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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYSkin and Body Membranes
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
These are membranes that cover and line the body (any area that is exposed to air).
These include: cutaneous membranes (skin), mucous membranes, and serous membranes.
MUCOUS MEMBRANES SEROUS MEMBRANES Line all body cavities
exposed to the exterior (respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts).
These act as protection and lubrication (mostly).
Line enclosed body cavities: Parietal lines the
wall Visceral lines the
organs
Serous fluid is between the serous membranes (visceral and parietal)
The peritoneum lines the organs of the abdominal cavity.
The pericardium surrounds the heart and pleura surrounds the lungs.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES
Synovial membranes: surround the joints and contain lubricating fluid (synovial fluid)
May contain sacs called bursae
http://www.google.com/imgres?
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE):
a.k.a. skin
Means covering
Contains keratin, a protein
Serves for homeostasis:
Protects the body (covers)
Regulates body temperature
Prevents H2O loss
Secretes some waste
Location of sensory (some) equipment
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
1. Epidermis:-outer layer of skin-contain melanocytes (cells that have melanin, a pigment)
2. Dermis:-inner layer of skin-composed of connective tissue (with collagen & elastic fibers), nervous tissue, & blood -thicker than epidermis
3. Subcutaneous:-a.k.a. as the
hypodermis
-Below the dermis
-Composed of loose connective tissue
and adipose (fat)
-Binds the skin to underlying organs
FUN FACTS ABOUT THE EPIDERMIS
Think about the saying “Beauty is only skin deep.” Everything we see when we look at someone is dead skin cells.
The average person sheds about 40 lbs of dandruff (part of the epidermis) in a lifetime.
We grow a new epidermis about every 25-45 days.
FUN FACTS ABOUT THE DERMIS
Fingerprints, caused by dermal papillae (or nipples), are genetically determined.
Since the dermal layer contains fat (adipose), and as we age, we lose fat and the elasticity of our skin, the dermal layer sags. This forms wrinkles.
SKIN COLOR
PIGMENTS THAT CAUSE SKIN COLOR:
OTHER CAUSES OF SKIN COLOR:
Melanin (yellow, reddish-brown, or black)
Carotene (orange-yellow)
Hemoglobin (red)
Emotions Illness (hypertension,
fever, inflammation, etc.)
Jaundice (yellow skin) Bruising Environment (UV rays) Bloods vessels: If
poorly oxygenated, a bluish appearance occurs. This is called cyanosis.
APPENDAGES OF SKIN (ACCESSORY ORGANS):
Cutaneous glands: a.k.a. exocrine glands Sebaceous glands (oil secreting glands)
Secrete sebum (oil) Keeps hair and skin soft Protects skin and kills bacteria
Sweat glands a.k.a. Sudoriferous glands Eccrine glands secrete sweat to regulate
temperate Apocrine glands secrete sweat in emotions
(stress, pain, sex, and sometimes thermoregulation).
Sweat is a mixture of water, urea, and salts.
APPENDAGES OF SKIN (ACCESSORY ORGANS):
Hair protects skin Hair follicles
produce hair Located on all
parts of skin except: palms, soles, lips, nipples, and some reproductive structures.
Nails protect skin and sensory equipment under skin.
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Warning: there are images on the next few slides that MAY be
disturbing!Really.
IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN
Bedsores (pressure ulcers) occur when a patient remains in one position too long. The skin cells dies as a result of lack of blood supply.
http://www.google.com/imgres?
IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN
Acne is caused by an infection of the sebaceous glands.
http://www.google.com/imgres?
IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN
A burn is tissue damage (& cell death) caused by some type of intense heat.
There are 2 life-threatening problems for burn-victims: fluid loss and infection
Pathogens (invaders like bacteria or fungi) feed off of destroyed skin.
Doctors estimate fluid loss (for burn victims) by using the rule of nines.
This divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the total body surface area + 1% representing the genital area.
BURNS First-degree burns: epidermis is damaged
(think sunburns).
Second-degree burns: epidermis and some dermal tissue (upper layer) are damaged. Blisters occur. This is painful.
Third-degree burns: destroys skin (a.k.a. full-thickness burns). Nerve endings in the area of burned tissue are
destroyed (therefore, NOT painful). Skin grafting must be done to recover b/c skin
will not regenerate in these areas.
SKIN CANCER
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: BASAL CELL CARCINOMA:
Quick growing skin cancer that appears on epidermis.
Can metastasize (spread) to lymph nodes (w/o treatment: surgery or radiation).
Usually caused by sun exposure.
Often found on ears, scalp, lower lip, & back of the hand
Most common type of skin cancer.
Slow growing, shiny round nodules appear.
Usually caused by sun exposure.
Rarely spread before treatment (surgery).
Often found on face.
SKIN CANCER
Malignant melanoma:
Cancer of melanocytes
Can be lethal
Usually appear spontaneously (however, can be caused b/c a mole changes, DNA is damaged, genetic causes, or sun damage).
Metastasizes quickly to lymph nodes and BVs (then to other organs).
Treatment: surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy
MALIGNANT MELANOMAABCD recognition: (A) Asymmetry:
pigment is uneven (B) Border
irregularity: the lesion is not smooth
(C) Color: the color of the lesion varies within the lesion (shades)
(D) Diameter: the lesion is larger than 6 mm (pencil eraser)
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Look up in text or online! Know the following: Athlete’s foot, boils, cold
sores, dermatitis, impetigo, and psoriasis.
This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran, Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.
Used with her personal permission, adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting, Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.
