LAB EXERCISE 8MEMBRANES

Membranes • Membranes

– Line or cover body surfaces– Consist of epithelium supported by

connective tissue

• Four Types of Membranes

1. Cutaneous membrane

2. Mucous membranes

3. Synovial membranes

4. Serous membranes

• Cutaneous membrane– Covers surface of body– Skin– Relatively thick, waterproof, and dry comparatively– Tissues Include

» Stratified squamous epithelium» Dense irregular connective tissue » Loose areolar CT

Membranes

Membranes

• Mucous membranes– Line organs that communicate to the outside– Located in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

– Epithelial surfaces must be moist

• To reduce friction

• To facilitate absorption and excretion » Lubricated by mucus or bodily fluids

– Supported by areolar connective tissue of the lamina propria

• Synovial membranes

– Line moving, articulating joint cavities

– Produce synovial fluid (lubricant)

– Protect the ends of bones

– Lack a true epithelium

Membranes

• Serous membranes– Line cavities that do not open to the outside– Mesothelium supported by areolar connective tissue

• Are thin but strong

– Have a liquid fluid called transudate to reduce friction and

allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements.

Membranes

• Serous membranes

– Have a parietal portion covering the cavity

– Have a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs

– Three subdivisions of ventral body cavity• Pleura

– Line pleural cavity and cover the lungs• Peritoneum

– Line peritoneal cavity and cover visceral organs• Pericardium

– Line pericardial cavity and cover the heart

Membranes

Serous Membranes

Pericardium Pleura

Serous MembranePeritoneum

• Peritoneum– Largest serous membrane

of the body– Visceral layer

• Covers organs– Parietal layer

• Lines the walls of body cavity

• Peritoneal cavity– Slim space containing a

bit of serous fluid between the parietal & visceral layers

Abdominal Organs

• Retroperitoneal organs– These organs are posterior to the

peritoneum and lose their mesentery• Kidneys, Pancreas and parts

of the large intestine

• Intraperitoneal organs– Digestive organs that remain in

the peritoneal cavity and maintain their mesentery• The rest

MEDICAL IMAGING

• A specialized branch of anatomy and physiology that is essential for the diagnosis of many disorders is medical imaging, one division of which is radiography, which includes the use of x-rays.

• Medical imaging techniques allow physicians to peer inside the body to provide clues to abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology in order to help diagnose disease.

Conventional Radiography• A single burst of

xrays• Produces 2-D

image on film• Known as

radiography or xray• Poor resolution of

soft tissues• Major use is

osteology

Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

• Moving x-ray beam• Image produced on a

video monitor of a cross-section through body

• Computer generated image reveals more soft tissue detail– kidney & gallstones

• Multiple scans used to build 3D views

Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA)

• Radiopaque material injected into blood vessels

• Before and after images compared with a computer program

• Image of blood vessel is shown on a monitor

Ultrasound (US)• High-frequency sound

waves emitted by hand-held device

• Safe, noninvasive & painless

• Image or sonogram is displayed on video monitor

• Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart and blood flow through blood vessels

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field

• Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field

• Pulse of radiowaves used to generate an image on video monitor

• Can not use on patient with metal in their body

• Reveals fine detail within soft tissues

Positron Emission Tomography(PET)

• Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected into body

• Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases gamma rays

• Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image displayed on monitor