Kennedy and Kennedy and JohnsonJohnsonUnit 8 Unit 8

Kennedy Defeats Nixon in Kennedy Defeats Nixon in 19601960

John Fitzgerald KennedyJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy-born in 1917, Navy in WWII-born in 1917, Navy in WWII

-served in congress and senate-served in congress and senate

-Supports fighting communism-Supports fighting communism

--wealthy political familywealthy political family

--Issue of religion, CatholicIssue of religion, Catholic

Richard Millhouse NixonRichard Millhouse Nixon-born in 1913, Navy in WWII-born in 1913, Navy in WWII

-served in congress and senate-served in congress and senate

-supports fighting communism -supports fighting communism

--son of a working class familyson of a working class family

--Eisenhower’s VPEisenhower’s VP

Televised DebatesTelevised Debates Chicago Debate, 1st of 4 Chicago Debate, 1st of 4 Pushed back to September due to Nixon injuryPushed back to September due to Nixon injury 70 Million watched70 Million watched Nixon just out of hospitalNixon just out of hospital Radio ‘victory’ for Nixon, TV VICTORY for JFKRadio ‘victory’ for Nixon, TV VICTORY for JFK

Kennedy Wins a close Kennedy Wins a close ElectionElection

Kennedy stands up for MLK swinging black Kennedy stands up for MLK swinging black votevote

very close popular vote very close popular vote 49.7%49.7% - 49.6%, - 49.6%, 34,220,984 -- 34,220,984 -- 34,108,15734,108,157 303303 – 219 Electoral – 219 Electoral States carried States carried 26 26 -- 22-- 22

1960 Electoral Map1960 Electoral Map

Kennedy launches New Cold Kennedy launches New Cold War StrategiesWar Strategies

Primary SourcePrimary Source

““Let every nation know whether it wishes Let every nation know whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.”assure the survival and success of liberty.”

John F. Kennedy, Inaugural John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961Address, January 20, 1961

Building the Nation’s Building the Nation’s MilitaryMilitary

Ike’s “Massive Retaliation” vs. Kennedy’s Ike’s “Massive Retaliation” vs. Kennedy’s ““Flexible ResponseFlexible Response” = Did not only focus on ” = Did not only focus on nuclear, also build up of Army, Navy and nuclear, also build up of Army, Navy and Special ForcesSpecial Forces

Pursuing New Initiatives in Pursuing New Initiatives in the “Third World” the “Third World”

Third WorldThird World = Developing nations not in line = Developing nations not in line with the US or Russia, Africa, Asia, and Latin with the US or Russia, Africa, Asia, and Latin AmericaAmerica

JFK wanted to reduce communism influenceJFK wanted to reduce communism influence Peace CorpsPeace Corps = sent volunteers to Third Word = sent volunteers to Third Word

countries for health care, education, and economic countries for health care, education, and economic developmentdevelopment

Alliance for ProgressAlliance for Progress = economic assistance to = economic assistance to Latin America, unsuccessfulLatin America, unsuccessful

Confronting Communism in Confronting Communism in CubaCuba

Fidel Castro and communist revolutionaries overthrow Fidel Castro and communist revolutionaries overthrow Batista regime in 1959Batista regime in 1959

Castro accepts Russian military and economic aidCastro accepts Russian military and economic aid Wants to nationalize land held by US citizensWants to nationalize land held by US citizens Anti-Communists move to FLAnti-Communists move to FL

COMMUNIST CUBA (1959)COMMUNIST CUBA (1959)

Fidel CastroFidel Castro becomes communist leader becomes communist leader and has close relationship with Russiaand has close relationship with Russia

CastroCastro

Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion planned by CIA under IKEplanned by CIA under IKE Cuban exiles trainedCuban exiles trained in Guatemala in Guatemala Invaded April 17, 1961 Invaded April 17, 1961 badly mismanagedbadly mismanaged 1100 out of 1400 killed or captured1100 out of 1400 killed or captured

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

Using ships and planes provided by the Using ships and planes provided by the United States 1,400 Cuban exiles are United States 1,400 Cuban exiles are defeated by Castro's government defeated by Castro's government

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis Soviet Union installs Soviet Union installs nuclear missiles in nuclear missiles in

CubaCuba capable of reaching most of the capable of reaching most of the continental United States continental United States

Kennedy orders a naval blockade of Kennedy orders a naval blockade of CubaCuba

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Soviet missiles in Cuba to ‘Soviet missiles in Cuba to ‘protect against an invasionprotect against an invasion’’ US quarantine/blockade of CubaUS quarantine/blockade of Cuba Secret Deal = US trades missiles in Turkey and Italy for Secret Deal = US trades missiles in Turkey and Italy for

missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba Kennedy gains prestige, Khrushchev loses it with hard Kennedy gains prestige, Khrushchev loses it with hard

linersliners Hot LineHot Line established between US and Russia established between US and Russia

Nuclear Test Ban TreatyNuclear Test Ban Treaty banned nuclear tests in banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater and in space. the atmosphere, underwater and in space.

STRUGGLE OVER STRUGGLE OVER GERMANYGERMANY

FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND US FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND US ZONES COMBINED INTO ONE ZONES COMBINED INTO ONE

SOVIETS STILL CONTROLLED SOVIETS STILL CONTROLLED BERLINBERLIN

STALIN BLOCKADED BERLINSTALIN BLOCKADED BERLIN NO FOOD OR FUEL COULD NO FOOD OR FUEL COULD

REACH THE CITYREACH THE CITY

The Berlin CrisisThe Berlin Crisis

Russia wants a formal division of Germany Russia wants a formal division of Germany and US out of Berlinand US out of Berlin

Kennedy refusesKennedy refuses Increased tension and military build upIncreased tension and military build up

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Kennedy’s New Frontier Kennedy’s New Frontier JFK had JFK had CharismaCharisma – tailored clothes, quick – tailored clothes, quick

smile, good sense of humor, seemed youthful smile, good sense of humor, seemed youthful and energetic.and energetic.

Appointed “The Best and Brightest” to his Appointed “The Best and Brightest” to his cabinet from Ford Motor Corporation, cabinet from Ford Motor Corporation, Rockefeller Foundation, and Pulitzer Prize Rockefeller Foundation, and Pulitzer Prize winning historian. winning historian.

Promised America a Promised America a “New Frontier”“New Frontier”

Primary SourcePrimary Source ““I stand tonight facing west on what was once I stand tonight facing west on what was once

the last frontier…. From the lands that stretch the last frontier…. From the lands that stretch three thousand miles behind me, the pioneers of three thousand miles behind me, the pioneers of old gave up their safety, their comforts and old gave up their safety, their comforts and sometimes their lives to build a new world here sometimes their lives to build a new world here in the west… But the problems are not all solved in the west… But the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won, and we stand and the battles are not all won, and we stand today on the edge of a new frontier – the frontier today on the edge of a new frontier – the frontier of the 1960’s– the frontier of unknown of the 1960’s– the frontier of unknown opportunities and perils– a frontier of unfulfilled opportunities and perils– a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and dreams.”hopes and dreams.” JFK, July 15, 1960JFK, July 15, 1960

Kennedy’s Domestic Kennedy’s Domestic ProgramProgram Concentrated on Cuba and Berlin earlyConcentrated on Cuba and Berlin early ““The Other America”The Other America” 1962, M. Harrington 1962, M. Harrington Republican Congress did not accept Republican Congress did not accept

programs on minimum wage, social programs on minimum wage, social security increases, or extension of welfare.security increases, or extension of welfare.

1963- congress passes 1963- congress passes “Equal Pay Act”“Equal Pay Act” = = equal wages for equal work, had many equal wages for equal work, had many loopholes, 1964 added race, color, religion, loopholes, 1964 added race, color, religion, national origin, or sexnational origin, or sex

Stimulating a Sluggish Stimulating a Sluggish EconomyEconomy

Advocated Advocated “Deficit Spending”“Deficit Spending” to create to create jobs and boost the economyjobs and boost the economy

raised taxes on “wealthy” and lowered raised taxes on “wealthy” and lowered them on the “middle class”them on the “middle class”

issued tax credits to businesses to expandissued tax credits to businesses to expand increased military spendingincreased military spending

Moving Cautiously on Civil Moving Cautiously on Civil RightsRights

was careful not to anger his own partywas careful not to anger his own party ““Civil Rights BillCivil Rights Bill” = prosecute voting rights ” = prosecute voting rights

violations and provided money to violations and provided money to desegregate schools. desegregate schools.

SPACE RACESPACE RACE

USSR launches the first man-made USSR launches the first man-made satellite satellite SputnikSputnik 1957 1957

AMERICA TRIED AMERICA TRIED

DESPERATELY DESPERATELY

TO CATCH UPTO CATCH UP

Racing into SpaceRacing into Space

Sputnik, 1957Sputnik, 1957 NASA, 1958NASA, 1958 1961, USSR Yuri Gagarin orbits earth1961, USSR Yuri Gagarin orbits earth Space RaceSpace Race = competition between the = competition between the

US and Russia to develop technology to US and Russia to develop technology to reach the moonreach the moon

JFK committed to reach the moon by 1970JFK committed to reach the moon by 1970 1969, 1969, Neil ArmstrongNeil Armstrong reaches the moon reaches the moon

The President is The President is AssassinatedAssassinated

JFK is very popular after 2 ½ years, except on JFK is very popular after 2 ½ years, except on civil rightscivil rights

November 1963 shot on a motorcade while November 1963 shot on a motorcade while campaigning in Dallascampaigning in Dallas

Lee Harvey OswaldLee Harvey Oswald fired 3 shots from the 6th fired 3 shots from the 6th floor of the Texas School Book Depositoryfloor of the Texas School Book Depository

LBJ, VP takes overLBJ, VP takes over ““Warren Commission”Warren Commission” concluded that Oswald concluded that Oswald

acted aloneacted alone Nation is deeply saddenedNation is deeply saddened

Johnson’s Great SocietyJohnson’s Great Society

LBJ was from a working class Texas LBJ was from a working class Texas familyfamily, worked at a segregated school fro , worked at a segregated school fro Mexican-Americans, understands povertyMexican-Americans, understands poverty

helped pass the 1957 Civil rights Acthelped pass the 1957 Civil rights Act appealed to southern Protestants and appealed to southern Protestants and

poor democrats in 1960poor democrats in 1960 helped pass the 1964 Civil rights Act and helped pass the 1964 Civil rights Act and

demanded an end to discriminationdemanded an end to discrimination

LBJLBJ

Johnson Declares War on Johnson Declares War on PovertyPoverty

--Job CorpsJob Corps = training for ages 16-21 to get a = training for ages 16-21 to get a better jobbetter job

--VISTAVISTA = Volunteers in Service to America, = Volunteers in Service to America, Peace Corps in America, sends volunteers to Peace Corps in America, sends volunteers to poor American communitiespoor American communities

--Head Start ProgramHead Start Program = daycare, activities, = daycare, activities, playgroups for poor childrenplaygroups for poor children

HOUSINGHOUSING- BUILT 240,000 UNITS OF LOW - BUILT 240,000 UNITS OF LOW COST HOUSING AND PROVIDED HELP FOR COST HOUSING AND PROVIDED HELP FOR LOW/MODERATE INCOME FAMILIES FOR LOW/MODERATE INCOME FAMILIES FOR BETTER PRIVATE HOUSINGBETTER PRIVATE HOUSING

Johnson Defeats Goldwater Johnson Defeats Goldwater in 1964in 1964

Barry GoldwaterBarry Goldwater (R) “government is the problem, not (R) “government is the problem, not the solution”the solution”

Social, economic, racism, and poverty should not be Social, economic, racism, and poverty should not be addressed by the governmentaddressed by the government

Opposed government spending on education, public Opposed government spending on education, public housing, urban renewal, and wanted to repeal civil housing, urban renewal, and wanted to repeal civil rights legislationrights legislation

Johnson wins a landslide, 60% popular vote and Johnson wins a landslide, 60% popular vote and carries all the states except LA, AL, GA, SC, AZcarries all the states except LA, AL, GA, SC, AZ

Congress is solid DemocratCongress is solid Democrat LBJ wins a landslide, 61%-38% popular vote & 486-LBJ wins a landslide, 61%-38% popular vote & 486-

52 electoral vote52 electoral vote

The Great SocietyThe Great Society The challenge of the next half century is The challenge of the next half century is

whether we have the wisdom to us that whether we have the wisdom to us that wealth to enrich and elevate our national wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advocate the quality of the life, and to advocate the quality of the American civilization…. We have the American civilization…. We have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society.upward to the Great Society.

LBJ, University of Michigan May 22, 1964LBJ, University of Michigan May 22, 1964

Health InsuranceHealth Insurance

amend Social Security with amend Social Security with MedicareMedicare (elderly) and (elderly) and MedicaidMedicaid (poor) (poor)

signed in Independence MO for Trumansigned in Independence MO for Truman

EducationEducation

Elementary and Secondary Elementary and Secondary Education ActEducation Act = provided funds for = provided funds for poor and minority communities for poor and minority communities for educationeducation

Protecting the Environment Protecting the Environment and the Consumerand the Consumer

““Silent SpringSilent Spring” 1962, Carson” 1962, Carson ““Unsafe at any SpeedUnsafe at any Speed” 1965, Nader” 1965, Nader Water Quality Act, 1965Water Quality Act, 1965 Clean Water Restoration Act, 1965Clean Water Restoration Act, 1965 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety

Act, 1966Act, 1966

New Immigration PoliciesNew Immigration Policies National Origins Act, 1921, 1924 favored National Origins Act, 1921, 1924 favored

E. European Immigration and limited it E. European Immigration and limited it from other areas of the worldfrom other areas of the world

Immigration and Nationality ActImmigration and Nationality Act, 1965 , 1965 welcomed all immigrants from around the welcomed all immigrants from around the worldworld

The LegacyThe Legacy Greatly expanded the power and role of the Federal Greatly expanded the power and role of the Federal

GovernmentGovernment Poverty and infant mortality declinedPoverty and infant mortality declined Medicare and MedicaidMedicare and Medicaid Head StartHead Start National Endowment of the Arts, 1965National Endowment of the Arts, 1965 Government wanted to ensure that everyone had an Government wanted to ensure that everyone had an

opportunity to share the wealth and promise of American opportunity to share the wealth and promise of American lifelife..

1960 22% below poverty, 1970 13% below poverty1960 22% below poverty, 1970 13% below poverty

The Supreme Court and The Supreme Court and ReformReform

1960’s Supreme Court = 1960’s Supreme Court = The Warren The Warren CourtCourt; most liberal in American history; most liberal in American history

Rights of Accused Rights of Accused CriminalsCriminals

Mapp v OhioMapp v Ohio 1961, guidelines for obtaining 1961, guidelines for obtaining evidenceevidence

Gideon v WainwrightGideon v Wainwright 1963, all criminals have 1963, all criminals have the right to a lawyerthe right to a lawyer

Escobedo v IllinoisEscobedo v Illinois 1964, evidence w/o 1964, evidence w/o lawyer is inadmissiblelawyer is inadmissible

Miranda v ArizonaMiranda v Arizona 1966, have inform 1966, have inform accused of 5th and 6th Amendment rightsaccused of 5th and 6th Amendment rights

Separation of Church and Separation of Church and StateState

Engle v VitaleEngle v Vitale 1962, School prayer is 1962, School prayer is Unconstitutional Unconstitutional