Lanny Bell, Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal Ka

7/25/2019 Lanny Bell, Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal Ka

1/44

L U XO R T E M P L E A N D T H E C U L T O F T H E R OY AL K A *

L

V V Y

B E L L , I n i \ ~ ~ r . \ i r ~ ~f C liic,crgo

Drtl icwrrt l ro /he

ka

of Lahih Hahach i

BEc AtlsE of it s unique subject mat ter . Lu xo r Temple (f ig. la-b) is perhaps the

least kn own ma jor mon um ent in the The ban a rea . Excava t ions begun the re in 1885

were carried out sporadically unti l 1960. when the north face of the Pylon. the north-

eas t corn er of the Co ur t of R amesses

11

and the south end of the Avenue of Sphinx es

were revealed in their present s ta te.

In 1966, Ebe rhard Ot to wrote :

Th e or igina l cu lt o f t he [ t emple] is un k n o w n . . [and] l it tl e is known abo ut t he spec ia l cu l t

for m [of the Am on] of this temple or even ab ou t the meaning of the I .uxor festival it sel f .

.

T h e

high point of the rel igious l i fe of Thebes was the Luxor [Opet] fest ival .

.

[where] the connec-

t ion between king an d god experienced a n impressive dem on st ra t ion. Very often the king himself

took par t i n t he process ion , and severa l k ings were e l ec t ed [by the god Amon-Re] dur ing th i s

o c c a s i o n : a m o n g o t h e r s H a t sh e p su t a n d H o re m h e b .

. .

[The] representation[s] of the fest ival

proces sion give a genera l idea of the festival' s progres s, [but ] they reveal very l it tle ab ou t it s

mean ing. [W lha t exact ly too k place in the temple of Luxo r '? Th e Egypt ians remain si lent.

The a t t empted explana t ions of modern scholars may a l l be r igh t i n par t s . I t remains doubt fu l ,

however, whether any on e of them has go t t o t he bo t tom of t he mat t e r . '

O t t o c onc l ude s i n de s pe r a t i on t ha t

.

.

we must cons ider the poss ibi l i ty that the

Egypt ians themselves los t the t rue u nde rs tand ing of th e fes tival in the course of time,

and this is where the s i tuat ion has remained d ow n to the present day.

Progress in understanding the full s ignificance of this temple has been seriously

hampered by the general lack of reliably published documentation on most of i ts

reliefs and inscriptions.

U p

to now , knowledge of Lu xo r Temp le a t f i rs t hand has been

necessary to gain any appreciable ins ight into i t s inner workings . I t i s only af ter the

nine yea rs tha t the Epigraphic Survey t eam has been working in Luxor Temple tha t

we are finally in a posit ion to be able to present a completely new interpretation of

Lu xo r and i ts g rea t annua l fe s tival , t he Feas t o f Op e t . We can now desc ribe Lu xor as

the t emp le dedica ted to the d iv ine Egypt i an ru le r or , mo re preci se ly , to the cu lt o f the

*

Wherever possible I have uaed the s tandard

ar t icle t i t les; thereaf ter ar t icles are ci ted by journal .

abbre v ia t io ns found in Wolfgang Helck. Eberhard

v o l u m e . an d y ea r o n l y . I would l ike to express my

O t t o . an d W o l f h a r t W es t en d o r f , ed s . .

Lr.uiXo17 der.

sincere appreciat ion here for the t ireless effor ts of

k , q ~ ~ ~ ) r o l o , ~ i t ,

1.A ) (Wiesbaden . 1975- . v o l . 4 .

Mar t ha R. Bell and Kather ine Roaich in the p repara-

pp. ix-xxx. Ini tial ci tat ion s of jo ur na l ar t icles include

tion of the typescr ipt of this art icle on the IBM 308 D

m ai n f r am e a t t h e University of Chicago Comput ing

Cen t e r u s in g T R E A T I S E SC RI PT t ex t fo r m a t te r .

[ J I t T 4 4 n o 4 (1 98 5) ]

O t t o . O. \ i r i \

L I ~4

I I I L I I ~ :KLI I I

L I I I ~

71,;Ii,yo .T1urror7

1985 T h e U n ~ \ e r s ~ t >

(M un ic h. 1966). tran s. K ate Boase-Ciriffiths.

Eq111riur7

f C h ~ c a g o

A ll r ~ g h t \ e a e r ~ e d

Ar r ur7(/ r l ~ e L I / I \ o f O. \ i ri . \ ur7( / i111 io17

(hereaf ter

0022-2968 85 4404-0001$1 00

O\ i r i . \ u r7t l A17 ion )

(L on do n. 1968) . pp. 97-98. 100.


2/44

F I G . .---a)

Ske tch- p lan of Luxor Temple drawn by

W .

Raym ond . lohnaon: the temple prec inct . a f te r Por te r

and Moas .

Topoyraphic al Bihliogrophj..

royal k a . Al though m uch work remains to be do ne in ref in ing th i s s t a t ement bel ieve

that i t represents a major breakthrough in our unders tanding of the cul t of the divine

king even the very natu re of kingship in the New King dom .


3/44

LLJXORT E M P L E

N D

T H E C U L T

O F

THE R O Y A LKA

F I G . I . -b ) Ske tch -p lan o L.uxor Temple. drawn by W R a y m o n d J o h n s o n : d et a i l of r o o m s s o u t h of t h e

Eigh teen th - l )ynas ty Po r t i co , a f t e r Nelson , K ~ J I .kr17\ Sllowin,g Loc,urior7r

o

Tllrho17 Gn> ~k

~ ~ l l O l ~ t i O t 7 5 .

In an a t tem pt to bet ter und ers tan d the de tai l s of the reliefs which the Epigraphic

Surv ey had recorded in t he Tu tan kh am un Colonnad e , and to pu t t hem in to t hei r

prope r perspect ive, we began to exam ine the possib le me aning of the Opet Fest ival in

the context of Luxor Temple as a whole. In 1980 81 we were contacted by Wolfgang

Helck, who invi ted us to cont r ibute to the L ex ik o n c/er ~ ~ l p r o l o ~ i en the subject of

the "Opet fest ," the "Luxor" ent ry al ready having been wri tten by Paul 8argu et .*

Wil l iam M urn an e, who had been wi th the Lu xor project f rom the beginning, and w ho

was also prepar ing his Perigrrin Glricie

t o

Ar ic, ier ~t Egj3,t r a t t he t ime. ag reed to

unde r take th is task . The result was encoura ging and provided the f i rs t real focus for

ou r researches . ' M urn ane then turne d his at tent ion t o the reliefs of the Bi r th R oo m at

the south of the temple.

H e

has now ma de hand-copies of the inscr ip t ions in the Bi r th

Sui te . B arque Vestibule. a nd Barque Sa nctua ry (R oo m s XIII : XIV, V111. and XI; XII) ,

and has described their decorat ion in considerable detai l .


4/44

Du ring one of the many journeys w hich made through the temple la ter that same

season , my eye was a t t rac ted t o a n in scrip tion on a n a rch i t rave in the Co ur t o f

Am enho tep I l l jus t to the south of the Colo nnad e. I ts tex t had long been publ ished,

but no gre at significance h ad ever been att ache d to i t .4 He re Am enh ote p 111 states tha t

he was one who made monum ents in Luxor ( l p t ) for the one who bore h im,

describ ing Lux or Temple as

his ' p lace of just i f ica t ion (11 , - r ) . in wh ich he bec om es yo un g ag ai n ((111,11./') . he pala ce I,)

f r o m w h i c h h e g o e s f o r t h i n j o y a t t h e ( p r o p e r ) t i m e o f h i s a p p e a r a n c e ( a s k in g )

( I

. f ' ) , his

t r a n s f o r m a t ~ o n s i / ~ r ~' ) be ing in eve ry face ( i . e . . L is ib le t o e ~ e r y o n e ) , h e L o r d o f t h e T w o

L a n d s N e b m a a t r e ( i . e . . A m e n h o t e p 111).

By the end of the Epig rap hic Survey's 1981-82 seaso n. had begun trying to assoc iate

several d is t inct ive features of the decorat ion of Luxor Temple. These include the

location in the First Court of named colossi of the deified Ramesses 1 1 (o therwise

known for this ruler in the Luxor area only at his mortuary temple): the fact that

A l ex a nd e r t he G r e a t , w h o w a s co ns id er ed a s on o f ~ e u s - ~ m m o n , \ e b u i l t h e b a rq u e

4 C.'r i.

1V. 1683 1-4. Fo r the eco nom y of wri t ing

e ~ i d e n t n the spell ing t i t s (/ \ \ I . ) . and in i r ( t i h ) n h

~ t . 1 .see Gardiner . EG. p. 52 (62) : M h l l . 138.18.

5 I

t ake th i s su f f ix t o r efer th roug hout to the k ing .

a l thou gh b ' i l l i am Mu rna ne is equal ly conv inced tha t

it per ta ins to Arnun . An inscr ip t ion o f Set i I o n a n

a r ch i t r av e o f t h e L u x o r C o l o n n ad e w h i ch ca l l s

1.uxor Temp le Arnun's augus t chapel of just if ica-

t ion. 17 it t. f i l ) \ ( i , r ) n ( 1 . 1 ) i t.17 -1?1 ' I> ( cf . W h .

Rrle,y\r. 1 310.9) . would seem to suppor t his vlew.

H o w e ~ e r . he jus t i f ica t ion invo lved i s su re ly the

k ing 's as muc h as the god 's . For Am enho tep I l l

descr ibed a t I .uxor Temple as ip r t ,~r i ic , ic \c ,11- t i?5 ' .

see

1't.X.

IV. 1700.3: cf. 1698.17. G i \ en t h e c l o se

associa t ion o f k ing and god a t I .uxor . a c lear

d is t inc t ion between the m may no t be poss ib le . the

god ' s r enewal be ing ach ie ~e d h rough the r eb i r th o f

t h e k i ng s hi p d u r ~ n g h e co r o n a t i o n . j u bi lee . an d O p e t

festivals : cf , below. n. 154. Fo r the m erging of king

an d g o d . s ee D i e te r A r n o l d . D e r T e t i ~ l ) r l/ r \ K i j n i , y \

. \4~~17r~r / i o re /1

.

A r ( , l~ i reX,or i D ei r e l - Bul iur i , vol. t l i r

~ r r i t /

/ I e ~ i r ~ r r i , q ,

OI . .

/ l i e M.ur i( /re li ef .\ /e \ Su t i l i t~ ru re ~,

A V 8 a n d ( M a i n / a m R h e i n . 1 97 4) . v o l.

I

p. 73;

vol. 2. pp . 32-33; see fur the r L. Bell. .MPlun,qrc

.MoXIirur (hereaf ter .Me/. .MoXlirur: BdE. fo r th

coming) .

Jaros lav Cern) ' . Col i1 t i 7un i r1 . ,p. 35. quotes this

passage in h i s d i scuss ion o f the te rm St-117 I ci t ing

as paral lels a hymn t o the Aten In which Akhe taten is

r e f e r r ed t o a s A k h en a t en ' s

St-117-

I ( i n a co n t ex t

involving the

H \ ~ . r - B t i h t i )

n d a n i n s c r i p t ~ o n n t h e

west face of the eastern obelisk at I .uxor extol l ing

R am es s es

I 1

a \ one wh o makes benefact ions fo r h i s

father Arnun in the S t - I J I , 1" (see K. A. Kitchen.

R U I J ~ . l l . 5 9 9 .6 ) . Fo r t h e Hic , r -h r ihn ,see fur thert i c ~ . r .

n. 100 below.

Fo r the r ange o f th i s word 's associa t ions wi th the

k ing . see Alan H Gard iner . The Corona t ion o f

K i n g H ar em h ab .

J E A

39 (1953) : 23; Dona ld B.

R ed f o r d . E i , q l ~ r ( ~ ( ~ r i r l i pp. 3-27.. t i . .

L ab i b H ab ach i . 'e ur ur e.\ o f / l ie D r i f i ~ ~ u ~ i o t if

R N I I I P \ \ ~ \1

(hereaf ter

F ~ N I L I ~ P I ) .

D A l K 5 (G l i i ck -

stad t . 1969). pp. 24-25.

F r a n ~ o i s a ur na s. L A 11. 474; Helck. 1.A 1. 132.

Fo r dif fer ing Liews on this quest ion in Hellenist ic

h ~ s t o r y .see D . G . Hogar th . A lexander in Egypt and

So m e C o n s eq u en ces . J E A 2 (1915) : 57-59 ( thi s

r eference k ind ly ca lled to my a t ten t ion by Mar th a R.

Bell) : Edwyn Bevan. Tl ir Ho~r\ca of Ptole1,71.:

4

Hi t r o r l . o f & I . / I / u r i t / r r r / i r P / o l e t ? i u i ~ ~ ~ , t i u \ r ~ ,

( rep r int ed. . Ch ica go. 1968). pp. 12-14 ( thi s refer-

ence k ind ly ca l led to my a t ten t ion by Richard

J as n o w ) ; R o b i n I . an e Fo x . A l e r u n t l e i . t ll r' G r ~ u r

(L on do n. 1973) . pp. 200-18; A . B. Bosworth in

K. H . Kinr l . ed . .

Grrrc.c, uticl /l ie Eu trerti .\4et/i

r r rr u ri e on ir i A n c .i rt i/ H i . \ r o r ~ . ~ n t / S t ~ r t / i r \r r l i i \ / o r ~ :

Pr r \e r i r r t / ro F ririr: .S~ I7 u~ ~l ie r n i r 1~ rn / l i e O ~ ~ ~ u . \ i o r i

of hi\ E i , y l ~ t i e r hB i r r h t / o i (Ber l in and New York .

1977) . pp . 51-75 ( thi s reference kindly cal led to

my a t ten t i on by M ar th a R. Bel l) : J . Graf to n Mi lne .

.M i \ ( . . Gr f~gor iu r iu ,pp. 145-49: G. T . Griff i th . ed. .

A l e \ - ~ t i t / e rhe G i.eo/: Tl i r . \4uin Prohle1,7r (hereaf ter

A l e v u ~ i t / r r l ir G r r u t

(N ew York . 1966). pp. 151-58.

166 (W . W. Tar n) : pp . 179-87

3 . P . V

D. Balsdon) ;

p . 240 (3 . R . Ham i l ton) ; pp . 288-89 (E . Bad ian) : th i s

antholo gy kindly cal led to rny at tenti on by Ma rtha R.

Bel l. For the Alexander Romance. see Ot t o .

O\ir i . \

ontl ,41,7ori,

p. 98: Helck.

L-i

1. 132; Assmann in Jan

A s s m an n . Wa l t e r B u r k e r t . an d F r i t r S t o l r . F ~ i r i k

t ior ien l in t / / .e i\ r~i r i,qet i / f a \ .M1,/1105: Dre i u I/ (~ rie t i t ul -

i . \(. / i r Bricpiele. O B O 48 (Go t t ingen . 1962). pp . 3 1-33

( th i s ref erence k ind ly ca l led to my a t ten t i on by

H e l en J acq u e t ) ; H o g a r t h . J E A 2 (1915) : 56-57;

Bevan.

H ol r \ r of P r o l r ~ ~ ~ i ~ ,

3: Ta rn in Grif f i th . ed. .

i l Ie . ru r i t/e r t l l r Gr r t r r , p. [158] . F or a n analysis of the

descr ipt ion of the Siwa oracle i tself . cee

tern)

in
http:///reader/full/1698.17http:///reader/full/1698.17


5/44

r x o ~

T E M P L E

N D T I I E

C U L TO F

T H E

R O Y A L

KA

255

chapel a t ~ u x o r . ' eaving to his successors the renewal of the corresponding st ructure

a t K arn ak ; an d the fac t tha t the cul t p lace of the divine Rom an em perors was s i tuated

in the f i rs t vest ibule (Room

V )

so uth of the Po rt ico (th e so-called hy postyle) of the

original temple.

Dur ing the course o f ou r 1982-83 season , Wi ll iam M urnane and and o ur chief

ar t i s t , W. R aym ond Joh nso n. h ad the opp ortun i ty to discuss our work in a series of

informal seminars , he ld in Luxor Temple , wi th col leagues who included Klaus Baer ,

Edward F Wen te , an d C harles Van Siclen of the Universi ty of C hicago; Janusz

Karkowski , Jadwiga Lipinska , and severa l other members of the Pol ish-Egypt ian

Archaeologica l Missions a t D ei r e l -Bahar i ; Er ik H or nu ng of the Basel Egyptologica l

Inst itu te ; R icard o Cam inos and Ji i rgen O sing of the Egypt Exp lora t ion Socie ty's

Wadi Sh a t t e l -Rigal Pro jec t; Gerha rd Haeny of the Swiss Inst it u te ; and F ra n~ oi se

Traunecker of the Franco-Egypt ian Center a t Karnak. The prepara t ion and presenta-

t ion of ou r mater ia l before such professional aud iences helped us to refocus ou r ideas

and made us think very logically about al l the possible implicat ions of our discoveries;

we benefi ted trem end ous ly fro m the crit ical com men ts, searching questions, encou rage-

ment, and suggestions of our l isteners.

W. Murnane now relates the events depicted in the part of the temple studied by

him to the m yth s urr ou nd ing the succession of H orus (i .e . , the king) to the place of his

f a t h e r . H e o r g a n i ~ e s he mot i fs and themes of the decora t ion as fol lows: I ) concep

t ion a nd b i r th of the divine king; ( 2 ) his acknowledgment by A mun and nur tu r ing by

various goddesses;

( 3 )

his coronation; ( 4 ) his public recognition by the Ennead: (5) the

subsequent renewal of his powers by the celebration of his jubilee festival. He calls

a t tent io n to the prom inence here of the goddesses who suckle the young king, and of

the Irrr~tnurcndt>n.1979) . p .

84.

~ I I I ~ / ~ , I ~ \/ 1 , \ G I . I I \ \ ~ J I I

1 1

T C ~ I ~ I / I , /

, I I I ~

I I I V O I ~ AL' 16


6/44


7/44

57

~ J X O R

A N D T H E

U T

MPL OF T H E ROYALKA

a l tho ugh dynas t i c success ion cou ld som et im es be a r ea l p rob lem . t o be so r t ed ou t on ly

a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f o n e o f t h e r i va l c l a i m a n t s . I n e a c h a n d e v e r y r ei gn . t o b e s u r e . b u t

espec i al ly w hen the l egi tim acy o f a par t i cu l a r ru l e r m igh t be ope n t o doub t , t he h ighes t

au tho r i t y wh ich cou ld be invoked to c l a r i fy t he m onarch ' s s t a tu s i s t he dev ice o f t he

royal

ha

al l genu ine k ings possess i t: no pr etend ers do .

I n a r e c en t c o m m e n t a r y o n E g y p t i a n ro y a l p r o p a g a n d a . 0 . D . B er le v h a s sh e d s o m e

l igh t on the m e ans u sed to j us t ify cases o f e x t r ao rd ina ry accession:

T h e n o r m is i n t h e o r d e r o f th i n gs a n d t h e r e f o r e Lo id o f a n y i n t e re s t a s a p h e n o m e n o n . Q u i t e

a n o t h e r m a t t e r is a n e x c e p t i o n . [ l] t

i h

doub t l e ss ly t he excep t io ns t ha t coun te d wi th t he

Egyp t i an s . Th e excep t ions a re o f tw o k inds : e i t he r t he d iv ine marr i age t akes p l ace in t he

King' s fami ly . bu t t he ch i ld conce ived is female . o r t he S u n b l esses w ith h i s cho ice t he fami ly o f

I c o m m o n e r o r e \ e n a f o r e i g n e r . . . T h e G od 's & il l. a s if d o r m a n t i n th e o r d in a r y ca s es ,

budden ly awake , an d mak es it se lf fe lt . In the case o f 'S up rem e Be ing. female ' . t he b reach o f

t h e r o u t i n e m u s t h a \ e b e e n c a l c u l a t e d . a i m e d a t s o l ~ i n g h e p r o b l e m s w h ic h a r e b e y on d t h e

p o w e r o f t h e o r d i n a r y ( m a l e ) S u p r e m e B e in g s. I n t h e ca s e o f a S u p r e m e B e i n g

born

o u t s i d e t h e

r o y a l f a m i l y e x p e c t a t i o n s a r e s ti ll g r e a t e r : s u c h a d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h e n o r m i s o n l y t h e n c o n -

c e i va b l e w h e n it h a s s o m e o ~ e r w h e l m i n g c h i e ~ e m e n t . o m e t h i n g b o r d e r i n g o n a m i r a cl e. a s i t s

e n d . '

S o t h e re ig ns o f H a t s he p s ut a n d H o r e m h e b a r e r a t i o n a l i ~ e d n d t h e ~ n i r a c u l o u s v e nt s

a t t r ib u t e d t o t h e m e x p l a i n e d. '

Howe ver , it shou ld no t be fo rgo t t en tha t a l l r epo r t s o f o racu la r nom ina t ion t o o ff i ce

o r d iv ine conc ept ion an d b i r th were recorded only af ter they had manifes ted themselves

unden iab ly : ' \ uccess ion to t he t h ron e was no rm al ly de f ac t o p roo f of l egi tim acy . O n

the o th er han d . Th u tm ose I l l cou ld nu ll ify t he l eg i tim acy o f H at shepsu t by deny ing

tha t t he roya l

ka

had , i n f ac t . descended upo n her2 (he was m os t vehem en t i n sm ash ing

her f i gu res i n t he B i rth P o r t i co a t De i r e l -Bahar i ) . and so the Nine teen th Dynas ty

c o u l d s i m pl y i gn o re A k h e n a t e n . S m e n k h k a r e . T u t a n k h a m u n , a n d E ye . c l ai m i ng t h e

hu

h a d r e a l l y f a l l e n t o H o r e m h e b u p o n t h e d e a t h o f A m e n h o t e p I l l a n d c o u n t i n g t h e

1 Dwight W . Y o u n g . e d . ,

Stuclie, Pre\rr7rec/ to

H u n , Ju Xo h P o l o t \ X ~

Eas t Glouces te r . Massachu-

setts. 1 981). pp. 364-65.

' 8

F o r t h e u s e o f r o l a l p r o p a g a n d a t o j u st if y t h e

a n o m a l o u s r e ig n s o f H a t s h e p s u t a n d H o r e m h e b .

see a l so Joh n Van Se te rs .

In Seurc ,h o f H i t to q . :

H i \ ro r~ogr .u / )h in the At7c.r~ntW o r / t /crncl th r Or ,qit7.\

of H1hlic.01H ~ . \ r o g .N e w H a v e n a n d L o n d o n . 1 9 8 3) .

pp. 174-76.

I v H o r n u n g .

The, Ot7r uncl the Mot71,

p. 142 and

n. 119: cf . Je an 1.eclant. Su r un contre poids d e

M e n a t a u n o m d e T a h a r q a : A l l a i t e m e n t e t ' a p p a r i -

tion'royale. .Wt;l. )%furur..dE 32 (C airo . 1961). p. 264.

For his defacement of the A-([-element in the

rebus of he r nam e M aatkar e , s ee U . Holscher ,

Afet / inet Hohl i

I I p. I 3 ( f ~ g . I ) ; R . A . S c h w a l le r d e

12ubic7.

I .r \ Tt~n7plr.\ le KornaX

(Pa ris . 1982). vol . 2.

pl. 106;

D r i r e l -B a h u r i

I. pls. 10-1 1. 11. pls. 33-37.

40.44-45: I l l pls . 56.64. 85; IV pl. 106; Ku rt l .ange

a n d M a x H i r m e r . A, q ~ . l ~ rp n : r i . / i i t rX t ~ r r P la .c tiA

M u l r r e i it7 ( I r e, J u / ~ r ra ~ r t e n c l t ~ n ,

t h e d . ( M u n i c h .

1975) . co lor p l . 16 (o pp . fig. 127) ; E t i enne t l r io ton .

D e u x c r h p t o g ra m m e s d e S e n e n m o u t . 4SAE

38

(1938): 239: Ludwig Bo rchard t .

B e i t r t ~ e

B/. 2. 1938.

p. 47. f ig. 14 ( th is refernce kindly cal led to my

a t t en t io n by Cha r les Van S ic len) . Fo r a s imi la r f r ie7e

~ r i t i n g h e e a r ly f o r m o f t h e p r en o m e n o f

T h u t m o s e

1 1 1 r M t ~ - 7 / ) r - X : - R - .

ee Herbert Ricke.

Heirrugi, Bf.

3.1. 1939. pi .

b:

cf . p. 34 (3) : Al i

Rad wa n. Der KBnigsname: Epigraphi sches 7um

got t l i chen Ko nig tu m im Al ten AgYpten .

St lrc l~ tv~ur

ol tu,q~~/) t icc .hen

(he rea f t e r

S A K )

2 1975): 23 1

~ r l t ~ r r .

( D o k . 4 4 ) ; f o r t h e n a m e

,kft1- 7/11--X- R

see Bert rand

.Jaeger. f i w i

clc

c./u.\\i/icuiiot7 PI

el f> \

/ ~ r ~ t i o n

i ( . u r o h k ~ \M~nXhf ; / ; l ,e r r6F r i b o u r g a n d G o t t in g e n .

h clpr

982). p. 129: J i i rgen vo n Beckera th .

H ~ t ~ f / t l l r (

M A S

20 ( M u n i c h a n d

,q\.l)ri\c,hen ~ i j r 7 i ~ . ~ r 7 c r t ~ 1 e r l .

Ber lin . 1984) . p . 226 . F or th e f r i e i e wr i t ing the

p r e n o m e n o f A m e n h o t e p I l l i n L u x o r T e m p l e , se e

n o w H e l l m u t H r u n n e r .

D i e t i it /l r i. h e n R U L I ~ I PIf,.\

T e t e 1 . i I , t r . r o r

(he rea f t e r

1.lr.ror).

AV 18

(M ain 7 a m R h e~ n , 977) . p . 18 and p l s. 2 -3 . 9-16 ,

18-19. 22.


8/44

years of his reign accordingly: to the victor the spoils and to the survivor the

l ia .

T h e

com mo n def ini t ion of usurper . then, does not apply in the Egyptian contex t .

Th e k ing 's k a is bor n wi th him . o r ra th er i t is c rea ted when he i s conceived. perfec t

f rom the very beginning, f lesh of god, and ful ly divine . For we see the infant

k a

depicted as his double2 ' throu ghou t the episodes23of the divine birth: and i t accom-

p an ies h im t o th e g ra v e, a s we see in th e t o m b s of A m en h ot ep 1 1 1 , ~ ~ u t a n k h a r n u n . ~ ~

an d ~ ~ e . he representat ion of this k a is intende d as pro of of his divine origins2?a n d

sufficient evidence that he was predestined to rule. But he actually becomes divine

only when he becomes one2Rwith the royal ka , when his hu ma n for m is over taken by

this immorta l e lement , which f lows through his whole being and dwel ls in i t . This

happens a t t he c l imax of the corona t ion ~ e r e m o n y .~ ' hen he a ssumes h is r ight fu l

place on the Hor us- thro ne of the liv ing. According to this form ula t ion, the royal

k a

represen ts the dignity or office of kingship,30 while the individual king is viewed as a

l ink in the chain of divine kingship which s t re tches back into the very dawn of

Egypt ian his tory. As an incarnat ion of the royal

ka,

each king was

x

qf;fic io a god:3 '

but the dual na ture of the king i s c lear : embodiment of divini ty whi le on the throne ,

his ow n m orta l i ty inexorably over takes him.

Th e t ransmission of the k a was achieved thr ou gh the agency of K amutef . the divine

p r o g e n i t o r p a r e ~ c e l l e n c e . ~ ~hereas the nature of Amun-Re is hidden within his

veiled naos d ur in g processions of his ba rqu e, even the bod y of Kamutef is visible to al l

21 C f . E d w a r d F . W e n t e a n d C h a r l e s C . V an

shade, see Bel l . hIPI. .%-loXllrar (forthcoming).

Sic len I l l . A Chro nolo gy of the New Kingdom . in

An oth er m eans of specifying that the king is act lng in

J a n e t H . J o h n s o n a n d E d w a rd F . W en t e . e d s .

his Xu-aspect is found on s telae showing the Vi/ ier

Stu t / ie \ in Ho no r o f Gror , ye R Hu,qhr.\ ~ J U ~ L I N ~ I

Paser fol lowing R amesses I 1 car ry ing the s t andard of

2.

1977) (he rea f t e r Fc Hl ighe. \ ) . S A O C 3 9 ( C h i ca g o .

1976). pp. 23 1-32.

-- S c h w e i t x r . M'e. \m t / rc Ku. p . 6 3 : J a c o b s o h n .

Do,yt i~ar/ . \ le Str l lur7,q, pp. 57-58 .

D e i r e l - B uhu r i 1 1 . pls. 46-55: 1 1 1 . pl. 56:

Brunner . Grht r r l

t r \

Got tX i j t ~ i , q \ ,pls. 1 15.

? .D I l l . 7 8 e ; F r ie d r i c h A b i t l , A'i jn i,q l inc l Go l l .

A A 40 (W iesbad en. 1984) . p . 43 , f ig . 17.

A k x a n d r e P i a n k of f . S / I ~ ~ I J P . \ ,

01

l . 7; Trea.c~rrr. \

T~r1ur7Xhut1~ t i t 1 ,x h i b i ti o n C a t al o g u e . M M A ( N e w

York. 1976) . p . 31 : Ab1t7 . K i j n i g t i n t 1 G o t t , p. 84 .

fig. 35.

2h

Piankoff . l .e s Pe in tures da ns la tomb e du roi

A'i. M I > A I K 16 (1958): pl . 24; Abi tz . K ij n ig ~ i t ~ i l

G o t r , p. 88. f ig 38.

2

p

123.e rmann Kees . O / ~ / P ~ I N I I : ,

X Cf Schwei t ze r . M/e\en t/e \ A'a, pp. 25 . 52 . An

u n u s u a l i c o n o g r a p h i c d e v ~ c eused to indicate the

king's possess ion of the royal Xu is found in LD 1 1 1 .

121a = Walter Wres7inski . AI /u. \

1 1 .

pl . 162: He inr~ch

S c h a f e r a n d W a l t e r A n d r a e , Die K t r t~ . \ t /c .c . 4 / t r n

Or / rn r . \ (Her l ln . 1925) . p . 372 . where the inscription

X i I I ( I . ) - \ I I . / h 1~11 . 1 . appears bes ide anI n / ( , )

' ( I )

open fan he ld above Hor emh eb ca r r i ed in proces sion .

Kees. O/! fer /at7z. p. 235. n . 98 . po in t s o ut tha t th i s

l a be l d o e s n o t d e s c r ~ b e h e f a n b e a r e r f o ll o w in g t h e

klng 's po r t ab le throne ; Sc hw e~t re r . U'e. \m c/e.\ Ku ,

p. 62 , is t roubl ed by the absence of a representa t ion

of the Xu h e r e. F o r t h is f a n a s a sy m b o l o f t h e d i v ~ n e

t h e r o y a l k u : M a r i o T o s i a n d A l e s s a n d r o R o c c a t i .

S l r l e r a l l r e r / ~ i g r i r f / l i D r i r r l ,Met l i tlo n -50001-

r7 .50262 : C a t a logo ( / e l , M L I ~ I J O g i~ i o 11 To r i no

(he rea f t e r S l r l r ) . Ser ie s econda-Col l e r ioni . vo l .

(Tu rin . 1972). p 304 (50095): D e i r r l M P i l i n r ll

(193-5-1940)

1 1 .

pls . I0 (fol l . p. 78). 37 (fol l , p. 183):

B M S ti ,lue 9. pl . 40.1 (328).

? S c h w e i t r e r . We .trn lr . \ A'a, p . 5 8; H o r n u n g . T h r

One ir t l t l lhr .MNI I I. .p 142. Han s Goedicke . /. 'Eq1./1

t o l o g i r n 1979. A.\ -rc /~r io r i r i r i re . \ i le r r l .hr r t1 lr .c

(he rea f t e r L 'L :q~ . l ) t o lo ,q i rr7 1979). Col loques in te rna-

t i o n a u x d u C e n t r e N a t io n a l e d e l a R e c h e r c h e

Sclent i f ique. no. 595

Paris.

1982). vo l. 2. p. 12 6.

30

G a r d i n e r . T h e B a p t is m o f P h a r a o h . J E A 36

( 1 9 5 0 ) : 7 a n d n . 2 ;

R

0 . F a u l k n e r , r ev ie w o f

i ler.. Greven. D e r K u i n T h r o lo , y ir ~ m t l ' i j n r ,y . ~ X ~ ~ l t

kR tY )r r r i1r.c A l le n Rr ic hrc (Gli icks tadt . 1952). JE.4

41 (195 5) : 141. Her ma n t e Ve lde augges t s desc r tb ing

t h e Xa as the pe rsoni f i ca t ion of kingship ( p e r s o n a l

c o m m u n ~ c a t i o n .1984).

I

S e e , f o r e x a m p l e . H o r n u n g . Thr O n r t r n t l r h r

M o t ~ t . , p. 142: most recent ly Kltchen. P / la~ U O / l

T r i t r n i l ~ l ~ a n t . p. 174-75. 178: c f. Ar th ur I l a rby

N o c k . Z Y N N A O Z O E O Z , H a r v a r d S t u d i e s i n

C las s i ca l Phi lo logy 41 (Cambr~dge .Mass . . 1930).

p p . 9 , 1 4 : T a r n in G r l f f ~ t h . d . .

Ale.\-utlt ler the Greirr.

p. 154

J a c o b s o h n .

L A

111. 308-9 : id em . D og t i r a r / . \ ~ . h r

S t e l l ~ m g .pp. 57-58.


9/44

A N D T H E C I ~ L T K

259


10/44

( m 3 ~ ' ~ ' . t i ) .nd rejuvenated (rnpy. t i ) . " The inscrip t ionu on the base of the s ta tue to the

right of the entrance t o the Co lonn ade refers to " the l iv ing royal ka " un der the nam e

of

" ~ e - o f - t h e - ~ u l e r s . ~oday, these and two other coloss i a t Luxor Temple s t i l l

have the orig inal representat ions of lunmutef-pries ts4h on the front of their bases ;

unfortunately the surfaces of several others have long since flaked off, so i t is now

impossib le to determ ine w hether they were orig inal ly so decorated or not . KU-statues4'

and Iunmutef-priests ar e character is t ic of royal m ortua ry temples , where the ka of the

deceased king was worshiped. The lunmutef in this context was a form of sem-priest ,

usual ly thought of as a mortuary pries t responsib le for the cul t of the royal ka;

symbolizing the eldest son and successor of the king, he is represented wearing a

leopard skin and having the side-lock of youth.4R

The king 's barque i tsel f i s a famil iar feature in the royal mortuary temples of

Dynas t i es XIX-XX . those o f Se t i I and Ramesses 11 a n d I being the best known."

On two occas ions the barque o f Ramesses 111 i s shown in process ion during the

l i fet ime of the k ing.'' In both cases i t is a .~ e m - ~ r ie s t" ho at ten ds the k ing 's barq ue as

des crib ed as nh. rl nr:rt.r .r l rn/,r .rl nil R r nh In the

spell for presenting red cloth. see Alexandre Moret .

r

R i r ~ r r l / LI , ~ ~ l r e/ i18in o r r rno l~ r r n E ~l . / ) r rl h / ~ r P . \

lec / )~ / )I . ~ L I. \ Tet?r/)le c/e Sc;ri/e Berlin rr lec rr .rrrc ~ / L I

I(

a A h ~ , t l o \ herea f ter Rirr rel c/~r c.r rlrr t / il , in

i o ~ r r n o l i r r ) ,A n n a l e s d u M u s ee G u i m e t 14 ( Pa r i s .

1902) . pp. 185-86: Augu ste M ariet te. Ah~,t io .c I

(Pa r is . 1869). p . 52.

44

K a 7 i m i e r ~Michatowsk i . Lo~rclcor Par i s . 1973).

f ig . 34 : C har les

F.

Nims. Thrhrc of r l l r Phur(rol~,\

( L o n d o n an d T o r o n t o . 1 9 6 5) . p . 1 42 ( f i g . 6 9 ) :

Habach i . Feor~ r r r c . p . 42 . 19 .

Inscr ip t ions on th e base o f the co lossa l s ta tu e o f

t h e de i fi ed A m en h o t ep I 1 1 sou th o f the Ten th Py lon

at Karna k r efer to the royal

X N

of this king b] the

n am e " M o n t u -o f - th e - R u l er s . " I ~ r ~ i ~ i ~ u r e f - p r i e s t sr e

represen ted before the per son i f ied Horus name of

A m e n h o t e p I l l o n t h e f r o n t o f t h e b as e. See P i e r re

Clere et al . . "1.e Socle d u colosse o r iental dress6

devant le Xr pyIBne de Karnak." h'orntrk : 1970-1972

(Ca iro. 19751, f igs . 6-9 ( fol l . p . 166) . Fo r the nam e

Mon tu-of - the -Rule r s p reserved o n a f ragment o f the

c o lo s su s w h ic h o n c e s to o d o n t h ~ s ase. see Habachi .

Feo r ~ rr c~c , . 4 8: Sch w a l l er d e L u b ~ cz . T c j ~n /~ l r c/c,

h 'ornoh. \ol . I p. 209 ( f ig . 135) : Redfo rd in M anfred

G o r g . e d . . F orlrcjc ( r r y ~ ~ e f ~ i ronre\ : Einr Fr .r . t r ,qoh~

I f t ~ l l ~ ,~ r r r A lt es T es t am en t 5r ~ r n n r r . i g y p t en u n d

(Wiesbaden . 1983) . p l . I lb , c f . p . 368 , n . 15 . Th e

locat ion o f th i s s ta tue would pu t it a t the nor thern

end o f the Process ional Way l ink ing Luxor and

K ar n ak . E x cep t a t h i s m o r t u a r y t em p l e ( s ee H ab ach i .

F e u r u r t ~ \ . p . 4 8 ) . n o o t h e r n a m e d c o lo s si o f

A m en h o t ep I l l a r e k n o w n i n t h e L u x o r a r ea . Fo r

H o r e m h e b d es c ri b ed a s t h e r o y a l k o o n t h e b as e of

t h e co m p an i o n ( w es t e r n ) co l o s su s a t t h e T en t h

Pylon. see Gus tav e . lequier. L i l rc / li re( lure el lo

tlecororion elon.\ Ibn l.i en nr &q.l./~rr: I .rc /e~,r/)lrc

~netn/) l i i re. \

1,r

r/iPhoin.\ e/t,.\ o r ~ , q ~ n r \ /(I

. I - I , ~ ; ; ~

e l ~ - n o \ r ~ e L ' A r l l ~ i r r l r ~ r r r . o l .hereaf ter 1 ) (Par i s .

1920). pl . 80.4; Sean Ca par t and Marcelle We rbrouck .

T l iehr \ : T l rr G l o r~ . f a Grcor Pa . \ / (Brusse l s . 1926) :

Harguet . Trt ,r /) le c/ 'Anlor l-Rd, pl . 34( H) . F or a

suppliant kneeling before a seated royal s tatue

a d o r ~ n ghe Xa of Ramesses I 1 as R -(n1.-)11& seeI ,

B.M Sreloc, 10. pl. 61 (64641: temp.

Il n

X I X ) .

Jh Fo r a f r agment o f the base o f a colossal s tatue of

A m e n h o t e p 1 1 1 on which the k ing i s addre s jed as the

royal

X N

by a I~rn~i r r r r t~f . A lexandreee Var i l le.

"Nouvel les l i s tes geograph iques d3Amenophls 1 1 1

a

Karnak ." A S A E 36 (1936) : 206-7 and p l .

3

( I A ) .

found r eused nor theas t o f the Mut Temple a t

Karnak . th i s f r agment was moved there f rom Amen-

ho tep I l l' s m or tuar ] t emple a t Kom el -Hei tan : see

Ge rha rd Haen . Brilrugc, Bf. 11. 1981, p. 87 . 'Vote

tha t . \e/r r -pr iestsd e s ~ g n a t e d s " H o r u s -l u n m u t e f" a r e

als o represented on the f ront of the bases of the

seated colossi of Ramesses I 1 a t t h e G r ea t T em p l e o f

Ab u Sim bel: see Silvio Cu r to . V~rhlcr:

\/aria

cli

LOIN

i \ , i l /u f a ~ ~ ~ l o \ ahereaf ter V l rh io ) (Novara . 1965) .

f igs . 193-94. 180-81. 184: H a ba c h~ .Feur r r r r \ , p .

3

( fi g . 2 ) ; C r n r r r c/e D o ~ ~ r n i r n r o r ~ o n . \lr r

r

c / ' E / ~ ~ t l r . \

I'Hl\roirc, e lc 1'.4 rr rr ele lo C'i\. ilito rio~ l tit, l'L:qli/~rt,

An l i rn nr (Bul le t in d ' in fo rmat ion pub l le par la

I I e l6 g a t 1 on Pe r m an en t e d e la R .A .0 , au p r e s d e

1 ' U .N .E .S .C 0 1959) . pp. 6 . 8-9: P,M VII . 100

(24-27)

7 S c h w e ~ t r e r .U'c,.\rn elr\ Kci pp. 86-90,

X Herman te Velde. f.k 111. 212-13 Spe cifi call y.

t h e I ~ r n ~ r ~ r r r r ft ten ds to "ceremonies of pur if ication

an d

coronation.

cult of the ka Images of the Ining

and dead k ing . r~ tu al f open ing the mou th e tc ." In

s h o r t . t h e l u n n i ~ r r r f S present off iciat ing in af fairs of

t h e k o .

Yelson. "The Identi ty of Am on -R e of United-

wi th -E tern i ty ." J.I E.7 1 (1942) : 141-49; see fur ther

Hell, MPI. M okl~rc rr for t hco min g) .

5 )

Nelson. JA'ES

1

(194 2): 147. 150.

5

S o

specifically

iden ti f ied a t Medinet Habu : the


11/44

26

1

r x o ~

T E M P L E

N D T H E

C U L T

O F T H E

R O Y A L

K I

spo kesm an or inte rprete r for the cult imag e inside i t , in precisely the posit ion occupied

by the Prophets of the gods ' barques in whose company i t i s represented. I t i s not

unreasonab le to su ppose th a t the royal barque c onta ins a cult s ta tue of the king 's ka ,

and the sem-priest here ac ts as the Iunmutef 'does a t Luxor , off ic ia t ing on behal f of

the k ing 's ka a s h is i n t ermedia ry . When the b a rque o f Tu tan kha mu n appea rs in L uxor

~ e m ~ l e , ~ ~ ful l complement of four Prophets walks beside i t , complete ly indist in-

gu i shab le f ro m the fou r who acc omp any each of the ba rques o f t he Theban T r i ad .

This is not surprising since the cult of the reigning king's ka during the celebrat ion of

the O pet Fest ival was a n ext remely e labo ra te affa i r. In this connect ion it should be

noted th a t a t least two Pro phe ts were a t tached to the cult of the deif ied Tu tan kh am un

a t F a ras in ~ u b i a ~ 'nd tha t th is king a lso had a ba rque there .

Th e rel iefs in the Co lon na de preserve for us the earl iest know n represen ta t ions of a

royal barqu e co ntem por ary wi th the re ign of the king whose ka- ima ge i t conta ined.

Archi tec tura l co nsidera t ions ( to be presented below) make i t probable th a t the l ia of

Am e n h o t e p

111

l ikewise appeared in i ts ow n barque a t th e Op et F est iva l . The ear l iest

textual reference to such a barque. however , is a ment ion of the Hous e of Nebmaatre

( i.e .. Am e n h o t e p I l l )- i n - th e - B a r q u e ' a t ~ m a r n a . Am e n h o t ep

I11

was worshiped in

priest beside the royal barque at Karnak wears the

proper dur ing Dynas ty X I X . when their use was

\ '/I-colla r. which is associated elsewhere with the exten ded to the mo rtuary cults of these rulers.

garb of the sen^ priest. Fo r this evidence, see Bosse- Excluding here those associated with the well-

Griffi ths . The M emp hite Stela of Merptah and known cul ts of Am enho tep

I

and Ahmose-Nefertari.

Ptahmose, J E A 41 (1955): 59-63: to the Th eba n the reference s are as follows: Georg es Legrain.

examples add

Meciinet Hahu

IV. pl . 224 (a ~IJI -pr ies t

Un Miracle d 'Ahmes

I a

Abydos sou s la regne de

acco mpa nying the s tand ard of Nefertem dur ing the Ramses

11.

A S A E

I6 (1916): 161-70 and pl. foll.

Sok ar Fes tival p rocession) . and James Edward

p. 272 (Ahmose): Davies . T5r.o Ror~ le \ \ i t / c~ o t l ~h .~ .

Quibel l and Wilhelm Spiegelberg. R anl e . \ \ eu~ t ~ ,

pl. 16 (Thutmo se I); Georges Foucart .

Tonlhe>.\

pl. 23.2-3. cf. p. 18 (38 ); the title SIP

? ( I . )

Skr occurs

on o ne of the associated fragm ents (pl. 23.4).

5 2 Walther Wolf. Da.\ .sc,hijne Fest r 017 Oper: Die

F< \rzug \t/ar \~ellung

i n? gro.c lsm S i j u l i ~ ng an , ~ ~

/ t p c

Tert1pel.c 1-on L-uksor (hereafter Schijnp Fe.sr r ~ ) n

O p r r ) ,

Sieglin E xp. 5 (Leiprig , 193 . pls. 1-2.

53 Nina de Garis Davies and Alan H . Gardiner.

Huy. p. 18 an d pls. 14-15.

5 Sanusz Karkowski . Faras

V

The Pharaonic.

ln.\c.ri/>tion.s,fi.ortiFaras

(hereafter

Fara.s V)

(Warsaw.

1981). pp.

1

15-16 (58).

55The prototype of the royal barque is that

associated with the cul t of the deified Sesostris I l l

a t Sem na and Uronar t i in Nubia . da t ing f rom

the time ofThu tmos e I l l : 1.D Il l . 48b-49a,49b. 50b.

51a-b; Dows Du nha m an d So7ef M. A. Sanssen.

Srt t lno-Kun~t t?a. is. 17, 19. 22. 24: Van Siclen. The

C'hal)el of Se.so.\tri,s111 ar Uronarri (San A n t o n i o ,

Texa s. 1982). figs. 13-14 (foll. p. 30): th is la tter

reference kindly called to my attention by C Van

Siclen. The form of this portable barque is derived

direct ly from that of the contemporary royal r iver

barge. depicted in

Deir el -Bahari V. pls. 122. 125;

cf. VI. pl.

155 (boat s tandard); Pierre Lacau and

Henri Chevrier,

Hat\he/~.sour,

pl. 9 (171). Th e barques

of Dynasty XVlll kings were represented in Egypt

1hPhait7r.v: NP(~ropo1e rle Ilir d' Ahir't7-Nuga:

Lr,

tct t~lheau / 'A t lon~ t~o. \r o t ~ l heau i " 19 .

M IFA O 5 7

(Cairo. 1932). pl . 13 (Thutmose

I l l ) .

Charles Van

Siclen has very kindly pointed out to me two

references to representations of the barque of

Amenhotep l l : P M V. 174:

11'.

428. The Elkab

temple of Amenh otep I 1 was enlarged by R amesses

I I .

who may well have constructed a barque fo r the cul t

of his predecessor there. T he The ban stele apparent ly

commemorates an oracu lar p ronouncement o f the

Ram es s i d e p e r~o d .Th e text given by Arthu r E. P.

Weigall. A Rep ort on the Excavation of the Funeral

Temple of Thoutmos i s I l l at Gurneh ,

A S A E

7

(1906): 132 (15). can be reconstructed as nh r i w t .

: ( t ) - ~ / ) r b i ~ - R '

? I

' - & r ~ . \ C /~ JI - ] ,r hnt7 [ r ] ~ / l / [ n . ~ ,

[ C

11i

S t - ]

~ J I HI I [ cf.

M'h. Be/e,y.\r.I I' 1

171 3

' - & ~ I I . ] :

495.7: Legrain.

A S A E

16 (1916): 162: for the

unexpectedness of the form hnn, cf. i 'erny's c om

mentary in Parker.

Soitr, Oro


12/44

his t emple a t s o l ebs 7an d a t ~e se b i , where he p robab ly had h is own por tab le ba rques .

W hen T uta n k h a m un ( a t Kawa a n d ~ a r a s ) ~ ~nd later Ramesses I1 (at Gerf Hussein.

e s- Se bu a, ed - D e rr , a n d A b u ~ i m b e l ) ~ ' ere deified in Nubia during their l i fet imes,

both had barques there .

Proceeding to the back of the Por t ico a t the south of the Court of Amenhotep 111,

we f ind the three chapels where the divine barques rested wi thin the temple proper

pr ior t o the culm inat ion of the r i tes in the S anc tua ry. Whi le i t i s no t yet possible to

expla in ful ly the major s t ruc tura l and funct ional modif ica t ions undergone by two of

these chapels ( those intended fo r Am un an d Kh onsu ) subsequent t o the re ign of

Amenhotep 111, the or iginal deployment of the barques was the fol lowing: Rooms 1

(Kh ons u) and I1 (Mu t ) on the eas t side a re sepa ra t ed f rom Ro om I11 (Am un) on the

west. T he asy mm etry i s s t r iking and sure ly del ibera te . But th is arrangem ent leaves us

wi tho ut a place for the sacred ba rque of Tut an kh am un (or ra ther of Ame nho tep 111,

assuming tha t he did indeed employ one for the t ransport of his ka- image dur ing the

Op et Fest iva l ) . Had i t been intended to lodge the king 's barqu e here , the space next to

the A m un chape l (R o om IV: occupied on ly by a s t a i rcase to the ro of ) cou ld eas ily

have been designated for th is purpos e . But such a unio n wi th A mu n would have been

premature a t th is t ime. W. Murnane had previously noted the disappearance of the

king 's barque f rom the re l iefs represent ing Luxor Temple a t the south end of the

~ o l o n n a d e and i t s comple te absence f rom the p rocess ion dep ic ted in the Barque

Ves tibule (R oo m VI I I ) . Even assuming , however , t ha t t he roya l ba rque had a l ready

dropped out of the procession before reaching this point , we would st i l l require a

roo m in which t o s tow i t unt i l it re joined the procession for the re turn journey throu gh

the temple back to Karn ak a t the conclusion of the Opet Fest iva l .

A quick examinat ion of the ground plan of Luxor Temple reveals tha t there i s no

su i tab le cand ida te fo r t h i s sh r ine anywhere to the n or th o f t he E igh teen th Dynas ty

Port ico. Im media te ly behind the M ut and Khon su chapels , however , is an unexplained

chap el s imi lar to them in size and design (R o om VI) opening off the R om an Vestibule

(R o om V) . Th i s roo m would have served adm i rab ly to house the k ing's ba rque , a

possibil i ty strengthened by an examination of the decorative program of the rel iefs in

the Roman Vestibule i tself (see below). Unfortunately, since the walls of this small

chape l were rebui lt anc ien t ly and a re undecora t ed , we can ga in no fu r the r in forma t ion

f rom i t, apa r t f ro m wha t we a re ab le to deduce f rom i t s l oca t ion .63Associated spatially

wi th the Mut and Khonsu chape l s , i t was a t some t ime connec ted d i rec t ly to the

7

1.D

Ill . 84c. 85a . 87b-c. IOk.

h

See. In general , Habachi .

F r u i i i r r \ ,

pp. 1-16.

8

A . M . B l ack m an , P r e l im i n a r y R ep o r t o n t h e

43-44.

E x c av a t ~o n s t Ses ebi . N o r t h e r n P r o b in ce . A n g l o- h Wolf . Sthiit7r Ft~ilci

,on

O p r t , pls. 1-2.

Egypt ian Sud an . 19 36-3 7 . J M 23 (1937) : 148-49 ;

h 2

Schwal ler de Lubic7 . Trn l / , l r I t , I 'Ho t t1 t t7~.

fo r the cor rec t r ead ing o f the k ing' s name a s god . see

vol. 2. pl. 31.

P M

VII. 173 6

I

am unaware o f any ev idence fo r the fo rmer

59 Ku\c.u 1

3-4 an d pl. 4; 11. pl. 72c; Kark ows ki.

exis tenc e of a staircase in this room : ibid.. pls. 12-14.

Furu.,

C ,

pp . 28-29. 89-90.

1

15-16. 130-3 1. O n the I t doe s not ap pe ar in the plans of ei ther Borchardt or

cu l t s o f Egypt ian kings in Nubia and the i r de i f ica t~o n Nelson ; see Borchard t . Zur G esc h~c h te es 1 .uqsor -

as aspects of the royal

Xu,

see fur ther Bell .

.24r;/.

tempels .

Z

34 (1896 ) : pl . 7 ( fol l . p . 138): Nelson.

.Mokh lu r ( f o r t h co m i n g ) .

K e ,

Plun Showing f .o~.u t io t? \

o

T l ~ r h u n r t i l ~ ~ l e

De(orut io11c.O1P 56 (Chicago. 1941) . pl . 23.


13/44

LL 'XO RTE M PL E N D

T H E

C U L TOF T H E R O Y A L

KA

263

Khonsu chape l by the open ing of a comm unicat in g do orw ay between them.64 When

we recall that both Khonsu and the king were the sons of Amun-Re, the associat ion of

the ir cu l t p laces a t Lux or would ha rd ly be surpr i sing . In the Gr eco-R om an m ammis i s

the perso nae of the king an d the of fspr ing of the divine fami ly resident in each temple

are inext r icably inter twined, wi th the god-chi ld dominant , be ing represented in the

place wh ere t he yo un g kin g is f ou nd in th e Birth R o o m a t ~ u x o r . ~ ~ith

a

slight shift

in emphasis , Luxor Temple could easi ly have served as the mammisi of Karnak

Temple . A t L uxo r , however , the posi t ion of the king complete ly overshadow s tha t of

~ h o n s u ; ~ ~ of th e king's k a seem s t o have rem ainednd the abso lu te domina t ion

unchallenged there dow n into the Rom an per iod.

Th e posi t ion of th is chapel adjacent to the Bir th Ro om (R oo m XIII) ly ing just to

the sou th

is

highly suggestive. Th e associat ion of chapels I and V1 with the B irth Suite

(R oo m s XIII-XIV) would give us an arrang eme nt whereby most of the areas dedica ted

primari ly to the king were placed on the left of the main axis. Exactly opposite the

ent ran ce to C hape l V1, and appa rent ly or iented towa rd i t , on the west s ide of the

R om an V est ibule , d i rec t ly b ehind the Am un cha pel , is a smal ler cham ber (R oo m V11).

Likewise of un kn ow n fun ctio n, and with non e of the original decoration preserved, i t

ma y be propo sed with a fair degree of confiden ce that this was the chapel of the king's

ka-sta tue . In this way we may account for the evident disappearance of the royal

barqu e before the end of the O pet r i tua l .

The barques of Mut and Khonsu are depic ted on the east wal l of the vest ibule

( R o o m

V I I I ) b e f o r e t h e B a r q u e ~ a n c t u a r y . ~ 'vidently accompanying the barque of

Amun as far as the ent rance to the Barque Sanctuary. Because there i s but a s ingle

shr ine in the Sanctuary, on each side of which only the barque of Amun is depic ted,

we may

e

reasonab ly sure tha t t he ba rq ue o f A mu n a lone p roceeded beyond the

Barque Vest ibule . The barques of Mut and Khonsu must have wi thdrawn to the i r

south ern chapels , s taying there near the king 's barqu e dur in g the concluding episodes

of the l i turgy. It mus t have been the king's ha-statue rath er :han his barqu e which was

ushered from the Roman Vestibule into the presence of Amun-Re, escorted by the

lunm utef-pr ies t . T he roy al ka-f igure fol lows the king in man y scenes here; but just

inside the ent ran ce to the Barque V estibule is the representa t ion of a n enshr ined sta tue

of A m en ho tep 111, fol lowed by his k a with offerings presented before him (fig. 2).

Ther e would seem to be l i tt le do ub t tha t th is i s the ac tual ka-sta tue of the king on the

way toward i ts meeting with A mun -Re in the Barque San ctuary.

T o re tu rn to the de cora t io n o f the R om an Ves tibule, a t t he very top o f the wa ll

abov e the ent rance to the r oom here descr ibed as the chapel of the king's b arque are

h

P r e s u m a b l y w h e n t h e K h o n s u b a r q u e h a d

s tones . in the th ickness of the doo rway to th i s chape l .

a l read y been re loca ted in the o ld Amu n chape l

65 F r a n q o i s D a u m a s .

L A

11. 465 . 47 2-73.

( R o o m I l l ) b y R a m e ss e s ; cf . Char l es F . Nims .

66 Ibid. . 466.

P laces ab ou t Theb es . JYE S 14 (1955) : 118: Ki t chen .

h 7 Schwal le r de Luhic l .

T e 1, 1/ 1/ ee / H o ~ , ~ t , l e .

o l

K U I U . 1 i \( r .

l l . 628 .1-7 . Th e or igina l en t ran ce in to

pl. 31.

t h e o ld K h o n s u c h a p e l ( R o o m I ) is n o w c o m p l e t el y

h Gayet .

T ~ . I I I / I / ~l t , Lo~r.ror,

pl. 34: cf. Arnold.

b locked up . b ut i t remained in use a t l east in to the

U ut~rlrrl ie/ ,

p. 52 . Fo r two sea ted s t a tues of Ame n-

reign of R ames ses IV. as is indicated by a s tud y of

ho tep sha rin g offerings with Mu t . see Ciayet.

t h e p a t t e r n o f t h e p l a c e m e n t o f h i s c a r t o u c h e s o n t h e

Te111l1lr

I t ,

I . o ~ ~ . r o r .

l s. 25-26 (M u t Barque Chape l .

co lumns of the Por t i co and the d i scovery of one of R o o m 11). 7 0 ( B i r t h R o o m . R o o m X I I I ) .

his cartouches . part ia l ly vis ible behind the blocking


14/44


15/44


16/44


17/44


18/44


19/44

l i u- force . L ikewise t he r am ' s h o rn cu rv ing ac ro ss h i s cheek is o f t en foun d wi th

rep resen ta t ions o f de if i ed k ings , an d m ay a l so be t ake n genera l ly t o s ign ify t he i r

~ n - a s ~ e c t . ~ ~

T h i s r a m 's h o r n t a k e s u s b a c k t o t h e C o u r t o f R a m e s s e s

11

A t t h e r e a r of t h e A m u n

chape l i n t he t r ip l e bar que sh r ine . t he re a re tw o n i ches . one r ecessed in to each s ide

w a ll . T h e y h a v e r e p re s e n t a t io n s of R a m e s s e s o n t h e i r w a ll s. a s we ll a s

/ ~ r / l t ~ ~ r t t ~ f

8

C f . B a r gu e t. A S A E 5 I ( 1 9 5 1 ) : 2 1 I . A l dr e d. J E A

55 (1969) : 75 and n. 5 , in discussing the rep resenta-

t ion o fThu tn1ose I l l sea ted in a k iosk in the tom b of

Rekhmire . p resen ts ev idence tha t the u te / - crown i s

here associated with Re, rather than Osir is : ref .

i:rX. IV. 1277.17. 1286.13. for the ure/ cal led the

f i t .-

R'; cf. Aldred. AXhenuren untl h'efertirf (L on

do n. 1973). p. 100 (n o. 14): this referenc e kindlk called

to m ) a t ten t ion by M ar tha R. Bel l. For theuref- crown

associa ted wi th Re in the con tex t o f the coronat ion

or the celebrat ion of jubilees, see Lacau an d C hevr ier .

Hur .\hel~ cour , l . l l 178) an d p . 249: Metliner Huhir

V. pl . 291: VI . pl . 460; Chic. Or . Inst . photo 5283

(nor th face of the west w ing of Py lon Vl l l a t K arnak .

temp. Ramesses I l l ) . The near iden t i ty o f th i s so lar

u r e f - c r o w n an d t h e h t n h t n - c r o w n I S indicated in

Metl it?er H uhu VIII . pl . 612. where the htnhti i -crown

shown worn by Ramesses I l l is referred to in l ine 13

of the acco mpa nyin g text with a hieroglyph in the

for m of the so lar (i re/: Fo r a wri t ing of the

d e n o m i na t i be \ e r b i l l d e t e rm i n e d w it h t h e h t ~ i h t n -

c r o w n ( t em p . R am es ses 1 1). s ee A b u b ak r . K n ~n en .

p. 15(k) an d n. I : ref . Ma riet te. Ahj.c/o\

I

p. 52.29) .

84

To the exam ples c i ted by Wi ldung . O Z 68

( 1 9 73 ) : 5 51 -5 2. an d i d em , 6 ~1 p r i u t 7urnrv, pp. 2-1

I

add Howard Car ter and Percy E . Newber ry . The

Totnh of Thournib.\i.\

V

(Westminster . 1904) . pl . 9

(I ); Karol Myiliwiec . Srutliet? :urn GOII Arur?i.

k o l .

I

Die heili,qen Tiere

lev

A r u m . H A B 5

( H i l d e s h e i n ~ .1978) . pl . 52 ( f ig . 121) ; Torgny Sabe-

So d e r b e r g h . Fo u r E i g h t eent h f ?~ , t ?u \ t ,~ ,o rnhv , PTT

I

(Oxford. 1957) . pl . 31: Blackman. JEA 23 (1937) :

149. n.

I

(descr ib ing the dei f ied Amenhotep I l l a t

Seseb i as dep ic ted in the sam e way he i s a t So leb) :

A m i ce M . C a lv e r l ey a n d A l a n H . G a r d i n e r .

Ah~,clo.c V, p1. 78: Prisse d'Avenne s. Monurnen tc

. s ec tle.s.\in.ceuh(.ure.\ su r lev lieuu (Pa ris. 1847).

pl. 30

=

J . Gardner Wilkinson, The hlat7ner .c anti

C'u\tom.s

o

the At?c.ienr Eg~ ,l~t iut? . \ ,d . Sam uel Bi rch

(Lo nd on . 1878) . vol . 3 . pl . 64 ( fol l , p. 370)

=

L.D Ill

132n (detai l) . For Ramesses I1 in the Grea t Temple at

Abu Simbel , see Ha bach i . Featu re . \ , p l s . 2a = C u r t o .

Nuhru. 313 ( f ig . 232) = Chr is t ian Leb lanc . Le Cul te

rendu au x colosses 'osir iaques' d ura nt le Noucel

Empire. B IF A O 82 (1982) : pl. 56a ( fol l . p . 31

I

=

S. D onadon i . H . e l-Achi r ie . C . Leb lanc (vo l .

I ,

an d

Fo ua d A bdel Haniid (v ol . 2) , Gruncl Tenil~le 1; lhou

Sic11he1:Ler SulIe.\ tlu trh .\or .cutl, CS. Cen tre d 'Etu des

et de Doc um enta t ion sur I 'Ancienne Egypte (Par i , .

1975). vol. I pls. 14. 59; vol. 2, pl. 6: 3

=

Wreszinski ,

Arlu.\

1 1

pl. 180

=

ILouis-A. Chribtophe. Ahoir-

Si tnhel er / i ; l~o l~ i ;c~ie .\u tlii.oir~.c~tr (Brussels. 1965).

pl. foll. p. 208: 4a-b ; W resl insk i. Alluc 11. pl. 179;

L 111. 191h. The aegis of the barque of Seti I . as

represented by R am esse s 11 in the Hall of Bar que s

( R o o m

Z )

o f t h e Se t i T em p l e a t A b y d o s . a l s o

displays this ram's horn: unnumbered Chicago House

pr in t o f a n unpubl i shed Calver ley pho tograph :

cf .

A

R . L l a \ ~ d ,A Guicle to Rrli,qioii.c Rirlrul

t r r

Ah~. t lo . \ Warm ins ter . 1981). p . 152 (Eas t W al l ) . For

Ame nhotep I l l apparen tlh wear ing the r am's horn in

h ~ ses t roked temple on E lephan t ine , see Dcj \( r i l ~r io t~ .

AnriyuirP \ . bol . I . p l . 36.2-3; this reference cal led t o

m y a t t en t i o n b y W. R ak m o n d J o h n s o n . N o t e .

however . that this detai l is not shown in Vivant

Llenon. C'o~.u,yr Iut7, lu H uc\r er la Hultre &y.l;r~rr

(Par i s . 1802). p l . 128.4 : nor in T hom as Young .

H i e r o , q l ~ . l ~ i ~ i c ~ \1-on don. 1823-28). pl. 60.

X 5

In T h eb an T o m b 131 (A m en u s e r ) . T h u t ~n o s e l l

is represented seated in a kiosk, wear lng both

the so lar u re l - crown and the r am's horns o f Amu n.

accom panied by the royal Xu: D av ~e s . The Egypt ian

Ex pe di t~ on 1925-1926. HM.MA 21 (1926) : pt . 2

fo r December 1926 . p . 7 . f ig . 3 = M M A p h o t o

7.12 73. The presence of the royal

X tr

when the

king ap pe ar s in a kiosk is also specified elsewhere:

S a v e - S od e r b er g h . I . i ~ i rr i, yh re rn rh f ? ~ n u \ r l . o r ~ ~ h \ .

P T T

I

(Ox ford , 1957). p l .

I

(Ha tshe psu t) : LlaLies.

R eX h - t n - R c ' , p l . 1 3

T

I l l ) : T h eb an T o m b 8 5

( A m e n e m h a b )

=

M M A p h o t o 7 .2 5 75 ( T I l l )

Kad wa n. Dur.\rc~lllrti,yie re,yieret7clet1 Kijni,qc. M A S

21 (Ber l in . 1969) . pl . 6 (A I l) ( this reference cal led to

my at tent ion by P eter Ller Ma nuelian) : Llavies .

Tot~rhc f Tit 'o Off ic .~ul\ , l .

I

( T IV ): T h e b a n T o m b

6 3 ( S e b k h o t p )

=

M M A p h o t o T . 2 7 6 7 ( T I V ):

K a d w a n . f l ~ r \ t e l l ~ o i , q ,ls.

1 1

12: Lee a ls o M MA

ph oto T. 2816 ( T IV); 1.D I l l . 55a-b (Th utm ose 111

offer ing be fore the deified Ses ostr is I l l ) . Aldred.

JE A 55 (1969) : 73 , r ef err ing to r epresen ta t ions o f the

em hr in ed A menho tep 111 in the tombs o f Khaem het .

Kheruef , and Am enem het -Sure ro . says tha t there i s

l i t t l e doub t tha t the e \en t in ques t ion was a 5 ta te

ap p ea r an ce o f t h e Ph a r a o h d u r i n g ce r em o ni e s t h a t

ma rked his var lous jubilees. when he received his

o f f ic ia l s in aud ience . There seems to be no dou b t

tha t the in ten t o f thi s m o t ~ f as to r epresen t the fu ll

m eas u re o f t h e k i ng 's d i ~ i n i t y s a m an i f e s ta t i on o f

the royal Xu. F or th e s ignif icance of one of the

gestures of the cour t ier5 In scenes of this tkpe. the

poin ting of the h w -f a n. see Bell. .2lel. .ZIoXhrtrr

( f o r t h co m i n g )
http:///reader/full/1277.17http:///reader/full/1286.13http:///reader/full/1286.13http:///reader/full/1277.17


20/44

270

O F

N E ~ RO I ~ K ~ L S T FRYST[

DIES

pries ts .xh Un dou bte dly th e king 's ku was ad ore d here ." wi th smal l Xu-s ta tues of the

ruler p laced in the niches ." At the back of the lef t n iche Ram esses

I

is depicted

( f ig . 5 ) wear ing the curved ram's horn . " Th e head o f a s t a tue o f a He ll eni s ti c k ing (o r

g o d ) w e a r i ng a c ro wn wi th th i s d i s t inc t ive ram's horn is to be foun d in the Ca i r o

~ u s e u m . " 'T h e w e a ri n g o f t h e c u r ve d r a m 's h o r n . d e p ic t ed c o m n ~ o n l y n c o in s . w a s

ad op ted in the He l len is t ic wor ld a s a tok en o f the d iv in ity of Alexand er the Gre a t a f t e r

his conq ues t o f Egyp t. " Thes e ho rns have long been cor rec t ly as soc ia ted wi th the god

Amun ." but th e i r symbo l ism as a s ign of possess ion of the royal kn has never been

t raced back to i ts o r ig in .y3 Alexander 's ac tiv it i es in Lu xo r undou b ted ly ref lect a n

a w a r e n e s s t h a t h is l e g i ti m a cy a s a n E g y p t i a n r u l er d e p e n d e d o n h is f o r m a l a c c e p t a n c e

the re by A mu n-R e du r in g the Ope t Fes t iva l . Th e Xu-sta tues of Ramesses I in the

n iches o f the T r ip le Shr ine a t Luxor func t ion a s in te rmedia r i e s in fo rward ing h i s

subjec ts ' p leas to Amun:' " inscr ipt ion s in th e Tripl e Shr ine speak of it as a p lace "of

Xh Don ado ni. "1-e Peti t rem ple rarnesside de

riot? (Ox ford . 195X). no. 12: Bengt Jul ius P eterson.

Louqsor ." Blrllerit? (11, IN So(.iPrh c l ' h ~ ~ ~ p to lo g ie .

~ g y ~ t i s c h et e le n u nd S t el e nf ra g m en t e a u s S t o c k -

Get7e1.e(hereaf ter B S E G ) 7 1982): 13-14.

: In the cor respond ing s t ruc tu re bu il t by Set i 1 1 a t

Karna k . o ne o f the s ta tues is addressed by the

l u n r ? ~ ~ r t e /s the l ibing royal ku of this ruler : see

C h e \ r ie r an d D r i o t o n .

PT e t ~ ~ l ~ l e cle Se rie /~o. \o i r

i k'urnuk (Ca iro. 1940). p . 33 an d f ig. 3: Kitchen.

rot?^. n.\cr. IV. 256. 15-16.

KX D o n ad o n i . BSEG 7 (19x2): 14.

K Wildung . C ~ ~ , l ) / i u t ~aint \ , p . 8 .

9 ) ( 'G 693: ci ted in lnge Hofrnann . .Sr~rtlirt? U ~ I I

ri7r1.oiticc.lirn k'iinigrun7 (Brussel,. 1971). p. 47. See

fur ther Borchard t ,

.Sruturti un tl .Srururttc~ti i.on

K on iget? un ti P r i \ ~ u t I e ~ r r e ~ ~ ,t. 3 (Berlin. 1930). p. 37.

A para lle l is to be found In CG 380 2I ( te mp . Dynas ty

X X X o r ear ly P to lemaic) . un inscr ibed , and l ikewise

represen ting e i ther Arnun-Re o r a k ing as Amu n-Re) ;

see Bodi l Hornemann . T1pc.c of Anc.iet?r Eg.~y)fi(it?

S r u t ~ i o r ~ , .ol . (Cope nhage n . 1951) . p l . 165.

9 ' Marg are te Bieber . "The Por t r a i t s o f A lexander

the Great ."

Pro( .eedi t~g\of rlie Ar? ~e t-i (.u t~hilo

\o/> hi( l Soc.irt . ( P A

P S ) 93 1949) :

388-90. 397

(fig. 12). 405-8 (figs . 34-37. 41. 45): this reference

k ind ly ca l led to my a t ten t ion by M ar th a R Bel l:

Bevan. Holrtr

o

Pro1eti1.1.pp. 7 . xxii ; Alf red R.

Bellinger. u

i \

on / / i f ( 'o/na,qe of .41r.rundc~1.lir

Greut , The Amer ican Numismat ic Soc ie ty . Numis-

m a t i c S t u d i e s n o .

l l

(N ew York. 1963) . pp. 86-87

an d pl. 2 .4 .5 ( th is reference kindly called to my

at ten t ion by Rober t M. Whi t ing) : Tlir Seurc./i for

Alrrut?t ler: An E.u/ i i /~ i r iot?,Exhib i t ion Cata logue:

Nat ional Gal lery o f Ar t . Wash ing ton . D .C. (Bos ton .

1980) . pp. 107-8 (n os. 17-18): Hog ar th . . lEA 2

(1915) : 58. Tar n in Grif fi th . ed. .

AIer ontk ~r hr Greor,

p . 175. in terp re t s the f ac t tha t A lexan der "never pu t

h is o w n h e ad o n h is c o i n a g e w a s i g ni fy in g t h a t he d ~ d

not regard h~ ms el f a, a god: cf . Milne. ,211\(.

G r r ~ o r i u n u ,pp. 147-48: G r ~ f f i t h ,pp. 13- 14.

y 2 See Nelson-Murnane. H i y ~ o \ g . l e r ~ l l , l. 36

Rlk '

11

pl. ROC: Tosi and Roccati .

Srelr,

p. 302

(500 92): C'ernq. Ex .lpr ~u t?Stelur~ n rlir NunXe.\ (;) l/e i.-

hol rner Sammlungen ." Ol~ucc.~r lu bol. 9.thrt?ier~t /ci .

Skr i f ter u tg ivna av S\ensk a lns t i tu te t

i

Athen. 4".

vol . 15 ( I -un d, 1969). p .

1

10. fig . 18:

o I l e M

2596:

B M

Strlue 7. pl . 27 (279) : unpublished representat ion in

the Outer Hypos ty le o f the Set i Temple a t Abydos .

west wal l . be tween th e chapels o f Am un-K e and Ke-

Horak h ty (per son al observat ion . 19x3). The r am's

horn is a l so a t tes ted o f Th o th a nd Os i r i i : G i jn ther

Roeder .

t ferr~7opol i r .pl. 64 (this reference kindl

cal led to m at te ntio n b W . Ra ym ond . lohnson ) ;

Anthes .

, W D A l K

12 (1943): pls. 10-1

1

(cljc~tl-pillar):

M M A p h o t o 7 .1 7 1 2 ( T h .T .6 5 : Ir ni seb a ).

H o f m an n .

Srutlic~t?z1rti7 ri7c~roiri\c~henKijnr,y-

run7. pp . 46-47 , assum es tha t the Kush i te ru ler s of

Dynas ty X X V served as Alexander ' , mode ls in the

mat te r o f wear ing the r am's h orn .

Su r e ly a t t i m es o t h e r t h an w h en t h e b a r q u e o f

A r n u n w as r e s ~ d en t h e r e d u r in g f e s t i ~ a l s .Fo r t h e

royal Xu, per ionif ied in Ramesses I I an d M er n ep t ah .

ac t ing as in termediary between a n o f fic ia l and a god

at Gebel es-Sils i la. see Rosell ini .

.Lfot?t in~twri Iel

( u l t o .

pl. 32.4 ( fo r the epithe t of Pta h, read

nh

r i ~ ' ( I ) : Kitchen , Run, . In \ i . r . 1 1 1 48.6. reads t7h pr:

Schweit i-er . U'etm cir.s Ku, p. 72, reads nh ~ I ( I , ) .

und er s tan d~ nghis god as the royal ha of Ramesses 11;

cf . below, n. 216 ( for a var ia nt of this genre of scene.

in w h ~ c h h e s am e V i t i e r [ . \ Y r - r n l ) r ]a l s o ad o re s P t ah

th rough the in termediary o f the royal Xu, see

C a t h e r i n e C h ad e f au d .

Lr 5 Srurue\ porre-ensrignec

(Ic' ' C ? J . ~ I I ~

[ISXO-

1085 ur7unrJ. C ]:S i ~ n r f i tic.ic9nne

tot ion P I i r l ~ ~ r l io t ? lc9 r.ulre clu k'u1un.c ro,l,ul

[hereaf ter Srururt porrr~-m.trigt?c.(1[Paris, 19821.

pp . 121 [P E M.31. 144): 1.L) I l l . 200a. c; Jean-

F r a n ~ o i sC h am p o l l i o n . M o n . 11, pi. 114 Ro se lli ni.

,b 'ot iut~~et i l i\ ro~ . i t i .pi. 120.1 ( fo r the tex ts f ram ing

this scene see Kitchen. Rot11. In\(

-.

IV. 73.5- 1):

F a r o u k G o m a a . Ch a~ t?l n.e \f,:oht? Ra1?7\e.\ 11. un (l

H o h e ~ . l ) r ~ r t r r r (hereaf ter C huer ?~ w r t e ) .w n M r n ~ l ) h i \

A A

27 (Wies baden . 1973) . p . 130 (f ig . 30a) .

W .

M u r

nane has now cal led a t ten t ion to the r am-headed


21/44

m a king supp l i ca t ion and o f hear ing pe ti ti ons. "" i nd i ca ting tha t t he peop le were som e-

t i m e s a l l o w e d t o a p p r o a c h t h e c h a p e l s w it h a p p e a l s t o t h e g o d s . " ' T h e c o l os s a l h u

s t a tues o f Ram esses

l l

se rved the sam e way:" an d the po r t ab l e barques . i nc lud ing tha t

o f t he k ing . cou ld a l s o be app ro ach ed du r in g fes t i va l p rocess ions fo r subm i t t i ng ques -

t i ons t o t he m fo r o rac u la r r esponses .' h

s t and ards ( in t /r t , ? / ) . \ I . ) ep ic t ed f l anking the fa l s e -

d o o r a t t h e r e a r o f t h e A m u n c h a p e l i n t h e T ri p l e

S h r ~ n e f R a m e s s e s I1 a t L u x o r T e m p le , p o in t i n g o u t

the i r ro le as in t e rmedia r i es in forw ardin g pe t i t ions to

Am un : Mu rnan e . :\ I&/. .MoXli rur ( for thcom ing) . The

dou ble fa l s e -door found here and in o the r Kamess ide

barq ue sanc tuar i es s igna l s the presence of both k ing

an d god in these shrines . s t ress ing their uni ty: Haeny .

ReirrBxe Bf. 9, 1970. p. 91, n. 55:

L A

V.

570; and the

s tandard i tsel f i s associated with the royal Xu. espe-

c i al ly i ts t r a n s m is s i o n H e l m u t S a t ~ i n g e r , I l e r

he i l~g e t ab a l s Kraf tque l l e des Konigs : Versuch e ine r

F u n k t i o n s b e s t i m m u n g d e r a g y p ti sc h en S t a b t r a g e r -

Sta tu en ." J o l ~ r h ~ r t / il6.r t i trn\rliicro ri\t ./ lp Srri,rrii-

hr/ l,qrn in U' ien, bol . 77 (V ien na, 198 1). pp. 9-43 ( th is

re fe rence ca ll ed t o my a t t en t ion by Chr i s t i an Lo eben) ;

Ch ade fau d. Sruruec / )orrc-erl. \e i ,~ni .( , f , ibid. . / .A V.

1224-32-ap parent ly he re spec i f y~n gA m u n - R e a s

con st i t ut in g the king's Lo. The i )zt/ rt , . C / \ I , o f ( n l . )

Ramesses I11 a t Med ine t H abu rece iked a n ext ra

p o r t l o n o f o f fe r in g s o n t h e d a y o f t h e c o r o n a t i o n

fea st: Nelso n in MbrX iti U'etr rrn Th eha \ 1931-33.

O I C I 8 ( C h i c a g o . 1 9 3 4 ) . p p . 4 8 -5 0 ; I f et li n at H o h ~ r

Ill . pls. 150.530. 15 2.591 . Clearlq related to this is the

r i t e of present ing the ram-headed s t andard before

t h e e n t h r o n e d O s o r k o n

1 1

d u r i n g t h e c o r o n a t i o n

ceremonies a t h i s jubi l ee , a long wi th a sphin x

repre sent ing Atu m a s the roya l Xu: N avi lle . Fe,r i~,crl-

Ha ll, pls. 1-2: Bargu et.

A S 4E

51 (1951): 213:cf . 210.

f ig . 7 and n . I ; on the k ing in h i s Xu-aspec t \ i su a l i / ed

as a sphin x, see Bell . \ /PI. MoXhrur (fo rth co min g).

Fo r the n r t l~ i - s t a f f n t e rpre ted a s the Xu in pa ra l l el

t e x t s f r o m D q n a s t y X X . see Pa rk er et a l . . E~l i / ii .c>

T u I I N I . ~ ~ ,l . 35 (A52 840 ) . and p . 44 wi th n . 40 .

"C f. Kitche n. Roiir. In.\i.i-. 11. 616.3 .16; 617.1.

T h e se t e x t s co m p l e m e n t o n e a n o t h e r a n d a r e b o t h t o

be recons t ruc ted as

\ I

\ r in ih s r_ ln i \pr \i . r n ( w r ) i r.>t,

r./nlr. Th e trac es follow ing \nin /i in 616.3 fit .\c/ni

pe r fect ly (pe rsona l co l l a t ion . 1983) ; c f . Ma hm ud

A b d e l - R a r i k . " T h e I l e d ic a t o r y a n d B u i ld i ng T e x t s

o f R a m e s s e s

I 1

in I-ux or Tem ple. 11: Interp retat ion ."

. /FA 661 (19 75 ): 134.

9h Nims in Prot,c2c2~liti&\f 111e TM nt.1.- Tlir rtl I ilrar -

no/ir)nol ('r)ii,qre\

o

O r i e r i t a l i ~ r , ,C'oiiihriclqe -7/.\r-

?h' // i A IIR U\I . 954 (1-on don , 1956). p. 80; this refer-

e n c e k ~ n d l y a l le d t o m y a t t e n t i o n b y E d w a r d F .

Wente . F or th i s form ula in o the r publ i c a reas of

t e m p l e s, o r a s s o c i a te d w i th d ~ v i n e b a r q u e s , s ee

Kitchen. Roni . 1ti .cc.r. 607.14- I5 ( inscrip t ion adja-

c e n t t o t h e " P e o p le ' s G a t e " o n t h e e a st o f t h e C o u r t

o f K a m e s s e s l l a t L u x o r T e m p l e . w h er eb q t h e

pop ulace ga ined access to th e cou r t dur in g fes tibal s:

s ee fur the r be low. n . 128) ; He lck . DI P R i ru~I t l ( r r -

\ r e l l ~ r t ~ g ~ t ~11~\ Rorrre \\eutii.\. ko l. I (hereafter Riruol-

t lorc re l lu t i~a i i ) ,

A A

25 (Wi esbad en. 1972) . p . 153;

this reference kindly cal led to my at tent ion by

E d w a r d F. Wente : s ee Chic . Or . Ins t . photo 5180.

col l a t ed by me . 1983 (mar gina l t ex t benea th a

representa t ion of a b a rqu e proces sion: read

' \ I '

\ r~i?r/ i

, _ / , ) I

\ / ) ~ I I . It i(

I

r t . ~ ) ]

1111 11

r r in / r l ) : U 'b , B~~legs r .V.

104.15 166.4 ( inscrip t ion in Stai rca se in the

A b y d o s T e m p l e o f R a m e s s e s 1 1 col lated by me.

1983: for a reference to the cul t image of R ames ses I 1

i n h is ba rqu e in the cont inu a t ion of th i s t ex t . cf . Wh,

Bel (y \ r .

1 1 1

14.15; however. the aegis a t both the

p r o w a n d s t e r n of t h ~ s a r q u e i s c le ar ly h u m a n -

headed and wears the so la r ore / -c rown: co l l a t ed by

me. 1983); .21et/lnar Hahtr

l

l I pl. 18

1

A: this reference

kindly ca l led to my a t t en t ion by Edw ard F . Wente

(margina l insc r ip t ion on the wes te rn ex te r ior wa l l :

read

\1

\II IN /I sr_Inr \p rw [/ ii I , \ I . I ) ] riiir ~t, ' [r/)ilr]):

C l a u d e T ra u n e c k e r . F r a n ~ o i s e e S a o u t . a n d O l i\ ie r

M a s s o n , L o C ' / ~ u l ) rl l r l l i , h T , r i . \ ti ar r iu L . M e m o i r e s

d u C e n t r e F r a n c o - E g q p t i e n d ' E t u d e d e s t e m p l e s d e

Karnak 2 (Par i s . 1981) . 101 2. p. 110 (fig. 12.3) .

p . 115 ( i ) ( insc r ip t ion of Akor i s on one of the

p o l y g o n a l c o l u m n s e r e c t e d a r o u n d t h e B a r q u e

S a n c t u a ry of t h e S m a l l T e m p l e a t M e d ~ n e t a b u ) .

9' Wildung. 0I . Z 68 (1973) : 553. 564: idem.

cq ~, / ) r iu n o~ t i t . \ , p. 13. 28. I t is interest ing to n ote

tha t the l a rges t s t a tues foun d in Egypt (a t Ab u

Simbel . t he Ramesseum . and the Colos si of Me mn on )

are of de i fi ed k ings , ra the r than no nh um an d ib in i ti e s .

as thou gh the i r func t ion i s to con \ey to the v iewer

t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e u n i o n o f k i n g a n d g o d h e a d

had c rea ted a superde i ty on ea r th . Schwei t re r . K 'e ,r ii

~Ie.5 Kc p. 53. no tes th at t he colo ssus of A m en

h o t e p 111 s o u t h o f t h e T e n t h P y l o n a t K a r n a k ( f o r

t h e r ef e re n ce s . s ee n . 4 5 a b o ~ e )s desc r ibed as an

" image" o r " l ikeness" ( I \ I , I )of Amun-Re . For r~1 . r

specifqing the king a s the "(exact) l ikeness" of the sun

god a s h i s ea r th ly rep resenta t ive . s ee Hornun g. "Der

M e ns ch al s 'Rild G o tt es ' in ~ g y ~ t e n . "n Oswald

Loret7. ed. . Die Gor reh i~ t ih i l~ l l i i IX r i ilec Mcn.,t~lir~ii

(M un ich , 1967) . pp . 144-45, 152; Wi ldung, "Kamses,

d ie grol3e So n ne ~ g y ~ t e n s . "A.5 99 (1972-73): 39.

Th e Colos s i of M rm no n a re each re fe r red to as a rrt.1

< ( I ) .Hab achi . B~irr? j ,qt~ 1981. p. 44. f ig. 7: so/. l I

a l so the named colos sus of Ramesses I 1 before the

1-uxor Pqlon: Kitchen. Rotn. In.,c.r. 1 1 629.7.

98

C'erni . in Parker. Suirc Orut.lc, Pu/ )~ , ruc . p . 36 .

40 .42-43 .
http:///reader/full/1111.11http:///reader/full/1111.11http:///reader/full/Orut.lchttp:///reader/full/Orut.lchttp:///reader/full/1111.11


22/44


23/44


24/44

appl ied a t L uxo r genera lly to the E igh teen th D ynas ty temple f rom the Por t i co to the

Barque ~ a n c t u a r y ' or . mo re narrowly, t o the Fi rs t Vest ibule i tsel f. where the king's

barque and ka-sta tue probably resided.

In 1965 Cha rles

F

Nims descr ibed the cul t p lace of the divine Roman emperors a t

L u x o r ~ e m ~ l e 's follows:

T h e c e n t r a l d o o r w a y [ f r o m t h e P o r t i c o o f t h e t em p l e p r o p e r ] g a v e a cc e ss t o a n e i g h t c o l u m n e d

h a l l, w i t h a n o t h e r w i d e d o o r w a y i n t h e o p p o s it e w a ll . W h e n t h e R o m a n s m a d e t h e I . u x o r

T e m p l e t h e c e n t r e o f a ~ ~ . t f r ~ o l i , w a s b l o c k e dh e s o u t h e r n d o o r w a y w i t h a n a p s e . B e fo r e t h is

w a s a c a n o p y r e s ti n g o n f o u r p il la r s. t w o o f w h i c h s t il l re m a i n : u n d e r t h i s c a n o p y o n c e s t o o d a

s t a t u e o f t h e e m p e r o r . P a i n t e d o n t h e w a l ls o f t h e a p s e w e r e t h e f i g u re s o f t h e t w o A u g u s ti a n d

t h e t w o C a e s a r s o f t h e e n d o f t h e t h i rd c e n t u r y A D p a r t s o f w h i c h a r e s t il l v is i bl e . T h i s h a l l w a s

t h e s a n c t u a r y o f t h e i m p e r i a l cu l t a n d t h e

. s o c ~ r l h r ~~~

o r t h e s ta n d a r d s o f t h e R o m a n l eg i on w h o s e

h e r o e s w e r e s h o w n o n t h e p a i n t e d p l a s t e r s u r fa c e c o v e r i n g t h e p h a r a o n i c r e li ef s. I t w a s i n th i s

v e ry s a n c t u a r y t hl i t D i oc le t ia n a n d M a x i m i n I h i a c o m m a n d e d C h r i s ti a n s t o m a k e s a cr if ic es t o

t h e d i \ , i n e e m p e r o r . '

Th e rea l na tu re of th is unique m on um en t has been obscured by i ts co mm on misidenti -

f i ca t ion a s a Copt i c Ch urch , an e r ro r unfor tuna te ly pe rpe tua ted even in the s t anda rd

Top ogra phica l Bibl iography of P or ter and MOSS. ' The Rom ans ' se lec tion of th is par t

of the temp le fo r the w orsh ip of the divine emp erors was sure ly del ibera te , mot ivated

by awaren ess of the 1500-year-long tradit ion of its asso ciat ion with the cult of the

d iv ine k ing . l I6 Th a t t he Ro man s cu t o ff d i rec t access to the A mu n sanc tua ry beyond ,

however , s igni fi es tha t t he source o f t he e mp erors ' d iv in ity was now d i f fe ren t f rom

that of the E gyptian king. '

The socle upon which the whole of Luxor Temple rests south of the Court of

Am enh otep de l inea te s the ea rl ie s t phase o f t he cons t ruc t ion o f Am enhotep and

(1983 ): 130. n. 101; 132; fo r the h at K arnak as the

place where the king is born to Mut or Werrhekau.

and nurtured by them. see Otto. Topogrul~hir .

pp. 25-26; cf. Michel Gitton . Le Palais de Karnak .

B l F A O 7 4 1974): 63; this last reference kindly called

to my a t t en t ion by Labib Habachi . For fu r ther

relevant exa mp les , see K itchen. Ro t~ l. Ir7cc.r.

I.

220.6-7 (ref. Kar nak) ; 1 1 . 616.1 . I 5 (containing

references to an

b

at Lux or) . An unpubl i shed

archi t rave inscript ion in the Colonn ade of L uxor

Temple describes Set i

I

as one whom Werthekau

nurtur ed (rrzn) in the Palace (:/I) of Kar nak . In

Brunner. Gehurt

c/r\ Gorrhiini,q\, pl. 14, the child-

king is acknowledg ed by A mu n-R e

at

1.uxor. saying.

My son of my body. my beloved. Nebmaatre, whom

I

have m ade of my (ow n) flesh, one together with me

in the midst of the Palace ('11):

I

have given to you all

l ife and dominion. you app earin g as King of U pper

and Lower Egypt upon the th rone of Horus . May

you be in joy w ith you r Xu, like Re. Brun ner. p. 26.

n. 5. conside rs the po ssible identity of this Palace

with the Magistrates ' Chamber.

2

After my initial research into this question,

Wil l iam Mu rna ne pointed ou t to me the exis tence of

a Xhekrr-frie7e at the top of the walls of both rooms

of the Corona t ion Sui te (R oo ms XIII -XIV ) . sug

gesting that this decoration served to designate this

part of the temple specifically as the Palace : cf.

Gard iner . EG, pp . 494 I I . 543 (Aa 30). for the

hiero glyph used in writing the word 11. Howev er, he

has since noted this frie7e in the Portico. and

I

have

also found it in R oo m XX II: see Brunner. L~r.uor.

p. 19 and pl. 31; cf. pl. 30 (reco nstruc tion).

[ I 7 Barguet. L 111. 1104.

' I 4

Nims. T/lehe\

o

rlle P/~ ara oh. \ , . 128. For the

original publication of this material. see U . Monneret

de Vil lard. The Te mple of the Imperial Cul t at

Luxor, Arc. l~aeologiao r W ~ . \ r ~ r ~ l l a n r o u \ruc,fs Rt,-

lorir7g ro A nr iy ui r~ , 5 (O xfo rd. 1953). pp. 85-105.

115

P.V 11 . 320.

116

Cf. Daumas . L 11. 474.

I l 7 Nevertheless . the construct ion of a secondary

entra nce giving access to the south end of the temple

from the east indicates the cont inuance of some

Amun ri tuals here. For the archi tectural modifica-

t ions to I-uxor Temple during the Rom an period. see

Jean-Claude Golv in and Michel Reddci , .MIFA0

(forthcoming).


25/44

L ~ J X O R A N D T H E CULTO F T H E R O Y A LKE M P L E

75

m ark s the limi ts of the sacred prec inct ."8 T hu s the app roa ch of the king 's su bjec ts

would have been rest r ic ted to the area nor th of the Por t ico, where A me nho tep 111 la ter

const ructed his Court . I f th is i s the Maru "Viewing

lace,""^

which Amenhotep 111

s pe ak s o f in his g re at b ui ld in g i n ~ c r i ~ t i o n , " ~he n he depicts this court12' as a "place of

receiving the revenues of al l countries and the delivery

.

. .

of the dues of al l lands,"

pic tur ing himself in the midst of it as "Re of the Nine ~ o w s " " ' (put t in g him c learly

into a re la t ionship wi th

foreigner^).'^'

T h e Maru seems to be a place wh ere the divine

king 's power i s mad e m anifest . In fac t , A me nh ote p 111 descr ibes a grea t publ ic spec-

tacle, a s ort of ro yal review a t which even foreign representat ives vie with ea ch ot he r in

the splendor of their offerings of si lver, gold, semi-precious stones, cat t le , f lowers, and

wine. One i s reminded of the representa t ions of the Opet Fest iva l procession in the

C o ur t of Rames ses 11"%nd the procession of the mineral regions bring ing their riches

to the tem ple , '2s as well a s the sacr if ices depic ted a t smal l k iosks as the barqu es a re

ca r r i ed in and ou t o f the t emple in the rel ie fs o f t he ~o lo nn ad e . " ' Insc r ip t ions on the

pi lasters projec t ing s light ly into the C ou rt a t the e

Documents

Lanny Bell, Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal Ka