L-24 Revolutionary Situation1895-1904

4. Liberation Movement

Themes

1. Paradigm: 1895: “no party, no idea, no base”

1904: “parties, ideologies, mass base”

2. “All-nation Liberation Movement”=all classes, all ethnic groups against autocracy

3. Liberationists/Revolutionaries: Profile

4. Liberals: moderates to radicals

5. Populists: rearmed, redefined

6. Marxists: uniting, dividing

A. Intelligentsia: Revolutionaries and Liberationists

1. Intelligentsia: spectrum

2. Growth

3. Democratization

Table 1Number Arrested Per Annum

Period Annual Average of Revolutionaries Arrested

1884-1890 615

1901-1903 2598

Table 2Revolutionaries: Social Origins

Estate 1884-1890 1901-3

Nobility 31 11

Clergy 6 2

Merchants 12 4

Townspeople 28 44

Peasants 19 37

Other 4 2

Table 3Revolutionaries: Education

Education 1884-1890 1901-3

University 34 12

Secondary 33 13

Elementary 12 33

Literate 13 30

Illiterate 7 12

Table 4Revolutionaries: Occupation

Occupation 1884-1890 1901-3

Student 26 10

White-collar 12 11

Civil servant 6 2

Private sector 11 7

Agriculture 7 10

Worker 16 47

Trade 4

Other 20 9

B. Liberal “Society”

1. From “society” to “civil society”

2. Constituency: landowners and professionals

3. Zemtsy: moderate zemstvo movement

4. Union of Liberation

Liberal Leadership

Ivan I.

Petrunkevich

Pavel N.

Miliukov

Petr B.

Struve

Sergei A.

Muromtsev

Zemstvo Doctor (1900)

C. Neo-Populism: PSR

1. Populists of 1870s: mass base or terror?

2. Crisis of the 1890s

3. Refurbishing populism

4. PSR: mass base and terror

The Arrest of a PropagandistRepin, 1892

PSR Leaders

Victor

Chernov

Boris

Savinkov

Grigorii A.

Gershuni

Evno

Azef

D. Marxism

1. Foundations

2. Breakthrough, formation of RSDLP

3. Crisis of Russian Social Democracy

4. Schism: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

Karl Marx in Russian Das Kapital (1872) Communist Manifesto (1882)

First Wave of Russian Marxists

Georgii V.

Plekhanov

Vera

Zasulich

Pavel B.

Akselrod

Aleksandr

Potresov

St. Petersburg Union for the Liberation of Labor (1896)

Ulianov Family, 1879

Vladimir I. (Ulianov) Lenin

1886 1917

1896 1924

Lenin’s What Is To Be Done? The Most Painful Questions of Our Movement (1902)

Prominent Social Democrats

Nadezhda

Krupskaia

Lev

Trotsky

Iulii

Martov

Iosif

Stalin