Kscst Final Report

KSCST REFERENCE No:33S1127

A Project report on

IMPACT OF MUNICAPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ON

SOIL AND GROUND WATER

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree in

Bachelor of Engineering

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

Mr. MADHU KUMAR S 1NC05CV021 Mr. NAGENDRA PRASAD N 1NC06CV016 Mr. NAVEEN KUMAR S 1NC06CV017 Mr. AMBRISH V 1NC06CV035

Under the Guidance ofDr.H.S.Nanda Mr. Shivaraju R

Principal Lecturer

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NAGARJUNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

VENKATAGIRIKOTE, DEVANAHALLI, BENGALURU– 562 110(JUNE 2010)

NAME CELL NO E-MAIL ID

Mr. MADHU KUMAR S 9164063898 [email protected]

Mr. NAGENDRA PRASAD N 9036534703 [email protected]

Mr. NAVEEN KUMAR S 9972011464

Mr. AMBRISH V 9844190926

Dr.H.S.Nanda(GUIDE)

9845655234 [email protected]

Mr. Shivaraju R(GUIDE)

9986602652 [email protected]

SYNOPSIS

This study is intended to evaluate the effect of Municipal solid waste on soil and

water bodies in and around Chikkaballapur city and to provide remedial measures.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), a complex refuse composed of various

materials with different properties. Some of the components are stable while others

degrade as a result of biological and chemical process. The lechate resulted from this;

pollute the soil underlying and subsequently ground water. MSW management is

mainly focused on major cities in India. Safe and scientific practice of MSW disposal

for any developing city is need of the hour.

The previous studies and investigation by various investigators has indicated that

the leachate can modify the soil properties & significantly alter the behaviour of soil

Substantial release of leachate from dump yards (Landfills without top and

bottom impermeable layers) has occurred during past few years & the soil at the dump

yard experience extensive contamination. These releases may have also covered

extensive areas adjacent to the dumping area resulting in contaminating the soil,

surface and groundwater. The main focus of this study is to determine the effect of

leachate contamination on hydraulic conductivity and other characteristics.

Representative soil samples from the sources will be obtained from test pits. The

experimental studies will be carried out so as to know the effect of leachate on the soil

properties in the case of leachate pH = 7.00. and at various pH values. To vary the

degree of contamination the dry soil samples will be mixed with various percentage of

common contaminate by weight of dry soil. A light compaction & hydraulic

conductivity tests will be carried out on native soil & contaminated soil samples.

Chickballapur, a sprawling city, located on NH-7 about 25 K m from Bengaluru

International Air Port, now became a District Headquarter of recently formed

Chickballapur district. The population of the city is around 80,000 spreading over an

area of 18 Sq Km. The city is fast developing, inviting a large number of

Governmental, public, private residential, commercial and industrial establishments.

Two major proposals are on the anvil i.e, to establish VTU Research Centre and an IIT

at Muddenahalli, the birthplace of Sir. M V Visvesvaraiah, situated about 4 Kms from

this city.

In this study, to understand the effect of solid waste disposal on prevailing water

sources experiments in laboratory were carried out for water quality parameters along

with the studies are also carried out to determine the effects of leachate contamination

on the geotechnical properties of native soil and local soil contaminated by disposal of

MSW in the region.

With an expectation that the contaminated soils exhibit altered geotechnical

properties compared to native soil, Efforts were made to make use the results that can be

obtained from this study to evaluate the consequences of contamination of MSW on soil

and water bodies in the study area.

Key Words: Municipal Solid waste, land fill, Soil Contamination, Lechate,

Groundwater, Segregation

INTRODUCTION

Chickballapur, a sprawling city, located on NH-7 about 25 K m from Bengaluru

International Air Port, now became a District Headquarter of recently formed

Chickballapur district. The population of the city is around 80,000 spreading over an area

of 18 Sq Km. The city is fast developing, inviting a large number of Governmental,

public, private residential, commercial and industrial establishments. Two major

proposals are on the anvil ie, to establish VTU Research Centre and an IIT at

Muddenahalli, the birthplace of Sir. M V Visvesvaraiah, situated about 4 Kms from this

city. At present about 30 MT of solid waste is generating in the city everyday.

Waste generation has become an inherent part of human dwelling. With the

ongoing increase in the population levels, and more significantly the drastic changes

occurring as a part of urbanization, the quantity and quality of waste generated is

changing rapidly. In Indian cities, waste is generally not weighed. It is measured by

volume to determine the quantity of waste. Several studies conducted by NEERI and

other consultants have shown that the generation rates are low in smaller towns whereas

they are high in cities over 20 lakhs population. The quantity of solid waste in Indian

urban centres are shown in Table 1

Table 1 Quantity of Solid Waste in Indian urban centres

Population range

(in million)

Number of urban

centres sampled

Total population

(in million)

Average per

capita value

(Kg/capita/day)

Quantity

(tones/day)

<0.1 328 68.300 0.21 14343.00

0.1-0.5 255 56.914 0.21 11952.00

0.5-1.0 31 21.729 0.25 5432.00

1.0-2.0 14 17.184 0.27 4640.00

2.0-5.0 6 20.597 0.35 7209.00

>5.0 3 26.306 0.50 13153.00

(Source: NEERI strategy paper on SWM in India, Feb, 1996)

In India, the total urban population of 240 million produces approximately 29 million

tonnes of refuse annually at an average rate of 0.2 kg to 0.6 kg/capita/day (Macwan

J.E.M. 2003). Factors that affect generation rate are:

• Geographic location

• Season of the year

• Frequency of collection

• Characteristics of population

• Public attitude

Solid waste generation rates for different countries are as shown in Table 2. It can be

seen that per capita solid waste generated in developed countries is quite high. This can

be attributed to higher standards of living and use of larger amount of packing materials

and higher wastage.

Table 2 Solid Waste Generation Rates for Different Countries

Country Solid waste generation rate

(kg/capita/day)India 0.3-0.6

UK 0.82

USA 2.5

Switzerland 0.6

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objectives of the project are as follows:

1. Identification of solid waste dumps and its characterizations

2. To study the dumping yard system

3. Impact study on soil and water samples in and around dumpsites

4. To develop a detailed data base on scientifically generated data and technical

aspects to treat and dispose the waste generated in the district

5. Critical study of current Solid waste Management strategy, Technology practices

and characterizations of solid waste.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Solid waste is the waste arising from anthropogenic and animal activities, which is

normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. These wastes are being

produced since the beginning of civilization. During the early period, solid wastes were

conveniently and unobtrusively disposed off, since the population density was low and

large open land space was available. With the advent of industrialization and

urbanization, the problems of waste disposal increased. High population density and

intensive land use for residential, commercial and industrial activities led to an adverse

impact on the environment. Identifying, locating, quantifying, characterizing and

documentation of wastes dump sites in and around Chickballapur city and to study its

impact on environment with respect to water and soil qualities representing the dumping

site located in between Nimmakalakunte and Ankangondi.

METHODOLOGY

In this study, to assess the solid waste generation in terms of quantity and quality,

their collection, transportation and disposal, the following steps were adopted.

1. Collection of general information from the Municipal authority.

2. Identifying the wards for collection of solid waste for its quantitative and

qualitative analysis

3. Collection of house hold solid waste from identified houses in particular

wards

4. Characterization of solid waste

To assess the impact of solid waste dumping, on soil and water sources, the following

steps were adopted.

1. Identifying the site for soil sampling in and around the dumping site.

2. Soil sampling

3. Water sampling – surface and ground water

4. Experimentation and analysis of geotechnical properties of contaminated and

uncontaminated soils as per relevant BIS specification and test procedures.

5. Experimentation and analysis of water quality of surface and subsurface

sources as per relevant BIS specification and test procedures.

6. Assessing the impact of solid waste disposal on soil by comparing the

experimental results of uncontaminated and contaminated soils.

7. Assessing the impact of solid waste disposal on water by experimental results

of water samples collected at different sources and locations.

SOIL SAMPLINGCareful soil sampling is essential for an accurate fertilizer recommendation. A sample

must reflect the overall or average fertility of a field so analyses, interpretations and

recommendations accurately represent the nutrient or mineral status of the soil. An

accurate evaluation of soil nutrient levels will result in more efficient fertilizer use, which

can increase yields, reduce costs and potentially reduce environmental pollution.

Consider each of the following before obtaining a Soil sample:

a. Sampling procedure,

b. Sampling depth,

Sampling Procedure

Use a systematic sampling scheme. Grid (lie area in your mind's eye (it is not necessary

to measure it) and sample once within each grid. Obtain an accurate Nutrient evaluation

of a field site with 15 to 20 surface sub samples per 40 acres and six eight subsurface

cores. Mix these sub samples thoroughly and save 1 pint for analysis, is pint mixture is

the composite soil sample. In some cases, the number of sub samples may be limited by

time constraints or availability of labor. Keep in mind, however, that fewer sub samples

result in less accuracy in evaluating the nutrient or mineral status of the soil. Fig 1 shows

the sampling procedure.

Fig 1 sampling procedure

Sampling Depth

Take the surface sample to tillage depth. For perennial pastures or hay crops

(cases there the soil is not annually mixed), sample to 4 inches deep. Be sure to separate

discard surface litter. Take deeper samples (subsoil) for nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-analysis

where the nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendation is of special importance. Sugar beets

are an excellent example: There is a delicate balance between yield response (too little N)

and quality reduction (too much N). Deep soil sampling greatly improves nitrogen

recommendations for irrigated crops. Take deep Samples to 2 feet, preferably to 4 feet.

There is little point in going deeper unless an unusual situation requires special attention.

Sample as follows: surface to tillage depth, tillage depth to 2 feet, and 2 feet to 4 feet.

Keep each depth separate. Request routine test for the surface composite sample and

NO3-N only for the subsoil samples.

Fig 2 Sampling Depth

TEST PROCEDURES ON SOILS

In the present study to investigate the effect on the behavior of soils and to understand

plasticity and compaction characteristics, the following laboratory tests have been

performed.

Water Content

Water content of soil was obtained by oven dry method. This is the most accurate method

of determining the water content and is, therefore used in this investigation as per IS

2720(part-II).

Specific gravity

Specific gravity of given soil by using density bottle method. The knowledge of specific

gravity is need in calculation of soil properties like void ratio, degree of saturation as per

is 2720 (part-i&ii)-(1980-1992).

Field density by core cutter method

Determine the field density and dry unit weight for given site by using core cutter method

.core cutter method is suitable for soft cohesive soils. It can not be used for stiff clays,

sandy soils and soils containing gravel fractions, which could damage the cutting edge as

per is 2720 (1975-88).

Grain size analysis

Grain size analysis is widely used in classification of soils data obtained from grain size

distribution curve is used in design of filter or earthen dams to determine suitability of

soil for road construction , air field etc as per IS-2720(part IV)-1985.

pH of Soil

The pH of soil has a major influence on the solubility of contaminants by influencing the

degree of ionization and their subsequent overall charge (pepper, 1996). Stabilization of

very acidic materials can cause rapid heat evolution following binder addition. In

materials with excess moisture content, this can be beneficial as a reduction in moisture

content is likely. However, in materials with near-optimum moisture content or the

presence of volatile contaminants, staged addition of binder may be required to control

the heat evolution.

Materials with low pH can be detrimental to the setting of cement/lime stabilized

materials. To overcome this problem the acidic material needs to be neutralized. This can

either be achieved by increasing the quantity of lime or cement binder used, or an

alternative alkaline material could be used, such as chalk dust

Liquid Limit

The liquid limit of the soil was determined by using Casargrande's standard method for

liquid limit as per IS 2720(part-V)-1985. Liquid limit is the water content corresponding

to the arbitrary limit b/w liquid and plastic limit of consistency of a soil. It is defined as

the minimum water content at which a part of a soil cut by the grove of the standard

dimension will flow together from a distance of 2mm under an impact of 25 blows in the

device.

Plastic Limit

Plastic limit of soils were determined as per IS 2720(part-V)-1970 method. The average

of three determinations is considered as plastic limit.

Compaction Test

Compaction test was carried out in the standard proctor mould having internal diameter

of 10cm and height of 12cm. samples was compacted in three layers. Each layer of the

soils is compacted by 25 blows. Before placing the second or third layer of soil for

compaction, the top surface of first compacted layer was starched for proper adhesion

between each layer. The dry density was calculated by finding moisture content. Result

of dry density and moisture content were plotted to find maximum dry density and

optimum moisture content's for both the soils as per IS 2720(part-VII)-1974 method.

Unconfined Compression Test

The unconfined compression test is used to measure the unconfined compressive strength

of a cohesive soil. The unconfined compression test is applicable only to coherent

materials such as saturated clays or cemented soils that retain intrinsic strength after

removal of confining pressure. Dry or crumbly soils, fissured or varied materials, silts,

and sands cannot be tested meaningfully in unconfined compression, in this test; a

laterally unsupported cylindrical specimen is subjected to a gradually increased axial

compression load until failure occurs. The unconfined compression test is a form of

Triaxial test in which the major principal stress is equal to the applied axial stress, and the

intermediate and minor principal stresses are equal to zero. The unconfined compressive

strength is defined as the maximum unit axial compressive stress at failure or at 15

percent strain, whichever occurs first. The Undrained shear strength is assumed to be

equal to one-half the unconfined compressive strength. The axial load may be applied to

the specimen either by the controlled strain procedure, in which the stress is applied to

produce a predetermined rate of strain, or by the controlled stress procedure, in which the

stress is applied in predetermined increments of load.

Standard Reference

ASTM D 2166 - Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of

Cohesive Soil

TESTS ON WATER

1. pH meter method

2. Acidity test

3. Hardness test

4. Chloride test

5. Sulphate test

6. Alkalinity test

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Solid Waste Management Information Has Been Collected From The Action Plan Report

Are As Shown Below In Table 3

Table 3 data regarding swm status report of chickballapur.

Apr-2010 (CMC Chickballapur)

1

Cit

y d

escr

ipti

on 1 Area (Sq Km2) 18.2 2 Present Population (2001 census) 54938 3 Waste Generated (Tons Per Day, tpd) 30 4 Total number of wards 312

Sol

id w

aste

Man

agem

ent

acti

on P

lan

5 Action plan of SWM approved date 10/7/2007 6 Fund released date/amount (in lakhs) 99.77 7 Fund Utilzed date/amount (in lakhs) 79.77

Sta

tus

of

Pro

cure

men

8 Tender invited (Y/N) Yes

9 Purchase order issued (Y/N) Yes

IEC

Act

ivit

ies 10 Started since (month and year) 2006

11 Fund released (in lakhs) 99.77 12 Fund utilized (in lakhs) 79.77 13 Number of NGO's involved no 14 Activities Carried out by NGO's No 15 Payments to NGO'S (In lakhs) No

Doo

r to

Doo

r co

llec

tion 16 Total No. of non slum households in the ULB No

17 Total No. of households covered in the ULB No 18 Total No. Households covered by SHGs No 19 Total No. of SHGs No Vehicles used in collection in the ULB 78 21 No. of Auto tippers in the ULB 3 22 No. of Tricycles )in the ULB No 23 No. of Push cart (wheel barrows) in the ULB 55

Composition of SW recorded in the ULB (in statement)

Com

pos

itio

n

24 % Compostable No 25 % Paper and Cardboard No 26 % Plastic No 27 % Glass No 28 % Metals No 29 % Leather and textiles No % Recyclables No

30% Dust, ash and Inert waste

No3

Sec

ond

a ry

coll

ecti

on

&

tran

spor Transportation and secondary collection

31 Total No of Vehicles used daily 7 Kind of vehicle used

tati

on 32 No of Tractor 5 33 No of Open Trucks / closed trucks No 34 No of Oblique tractor placers No 35 No of Dumper placers 2 36 No of Front-end Loaders/back hoe (JCB) No Waste Processing and Landfill4

Lan

dfi

ll

Sta

tus

of D

evel

opm

ent

37 Purchase of land (Yes/No) 38 Type of land Procured (Govt/private) govt 39 Fund released for purchase of land - Fund utilized (in lakhs) - 40 Total Area of Land in acres 15 41 Fund released for development (in lakhs) 40.92 42 Fund utilzed (in lakhs) 22 43 KSPCB authorization taken/renewed Yes 44 Date of authorization/renewed 2008 45 Construction of landfill started Yes 46 Date of Buffer Zone declaration No

Com

pos

tin

g

47 No of composting yards No 48 Total Area utilized for composting (acres) No 49 Quantity of waste received for composting (tpd) No 50 Pre-Segregation done (Yes/No) No 51 Total waste Composted per day (tpd) No 52 Economic value (Rs/Kg) No

Rec

ycli

ng

53 Area marked for recycling of waste (acres) No

54Total quantity of waste recycled from dustbins (Kg/day) No

55Total quantity of waste recycled from Landfills (Kg/day) No

56 Value of recycled materials (Rs) No

Lan

dfi

ll s

ite

57 Total Area allocated to landfill (acres) No 58 Total No of landfills (cells) 1 59 Area other than landfill site for waste disposal - 60 Total waste sent to landfill site (tonnes/Day) 27 61 Type of landfill (sanitary/ pit method) pit method 62 Construction of compound wall /fencing(Yes/No) Yes 63 length of fence/ compound wall 848mts 64 Formation of approached roads (Yes/No) Yes 65 Bore wells (Yes/No) Yes 66 Tree plantation taken up (Yes/No) No 67 Name 3 dominant Tree Species (species 1) No Species 2 No Species 3 No5

Use

r F

ee 68 Target set for User fee (lakhs or Rs) No 69 Target Achieved (lakhs or Rs) No6 70 Total expenditure on Municipal Solid Waste Mgmt Lakhs

71 Expenditure, per ton waste 72 Total income from SWM

Representative Sample of Waste Generated from 15 house of 5th Ward in Chickballapur

as shown in Table 4

Table 4 Name of ward 1 – 5TH ward Prashanth Nagar, Chickballpur

Waste generated by houses Details

House 1House 2

House 3

House 4 House 5

House 6

Household details and ID #102 #103 #105 #104 #109 #107 Name of head of HH No of members in the house 6 4 3 5 5 4 No of adults in the house (>13yrs) No of children below 13yrs ID No used for GPS point Composition Details

Day

1

Total Waste of the house (in grams) 1151.05 485 314 540 1093 426compostables (g) 884.52 366.92 281.79 518.41 1005.14 402.3paper and cardboard (g) 190.3 77.7 - 15.31 43 10.3Plastic (g) 64.2 64.2 30.91 6.28 26.5 8Glass (g) - - - - - -Metals (g) - - - - - -Leather and Cloth /textiles (g) 12.03 - 1.3 - 18.36 5.4Recyclables Inerts and dust (g)

Day

2

Total Waste of the house (in grams) 742.8 363.4 291.5 389.6 876.6 383.5compostables (g) 682.7 273.93 261.08 386.57 791.28 376.30paper and cardboard (g) 47.01 58.43 24.04 - 72.21 -Plastic (g) 13.09 31.04 9.38 3.03 11.04 6.80 Glass (g) - - - - - -Metals (g) - - - - - -Leather and Cloth /textiles (g) - - 7.2 - 2.07 -Recyclables Inerts and dust (g)

Day

3

Total Waste of the house (in grams) 983.4 428.2 263.2 410 910.4 410compostables (g) 891.89 299.71 218.12 385.52 846.24 365.2paper and cardboard (g) 69.5 110.36 26.82 24.48 50.42 -Plastic (g) 17.31 18.13 18.26 - 13.74 10.7Glass (g) - - - - - -Metals (g) - - - - - -Leather and Cloth /textiles (g) 4.7 - - - - 34.1Recyclables Inerts and dust (g)

House 7 House 8 House 9 House 10 House 11 House 12 House 13 house 14 House 15#106 #108 #110 Nh Nh #112 Nh Nh Nh 4 7 3 4 6 2 3 8 2 832.7 1106.8 256.1 349.7 796.8 128.3 228.6 1239.1 180.7693.18 883.51 213.29 286.84 725.58 111.64 217.49 1077.38 128.29 102.6 138.13 24.92 42.69 39.81 12.10 - 93.95 42.2429.01 85.16 17.89 20.14 31.41 4.56 11.11 52.56 10.17- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -7.91 - - - - - - 15.21 - 526 902.3 203.5 410.3 524.62 278.9 210.7 1131.2 152.3 453.22 505.9 137.02 324.84 473.44 235.82 185.62 984.92 95.7855.15 92.6 30.17 60.32 23.04 26.72 6.3 120.61 40.10 17.53 103.79 36.31 25.14 28.14 16.36 18.78 25.67 16.42- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 620.1 956.6 220.8 256 598.2 162.2 247.1 1667 109.8 508.98 704.68 197.67 205.59 521.2 131.04 205.37 1049.83 65.386.25 106.76 12.07 35.57 42.13 19.02 20.39 84.92 24.4620.07 123.45 11.06 14.84 26.16 12.14 21.74 32.25 20.04- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 4.8 - - - 8.61 - - - -

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF SOIL PROPERTIES

The study area the municipal solid waste dumping site considered in this study is

located between Nimmakalakunte and Ankanagondi village this dumping site is about 7

years old, in which the solid waste dumping in this yard was in practice for a period of

one to one and half of year later there was no further dumping in this site.

Referring to Table 5.3 and Fig 5.1 to 5.16, analysis of soil sample results of

uncontaminated and contaminated reveals slight decrease in bulk density and water

content in top layer and at a depth of one meter how ever this all most remains same at

about 0.5 meter depth compare to the uncontaminated soil. Is specific gravity of the top

layer that is right below that solid waste heap shows decreased value. Implies the

presence of organic matter mixed with soil

The pH Value of soil slightly become alkaline in nature with an average value of

7.49 compared to its pH value of 6.61 for uncontaminated soil. This shows a significant

interaction of pollutant with the soil.

Plastic and Liquid limit also shows decreasing trend for contaminated soil

compared to uncontaminated soil revealing modification of soil properties due to

contaminants .

The Sieve analysis results shows variation in effective particle size and coefficient

of uniformity and coefficient of curvature with respect to soil at top layer and at a depth

of 0.5 meter revealing physical alteration of soil particles due to contamination.

The compaction test results shows their exist increase in optimum moisture

content 21.33 % and decrease in dry density of an average value of 16.74 compared to

15 % OMC and 19.9 kN/m³ of optimum dry density for uncontaminated soil.

Unconfined compression test analysis shows that a decrease in UCC strength with

a value of 0.23 kg/Cm² for contaminated soil compared to its value of 0.44 kg/Cm² due to

the contamination of soil.

Table 5 Results And Discussion For Soil Properties

SL NO

PARAMETERS UN CONTAMINA

TED SOIL

CONTAMINATED SOIL

TOP SURFACE

0.5M DEPTH

1M DEPTH

1 In-situ dry density by core cutter

method Bulk density γb in

kn/m³Water content w in

% In-situ dry density

γd in kN/m³

18.26

14.8

15.9

16.5

12.5

14.7

18.5

15

16.1

15.5

11

12

2 Specific gravity G 2.65 2.35 2.6 2.7

3 pH method 6.61 7.52 7.64 7.30

4 Plastic limit wp in %

33% 22% Sandy soil Sandy soil

5 Liquid limit wl in % 38.33% 30% 36% 38.5%

6 Sieve analysis D10

D20D30

Co-efficient of uniformity CuCo-efficient of curvature Cc

0.22mm0.52mm2.00mm

9.09

0.61

0.07mm0.049mm0.21mm

30

1.63

0.034mm0.071mm0.25mm

0.136

0.59

0.22mm0.6mm1.6mm

8.63

0.86

7 Compaction test using light weightOptimum moisture

content W in %Dry density γd in

kn/m³

15%

19.9kN/m³

19%

16.18kN/m³

24.5%

17.16kN/m³

20.5%

16.88kN/m³

8 UCCFailure plane α

Internal friction ΦCohesion c

50˚19.79˚

0.44kg/Cm²

80˚56.30˚

0.17kg/Cm²

65˚30˚

0.22kg/Cm²

60˚29.74˚

0.3kg/Cm²

Liquid Limit Graph

Fig Liquid Limit for Un-Contaminated Soils

Fig Liquid Limit for Contamination Soils At Top Surface

Fig Liquid Limit for Contamination Soils at 0.5 Meter

Fig Liquid Limit for Contamination Soils at 1 Meter

Sieve Analysis Graphs

Fig Sieve Analysis for Un-Contaminated Soils

Fig Sieve Analysis for Contamination Soils At Top Surface

Fig Sieve Analysis for Contamination Soils At 0.5 Meter

Fig Sieve analysis for Contamination soils at 1 meter

Standard Proctor Compaction Test Using Light Compaction Graph

Fig Variation Dry Density Vs Water Content

Fig variation dry density Vs water content

Variation dry density Vs water content

Fig variation dry density Vs water content

Un-Confined Compression Test Graphs

Fig Variation of Shear Stress Vs Compressive Stress




RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ON WATER ANALYSIS

Introduction

The present studies was under taken to investigate the physical and chemical

characteristics and to whether it is affect from waste disposal .the sample were collected

from bore wells within 500m radius from the dump site. Take about 2 liters capacity used

for the water samples for analysis the physical and chemical characteristics of this water

samples are determined according to standard methods.

Referring Table 6 to 10, the water quality analysis of the water samples collected

from 2-borewells located at a distance of 90 meter and 500 meter and a open well at

above 100 meter distance form the dumping site shows considerable variations in pH,

Acidity, Chloride content and Hardness.

Though most of the results obtained for these parameters are within the

permissible limits, the variation in this value might be caused by the influence of

pollutants from the solid waste dumping site. How ever to assess ground water quality

Hydro-Geomorphologic Feature of the region is to be examined.

Table 6 pH Value of Ground Water Sample

Sl

no

Name of experiment

conducted

Sample -1 form

bore point

located at 90m

form site

Sample -2 form open

well located at 100m

form site

Sample 3 form

bore point located

at 500m form

site

1 pH meter method 7.6 7.73 8.13

Table 7 Acidity Value of Ground Water Sample

Sl

no

Name of experiment

conducted

Sample -1 form

bore point

located at 90m

form site in

(mg/litres)

Sample -2 form

open well located

at 100m form

site in (mg/litres)

Sample 3 form

bore point

located at 500m

form site in

(mg/litres)

1 Total acidity 58 48 38

2 Mineral acidity Absent absent Absent

Chlorides are not usually harmful to people however, the sodium part of table salt

has been linked to heart and kidney disease. Sodium chloride may impart a salty taste at

89.85 mg/L; however, calcium or magnesium chlorides are not usually detected by taste

until levels of 131.78 mg/L are reached. The desirable limit for chloride is89.85 mg/L

and the permissible limit in the absence of alternate source is 131.78 mg/L. All the water

samples fall within the limit. Referring 8

Table 8 Chloride Value of Ground Water Sample

Sl no

Name of experiment conducted

Sample -1 form bore

point located at 90m from the site in (mg/liters)

Sample -2 form open

well located at 100m from

site in (mg/liters)

Sample 3 form bore point located at

500m from the site (mg/liters)

Undesirable

effect outside the desirable

limit

1 Chloride test 89.85 131.78 110.8

Beyond limit test, corrosion

palatability are

affected

Hardness of water sample varies from the 242 mg/l to 290 mg/l. the desirable limit for

hardness is 242 mg/l and the permissible limit in the absence of alternate source is 290

mg/l. the calcium concentration varies from 94 mg/l to 186 mg/l and the magnesium

concentration varies from 56to 184 mg/l. the desirable limit for calcium is 94 mg/l and

the permissible limit in the absence of alternate source is 186 mg/l. the desirable limit for

magnesium is 56 mg/l and the permissible limit in the absence of alternate source is 184

mg/l. Referring Table 9

Table 9 Hardness Value of Ground Water Sample

Sl no

Name of experiment conducted

Sample -1 form borepoint

located at 90m form site in (mg/liters)

Sample -2 form openwell located

at 100m form site in (mg/liters)

Sample 3 form borepoint located at

500m form site in

(mg/liters)

1 Total hardness 290 278 242

2 Calcium hardness 106 94 186

3 Magnesium hardness

184 184 56

It is found that sulphate is absent and the results of alkalinity is as showing in Table 10

Table 10 Alkalinity Value of Ground Water Sample

Sl no Name of

experiment

conducted

Sample -1 form

bore point located

at 90m form site

in(mg/l)

Sample -2 form

open well located at

100m form site

in(mg/l)

Sample 3 form bore

point located at

500m from the site

in(mg/l)

1 Partial

alkalinity

Absent Absent Absent

2. Total

alkalinity

8 14 4

CONCLUSIONSThe solid waste generated in the Chickballapur City amounting to 30 metric tones per

day. The major constituents of solid waste comprised of organic matter leading to 60-70

% of its total constituents , the remaining portion composed of plastic, clothes ,

biomedical waste, garage waste Etc,

The segregation of solid waste generated in the city is highly recommended

before disposal in order to reuse and recycling of suitable materials.

The segregation of organic matter is putrescible in nature can be useful in

vermicular composting for generation of Bio-manure for agriculture purposes.

From the soil quality analysis it was clearly found that the influence of

contaminants on geotechnical properties of the soil in the dumping site, the

contamination of soil also alter the quality of surface and sub surface sources in order to

prevent the contamination of soil and water, the scientific disposal of solid waste is very

significant. In order to achieve reduction in quantity of solid waste a practice of

systematic collection, transportation, Segregation and disposal by landfill may be

practiced.

By adopting scientific disposal the depletion of geotechnical Characteristic of soil and water can be avoided. This can be achieved by adopting geo-synthetic liners system in the landfill to prevent transport in migration of leachate from the landfill site

Scope for Future Studies

It is revealed from the studies, solid waste generation is increasing from time to time with

the increase of population and anthropogenic activities of human being. This leads the

contamination of soil, subsequently the surface and subsurface water sources. The

following are the recommendations for the future studies:-

Ward wise, location wise generation of solid waste with respect to its

characteristics and quantity may be carried out at micro level.

For proper solid waste management, the segregation practice at the source level in

the initial stage and in the open yard at the final stage may be practiced.

Hydro-geomorphologic characteristics of the dumping site and its thorough

investigation is significant to understand the extent and intensity of influence of

contaminants in the solid waste dumping yard, which also referred for water

quality analysis, expected to affected by soil contamination due to solid waste

disposal.

Documents

Kscst Final Report