prepared for flight: escape was being open only through the sky, and so he mixed feathers with wax and thus prepared wings suitable for flight. When they had been prepared, father and son flew; so they were freed from the Labyrinthe and the savage and hostile lord. But as Icarus, forgetful of his fathers advice flew high near the sun, the wax melted and death soon seized the unlucky boy in the middle of the sea. The father saw the son no longer as he stayed in the place for a long time as the son approached death and he kept on shouting, "Icarus! then mournfully he flew down to Sicily, thereafter to the town Cumae, where he built the amazing new temple in honor of Apollo on top of the citadel, for he was showing gratitude for his safety to the savior god. He carved the story about the detestable Minotaur on the temples gate, a huge man with the head of a bull. The Minotaur was dwelling in the Labyrinthe, where he was devouring free Athenians, both boys and girls, under Minos command. But Theseus, an Athenian hero, is helped by Adriadna, Minos beautiful daughter, and what is more, he killed the Minotaur and guarded the young men and women.Also, Daedalus carved the rest of the story about the escape through the sky, but as he was carving the figure of Icarus, the father was seized by anxiety and grief and so he ceased. Now Aeneas was swiftly walking with his faithful friend Achates to the Sybil in the temple.

Chapter 18: The Golden BoughFor a long time, as Aeneas was standing and looking at the amazing shape of the temples gate, the Sybil shouted, Aeneas, time does not demand a spectacle, but if you are seeking the oracle, a grateful, sacred gift to the god Apollo! Afterwards, approach the temple. Then, when the Trojans had put the holy things on the altar, Deiphoba led Aeneas into the temple, where she gave the gods oracle to the leader of the Trojans: Now you suffered the dangers of the sea, but the danger of the land remains great and dire. Wars, I see horrible wars! The cause of the war will be the second Helen; and there will be a second Achilles.Aeneas responded to the words of Apollos Sybil, Now I am ready for wars, but before, I will approach the kingdom of Dis, where my dear parent Anchises is waiting for his son. Wont I be led down to that place, as Orpheus or Pollux, as Theseus or Hercules? We all are equal, all are the offspring of gods, worthy of your help. Deiphobas reply was, You will not be led down to that place, son of Venus, not unless you will have sought the golden bough in the forest and bring it here, a gift for the beautiful Proserpina.As Aeneas was departing into the forest, he saw twin doves, the sacred bird of the god Venus. The mother had sent the pigeons as guides to her son. And so they were leading Aeneas, and soon he saw and seized the golden bough from a tree with great joy and what is more he carried it to the Sybil. Thereafter, he gave Hecate and Proserpina the sacred gift before the altars with Deiphoba and also gave Dis many black animals. Immediately, all the woods and meadows were moved with a great crashing sound and a way through the land to Dis kingdom was seen, to which Deiphoba was escorting Aeneas. They were going on in the dark under the night through shadow and through the empty house of Dis and his empty kingdoms just as the road into the woods is through an evil light under an uncertain moon when Jupiter concealed the sky with cloud.

Chapter 19: The Lower WorldThe poet Virgil, when he was beginning his story about the escape of Aeneas, sought help from the Muse but, when he was beginning his story about the kingdom of Dis, he sought the help of the gods below. With the help of the gods he viewed everything underground and told it in his story.As Aeneas, with the Sibyl as his guide, approached the threshold of Orcus, he saw the evil divinities of Cares and Diseases, of Famine and Poverty, the shapes of terrible things. Here there was also Death and Hardship, and Death's brother Sleep, then the souls of evil joys and finally the savage spirits of War and Murder. Also being seen were monsters, Centaurs and double form Scyllas and the hundredfold Briareus and also the large monsters of of Lernas and Chimeras, Gorgons and Harpies and the shape Geryon, the three-bodied ghost. Aeneas was beginning a fight, but the Sibyl instructed the hero: "The monsters are not real, but are all ghosts of the monsters."Then they approached the place where the river Acheron flows into the Cocytus close to the Stygian swamp. Here a multitude of the souls of men and women, of boys and girls, were standing on the bank. They were vainly awaiting the burial ceremonies, for humans do not go forward across the river if they are lacking burial. When the ferryman Charon, a god like filthy old man, had looked at the golden bough, he took Aeneas and the Sibyl across the river, not swiftly, where the three-headed dog Cerberus was guarding the gate. The huge Cerberus had snakes for a mane. But Deiphoba offered the fierce dog a drugged morsel and when Cerberus had eaten the morsel sleep seized him.Across the river they came to the place where the judge, King Minos of Crete, judges the dead. The Fields of Mourning were a neighboring place, to where humans go when they have been killed by the grief of love. Here they wander and walk through the deep forests and broad plains, sad even after death. Now among the miserable ghosts of women, Aeneas saw a familiar shape.

Chapter 20: Encounters with the DeadAmong the ghosts of the unhappy women in the Fields of Mourning, Dido was wandering in the great forest. The shape of the queen was not clear, but she was seen as the new moon appears through the clouds. Loyal Aeneas let tears fall and was addressing Elissa with sweetness and love: Unhappy Dido, is the message that had come true then? Alas was I the cause of your death? Queen, I swear through constellations, through divinities above and down under the land, I moved from your coast unwillingly. He was beginning more words, but Dido was not hearing the words, nor was she being moved. Finally she departed and what is more, took refuge from her enemy in a shady grove, where she responds to her former husband Sychaeus, with a care equal to his love.At last, the Sybil led Aeneas to a place where they will go after the death of a famous war. Here he came upon friends and enemies, but they were all wretchedly changed by death. As the souls of the Greek saw the Trojan hero, they fled with great fear, but the souls of the Trojans came together to Aeneas and they were asking about the war and the flight from danger. As they were listening to Aeneas words, Deiphoba shouted, Why are you standing? Here is the place where the road splits: a part of Dis fortification stretches under our route to the Fields of Elysium; and the godless are sent to Tartarus, a part of evils that practice punishments.And so, when they departed to the sacred place at the bottom of Erebus where he had seen the evil being restrained eternally, with the Sybil as a guide, Aeneas came all the way to the Fields of Elysium, where he finally found the ghost of his dear father Anchises among the souls of the good men. The son showed many souls, not remembering life on the land before death, for they were changed by the water of Lethe and they were holding nothing of their memory. When Aeneas asked the names of the souls, his father replied, Now they are ghosts without names, but once there will be offspring, you will lead your name. And the son uncovered the fate of the Roman People.

Chapter 21: Eating TablesThe old king of Laurentum was called Latinus. Latinus was a son of Faunus, a prophetic god, the grandson of Saturn. The king was lacking a son; however Latinus and his wife Amata had one daughter named Lavinia, a beautiful maiden of seventeen years. Amata had promised the chief of the Rutulians her daughter Lavinia in marriage. Turnus (for the chief was called in such a manner), a man of great virtue, was with praise and was worthy, pleasing, and dear to Amata. But Latinus was not considering Turnus of much worth because he had heard the prophetic words of his father, Faunus, oracle, when he was receiving a fate in advance: Make a Latin marriage of no worth, my son, for a foreign hero will come for your Lavinia. Through this stranger, our name will fly into heaven and what is more, our grandchildren will rule all the nations under their broad empire. Therefore, the Rutulian chief was not a man of great worth to Latinus.Meanwhile, Aeneas had left the five rivers of Erebus and was carried across the sixth, a stream of great width, to the lands above. Then, with allies, he sailed with eight ships to Latium. As he was dining on the shore, a place where tables were lacking, they put food on loaves of bread in exchange for tables. After dinner, as they were devouring the pieces of bread, little Ascanius then shouted: Hey, we are also consuming the tables? Immediately, the words of the foul Harpy came into Aeneass mind with the few prophetic words of his father Anchises and he happily shouted, We have arrived, finally we have arrived in the land Hesperia, where we will build our new town!Then Aeneas sent one hundred brave legates, men of good counsel also, to the Latin town of Laurentum as, in the meantime, the rest of the Trojans were fortifying camps on the shore. The Latin king, a man of a good mind, received the Trojan legates in a friendly manner and called them together in the palace, where he was standing in the middle of kinsmen, allies, and friends, for he was always mindful of the oracle and he was holding the words about his daughters marriage in his memory.

I did not include definitions or derivatives in this study guide but I do have them in a flashcard set online. Here are the links:

Latin Vocabulary Ch.12-21: http://www.flashcardmachine.com/flashcards/?search=true&topic_id=3015290&desc=1&refine_author=PurplePen

Derivatives Ch.12-21:http://www.flashcardmachine.com/flashcards/?search=true&topic_id=3015294&desc=1&refine_author=PurplePen