Maize Adaptability Test in KOPIA KENYA Centre

Intern : JUYOUNG KIM

Counter partner : Dr. Philip Kipkoech Leley

22nd, February, 2012 KARI HQ

Contents

I. Introduction

II. Methodology

III. Results and Discussions

IV. Conclusion and implications

V. References

I. Introduction

I. Introduction

• Purpose of the experiment – Selection and extension of Korean maize hybrids by maize

adaptability test in KOPIA center confronting global food crisis and rise of feeding price

• Plan – Experiment held in: KOPIA centers in 7 countries

* Kingdom of Cambodia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Vietnam,

the Republic of Uzbekistan, Kenya, Paraguay

– Period: 2011. 5 ~ 2012. 4 (once on the each rainy and dry season in a year)

– Area of planting: 5.76a for each center (576㎡)

Maize Adaptability Test in KOPIA Centres

I. Introduction

• A selective experiment of comparing varieties : 10 Varieties 6 Korean varieties :GP(광평옥), DP(다평옥), JD(장다옥), CS(청사옥),

GD(강다옥), PA(평안옥)

4 Foreign varieties : 1 Thailand (CP888), 1 U.S. (Pioneer),

2 Kenya (H513, SC DUMA43)

• Method of cultivation Planting spacing and amount of applied fertilizer : Applying each

country’s standard of cultivation

ex) 75cm × 25cm (5,300 plants)

( planting 2 seeds on each hole, 4 lines for each variety)

Arrangement plan : Randomized block design 3 replication

I. Introduction

• 21 parameters

Plant height, Ear position

Tassel date, Silk date

Root Lodging, Stem Lodging,

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus, Rust, Ear rot, Maize Stem borer

Grain yield(kg/10a), Field yield, 100 kernels yield

Grain moisture, Percentage of Kernels of a ear

EPP

Ear length, Cob length, Ear diameter

Number of rows, Number of kernels per row

II. Methodology

II. Methodology

1. Test varieties 6 Korean varieties :GP(광평옥), DP(다평옥), JD(장다옥), CS(청사옥), GD(강다옥), PA(평안옥)

4 Foreign varieties : 1 Thailand (CP888), 1 U.S. (Pioneer),

2 Kenya (H513, SC DUMA43)

2. Method of Cultivation 1) Planting date : 7th September, 2011

2) Planting spacing : 75cm × 25cm (36 plants per plot, totally 1,080 plants planting 2 seeds on each hole)

3) Amount of applied fertilizer

D.A.P 5g per each hole when planting maize

C.A.N 5g per each hole for top dressing

3. Parameters (21) Plant height, Ear position, Tassel date, Silk date, Root Lodging, Stem Lodging,

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus, Rust, Maize Stem borer, Ear rot, Grain yield(kg/10a), Grain yield, Field yield, Grain moisture, 100 kernels yield, EPP, Ear length, Ear diameter, number of rows, number of kernels per row

II. Methodology

Parameter base of investigation method scale unit

1. Flowering date(tassel)

The date of 50% of the plants shed tassel Observation whole yyyyy-mm-dd

2. Flowering date(silk)

The date of 50% of the plants shed silk(2~3cm)

〃 〃 〃

3. Silk date Counting the number of days from the day after planting to the day of 50% of the plants shed silk(2~3cm)

Calculation 〃 days

4. Plant height From surface to neck of tassel Measure 10plants cm

5. Ear position A ratio of ear height to plant height 〃 〃 %

6. Lodging a. Root

lodging

Percentage of plants that show root lodging (more than 30 from the centre)

Calculation whole %

b. Stem lodging

Percentage of plants that show stem lodging

〃 〃 〃

Growth and characteristic investigation

II. Methodology

Name Item Standard of investigation Method

1.Maize dwarf mosaic virus(MDMV)

Occuring rate

0 : No occurrence 1 : less than 1% infection

3 : 1～5% 5 : 5～10%

7 : 11～20% 9 : more than 21% infection

2. Rust Occuring rate

0 : No occurrence 1 : less than 1% infection

3 : 1～10% 5 : 11～20% 7 : 21～40%

9 : more than 41% infection

3.Ear rot Occuring rate Infection rate(%) 10 ears

4. Maize stem borer Infection rate

0 : no damage 1 : 0.1～ 1% 3 : 1.1～ 5% 5 : 5.1～10%

7 : 10.1～20% 9 : more than 20.1%

season: just before harvest

scale: more than100plants

Damage by disease and pest

MDMV, Rust, Maize Stem borer

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus

Rust

Maize Stem borer

II. Methodology

Parameter Standard Method Scale unit

1.Grain yield Calculate grain yield per plot to harvest scale after dry

and taking off kernels(Moisture content 15.5%) Mesaure

Harvest scale

kg/10a

2.Field Weight The total yield of each plot(including cob) 〃 〃 ㎏

3.Percentage of kernels of a ear

(Grain yield(kg/10a) ÷ Grain yield per plot(kg)) × 100 Calculation %

4.Grain Moisture

Percent water content of grain as measured at harvest

Measure 10 ears %

5.100 kernels yield the yield of 100 kernels (Moisture content 15.5%) 〃 3

replication g

6.EPP Number of ears per plant 〃 10 plant piece

7.Cob length measure length of ear afterremoving husks Measure at

harvest 10 ears ㎝

8.Ear length Length of ear only having kernels 〃 〃 〃

9.Ear diameter Diameter of ear(measure by calliper) 〃 〃 〃

10.Number of rows The number of row Calculation 〃 Piece

11.Number of kernels per row

The number of kernels in a row 〃 〃 Piece

Yield investigation(11)

II. Methodology

Location Muguga, Kiambu District

Agro-ecological zone Lower Highlands 3 (Wheat/Maize-Barley zone)

Altitude 2,095m

Annual rainfall 954mm

Min Temp 8.9℃

Max Temp 23.2℃

Soil well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark

reddish brown, friable clay

4. Place of test : KARI-Muguga South

Source : Ralph Jaetzold, Helmut Schmidt. (1983) FARM MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK OF KENYA - Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information -VOL.Ⅱ /B

II. Methodology

5. Arrangement plan Randomized Complete Block Design, 3 Replication

Bloc Variety Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3

1 GP(광평옥) 1 5 9

2 DP(다평옥) 2 2 6

3 JD(장다옥) 3 7 2

4 CS(청사옥) 4 10 8

5 GD(강다옥) 5 1 4

6 PA(평안옥) 6 4 1

7 CP888 (Thailand) 7 8 10

8 Pioneer (U.S.) 8 6 3

9 H513 (Kenya) 9 3 7

10 SC DUMA43 (Kenya) 10 9 5

III. Results and Discussions

III. Results and Discussions

• Soil test pH is satisfactory for crop’s Growth.

Phosphorus is Deficient.

Soil organic matter Should be improved.

D.A.P 5g per each hole

when planting maize

C.A.N 5g per each hole for top dressing

III. Results and Discussions • Daily Record

2011-09-06 Complete preparation of the trial field (in NARC, KARI-Muguga)

2011-09-07 Planting, Applying fertilizer (D.A.P.-Diammonium Phosphate)

2011-09-15(8days) Germination

2011-09-22(15days) First weeding

2011-10-04(27days) Thinning, Second weeding

2011-10-13(36days) Third weeding

2011-10-19(42days) Top dressing (C.A.N-Calcium Ammonium Nitrate)

2011-11-02(56days) Damage from hail stones (13:00~14:00)

2011-11-29(83days) Start tasseling

2011-12-05(89days) Start silking

2011-12-17(101days) Complete of tasseling

2011-12-19(103days) Complete of silking

2012-02-01(147days) Harvesting

2012-02-01~07 Drying and threshing

Planting Maize

7th Sep 2011

Top dressing(C.A.N)

19th Oct 2011 (42days)

Damage from hail stones

2nd Nov 2011 (56days)

Damage from Monkey and bird

Dec 2011 ~ Jan 2012

Tassel

29th Nov ~17th Dec 2011(83~101days)

Silk

5th ~19th Dec 2011(89~103days)

Harvest and Drying

1st Feb 2012(147days)

Threshing

1st ~7th Feb 2012

III. Results and Discussions

Variety Silk

date

Plant

height

(cm)

Ear

positi

on

(%)

Root

Lodgi

ng

(%)

Maize

Dwarf

Mosaic

Virus

Rust

Ear

rot

(%)

Maize

stem

borer

Grain

yield

(t/ha)

Field

yield

(kg)

Perce

ntage

of

kerne

ls per

ear

Moist

ure

conte

nt

(%)

100k

ernel

s

yield

(g)

Numb

er of

ears

per

plant

Cob

lengt

h

(cm)

Ear

lengt

h

(cm)

Ear

diame

ter

(cm)

Numb

er of

rows

Numb

er of

kerne

ls per

row

GP(광평옥) 95 218.8 38 3 3 3 0 3 10.1 18.81 72 8.8 30.0 1.31 16.9 16.1 4.9 16 32.6

DP(다평옥) 98 230.8 32 0 1 3 0 3 2.8 6.26 61 11.1 35.0 1.43 17.6 15.4 4.8 15 27.4

JD(장다옥) 95 241.5 38 1 3 5 0 3 7.9 14.73 73 8.3 35.0 0.90 21.9 21.4 4.7 14 41.6

CS(청사옥) 94 200.7 39 0 0 5 0 1 8.5 15.24 76 9.7 21.7 1.30 20.8 19.1 4.2 15 39.2

GD(강다옥) 99 203.8 41 2 0 5 1 1 4.9 8.38 79 8.8 20.0 1.04 17.9 16.4 4.4 15 32.5

PA(평안옥) 89 199.6 34 1 3 7 0 0 5.3 8.94 81 11.1 16.7 0.87 18.0 17.0 4.4 15 38.9

Thailand

CP888 103 247.2 51 0 1 3 0 3 8.0 16.32 66 17.4 18.3 2.41 15.9 15.6 3.9 12 31.9

U.S.

Pioneer 99 212.7 38 1 3 5 0 3 8.0 14.72 74 10.4 20.0 1.42 18.7 17.6 4.5 14 32.6

Kenya

H513 99 250.2 49 1 3 5 0 1 9.9 17.58 76 15.6 26.7 1.55 19.6 18.3 4.8 13 31.5

Kenya

SC

DUMA43

94 252.1 41 0 0 3 0 3 12.3 20.62 80 12.0 33.3 1.47 19.9 19.0 4.9 13 35.4

75 80 85 90 95 100 105

광평옥(GP)

다평옥(DP)

장다옥(JD)

청사옥(CS)

강다옥(GD)

평안옥(PA)

CP888

Pioneer

H513

SC DUMA43

91

92

87

93

95

87

99

94

94

87

95

98

95

94

99

89

103

99

99

94

flowering

date (tassel)

flowering date (silk)

1. Flowering date(tassel, silk)

* Mean flowering date of Korean varieties : 95days * Mean flowering date of Kenya varieties : 96days

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

SC DUMA43

H513

Pioneer

CP888

평안옥(PA)

강다옥(GD)

청사옥(CS)

장다옥(JD)

다평옥(DP)

광평옥(GP)

3

1

3

3

0

1

1

3

3

3

3

5

5

3

7

5

5

5

3

3

0

3

3

1

3

0

0

3

1

3

Resistant Susceptible

Disease and Pest

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus

Rust

Maize stalk borer

2. Disease and Pest

0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0

SC DUMA43

H513

Pioneer

CP888

평안옥(PA)

강다옥(GD)

청사옥(CS)

장다옥(JD)

다평옥(DP)

광평옥(GP)

12.3t/ha

9.9t/ha

8.0t/ha

8.0t/ha

5.4t/ha

4.9t/ha

8.5t/ha

7.9t/ha

2.8t/ha

10.1t/ha

Grain yield (t/ha)

Grain yield(t/ha)

3. Grain yield(t/ha)

0 10 20 30 40

SC DUMA43

H513

Pioneer

CP888

평안옥(PA)

강다옥(GD)

청사옥(CS)

장다옥(JD)

다평옥(DP)

광평옥(GP)

33.3g

26.7g

20.0g

18.3g

16.7g

20.0g

21.7g

35.0g

35.0g

30.0g

100 kernels yield

100 kernels yield (g)

4. 100 Kernels yield(g)

0 1 2

SC DUMA43

H513

Pioneer

CP888

평안옥(PA)

강다옥(GD)

청사옥(CS)

장다옥(JD)

다평옥(DP)

광평옥(GP)

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

EPP(Number of ears per plant)

EPP(Number of ears per plant)

5. Number of ears per plant

10cm 12cm 14cm 16cm 18cm 20cm 22cm

SC DUMA43

H513

Pioneer

CP888

평안옥(PA)

강다옥(GD)

청사옥(CS)

장다옥(JD)

다평옥(DP)

광평옥(GP)

20cm

20cm

19cm

16cm

18cm

18cm

21cm

22cm

18cm

17cm

19cm

18cm

18cm

16cm

17cm

16cm

19cm

21cm

15cm

16cm

Ear length, Cob length

Ear length (cm)

Cob length (cm)

* Mean ear length of Korean varieties :17.6cm * Mean ear length of Kenya varieties : 18.5cm

6. Ear length, Cob length(cm)

0cm 1cm 2cm 3cm 4cm 5cm

SC DUMA43

H513

Pioneer

CP888

평안옥(PA)

강다옥(GD)

청사옥(CS)

장다옥(JD)

다평옥(DP)

광평옥(GP)

4.9cm

4.8cm

4.5cm

3.9cm

4.4cm

4.4cm

4.2cm

4.7cm

4.8cm

4.9cm

Ear diameter (cm)

Ear diameter (cm)

7. Ear diameter(cm)

Korean variety photo

GP(광평옥) DP(다평옥)

JD(장다옥) CS(청사옥)

Korean variety photo

GD(강다옥) PA(평안옥)

Thai and U.S. variety photo

CP888 (Thailand) Pioneer (U.S.)

Kenya variety photo

H513 (Kenya) SC DUMA 43 (Kenya)

IV. Conclusion and Implication

IV. Conclusion and Implication • Silk date(mean)

– Korean varieties : 95days

– Kenya varieties : 96days

• 100 kernels yield(mean) – Korean varieties : 26.4g

– Kenya varieties : 30g

• Ear length(mean) – Korean varieties : 17.6cm

– Kenya varieties : 18.6cm

• The number of rows/ number of kernels per row(mean) – Korean varieties : 16 rows, 36 kernels each

– Kenya varieties : 14 rows, 34 kernels each

• Disease – Korean varieties : ear rot(resistant), maize dwarf mosaic virus and maize stem

borer(relatively resistant), rust(normal)

– Kenya varieties : ear rot(resistant), maize dwarf mosaic virus , rust and maize stem

borer(relatively resistant)

IV. Conclusion and Implication

• Competitive variety as Grain yield(t/ha) in Muguga(Lower Highland 3)

1st GP(광평옥) : 10.1t/ha

2nd CS(청사옥): 8.5t/ha, JD(장다옥): 7.9t/ha

Mean yield of hybrid H513 on experiment

7~8t/ha

• GP(광평옥) Resistant to MDMV, rust, ear rot and

maize stem borer

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0

SC DUMA43

H513

장다옥(JD)

청사옥(CS)

광평옥(GP)

12.3

9.9

7.9

8.5

10.1

Grain yield(t/ha)

Grain yield(t/ha)

IV. Conclusion and Implication

• Trial field Muguga – LH3(lower higland3)

Need more trial field, at least 3

• Irrigation Did irrigation, but it’s not the way of Kenya

Data can be used only for the region which has irrigation system and same agro-ecological zone with muguga

• Animal damage Monkey and bird damage

• Post Harvest management(PH management)

PH management affect a lot to yield

Larger Grain Borer, Common maize weevil

Aflatoxin

V. References

V. References • Central Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Planning and National Development. (2006)

Statistical Abstract 2006

• Guantai, Stanley M, Paul Seward. (2010) MAIZE HANDBOOK

• International Fund for Agricultural Development, World Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization. (2011) The State of Food Insecurity in the World

• Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. (2006~2003) Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Annual Report 2006~2003

• Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. (2009) ASSESSMENT OF COSTS OF MAIZE PRODUCTION, MARKETING AND PROCESSING IN KENYA: A MAIZE GRAIN-MAIZE MEAL VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

• Ministry of Agriculture. (2011) Food Security situation as at 30th APRIL, 2011

• Ralph Jaetzold, Helmut Schmidt. (1983) FARM MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK OF KENYA Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information -VOL.Ⅱ /B

• Stanley M. Wokabi. (2009) Sustainability of Maize Production in Kenya

• TEGEMEO INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT, EGERTON UNIVERSITY. (2009) Maize Production Outlook and Implication for Food Security