Kuliah 9- Encoding-storage-retrieval Revisi 2015

7/24/2019 Kuliah 9- Encoding-storage-retrieval Revisi 2015

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ENCODING,

STORAGE &RETRIEVAL

KULIAH 9Ayu Riana Sari, M.Si, Psi



ENCODING the process by which information gets into

memory storage.

Automatic Encoding: Some encoding occurseffortlessly, automatically, without us having to think

about it.•Personal experiences

•Information of high interest

•Some types of basic learning (conditioning, motor

learning) •Effortful Encoding – requires special attention,

thought and practice. You have to WORK to get theinfo in.



Includes ,,,

1. ATTENTION

Selective atten tion involves focusing on a

specific aspect of experience while ignoring

others.

Divided attent ion involves concentrating

on more than one activity at the same time.

Sus tained atten t ion is the ability to

maintain attention to a selected stimulus for

a prolonged period of time.



2. LEVELS OF PROCESSING

- refers to a continuum from shallow to intermediate

to deep, with deeper processing producing better

memory



3. ELABORATION- refers to the formation of a number of

different connections around a stimulus at

any given level of memory encoding.

Self-reference —relating material to your

own experience—is another effective wayto elaborate on information, drawing

mental links between aspects of your own

life and new information (Hunt & Ellis, 2004)



4. IMAGERY

- dual-code hypothesis (verbal & image codes)

claims that memory for pictures is better thanmemory for words because pictures—at least those

that can be named—are stored as both image codes

and verbal codes (Allan Paivio).



STORAGE

Storage - encompasses how information isretained over time and how it is representedin memory

Atkinson and Shiffrin’sTheory of Memory – sensory input goes into sensory memory. Through

the process of attention, information moves intoshort-term memory, where it remains for 30seconds or less unless it is rehearsed. When theinformation goes into long-term memory storage,

it can be retrieved over a lifetime.



1. Sensory Memory Memory system that involves holding information from

the world in its original sensory form for only aninstant, not much longer than the brief time it isexposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

very rich and detailed

Echoic memory (from the word echo ) refers to auditory

sensory memory, which is retained for up to severalseconds.

Iconic memory (from the word icon, which means“image”) refers to visual sensory memory, which is

retained only for about 1/4 of a second



2. Short-Term Memory (STM)

Is a limited-capacity memory system inwhich information is usually retained for

only as long as 30 seconds unless we usestrategies to retain it longer.

George Miller (1956) : “The MagicalNumber Seven, Plus or Minus Two.” 7+ 2

Attention is important

Two ways to improve short-term memoryare chunking and rehearsal.



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Chunking : grouping or “packing” informationthat exceeds the 7 ± 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered as single

units.

Rehearsal : the conscious repetition ofinformation.

- rehearsal often involves just mechanicallyrepeating information, without imparting meaningto it.



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Working Memory

A three-part system that allows us to hold informationtemporarily as we perform cognitive tasks; a kind ofmental workbench on which the brain manipulates and

assembles information to help us understand, makedecisions, and solve problems.

Working memory is not a passive storehouse withshelves to store information until it moves to long-term memory; rather, it is an active memorysystem

is merely a conceptual model describingprocesses in memory.



Components

1. The phonological loop is specialized to

briefly store speech-based information about

the sounds of language. The phonological loop contains two

separate components : an acoustic code

(the sounds we heard), which decays in afew seconds, and rehearsal, which allows

us to repeat the words in the phonological

store.



2. Visuo spat ial work ing memory stores visual

and spatial information, including visualimagery.

The phonological loop and visuospatialmemory function independently.

3. The central execu t ive integratesinformation not only from the phonological loop

and visuospatial working memory but also fromlong-term memory.

plays important roles in attention, planning,and organizing.



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Kuliah 9- Encoding-storage-retrieval Revisi 2015