kd;dhh; tphpFlhTk; mjd; Rw;Wr;#oYk;

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v

cs;slf;fk;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Nj.f.ep ,lkpUe;J xU nra;jp .......................................................................................... ixmq;fPfupg;Gfs; ................................................................................................................................................ x

mj;jpahak; 1 – kd;dhh; tphpFlh: #o;epiy ........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 kd;dhh; tphpFlh vq;Fs;sJ? ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 kd;dhu; tpupFlhtpy; fhyepiy ................................................................................................................ 2

1.3 gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s MWfs; kw;Wk; flNyhpfs; ............................................................................... 5

1.4 kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpd; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; flw;fiuNahuk; .......................................... 7

1.5 gpuNjrj;jpd; kf;fs; ....................................................................................................................................... 7

1.6 kd;dhu; kf;fs; vd;d nra;fpd;whh;fs;? ................................................................................................. 9

mj;jpahak; 2 – gpuNjrj;jpd; ,aw;ifahd nry;tk; ....................................................................................... 10

2.1 tho;tplq;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; .................................................................................... 10

2.1.1 ghJfhg;Gg; gFjpfs; ........................................................................................................................... 10

2.1.2 thoplq;fs; .............................................................................................................................................. 11

2.2 gpuNjrj;jpd; jhtuq;fs; .................................................................................................................................. 23

2.3 gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tpyq;Ffs; .............................................................................................................................. 25

mj;jpahak; 3 – kd;dhH tisFlh gpuhe;jpa njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpAk;

fyhrhuKf;fpaj;JtKk;................................................................................................................................... 31

mj;jpahak; 4 – kd;dhu; tphpFlhg; gpuhe;jpa ,aw;if nry;tj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ........................... 38

4.1 czT> tpwF> ciwtplk; kw;Wk; NtW nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw vkf;F toq;Fjy; ....... 38

4.2 flw;fiuNahuj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy; ............................................................................................................... 40

4.3 nts;sq;fisj; jLj;jy; ................................................................................................................................ 41

4.4 kz;zhpg;gpidj; jLj;jy; ............................................................................................................................ 41

4.5 khRgLj;jpfis rpf;fitj;jy; ................................................................................................................... 41

4.6 cs;@h; fhyepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; ................................................................................................. 42

4.7 czit cw;gj;jp nra;jy; .......................................................................................................................... 42

4.8 fhgd;ilxf;irl;il rpf;fitj;jy; ........................................................................................................... 42

4.9 kz; cw;gj;jpj;jpwidg; guhkhpj;jy; ...................................................................................................... 43

4.10 caph;g;gy;tifikf;F Mjutspj;jy; ..................................................................................................... 43

4.11 ghuk;ghpakhd tho;thjhuq;fSf;F Mjutspj;jy; ............................................................................ 45

4.12 njhy;nghUshuha;r;rp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij toq;Fjy; ...................................... 45

4.13 Xa;itAk;> fw;wiyAk; toq;Fjy; ............................................................................................................. 45

mj;jpahak; 5 – kd;dhH tisFlhg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpYs;s ,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fSf;F

vd;d elf;fpwJ?..................................................................................................... ........................................... 47

5.1 kpf mjpfkhd ghtid ............................................................................................................................... 47

5.2 ,aw;if thopl mopg;G ................................................................................................................................ 53

5.3 R+oy; khRgLjy; .............................................................................................................................................. 54

5.4 mj;JkPwptUfpd;w me;epa caphpdtif ................................................................................................. 55

vi

5.5 NrJrKj;jpu fg;gy; fhy;tha;j; jpl;lKk; kd;dhH tpupFlhtpy; cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s vz;nza;

mfo;thuha;r;rpAk; ............................................................................................................................................ 55

5.6 fhyepiy khw;wk; .............................................................................................................................................. 57

mj;jpahak; 6 - kd;dhh; tislhtpd; Rw;whlYf;F vw;gLk; mr;RWj;jy; .Fwpj;J ePq;fs; vd;d

nra;a KbAk;? ................................................................................................................................................ 59

6.1 Rw;whlypy; ,Ug;gtw;iw ePq;fs; mjpfkhf vLf;fpd;wPu;fsh?

(Rw;whliyr; Ruz;Ljy;) ................................................................................................................................. 59

6.2 ,aw;ifahd thOkplq;fis ePq;fs; mopf;fpd;wPu;fsh? ................................................................ 60

6.3 fhw;W> epyk;> ePh; vd;gtw;iw ePq;fs; khRgLj;Jfpd;wPu;fsh? .......................................................... 61

6.4 vkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F me;epakhdJk; kpf Ntfkhfg; gutf;$banjdTk; mtw;wpd; guTk;

jd;ikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kpff; fbdk; vdTk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpyq;FfisAk;

gapu;fisAk; ePq;fs; tsu;f;fpwPu;fsh? ...................................................................................................... 62

6.5 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; tpisTfSf;F ePq;fs; $l;L gq;fhspahfpd;wPu;fsh?........................... 62

crhj;Jizfs; ................................................................................................................................................ 64

NkYk; gbf;f ................................................................................................................................................ 66

cUtg;glq;fspd; gl;bay;

cUtg;glk; 1.1 kd;dhu; tpupFlhtpd; miktplk; ........................................................................................ 1

cUtg;glk; 1.2 ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiy tyaq;fs; .................................................................................. 4

cUtg;glk; 1.3 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ePu;epiyfs; ................................................................................................ 6

cUtg;glk; 1.4 kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpdJk;> ghf;F ePhpizapdJk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd;

flw;fiuNahuj;jpd; neLfpYk; epUthfg; gphpTfs; .................................................... 7

cUtg;glk; 1.5 gFjpapd; kf;fs; ....................................................................................................................... 8

cUtg;glk; 1.6 njq;Fg; ngUe;Njhl;lk; .......................................................................................................... 8

cUtg;glk; 1.7 kPd;gpbj;njhopy; .......................................................................................................................... 8

cUtg;glk; 2.1 kd;dhh; tphpFlh gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; ..................................... 11

cUtg;glk; 2.2 Kryp gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy; madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;Wk;

gRikahd tdq;fs; ............................................................................................................ 13

cUtg;glk; 2.3 tpy;gj;J Njrpa Nrhiy tdj;jpy; madkz;ly Ks; tdq;fs; .................... 14

cUtg;glk; 2.4 fyh xa jhk;Nghjp ................................................................................................................. 14

cUtg;glk; 2.5 twl;rpahd gUtfhyj;jpd; NghJ fl;Lf;fiuf; Fsk; ........................................... 15

cUtg;glk; 2.6 gs;sfKidapy; fz;ly; tho;tplk; .............................................................................. 16

cUtg;glk; 2.7 js;sbapy; cth; rJg;Gepyk; ............................................................................................ 17

cUtg;glk; 2.8 eLf;Flhtpy; kzw;Fd;W .................................................................................................... 18

cUtg;glk; 2.9 ghyfKidapy; Nrw;W jl;ilepyk; ................................................................................ 19

cUtg;glk; 2.10 gs;spKidf;F mg;ghy; flw;Gw;wiu ................................................................................ 20

cUtg;glk; 2.11 rpyhtj;Jiwapy; fw;ghh;j;njhlhpy; KUiffs;............................................................ 21

cUtg;glk; 2.12 NtWgl;l thoplq;fspd; Njrg;glk; ................................................................................... 22

cUtg;glk; 2.13 mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l(20%)kw;Wk;G+h;tPfj; (80%) jhtuq;fspd;

rjtpfpjk; ..................................................................................................................................... 24

cUtg;glk; 2.14 cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk; (1.8%) ............................ 24

vii

cUtg;glk; 2.15 kd;dhh; gl;bd ikaj;jpy; ghNthghg; kuk; ............................................................... 25

cUtg;glk; 2.16 tpyq;Ffspd; NtWgl;l FOf;fs;: ,yq;ifapYk;> ,g;gFjpapYk;

cs;s nkhj;jk; ......................................................................................................................... 26

cUtg;glk; 2.17 tpyq;Ffs;: nkhj;jq;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpait;................................................................................. 26

cUtg;glk; 3.1 mWtf;fhL Gijgbkq;fspd; ,Ug;GNkil ................................................................... 31

cUtg;glk; 3.2 tdhj;jtpy;Y gpuNjr nrayf gFjpapYs;s mWtf;fhL vd;Dkplj;jpy;

tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhyj;jpy; ntl;Ltjw;Fk; mhptjw;Fk; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l

fw;-fUtpfs; ................................................................................................................................ 32

cUtg;glk; 3.3 Gf;Fsk; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tuyhw;Wf;F %yKjyhd fhy

kl;ghz;lq;fs; ............................................................................................................................ 33

cUtg;glk; 3.4 Mgphpf;f RNjrpa kukhd ghNthghg; kuk; kd;dhH jPtpy; fhzg;gLtJld;>

mJ mugpa glNfhl;bfspdhy; kd;dhH jPTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld ............... 33

cUtg;glk; 3.5 khe;ijapYs;s ngsj;j Mz; JwtpaHklj;jpypUe;j Gj;jH rpiyapd;

gFjpfs; ........................................................................................................................................ 33

cUtg;glk; 3.6 khe;ijapYs;s jpUf;NfjP];tuf; Nfhtpy; ..................................................................... 33

cUtg;glk; 3.7 Gdpj khpahs; Njthyak;> mhpg;G...................................................................................... 34

cUtg;glk; 3.8 KjyhtJ gphpj;jhdpa MSeH g;nul;hpf; NehHj; vd;gthpd; Rw;Wyh gq;fsh -

,J fpNuf;f Nlhpf; fl;blf;fiyapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. mjd;

gpd;dH ,e;j gq;fsh murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfsJ Rw;Wyh gq;fshthf

ghtpf;fg;gl;lJ ........................................................................................................................... 34

cUtg;glk; 3.9 Fjpiukiy kw;Wk; Gf;Fyktpw;F mUfpYs;s jk;ggd;dp

flw;fiu ....................................................................................................................................... 35

cUtg;glk; 3.10 Fjpiukiy mike;Js;s ,lk; ......................................................................................... 35

cUtg;glk; 3.11 Mjhk; muq;fntsp ............................................................................................................... 35

cUtg;glk; 3.12 jiykd;dhH ntspr;rtPL ................................................................................................... 35

cUtg;glk; 3.13 mhpg;gpYs;s fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;; ...................................................................................... 35

cUtg;glk; 3.14 kd;dhH Nfhl;il ................................................................................................................... 35

cUtg;glk; 3.15 kd;dhH Nfhl;ilapYs;s xy;yhe;jH Njthyak; ....................................................... 36

cUtg;glk; 3.16 Guhjdfhy njhy;nghUs;gbkq;fs; .................................................................................. 36

cUtg;glk; 3.17 mhpg;gpy; mike;Js;s kahdk; .......................................................................................... 36

cUtg;glk; 3.18 Ks;spf;Fsj;jpYs;s Njthyak; ....................................................................................... 36

cUtg;glk; 3.19 mhpg;gpYs;s xy;yhe;jH thbtPL ..................................................................................... 36

cUtg;glk; 3.20 khe;ij fyq;fiu tpsf;fk; ................................................................................................ 37

cUtg;glk; 3.21 khe;ijiar; Nru;e;j fy;ntl;Lj; J}z; .......................................................................... 37

cUtg;glk; 4.1 kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs; ............................................................................................................ 39

cUtg;glk; 4.2 gid kuq;fs; ........................................................................................................................... 40

cUtg;glk; 4.3 eLf;Flhtpy; kzw;Fd;Wfs; ............................................................................................... 41

cUtg;glk; 4.4 gyf;fKidapy; fz;ly;fs; ............................................................................................... 41

cUtg;glk; 4.5 fly; Gw;wiu ........................................................................................................................... 42

cUtg;glk; 4.6 ahid (Elephas maximus) ....................................................................................... 44

cUtg;glk; 4.7 rpWj;ij (anthera pardus kotiya) .................................................................. 44

cUtg;glk; 4.8 tq;fhiy Nrw;W jl;il epyj;jpy; nghJthd kiyf;Nfhl;lhd; ........................ 44

cUtg;glk; 4.9 milg;GfSk;> nghwpfSk;> ............................................................................................... 45

cUtg;glk; 5.1 Kj;Jg; gLf;iffspd; jsg;glk; ....................................................................................... 48

cUtg;glk; 5.2 flNyhu kz;zupg;G ................................................................................................................ 53

cUtg;glk; 5.3 jw;nghOjpUf;fpd;w kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s fg;gy; ghijfs; ......................... 56

cUtg;glk; 6.1 rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp ............................................................................................................. 60

viii

ml;ltizfspd; gl;bay;

ml;ltiz 2.1 gpuNjrj;jpd; jhtuq;fs; ........................................................................................................ 23

ml;ltiz 2.2 gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;s NtWgl;l FOf;fisf; nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; .................. 25

ml;ltiz 5.1 ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp ,Uf;fpd;w tpyq;fpdq;fs; ................. 50

ml;ltiz 5.2 ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp ,Uf;fpd;w jhtuq;fs; ......................... 51

ix

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Nj.f.ep ,lkpUe;J nra;jp

‘kd;dhu; tisFlhTk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oYk;’ vDk; E}yhdJ cyfpd; kpf goikahdJk;

kpfg;ngupaJkhd cyf Rw;Wr;R+oy; tiyaikg;ghd IUCN ,dhy; ntspaplg;gl;l KOikahd

Ma;tpid elj;jpa gpd;du; vOjg;gl;l xU E}yhFk;. ,e;j tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf mjpf jfty;fis

cs;slf;fpa E}ypYs;s ngWkjpkpf;f jfty;fshdit me;j gFjpapYs;s Mrpupa khztu;fSf;F

kl;Lkd;wp R+oypy; ehl;lKs;s midtUf;Fk; cfe;jjhFk;.

,e;j Gj;jfj;jpd; cs;sikg;ghdJ thrfu;fis <u;f;fpd;w tpjkhf mike;Js;sJld;> ed;whf

tpsf;fg;glq;fis Mjhukhf nfhz;L vOjg;gl;L;> fpuhgpf;];> cUtg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; tiuglq;fisAk;

cs;slf;fpa tz;zk; cs;sJ. ,J thrfu;fSf;F Rthurpaj;ij mspg;gJld;> vkJ gFjpiaAk;

mJ rhu;e;j Rw;whliyAk; vkJ tpUg;gg;gb mikf;fTk; topNfhYfpwJ.

thrfu;fs; jkJ gFjpapYs;s R+oy; nry;tj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffs; gw;wp ed;whf jfty;fis

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL vkJ Rw;Wg;Gwq;fis gw;wp fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjw;fhf fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.

mj;Jld;. ,J thrfu;fis ,aw;if tsq;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eilKiw eltbf;iffis

vLf;fTk; Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL> mjpy; ,d;DNkhu; khw;wj;ij nra;aTk; ,aYkhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

ehd; ,e;j Gj;jfj;jpid ,l xJf;fPL ,d;wp xU Jiz ts Gj;jfkhf ehL jOtpa cau;ju

capupay; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; f.ngh.j(c/j) capupay; gpupT khztu;fSf;Fk; mj;Jld; gy;fiyf;fof

khztu;fSf;Fk; gupe;Jiu nra;fpNwd;.

,e;j Gj;jfk; Mrpupau;fisAk; khztu;fisAk; Kjd;ikahf fUj;jpw; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;ljhf

,Ug;gpDk;> jd;Dila gFjpiaAk; mjDila ,aw;ifr;nry;tj;ijAk; mtu;fshfNt mwpa

tpUk;Gk; vy;NyhUf;Fk; kpfTk; ngWkjpkpf;fjhfTk; mikAk;.

Nguhrpupau; W M mganul;z gz;lhu>gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.kfwfk

x

mq;fPfupg;Gfs;

,e;j njhFg;G ,U mwpf;iffis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. mitahtd:

UFD gy;fiyf;fofk; elhj;jpa kd;dhu; capu;f;Nfhsj;jpd; tpiuthd capu;g;gy;tifik

fzf;nfLg;gpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; ,yq;iff;fhd IUCN elhj;jpa r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Gtpapay;

capu;g;gy;tifikf;fhd fzf;nfLg;gpd; mwpf;if vd;gditNa mitahFk;. njhFg;ghsu; mtuJ

kpFe;j ed;wpia gpd;tUk; FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;F njuptpf;f tpUk;Gfpwhu;.

Norad 1. kw;Wk; Sida epjp MjuTld; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; (MFF) ,d; fPo; UFD gy;fiyf;fofk; elhj;jpa kd;dhu; capu;f;Nfhsj;jpd; tpiuthd capu;g;gy;tifik

fzf;nfLg;G

Nguhrpupau; P R F FkhuzJq;f

fyhepjp P B T P FkhujpU mrq;f [arpq;f

jpU T ge;Jy fpupe;e Muhr;rpNf

jpU gpupae;j Fkhu

nry;tp rQ;ryh ju;rpdp

nry;tp mDr ngNuuh

jpU A H R rke;jjpU mkpy rk;gj; fPfdNf

jpU A R M `yPk; (fs cjtp)

2. FAO jpl;lk; tq;fhs tpupFlh ngupa fly; Rw;Wg;Gw mikg;gpd; (BOBLME) epjpj; jpl;l cjtpAld; IUCN elhj;jpa r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Gtpapay; capu;g;gy;tifikf;fhd

fzf;nfLg;G

fyhepjp uQrpj; k`pe;jghy

jpU ~hnkd; tpjhdNf

jpU fgpy Fzuj;d

jpUkjp FKjpdp Vful;z

nry;tp lahdh B my;tp];

jpUkjp by;`hup tPunfhlnjd;;d fkNf

jpU jpYg; re;jpuepky;

jpU A R M `yPk; (fs cjtp)

tpNrl ed;wp> ,e;j ts Ehiy kPs;ghu;itapl;likf;Fk;> jkJ Mf;fG+u;tkhd tpku;rdf;

fUj;Jf;fis njuptpj;Jf; nfhz;likf;Fk; mj;Jld; ,e;j Gj;jfj;jpid ghlrhiyfspy;

thrpg;gpw;fhd crhj;Jiz Ehyhf rpghu;R nra;jikf;Fk; vkJ tpNrl ed;wpfis Fwpg;ghf

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; (Nj.f.ep.) mYty;fspw;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp

epWtfj;jpd; fy;tp tptfhu rigf;Fk; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

1

mj;jpahak; 1 - kd;dhh; tphpFlh: #o;epiy

1.1 kd;dhh; tphpFlh vq;Fs;sJ?

,e;jpahtpd; njd;fpof;F Kidf;Fk; ,yq;ifapd; tlNky; fiuNahuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; kd;dhh;

tphpFlh mike;Js;sJ.

,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilapy;> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ghk;gd; jPtpypUe;J (uhNk];tuk; jPT

vdTk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ) ,yq;ifapd; kd;dhh; jPT tiu tphpfpd;w kzYlDk;> mj;Jld; kzyhyhd

jPTfSlDk; %lg;gl;Ls;s Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; jPTfisf; nfhz;l rq;fpypj; njhlnuhd;W mike;Js;sJ.

,e;j rq;fpypj; njhlh;j; jPTfs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Adam’s Bridge vdTk;> jkpopy; Mjhk; ghyk; (Adam’s Bridge) vdTk;> kiyahsj;jpy; uhk NrJ (Rama Sethu) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gphpj;jhdpa

Njrg;gl tiuQh; xUthpdhy; Adam’s Bridge vd;w ngah; #l;lg;gl;lJld;> ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa

gFjpapy; cs;s rptndhspghj kiyia (Adam’s Peak) miltjw;fhf ,e;jg; ghyj;jpd; neLfpYk;

,yq;iff;F ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Mjhk; (fpwp];jtj;jpYk;> ,];yhj;jpYk; KjyhtJ kdpjd;) fle;J

nrd;whh; vd goq;fijnahd;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Guhzf;fijahd ,uhkhazj;ij

,e;jpag; ngauhd uhk NrJ Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ: ,yq;ifapd; murdhd ,uhtzdplkpUe;J jdJ kidtp

rPijiaf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilapyhd

fliyf; flg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpa ,sturd; ,uhkDf;fhf ghyk; fl;lg;gl;ljhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar). ghyk; vd;w fUj;ijNa NrJ nfhz;Ls;sJ.

xU fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahitAk;> ,yq;ifiaAk; Mjhk; ghyk; ,izj;jpUe;jjhf fle;j fhyj;jpa

rhd;W fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> ,g;NghJ Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;Yf;Fk; kzy; jPTfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fly;

cs;sJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; fly; kl;lk; kpfTk; FiwthdjhFk;. vdNt> Xh; ,izg;G ,Ue;jJ. miy

Xl;lq;fs; kziy efh;j;jpAs;sd. ,jdhy; Mz;bd; rpy fhyq;fspd; NghJ rpy kzy; jPTfs;

kiwe;J Nghapd. tuyhw;WhPjpahd gjpTfspd; gpufhuk;> 15MtJ E}w;whz;L tiu — rq;fpypj;njhliu

Nkhrkhd Ganyhd;W cilf;Fk; tiu Mjhk; ghyj;ij kf;fs; ele;Nj fle;Js;shh;fs;. vdpDk;>

,g;NghJk; $l Mjhk; ghyj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpia ele;Nj flf;fyhk;.

cU 1.1 – kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpd; miktplk;

2

epyj;jpdhy; gFjpastpy; #og;gl;Ls;s

ePhpd; cWg;nghd;Nw xU FlhthFk;.

Flhit tpl tphpFlh ghhpajhFk;

vd;gJld;> epyj;jpdhy; gFjpastpy;

#og;gl;Ls;s flypd; cWg;nghd;whFk;.

,U Mokhd ePh;g; gFjpfisg; Ntwhf;Fk;

ePhpd; xLq;fpa fhy;thnahd;Nw ePhpiz

ahFk;.

Mjhk; ghyk; 30 fp.kP. ePz;ljhFk;. miy Xl;lq;fSld; kzy; efh;e;J> kPs miltJld; ,g;gFjpapy;

cs;s fly; kpfTk; Mokw;wjhFk; (1.5 kPw;wh; Kjy; 3.5 kPw;wh; tiu kl;LNk).

,e;jpahtpd; jkpo; ehl;by; ghk;gd; jPtpypUe;J Mjhk; ghyk; Muk;gkhfp (kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l

ghynkhd;wpdhy; ngUepyk; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ) ,yq;ifapd; kd;dhh; jPtpy; Kbtilfpd;wJ.

jhk;Nghjpnahd;wpdhy; ngUepyj;Jld; kd;dhh; jPT ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j; jhk;Nghjp rpwpjsT ePh;

fPo;g;gFjpapdhy; fle;J nry;tij mDkjpf;Fk; tifapy;> fPNoAs;s xU rpy kjFfSld; ePUf;F

Nkyhf cah;j;jg;gl;l xU tPjpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ('kd;dhh;" = kpiu — xU tzf;fj;jyk;)

Mjhk; ghyj;jpd; tlfpof;fpy; ghf;Ff; Flh cs;sJld;> ,J

ghf;FePhpizf;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ. ePhpiz xLq;fpajhf

,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> mjd; Clhf fg;gy;fs; fle;J nry;y

KbAk;. N[k;]; ghf; (James Palk) vd;w gphpl;b]; MSdhpd;

epidthf ghf;FePhpiz (Palk Strait) vd ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar).

Mjhk; ghyj;jpd; njd;Nkw;fpy; kd;dhh; tphpFlh mike;Js;sJ.

yf;\jPT

flYld; ,ize;Js;s Mokw;w ePh;g; gFjpnahd;Nw kd;dhh;

tphpFlhthFk; vd;gJld;> ,J ,e;jpahtpd; Kid> ,yq;if

kw;Wk; khiyjPT Mfpait fz;lwpag;gLfpd;w ,e;J

rKj;jpuj;jpd; gFjpahFk;.

1.2 kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpy; fhyepiy

,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyia kiotPo;r;rpAk;> epy Nkw;gug;gpd; Njhw;wKk; J}z;Lfpd;wd.

jPtpd; ikaj;jpy; Fiwe;j cauj;jpyhd Fd;Wfspdhy; #og;gl;l cah;thd Fd;Wfs; cs;sd.

,tw;wpd; fPNo> ngUksT jl;ilahd epyj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjpNa nghpJk; cs;sJ.

,yq;if Xh; madkz;ly jPT vd;gJld;> ntg;gepiy mjpfsT NtWglkhl;lhJ. vdpDk;> kiotPo;r;rp

nghpJk; NtWgLfpd;wJ. njd;Nky; kw;Wk; tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;W vd ,U gUtf;fhw;Wfspdhy; jPT

kioiag; ngWfpd;wJ. Nk Kjy; nrg;nuk;gh; tiu tq;fhs tphpFlhtpd; jpirapypUe;J njd;Nkw;Fg;

gUtf;fhw;W tPRfpd;wJ. fhw;wpd; Fspiuf; nfhz;Ls;s ePuhtp kj;jpa kiyg;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J

NkNy fpsk;gp> fhw;Wf;F Kfk;nfhLf;Fk; Fd;Wfspd; gf;fj;jpd; kPJ kioahfg; nghopfpd;wJ. ,f;

fhyj;jpd; NghJ> jPtfj;jpd; vQ;rpa gFjpfs; nghJthf kiotPo;r;rp ,d;wp ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,jdpilNa> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J epyj;jpd; topahf tPRfpd;w tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W> KOj;

jPtfj;jpw;Fk; etk;ghpypUe;J khh;r; tiu kioiaf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf kj;jpa Fd;Wfisr; Rw;wp

tisf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; fUj;J vd;dntdpy;> Fd;wpd; njd;Nkw;F jPtfj;jpd; gFjpahdJ Mz;bd;

ngUk;gFjp KOtJk; <uypg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis> ehl;bd; vQ;rpa gFjpfs; twl;rpahd

fhyj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd. epy Nkw;gug;gpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; kiotPo;r;rp Mfpa ,e;j ,uz;bd;

,izg;gpd; fhuzkhf jPtfj;jpy; cs;s NtWgl;l fhyepiy tyaq;fisapl;L vk;khy; $wKbfpd;wJ.

,e;j Ëypd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> <u tyak;> cyh; tyak;> ,il tyak; kw;Wk; ghiyepy tyak;

Mfpatw;iw ehk; gad;gLj;JNthk;. ghiyepy tyak; xt;nthU tUlKk; Rkhh; 650 kpy;yp kPw;wh;

kiotPo;r;rpiag; ngWtJld;> Mz;bd; mz;zsthf %d;W fhyhz;Lfs;tiu ePz;l twl;rpahd

fhyepiyahy; ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ.

3

kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s ngUksT flw;fiuNahuk; ghiyepy tyaj;jpYk;> cyh;

tyaj;jpYk; rhh;e;Js;sJ.

fhyepiy

tyak;

ruhrhp kiotPo;r;rp Fwpg;Gfs;

<u tyak; 2,000kp.kP. – 5,000kp.kP. nghJthfNt kiyaf <u tyak; Mz;L KOtJk;

kioiag; ngWfpd;wJ. gs;sehl;L <u tyak; kioapd;wp

Rkhh; 5-6 khjq;fSf;F ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,il tyak; 1,100kp.kP.– 2,000kp.kP ,il tyaj;jpd; vQ;rpa gFjpfis tpl> kiyaf •,il tyak; mjpfsT kiotPo;r;rpiag; ngWfpd;wJ.

eL ehl;L ,il tyaj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs; kioapd;wp •Rkhh; 6 khjq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.

gs;s ehl;L ,il tyak; kioapd;wp Rkhh; 6 •khjq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.

cyh; tyak; 700kp.kP – 1,000kp.kP gpujhdkhf tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;wpypUe;J Rkhh; 3-4 khjq;

fSf;F kl;LNk cyh; tyak; kioiag; ngWfpd;wJ.

ghiyepy

tyak;

Rkhh; 650kp.kP ghiyepy tyak; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l kioia Rkhh;

%d;W khjq;fSf;F kl;LNk ngWfpd;wJ. Mff;Fiwe;j

kiotPo;r;rp mk;ghe;Njhl;ilf;Nf fpilf;fpd;wJ. kd;dhh;>

aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk; fpspnehr;rpapy; cs;s rpy gFjpfspy;

kiotPo;r;rp FiwthdjhFk; (Rkhh; 700 mm vd;w mstp

y;).

fk-#oypay; Njrg;glj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ> ghdnghf;Nf kw;Wk; fd;dq;fu (1996).

4

,yq;ifapy; fhyepiyia kpf mjpfsT fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;

gUtf;fhw;Wf;fs; ghf;FePhpiz> ghf;Ff; Flh kw;Wk;

kd;dhh; tphpFlh Mfpatw;wpd; ePh;epiyfSf;F kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

Mjhk; ghyj;jpd; msTk;> MoKk; rpwpajhfj; njhpfpd;w NghjpYk;>

tq;fhs tphpFlhTf;Fk; (fpof;F ,e;jpah)> mNugpa flYf;Fk;

,ilapy; efUfpd;w ePhpd; fdtsit fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jr;

rq;fpyp kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd gq;fpid Mw;Wfpd;wJ. Mjhk;

ghyk; rpwpaJ vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;> ehshe;j tw;Wg;ngUf;fpid

mjw;F FWf;fhf efh;tjw;F mJ mDkjpg;gjpy;iy. ,jd;

tpisthf> kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpy; cs;s tw;Wg;ngUf;Fk;>

ghf;Ff; Flhtpy; cs;s tw;Wg;ngUf;Fk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkhditahFk;. tw;Wg;ngUf;Ffs; xd;whf

neUq;fpAs;s NghjpYk;> mtw;wpy; nghpJNk gd;dpuz;L

kzpj;jpahy tpj;jpahrnkhd;Ws;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf> Mjhk;

ghyj;jpd; ,uz;by; VNjDnkhU gf;fj;jpd; kPJ ePh; kl;lq;fspy;

ghhpa tpj;jpahrq;fis Vw;gLj;jp jPtfq;fSf;F ,ilapy;

,ilntspfspd; Clhf gykhd Xl;lq;fis nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

tw;Wg;ngUf;F khw;wkilAk; NghJ ,e;j Xl;lq;fs; jpiria

khw;Wfpd;wd.

cU 1.2 – ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiy tyaq;fs;

re;jpudpdhYk;> #hpadpdhYk;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w GtpaPh;g;gpdJk;>

Gtpapd; Row;rpapdJk; ,ize;j

jhf;fq;fspdhy; tpistpf;fg;gl;l fly;

kl;lq;fspd; cah;r;rpAk;> tPo;r;rpANk

tw;Wg;ngUf;Ffs; MFk;. toikahf

12 kzpj;jpahyq;fisf; nfhz;l

tpj;jpahrnkhd;wpy; ehnshd;Wf;F xU

jlit ngUksT fiuNahug; gFjpfs;

cah;e;j tw;Wg; ngUf;fpidAk; (fly;

kl;lk; cah;thf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ)>

Fiwe;j tw;Wg;ngUf;fpidAk; (fly;

kl;lk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ)

mDgtpf;fpd;wd. xd;whf neUq;fp

As;s gFjpfs; cjhuzkhf nfhOk;G

kw;Wk; ePh;nfhOk;G Mfpad xNu

Neuj;jpy; cah;e;jJk;> Fiwe;jJkhd

tw;Wg; ngUf;Ffis mDgtpf;fpd;wd.

Map Prepared by: International Union forconservation of Nature, Sri Lanka Country Office

Funded by: FAO under BOBLME ProjectComponet 2.4 Collaborative Critical HabitatManagement: Gulf of Mannar

The Climatic Zones of Sri Lanka

Arid Zone

Dry Zone

Intermediate Zone

Wet Zone

Arid Zone

5

Mff;Fiwe;jJ Mz;bd; xU gFjpapd;

NghJ jilapd; rpy mikg;gpdhy;

flypy; ,Ue;J Gwk;ghf;fg;gLk; Mokw;w

ePhpd; cWg;nghd;Nw flNyhp MFk;.

,J toikahf flw;fiuapd; ePs;

Jz;nlhd;wpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w

xU jilahFk;.

flypy; ,Ue;J gFjpastpy;

#og;gl;Ls;s fly;ePhpd; cWg;nghd;Nw

nghq;FKfk; MFk;. Mdhy;> mjDs;

xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l MWfs;

gha;fpd;wthW Mz;L KOtJk; flYld;

,ize;Js;sJ.

Gj;jsk; nghq;FKfj;jpDs; kP Xa>

fyh Xa kw;Wk; %q;fpy; MW vd

%d;W MWfs; gha;fpd;wd.

njd;Nkw;f;F gUtf;fhw;wpd; NghJ> ghf;Ff; FlhTf;fhf kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpypUe;J ghhpa mstpyhd

ePiu gykhd fhw;Wf;fs; tPrp;j;js;Sfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf mit ghf;Ff; FlhtpDs; ntg;gkhdJk;>

mjpfsT cth;jd;ikahdJkhd ePiu mDg;Gfpd;wd. tlfPo;g; gUtf;fhw;wpd; NghJ> vjpuhf

epfo;fpd;wJ. kd;dhh; tphpFlhTf;F Fspuhd> Fiwe;j cth;jd;ikahd ePh; efh;j;jg;gLk;.

ePhpd; ntg;gepiy khw;wj;jpdhYk;> cth;jd;ik khw;wj;jpdhYk; ePh; kl;lq;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F

kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpYk;> ghf;Ff; FlhtpYk; cs;s tpyq;FfSk;> jhtuq;fSk; ,irtilaf;$baitahf

,Uf;fpd;wd. ,g;gFjpapy; cs;s ,e;j tprpj;jpuj;jd;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,e;j Ëypy; gpd;dh;

njspthf tpsf;fg;gLk;.

1.3 gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s MWfs; kw;Wk; flNyhpfs;

kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpDs;Sk;> ghf;F ePhpizapYk; ngUksT MWfs; tbfpd;wd.

,e;jpahtpypUe;J

o ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F kiyj;njhlh;fspypUe;J fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J kPw;wu; 1500 (m) Nkyhf

jhkuguzp MW Muk;gkhfp> fpof;F Nehf;fpg; gha;e;J> kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpDs; tbfpd;wJ.

o ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F kiyj;njhlh;fspypUe;J Cw;nwLf;Fk; itif MW ghf;F ePhpizf;Fs;

tbfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy;> kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpDs; tbfpd;wit tUkhW:

o mUtp MW

o fy; MW kw;Wk;

o Nkhjpufk; MW

ghf;Ff; FlhtpDs; tbfpd;w NkYk; ,U MWfs; tUkhW:

o ehahW kw;Wk;

o gwq;fp MW

flw;fiuNahuj;jpd; neLfpYk; ,U rpwpa flNyhpfs;

cs;sd.

o nghpafsg;G kw;Wk;

o tplj;jy;jPT flNyhp

6

cU 1.3 – gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ePh;epiyfs;

xU ghhpa nghq;FKfKk; cs;sJ: mJ Gj;jsk; nghq;FKfk; (gyUk; Gj;jsk; flNyhp vd mij

miof;fpd;wdh;)

7

1.4 kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpd; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; flw;fiuNahuk;

kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpdJk;> ghf;FePhpizapd; xU gFjpapdJk; neLfpYk; flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; Gj;jsk;

kw;Wk; kd;dhh; Mfpa ,U khtl;lq;fspd; ngUksT gpuNjr nrayfg; gphpTfs; mike;Js;sd.

mit tUkhW:o fw;gpl;b kw;Wk;

o Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s tdhj;jtpy;Y kw;Wk;

o kd;dhh; gl;bdk;

o khe;ij Nkw;F

o ehdhl;lhd;

o kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpd; Kryp

o epUthfj;jpd; Njrpa kl;lj;jpd;

fPNo khfhzq;fs; cs;sd.

epUthfj;jpd; khfhz mLf;fpd;

fPNo khtl;lq;fs; cs;sd.

o khtl;lnkhd;wpd; cg gphpTfNs

gpuNjrr; nrayfg; gphpTfs; MFk;.

cU 1.4 – kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpdJk;> ghf;F ePhpizapdJk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd;flw;fiuNahuj;jpd; neLfpYk; epUthfg; gphpTfs;

1.5 gpuNjrj;jpd; kf;fs;

gpe;jpa Gs;sptpguq;fspd;gb> cU 4,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW gpuNjr nrayfg; gphpTfspy; Rkhh;

412>000 kf;fs; tho;fpd;whh;fs;. xU rJu fpNyhkPl;lUf;F Mff;$Ljyhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fs;

(rdj;njhif mlh;j;jp) fw;gpl;bapy; fhzg;gLtJld; (xU rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;F 524 kf;fs;)> mLj;j

Mff;$Ljyhd mlh;j;jp fpNyh kPw;wUf;F 238 kf;fSld; kd;dhh; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. khe;ij Nkw;F

fpNyh kPw;wUf;F 12 kf;fis kl;LNk nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,q;F ngUk;ghd;ikapyhd kf;fs; ,yq;ifj; jkpouhth; (51.3%). Mdhy;> K];ypk;fSk; (26.1%)>

,e;jpaj; jkpoh;fSk; (13.0%)> rpq;fsth;fSk; (8.2%)> VidNahUk; (1.4%) cs;sdh;. vdpDk;> ,e;j

tpfpjhrhuq;fSk;> gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;s kf;fspd; cz;ikahd vz;zpf;ifAk; khw;wkilfpd;wd.

Vnddpy; rptpy; Fog;gq;fspd; gpd;dh; kPs;FbNaw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

8

cU 1.6 – njq;Fg; ngUe;Njhl;lk;(©fyhepjp uQrpj; k`pe;jghy)

cU 1.7 – kPd;gpbj;njhopy;(FKjpdp Vful;z © IUCN)

cU 1.5 – gFjpapd; kf;fs;

51.3%

1.4%8.2%

13%

26.1%

Sri Lankan Tamils

Muslims

Indian Tamils

Sinhalese

Others

9

mj;jpahak; 1,d; rhuhk;rk;

o ,e;jpahtpd; njd;fpof;F Kidf;Fk;> ,yq;ifapd; tlNky; fiuNahuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; kd;dhh; tphpFlh

mike;Js;sJ.

o ,e;jpahTf;Fk;> ,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilapy;> rq;fpypnahd;W mike;Js;sJld;> ,J Mjhk; ghyk; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

o Mjhk; ghyj;jpd; tlfpof;fpy; ghf;Ff; Flh cs;sJld;> ,J ghf;FePhpizf;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.

o Mjhk; ghyj;jpd; njd;Nkw;fpy; kd;dhh; tphpFlh cs;sJ.

o kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpd; fiuNahug; gpuhe;jpaKk;> ghf;FePhpizAk; ,yq;ifapy; cyh; tyaj;jpYk;> mjd;

xU gFjp ghiyepy tyaj;jpYk; mike;Js;sd.

o kd;dhh; tphpFlhTf;Fk; ghf;F ePhpizf;Fk; ,ilapy; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sg;gLk; ePhpd; msit Mjhk; ghyk;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

o kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpy; tw;Wg;ngUf;FfSk;> ghf;Ff; Flhtpy; tw;Wg;ngUf;FfSk; tpj;jpahrkhditahFk;:

mit xd;whf neUq;fp ,Ue;jhYk;> tw;Wg;ngUf;Ffspy; mNdfkhf gd;dpuz;L kzpj;jpahy

tpj;jpahrnkhd;Ws;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,U gFjpfspYk; ePhpd; Ntfq;fspy; ghhpa tpj;jpahrKs;sd.

o njd;Nkw; gUtf;fhw;wpd; NghJ> ghf;Ff; FlhTf;fhf kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpypUe;J ghhpa mstpyhd

ePiu gykhd fhw;Wf;fs; tPrpj;js;Sfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf mit ghf;Ff; FlhtpDs; ntg;gkhdJk;>

mjpfsT cth;jd;ikahdJkhd ePiu mDg;Gfpd;wd. tlfPo;g; gUtf;fhw;wpd; NghJ> ,jw;F vjpuhdJ

epfo;fpd;wJ. kd;dhh; tphpFlhTf;F Fspuhd> Fiwe;j cth;jd;ikapyhd ePh; efh;j;jg;gLk;.

o ghf;F ePhpizf;Fs;Sk;> kd;dhh; tphpFlhTf;Fs;Sk; ngUksT MWfs; tbfpd;wd: ,e;jpahtpypUe;J

jhkpuguzp kw;Wk; itif MWfs;> kw;Wk; mUtpahW> fy;yhW> Nkhjufk; MW> ehahW kw;Wk; gwq;fp

MW.

o ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuf; Nfhl;bd; neLfpYk; kd;dhh; Flhtpd; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; nghpa fsg;G kw;Wk;

tplj;jy;jPT flNyhpfSk;> Gj;jsk; nghq;FKfKk; cs;sd. Gj;jsk; nghq;FKfj;jpDs; NkYk; %d;W

MWfs; — kP Xa> fyh Xa kw;Wk; %q;fpy; MW Mfpad tbfpd;wd.

o flw;fiuNahuj;jpd; neLfpYk; Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy; ,U gpuNjr nrayfg; gphpTfs; cs;sd: fw;gpl;b

kw;Wk; tdhj;jtpy;Y. mj;Jld; kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpy; ehd;F gphpTfs; cs;sd: kd;dhh; gl;bdk;>

khe;ij Nkw;F> ehdhl;lhd; kw;Wk; Kryp.

o gFjpapy; Rkhh; 412>000 kf;fs; tho;fpd;whh;fs;. fw;gpl;bapy; Mff;$Ljyhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd

rdj;njhif mlh;j;jp fhzg;gLtJld; xU rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;F 524 kf;fs;)> mLj;j Mff;$Ljyhd

mlh;j;jp rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;F 238 kf;fSld; kd;dhh; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. khe;ij Nkw;F rJu fpNyh

kPw;wUf;F 12 kf;fis kl;LNk nfhz;Ls;sJ.

o ngUk;ghd;ikapyhd kf;fs; ,yq;ifj; jkpouhth; (51.3%). Mdhy;> K];ypk;fSk; (26.1%)> ,e;jpaj;

jkpoh;fSk; (13.0%)> rpq;fsth;fSk; (8.2%)> VidNahUk; (1.4%) cs;sdh;.

o kd;dhhpy; cs;s ngUksT kf;fs; tptrhapfshth;. kd;dhhpy; 16>331 tptrhapfSk;;

mz;zsthf 7>547 kPdth;fSk; cs;sdh;.□

1.6 kd;dhh; kf;fs; vd;d nra;fpd;whh;fs;?

o kd;dhhpy; cs;s ngUksT kf;fs; tptrhapfshth;. kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpy; 16>331 tptrhapfs;

cs;sdh; (Gs;sptpguf; ifE}y;> kd;dhh; khtl;lk;> 2009). ney;> Nkl;Lepyg; gaph;fs; kw;Wk;

njq;F> ku Ke;jphpif Nghd;w ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fs; kw;Wk; gid MfpadNt kd;dhhpy;

nra;if gz;zg;gLk; gpujhd gaph;fshFk;.

o kd;dhhpy; 7>547 RWRWg;ghd kPdth;fs; cs;sdh;.

o cg;G cw;gj;jp (Xiyj;njhLtha;> tq;fhiy) kw;Wk; ML tsh;g;G (jhuhGuk;) Mfpa

nghJthditahFk;.

10

Iehrigapd; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu mikg;gpdhy; (UNESCO) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Ngzpa gFjpfs; “capudf; Nfhs ,Ug;G” (Biosphere Reserve) rh;tNjr tisaikg;gpd;

xU gpupthFk;. ghhpa ikaj;jpyhd gFjpnahd;W cs;s khjphp xd;wpd; kPjhd mbg;gilapy; ,g; gFjpfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,q;F thoplj;jpw;F KOikahd ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gL fpd;wJ. Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jhj kdpj eltbf;iffs; mDkjpf;fg;gLk; NghJ> gFjpnahd;wpdhy; ,J #og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g; gFjpiar; Rw;wp ,d;ndhU gFjpAs;sJ. ,q;F mjpfsT kdpj elj;ijfs; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ ( (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme).)

jkJ #oy;> fyhrhu my;yJ njhy;nghUshuha;r;rp ngWkjpf;fhf mgptpUj;jpapypUe;Jk;> NtW kdpj eltbf;iffspypUe;Jk; ghJfhf;fg; gLk; gFjpfNs ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfshFk;.

tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; thoplk; Mfpatw;wpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F xJf;fg;gl;l> murhq;fj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhd gFjpnahd;Nw xU Njrpa tdkhFk;. ,tw;Wf;F Nrjk; tpistp;f;fhky; ghh;j;J> kfpo;r;rpailtjw;F kf;fs; ,r; Nrhiytdj;jpw;F nry;tjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

murhq;f kw;Wk; jdpahh; fhzpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s gFjpnahd;iwNa ,yq;ifapy; tdtho;Tg; Ngzypy; cs;s ruzhyankhd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,q;F> ghJfhg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> gyjug;gl;l kdpj eltbf;iffSk; mDkjpf;fg; gLfpd;wd.

mj;jpahak; 2 - gpuNjrj;jpd; ,aw;ifahd nry;tk;

tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; thoplq;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; kd;dhh; tphpFlh tskpf;fjhFk;. ,e;jpahtpYk;>

,yq;ifapYk; jdpj;jdpahf gpuNjrj;jpd;; jhtuq;fspdJk;>

tpyq;FfspdJk; kPJ Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

2.1 tho;tplq;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs;

2.1.1 ghJfhg;Gg; gFjpfs;

%thapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l NtWgl;l tiffspyhd tpyq;FfisAk;>

jhtuq;fisAk; kw;Wk; NtW tiffisf; nfhz;l

ngUksT thoplq;fisAk; kd;dhh; tphpFlh nfhzLs;sjhf

,e;jpahtpypUe;J fpl;Lk; Ma;Tfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar).

,jd; fhuzkhf> ,e;jpa murhq;fk; ,g; gFjpia ghJfhf;fg;gl;l

gFjp xd;whfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjp jpl;ltl;lkhf xU caphpdkz;ly

xJf;F (biosphere reserve) vd;gJld;> ,J 10>500 rJu

fpNyhkPw;wUf;F Nkyhf ePbf;fpd;wJ. ,g; gFjpapDs; 21 jPTfs;

cs;sd. ,e;j xJf;fpDs; kd;dhh; tphpFlh flyf Njrpa

Nrhiytdk; cs;sJld;> ,J 560 rJu fpNyhkPw;wUf;F Nkyhf

ePbf;fpd;wJ. KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fs;> fz;ly;fs; kw;Wk;

fly; Gw;fs; Mfpad cl;gl ngUksT NtWgl;l thoplq;fs;

cs;sd (tpsf;fj;Jf;F fPNo ghh;f;f). ,q;Fs;s 21 jPTfSf;F

J}u,lq;fspypUe;J Gyk;ngah;fpd;w 168 tif gwitfSk;> 5

tif fly; MikfSk;> 450 NtWgl;l tif nfhz;l kPd;fSk;>

79 tif nfhz;l flw;gQ;RfSk;> 260 tiffisf; nfhz;l

nkhy];;fhf;fSk; (ej;ij ,dq;fs;)> 100 tif Kl;NlhypfSk;

(fly; el;rj;jpuq;fs;> kzy; nlhyh;fs;> flyl;ilfs; kw;Wk;

mtw;wpd; ,dq;fs;)) tUif jUfpd;wd (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar).

,yq;ifapy;> fl;Lf;fiuf; Fsk;> tq;fhiy gwitr; ruzhyak;

kw;Wk; ghh; fw;ghh;j;njhlh; flyfr; ruzhyak; Mfpa %d;W

ruzhyaq;fSk;> tpy;gj;J Njrpa Nrhiytdk; vd;w Njrpa

Nrhiytdk; xd;Wk; cs;sd.

kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd ePh; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;

gFjpnahd;whf fl;Lf;fiuf; Fsk; tpsq;FtJld;> ,J khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s 160 rpwpa Fsq;fSf;F

ePiu tpepNahfpf;fpd;wJ. kpfTk; twz;l gFjpnahd;wpy; ePhpd; ,e;j Kf;fpakhd %yj;ijg;

ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ,g; gFjp ruzhyankhd;whfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Gyk;ngah; gwitfSf;F Kf;fpakhdnjhU miktplkhf tq;fhiy gwit ruzhyak; tpsq;FtJld;

(tiutpyf;fzj;jpw;F NkNy ghh;f;f)> ,J 2008,y; ruzhyankhd;whfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

fw;gpl;bapd; tlf;Nf ghh; fw;ghh;j;njhlh; ruzhyak; mike;Js;sJld;> ,J Rkhh; 150 NtWgl;l

tif KUifiaAk;> Rkhh; 280 NtWgl;l tiffspyhd kPd;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

11

cU 2.1 – kd;dhh; tphpFlh gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs;

,yq;ifapd; ,g; gFjpapy; xU Njrpa Nrhiytdk; cs;sJ. mJ tpy;gj;J Njrpa Nrhiytdk; MFk;.

tpy;gj;J Rkhh; 60 Xilfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; (tptuzj;jpw;F fPNo ghh;f;f)> ,yq;ifapy; cs;s

ghhpaJk;> goiktha;e;jJkhd Njrpa Nrhiytdq;fspy; xd;WkhFk;. ,e;j Nrhiytdj;jpy; ahidfs;

kw;Wk; rpWj;ijfs; Mfpad cl;gl 280 NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l Ks;se;jz;Ls;sitfs;

kw;Wk; 600 NtWgl;l tif nfhz;l g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; Mfpad fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

epe;jtpy; td xJf;F kw;Wk; khtpy;Y td xJf;F vd miof;fg;gLk; ,U td xJf;Ffs; td

jpizf;fsj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sd.

2.1.2 thoplq;fs;

,g;gFjpapy; gpd;tUtd cs;sjhf ,yq;ifapy; elj;jg;gl;l Ma;Tfs; fhl;bAs;sd:

1. tdq;fs;

2. flw;fiuf;F mg;ghYs;s <uepy thoplq;fs;

3. fiuNahu thoplq;fs; kw;Wk;

4. tptrhaf; fhzpfs;

Map Prepared: International Union forConservation of Nature, Sri Lanka Country OfficeFunded by: FAO under BOBLMe Project Component 2.4Collaborative Critical Habitat Management: Gulf of Mannar

Complied from information abailable inGoogle Earth Pro, 2010

12

ngUksT jhtuq;fspdJk;> tpyq;FfspdJk; ngah;fs; nghpJNk ghpr;rpakhditahFk;. vkf;F ahidfisAk;>

rpWj;ijfisAk; kw;Wk; Fuq;FfisAk; njhpAk;. Mdhy;> vkf;F njhpe;Js;sthW> NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l

kuq;fis> cjhuzkhf njd;id kw;Wk; gid Mfpad cs;sJld;> mit xt;nthd;WNk nrhe;jkhf nghJthd

ngah;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. Mdhy;> ,e;j nghJthd ngah;fs; cyfpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; NtWgl;l nkhopfspy;

NtWgl;litahFk;. cjhuzkhf> ,q;F ,yq;ifapy;> margosa ehl;bd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; jkpopy; Ntk;G vd

miof;fpd;Nwhk;. rpq;fsj;jpy; ehl;bd; njd; gFjpapy; ehk nfh`k;gh vd miog;gJld;> ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;j kuq;fs;

ePk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ePq;fs; ,ij mwpe;jpUf;fhtpl;lhy;> ,it ehd;F tiffspyhd kuq;fs; vd mNdfkhf

epidg;gPh;fs;.

,e;j FsWgbiaj; jtph;g;gjw;fhf> jhtuq;fSf;Fk;> tpyq;FfSf;Fk; tpNrl ngah;fis tpQ;Qhdpfs; #l;bapUf;fpwhh;fs;.

xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; ,U ngah;fs; — ePq;fs; Kjy; ngaiuAk;> filrpg; ngaiuAk; nfhz;bUg;gJ Nghy - toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;fs; ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; cs;sJld;> cq;fSf;F ,yj;jPd; njhpe;jpUf;fhtpl;lhy;> mtw;wpd;

fUj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbkhdjhFk;. vdpDk;> ,d;ndhU Gj;jfj;jpypUe;J my;yJ ,iza jsj;jpypUe;J

Fwpg;gpl;l Kiya+l;bnahd;iwg; gw;wp mjpfsT jftiy ePq;fs; ghh;f;f tpUk;gpdhy;> ePq;fs; mjd; tpQ;Qhdg;

ngaiuNa gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ,J cyfpd; vt;tplj;jpYk; xd;NwahFk;.

,e;j tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;fs; ,t;thwhf> Ntk;G tpQ;QhdhPjpahf Azadirachta indica vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. mr;rplg;gLk;

NghJ> mit vg;nghOJNk rhpT tbtj;jpy; mr;rplg;gLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; mit Mq;fpy nkhopapy; md;wp ,yj;jPd;

nkhopapNyNa ,Ug;gjdhYk;> ePq;fs; ngaiu margosa (Azadirachta indica) vd mr;rpLtPh;fs;. Mdhy;> ,e;j ngaiu

ePq;fs; vOJk; NghJ> tpQ;Qhdg; ngaiu ePq;fs; fPo; NfhbLtPh;fs;. ,t;thwhf Azadirachta indica vd Ntk;G tpsq;Fk;.

2.1.2.1 tdq;fs;

,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;> ,U tiffahd tdq;fs; cs;sd. mit madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;W

gRikahd tdq;fs; kw;Wk; madkz;ly Ks; tdq;fs; (Gjh;epyq;fs;).

madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd tdq;fs; — ,it gUtf;fhw;W tdq;fs; vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it fLikahd kiof; fhynkhd;wpdhy; gpd;njhlug;gLk;. ePz;l twl;rpahd

gUtfhynkhd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;s madkz;lyg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jg;gUt fhyq;fs;

,e;j tdq;fs; kPJ ghhpa jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,t;tdq;fspYs;s jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk;

ePhpd;wp ePz;l fhyk; jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff;$baitahFk;. cjhuzkhf> ngUksT kuq;fs; tuz;l gUtj;jpd;

NghJ jkJ ,iyfis cjph;f;fpd;wd.

madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fis Krypg; gFjpapy; fhz KbAk;.

madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fspy; cs;s jhtutpdq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw

cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.

o ghiy (rpq;fsk;: gS@ tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Manilkara hexandra),o Kjpiu (rpq;fsk;: GUj;j> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Chloroxylon swietenia),o tPiu/tPiukuk; (rpq;fsk;: tPu> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Drypetes sepiaria),o jk;gid (rpq;fsk;: jk;kd;d> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Mischodon zeylanicus),o rpW gpahp (rpq;fsk;: gd;df;f> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Pleurostylia opposite),o gUj;jp (rpq;fsk;: fg;Gfpdp];]> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Hibiscus eriocarpus),o fuiz (rpq;fsk;: jhud> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Tarenna asiatica).

madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd tdq;fspypUe;J tpwfhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;>

kw;Wk; ngUksT NtW Fbj;jd Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; kuq;fs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

13

cU 2.2 – Kryp gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy; madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;Wk;gRikahd tdq;fs; (rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

madkz;ly Gjh; epyq;fspy; jhtuq;fs nghJthfNt ePh; njhlh;ghd kpfTk; fLikahd

epiyikfSf;F; jhf;Fgpbf;ff;$baitahFk;. ,tw;Ws; rpy jhtuq;fs; rpwpa ,iyfis (MtpAaph;g;G

%yk; ePh; ,og;gpidj; jtph;g;gjw;fhf) nfhz;Ls;sJld;> Vidait ,iyfSf;Fg; gjpyhf Kl;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. ,Ue;Jk;> Vida kuq;fs; jkJ jz;Lfspy; ePiur; Nrkpj;J itj;Js;sd.

madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd tdq;fs; mopf;fg;gLk; NghJ> mNdfkhf mtw;wpd;

,lj;jpy; madkz;ly Ks; tdq;fs; (Gjh; epyq;fs;) tsUfpd;wd. cyh; gUtfhyk; kpfTk;

ePz;ljhfTs;s ghiytdg; gFjpfspYk; madkz;ly Ks; tdq;fs; tsUfpd;wd. Ks; tdq;fspy;

cs;s jhtuq;fs; ePiur; Nrkpf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ePh; ,og;gpidf; Fiwg;gjw;F my;yJ rijg;gw;Ws;s

,iyfspYk;> jz;LfspYk; ePiur; Nrkpg;gjw;F rpwpa ,iyfis my;yJ Kl;fis mit

nfhz;Ls;sd. twl;rpahd fhyj;jpd; NghJ> ,iyfs; cJUfpd;wd.

khe;ij Nkw;fpYk;> KrypapYk; kw;Wk; kd;dhh; jPtpYk; madkz;ly Ks; tdq;fisf; fhz

KbAk;.

madkz;ly Gjh;epyq;fspy; jhtutpdq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd

o ,Q;rp (rpq;fsk;: ,e;jp tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Phoenix pusilla)o cta;/tpN[ (rpq;fsk;: kypj;jd;> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Salvadora persica)o cil/Xil (Mq;fpyk;: Umbrella Thorn tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Acacia planifrons)o fSil (Mq;fpyk;: Cockspur tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;. Acacia eburnea)o fs;sp (Mq;fpyk;: Milk Hedge rpq;fsk;: et `e;jp tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Euphorbia tirucalli)o mUf;fhzp (rpq;fsk;: `pu];]> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Cissus quadrangularis)

tpwFf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> kw;Wk; kUe;Jfs; Nghd;w ngUksT NtW Fbj;jd

Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; madkz;ly Ks; tdq;fspypUe;J kuq;fs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

14

cU 2.3 – tpy;gj;J Njrpa Nrhiy tdj;jpy; madkz;ly Ks; tdq;fs; (rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 2.4 – fyh xa jhk;Nghjp (rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

NkNyAs;s ,U tiffspyhd tdq;fspd; jhtutpd tpj;jpahrq;fs; gw;wp xU nghJthd $w;wpid

vk;khy; cUthf;f KbAkh?

2.1.2.2 flw;fiuf;F mg;ghYs;s <uepy thoplq;fs;

ghf;F ePhpizapDs;Sk;> kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpYk; ngUksT ePNuhl;lq;fSk;> MWfSk; tbfpd;wd. ,it

gFjp 1.3,y; gl;bay;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJld;> cU 3,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. MWfSk;> ePNuhl;lq;fSk;

ePhpd; cWg;Gf;fs; vd;gJld;> ,it xU jpirapy; njhlh;;r;rpahf efh;fpd;wd. ePNuhl;lj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy;>

fhy;tha; xLq;fpapUg;gNjhL> ePh; J}a;ikahdjhFk;. mj;Jld; fPo;ePNuhl;lj;ij tpl Fiwthd

tz;liyAk;> xUrpy fdpg;nghUs;fisAk; kl;LNk fhtpr;nry;Yk;. ,j;jifa ngUksT ePNuhl;lq;fs;

(MW xd;wpd; fpisahWfs;) ghhpa MW xd;iw mikg;gjw;fhf xd;whf ,izfpd;wd.

Nkw;gug;Gf;F epyf;fPo; ePh; guTfpd;w tpisnthd;wpd; fhuzkhf mikfpd;w VhpfNs Xilfs;

vd;gJld;> nts;sq;fspd; tpisnthd;whf gs;sj;jpy; mikfpd;w gFjpapy; mit mikfpd;wd.

cyh; gUtfhyj;jpd; NghJ ngUksT tpyq;FfSf;F ePhpd; Kf;fpakhd %yq;fshf Xilfs;

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;iw tpy;gj;jpYk;> kwpr;Rfl;bapypUe;J rpyhtj;Jiw tiuAk;> muTf;fYtpYk;

fhzyhk;.

15

cU 2.5 – twl;rpahd gUtfhyj;jpd; NghJ fl;Lf;fiuf; Fsk;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

tptrhaj;jpw;Fk;> kw;Wk; NtW kdpj cgNahfj;jpw;Fk; ePiur; Nrkpg;gjw;F cjTtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd;

Guhjd kd;dh;fspdhy; ePh;j;Njf;fq;fs; mjhtJ Fsq;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. fl;Lf;fiuf; Fsk; Nghd;w

ngUk;ghyhd Fsq;fs; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

2.1.2.3 fiuNahu kw;Wk; flyf thoplq;fs;

,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ngUksT fiuNahu kw;Wk; flyf thoplq;fs; cs;sd. mit tUkhW:

1. fz;ly;fs;

2. cth; rJg;G epyq;fs;

3. kzw; Fd;Wfs; kw;Wk; flw;fiufs; (flw;fiuj; jhtutpdk; cl;gl)

4. Nrw;W jl;il epyq;fs;

5. flw;Gw;wiu

6. KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fs;

fz;ly;fs;

fz;ly; vd;gJ xd;wpy; ituQ;nrwpe;j jhtunkhd;whf my;yJ jhtuq;fspd; FOnthd;whf

tpsq;f KbAk; vd;gJld;> rpy fhyj;jpw;F tw;Wg;ngUf;Ffspdhy; nts;skilAk; gFjpfspy;

flYf;Fk;> epyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; tho;fpd;wd. fz;ly;fs; tpag;Gf;Fhpait. Vnddpy;

rKj;jpuj;jpw;Fk;> epyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; — Vida kuq;fs; caph;tho Kbahj ,lq;fspy; —

mit tsUfpd;wd. ,g;gFjpapy;> ehshe;jk; tw;Wg;ngUf;F cah;e;J> tPo;r;rpailfpd;wJld;>

tw;Wg;ngUf;fpd; cah;r;rpAlDk;> tPo;r;rpAlDk; ePhpd; cth;jd;ik khw;wkilfpd;wJ. ePUld; kzy;

<uKk; ghukhdJ vd;gJld;> Mifapdhy; rpwpjsT xl;rpridAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tw;Wg;ngUf;fpdhy;

kzYk; efh;fpd;wJ. ,e;j xl;rprd; gw;whf;Fiwf;Fk;> ePhpdJk;> kzypdJk; efh;Tf;Fk; kw;Wk;

khw;wkilfpd;w cth;jd;ikf;Fk; fz;ly; jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; tpNrlkhf ,irtilaf;$ba

jd;ikahditahFk;. ngUksT fz;ly;fs; efUfpd;w kzYld; jk;ik rpwg;ghf ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;SKfkhf> gpujhd mbkuj;jpypUe;J ePSfpd;w Nth;fisf; (kpz;b Nth;fs;) nfhz;Ls;sd.

xl;rpridj; Njb> kzypypUe;J tspapDs; ntspePl;Lfpd;w Nth;fis mit nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;j

Nth;fs; Rthr Nth;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

16

cU 2.6 – gs;sfKidapy; fz;ly; tho;tplk; (rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

khe;ij Nkw;fpy; fz;ly;fisf; fhz KbAk;.

gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ngUksT NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l fz;ly;fisf; fhz KbAk;. gpd;tUtd

kpfTk; nghJthditahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

o fd;dkuk; (Mq;fpyk;: Grey Mangrove tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Avicennia marina). ,J kpz;b Nth;fisf;

nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> ngd;rpy; cUtj;jpyhd Rthr Nth;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

o fz;ly; (rpq;fsk;: fnlhy;> Mq;fpyk;: Mangrove tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Rhizophora mucronata). ,J ngUksT fpistpLk; kpz;b Nth;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

o fpz;iz (rpq;fsk;: fpuy> Mq;fpyk;: Mangrove Apple tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Sonneratia alba). ,J kuMzp Nghd;w Rthr Nth;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

czT> tpwF> vhpnghUs;> kuk; kw;Wk; kUe;J Nghd;w ngUksT nghUl;fis kdpjh;fSf;F fz;ly;fs;

toq;FtJld;> kz;zhpg;gpidj; jLg;gjw;Fk;> khRgLj;jpfspypUe;J kziy tbfl;Ltjw;Fk;>

flw;fiuNahuj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ngsjPfj; jilnahd;whfr; Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ.

cth; rJg;G epyq;fs;

fz;ly;fSf;F mUfpy; cth; rJg;G epyq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld;> ehshe;j tw;Wg;ngUf;fpd;

cl;gha;Tf;Fk;> ntspg;gha;Tf;Fk; ,it ,irtilaf;$baitahFk;. cth; rJg;Gepyq;fspy;

tsUk; jhtuq;fs; ePh; nts;sg;ngUf;Ff;Fk;> cth;jd;ikapy; khw;wq;fSf;Fk; jhf;Fgpbg;gjw;F

,irtilaf;$baitahFk;.

fy;yb> tq;fhiy> mhpg;G> tpy;gj;Jtpd; cs;Ns> ,std;Fsj;jpy; mapya;> kd;dhh; jPtpd; cs;Ns

kw;Wk; gs;spKid Mfpatw;wpy; cth; rJg;Gepyq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;> ngUksT cth; rJg;Gepyq;fs; ituk; rhuhj> rpwpa jhtuq;fspdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;sd.

,g;gFjpfs; kpf ePz;l twl;rpahd fhyj;jpd; NghJ kpfTk; twl;rpahf tpsq;FtJld;> mjpfsT

ePiuAk; ,of;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf gFjp kpfTk; cth;j;jd;ikahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. epj;jKk;

tul;rpahd gUtfhyj;jpd; NghJ ,e;j thoplq;fspy; cg;gpidf; fhz KbAk;.

17

cU 2.7 – js;sbapy; cth; rJg;Gepyk; (rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cth; rJg;G epyq;fspy; cs;s jhtutpdk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ:

o ckphp (tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Suaeda maritima kw;Wk; Suaeda vermiculata)

ngUksT fhuzq;fSf;fhf ,e;j thoplq;fs; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. tho;f;ifapd; gyjug;gl;l

fl;lq;fspy; tpyq;Ffs; ,j;jhtuq;fspilNa xspj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,iy kuf;fwpnahd;whf ckphp

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

kzw;Fd;Wfs; kw;Wk; flw;fiufs; (flw;fiuj; jhtutpdk; cl;gl)

flw;fiufspy; ];gpdp ngf;]; (Spinifex litbreus) kpfTk; nghJthdit vd;gJld;> rpy flw;fiufspy; gz;lD]; (Pandanus odoratissimus) fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

tw;Wg;ngUf;F ehshe;jk; efUk; fiuNahuf; flw;fiufspy;> NghjpasT kzYk;> NghjpasT fhw;Wk;

cs;s ,lj;jpy; kzw; Fd;Wfs; mikfpd;wd. flw;fiu NghjpasT nghpanjd;why;> cah;thd

tw;Wg;ngUf;FfSf;F ,ilapy; Nkw;gug;G twz;L Nghfpd;wJ. ,e;j twz;l kzy; epyj;ij

Nehf;fp tPrg;gl;L> cah; tw;Wg;ngUf;F milfpd;w gFjpf;F Nkyhf ,lg;gLk;. ghiwfspd; my;yJ

nfhj;Jf;fshfTs;s flw;Gy;fspd; gpd;dhy; ,e;j tuz;l kzy; xd;W NrUfpd;wJ. ,q;F> kzy;

mbj;Jr; nry;tjpypUe;J jLg;gjw;fhf kziy jhtuq;fs; rpf;fitf;fpd;wd. mLj;J fhw;iw Nehf;fpa

gf;fj;jpypUe;J kzy; Jzpf;ifs; mhpg;gjid fhw;W Muk;gpj;J> fhw;wpypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gLk;

gf;fk; kPJ mtw;iw ,Lfpd;wJ. gbg;gbahf> flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy; efh;j;Jtjw;F kzw;Fd;wpid ,e;

eltbf;if tpistp;f;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf nra;ifapy; NkYk;> NkYk; kzy; xd;Wjpus;fpd;wJ.

kzw; Fd;Wfspy; fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; toikahf nfhbfshf tpsq;FtJld;> ,it fhw;wpy;

mbj;Jr; nry;tijj; jtph;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf epyj;ijg; gw;wpg; gpbj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd.

toikahf kzw; Fd;Wfspd; gpd;dhy; flw;fiuj; jhtutpdk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;Fk; $l fLikahd

fhw;WfSf;F jhtutpdk; ,irthf;fk; miltJld;> kuq;fs; FWfpajhfTk;> Fl;ilahdjhfTk;

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

eLf;Flhtpy; kzw; Fd;Wfisf; fhz KbAk;.

18

cU 2.8 – eLf;Flhtpy; kzw;Fd;W (rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

kzw; Fd;Wfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

o ,uhtzd; kPir Nghd;w nfhbfs; (rpq;fsk;: k`-uhtz uTy> Mq;fpyk;: Spinifex tpQ;Qhdg;

ngah;: Spinifex littoreus) kw;Wk; mWfk; Gy; (rpq;fsk;: U`> Mq;fpyk;: Bermuda Grass tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;. Cynodon dactylon)

o tpe;jl;il Nghd;w rpwpa kuq;fs; (rpq;fsk;: me;ju> Mq;fpyk;: Bell Mimosa tpQ;Qhdg;

ngah;: Dichrostachys cinera)

Nrw;Wj; jl;il epyq;fs;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nrw;W gFjpfNs Nrw;W jl;ilepyq;fshFk;. ,it Fiwe;j tw;Wg;nghUf;fpd; NghJ

fhw;Wf;F ntspg;gLfpd;wJk;> cah;e;j tw;Wg;ngUf;fpd; NghJ fly; ePhpdhy; nts;sg;ngUf;filtJkhd

gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

tq;fhiy> tplj;jy;jPT kw;Wk; khe;ij Nkw;F Mfpatw;wpy; Nrw;Wj; jl;ilepyq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nkw;gb Nrw;W jl;ilepyq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,yq;iff;F gwe;J tUk; NghJ Kg;gj;jhW

Gyk;ngah; gwitfs; FbNaWfpd;wd.

Nghidfis Nrw;Wj; jl;ilepyq;fs; Row;rp nra;fpd;wd> fiuNahu kz;zhpg;gpidj; jLf;fpd;wd>

mj;Jld; tpyq;FfSf;F tpNrlkhf Gyk;ngah;fpd;w ePh;g;gwitfSf;F Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

19

fly; Gw;wiu

ePhpd; fPo; tsh;fpd;w tpij jUfpd;w> g+f;fpd;w> Nth;tpLfpd;w jhtuq;fNs fly; Gw;fs; MFk;

vd;gJld;> ,it Mokw;w fiuNahuf; fly;fspYk;> fiuNahu <uepyq;fspYk; kl;LNk tsh;fpd;wd.

epyj;jpd; kPJs;s Gw;fs; Nghd;W> fiuNahuf; fly;fspd; gLf;if kPJ mit Gy; jiufis

mikf;fpd;wd.

Mjhk; ghyk;> jiykd;dhh; kw;Wk; gs;spKid Mfpatw;wpy; fly; Gw;wiufs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gpd;tUtd Nghd;w ngUksT NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l fly; Gw;fs; ,e;j Gy; jiufspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

o ehlh fly; Gy; (tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;. Enhalus acoroides)o rhj;jis (Mq;fpyk;: Chatelai tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Thalassia hemprichii) kw;Wk;o E}by; fly;Gy; (Syringodium isoetifolium)

fly; Gw;fs; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. Vnddpy; mit #oypy;>

cjhuzkhf khRgLj;jypy; khw;wq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kpf

tpiutpNyNa thbtpLfpd;wd. vdNt> #oYf;F Nrjk; cs;sJ

vd;gij vkf;F fhl;Ltjw;F mit Nrtfk;Ghpfpd;wd. mj;Jld;

mtw;wpd; ,iyfs; kPJ ngUksT kPd; ,dq;fSk;> NtW

tpyq;FfSk; thOfpd;wd. fly; Gw;wiufspy; thOfpd;w

tpyq;Ffs; kj;jpapy; gpurpj;jkhditahf flw;gd;wp my;yJ

flw;gR (rpq;fsk;: K`_J Cuh> Mq;fpyk;: Dugong my;yJ

Sea Cow tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Dugong dugon) Mfpad

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

cU 2.9 – ghyfKidapy; Nrw;W jl;ilepyk; (rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

#oypy; cs;s khw;wq;fSf;F jhf;Fg;gpbf;f Kbahj jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSNk Rl;bfhl;b ,dq;fshFk;. #oy; MNuhf;fpa khdjy;y vd vLj;Jf;fhl;b mit kuzkilfpd;wd. ePh; ke;jhukhdjhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ fly; Gw;fs; kuzkilfpd;wd. ,J #oYld; vy;yhNk ey;yjy;y vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

20

cU 2.10 – flw;Gw;wiu — kd;dhh; tphpFlh (© Mh;Id; uhI#upa)

KUif fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fs;

KUiffs; ,U-mLf;fpyhd tpyq;Ffs; vd;gJld;> FOf;fshf tho;fpd;wd. nrhwpKl;il (jelly fish) kw;Wk; fly; mdpkdpfs; (anemones) Mfpatw;Wf;F njhlh;gpidf; nfhz;litahFk;. nghypg;Gfs;

(polyps) vd miof;fg;gLk; rpd;dQ;rpwpa jdpg;gl;litfspdhy; KUiffs; Mf;fg;gl;litahFk;.

xt;nthU nghypg;Gk; jputk;-epug;gg;gl;l ignahd;iwg; NghyhdjhFk;. mjd; thiar; Rw;wp

tisaj;jpyhd ghprf;nfhk;Gfs; cs;sd. ,J rpd;dQ;rpwpa mdpkdp Nghyj; Njhw;wkspf;fpd;wJ.

rpy KUiffspy;> flypy; ,Ue;J fy;rpak; fhgNdl;il gy;ybak; gphpj;njLg;gJld;> mjd; clypd;

miuthrp mbg;Gwj;jpypUe;J fy;rpak; fhgNdl;bd; Nfhg;ignahd;whf mijr; Ruf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j

nghypg;Gfspy; gpy;ypad;fisf; nfhz;l fy;rpak; fhgNdl; Nfhg;igfs; xd;whfr; Nrh;fpd;w NghJ>

Mapuf;fzf;fhd tUlq;fSf;F KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fis mit mikf;fpd;wd. KUiff;

fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fs; ghh; fw;ghh;j;njhlh; gFjp> kd;dhh; (gs;spKidf;F mg;ghy;)> kd;dhh; jPtpd;

njd;Nkw;F> mhpg;G> rpyhtj;Jiw> tq;fhiy kw;Wk; NjhikahWf;F mUfpy; kw;Wk; nfhf;Fgbahd;

Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s Mokw;w flypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gpd;tUtd cl;gl gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mz;zsthf 100 NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l KUiffs;

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.

o gtsf;nfhb KUif (tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Acropora cytherea)o nfl;bg;gLj;jypyhd Ez;Jis KUif (tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Montipora aequituberculata)

kw;Wk;

o fw;ghiw KUif (tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Porites cylindrica)

mj;Jld; kpfTk; nghJthf lhk;nry; kPd;fSld;> 200 NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l KUiff;

fw;ghh;j;njhlh; kPd;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.

KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. Vnddpy; mit kdpjh;fSf;F ngUksT

Nritfis toq;Ffpd;wd. cyfpy; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk;> kUe;JfSf;Fk;> kPdth;fSf;F jkJ

tho;thjhuq;fSf;Fk;> kPd;fisAk;> Xl;LkPd;fisAk; gpbg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; gpurpj;jkhd cy;yhrg;gaz

21

cU 2.11 – kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpy; KUif ghu; flw;ruzhyak;

Coral: Acropora cytherea; fish:Plectorhinchus ceylonesis (Nkw;Gw ,lJ)> Coral: Acropora cytherea,

Fish: Chaetodon collare, Chaetodon trifacialis, Chaetodon trifasciatus and Acanthurus leucosternon (tyg;Gw eL)> Coral: Acropora formosa (fPo;;Gw ,lJ).

(© Mh;Id; uhI#upa)

,lq;fSf;Fk; NeubahfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk; mz;zsthf 500 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; KUiff;

fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fspy; jq;fpAs;sdh;.

22

cU 2.12 – NtWgl;l thoplq;fspd; Njrg;glk;

fPNoAs;s Njrg;glk; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuj;jpw;fhd NtWgl;l gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; thoplq;fisf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

23

2.2 gpuNjrj;jpd;; jhtuq;fs;

gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ngUksT jhtuq;fs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s

jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhl;Lfpd;w ml;ltiznahd;Nw fPNo Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ml;ltiz 2.1: gpuNjrj;jpd; jhtuq;fs;

NtWgl;l

tiffspd;

vz;zpf;if

cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa

tw;wpd; vz;zpf;if

,yq;iff;F

g+h;tPfkhdtw;wpd;

vz;zpf;if

,yq;iff;F

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;litapd;

vz;zpf;if

g+f;fpd;w jhtuq;fs; 578 08 459 121

jho;tif jhtuq;fs 05 00 04 01

g+f;fpd;w jhtuq;fs; g+f;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

,yq;ifapy; g+h;tPfj; jhtuq;fs; ,aw;ifahfNt

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

g+f;fpd;w jhtuq;fisg; Nghyd;wp> jho;tif jhtuq;fs;

czitAk;> ePiuAk; Vw;wp ,wf;Ftjw;F tpNrlkhd

fyq;fisAk;> ,ioaq;fisAk; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy.

cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa jhtuq;fs; ,yq;ifapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;w jhtuq;fs; vd;gJld;> cyfpd; NtW

vq;Fk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l jhtuq;fs; ,d;ndhU ehl;bypUe;J

,yq;iff;F nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sitahFk;.

24

cU 2.13 – mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l(20%)kw;Wk;G+h;tPfj;(80%)

jhtuq;fspd;rjtpfpjk;

cU 2.14 – cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk; (1.8%)

gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tpNrlkhf tpsq;FtJ kd;dhh; gl;bd gphptpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l ghNthghg; (Baobab) kuq;fshFk;.

mz;zsthf ,e;j ghNthghg; kuq;fs; (Adansonia digitata) 40 cs;sd. Mgphpf;f fz;lj;jpw;F g+h;tPfkhd ,k;kuq;fs;

fp.gp.700 mstpy; Muk;gfhy mNugpa th;j;jfh;fspdhy; jPtfj;jpw;F nfhz;L tug;gl;ld.

,k;kuq;fs; twl;rpahd gUt fhyj;jpy; caph;tho;fpd;w toptiffspy; xd;whf msg;ghpa mbkuq;fspy; ePiur; Nrkpj;J

itf;fpd;wd (rpy kuq;fs; jbg;ghd gFjpiar; Rw;wp 19.5 kPw;wh; msT tiu). ePh; ,og;gpidj; jtph;g;gjw;fhf mit

jkJ ,iyfis ,yFtpy; cjph;f;fpd;wd.

,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa ,dq;fs; kj;jpapy; fg;gpNy (rpq;fsk;: GGyh>

tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Vernonia zeylanica) kw;Wk; gpahhp (rpq;fsk;: neuY> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Cassine glauca) Mfpad tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

gyjug;gl;l thoplq;fspd; fPo; Vida nghJthd ,dq;fs; gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

80%20%

Number native toSri Lanka

Numberintroduced intoSri Lanka

Number of different kinds of plants

Number of endemic plants

8

578

25

cU 2.15 – kd;dhh; gl;bd ikaj;jpy; ghNthghg; kuk;(FKjpdp Vful;z © IUCN)

2.3 gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;; tpyq;Ffs;

epyj;jpYk;> flypYk; ngUksT tpyq;F ,dq;fs; gjpTnra;ag;gl;ld.

gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;s kpUfq;fspd; NtWgl;l FOf;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;w ml;ltiz fPNo

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ml;ltiz 2.2: gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;s NtWgl;l FOf;fisf; nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs;

,yq;ifapypUe;J gjpT

nra;ag;gl;lit

gpuhe;jpaj;jpypUe;J gjpT nra;ag;gl;lit

tpyq;Ff; FO nkhj;jk; cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;

Fhpait

nkhj;jk; cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;

Fhpait

Mi/In/Do

Jk;gpfs; 120 51 14 0 0

tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rpfs; 244 20 84 0 0

kPd;fs; 87 48 36 6 2

<Ulftho;td 108 92 17 3 0

Ch;tdq;fs; 207 117 55 10 0

gwitfs; 499 26 213 3 66

Kiya+l;bfs; 107 20 59 4 8

nkhj;jk; 1>372 375 478 26 76

Mi: Gyk;ngah;e;j — nghUj;jkhd thoplq;fisj; Njb ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F gpuahzk; nra;Ak; tpyq;Ffs;

In: mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l

Do: cs;ehl;L

282 NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l rKj;jpuj;jpy; thOk; Ks;se;jz;lw;witfSk;> ed;dPhpy;

tho;fpd;w 13 NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l Ch;tdq;fSk;> kw;Wk; flypy; thOk; 13 NtWgl;l

tiffisf; nfhz;l Kiya+l;bfSk; cs;sd.

26

cU 2.16 – tpyq;Ffspd; NtWgl;l FOf;fs;: ,yq;ifapYk;> ,g;gFjpapYk; cs;s nkhj;jk;

cU 2.17 – tpyq;Ffs;: nkhj;jq;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpait

gwitfs; ,wf;ifapyhdit vd;gJld;> gwf;Fk; tpyq;FfSkhFk;. jkJ cl;Gw cly; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,ayf;$bajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

Fsph;fhyj;jpd; NghJ> Fspuhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> rpwpjsT czNt fpl;Lk;. rpy tpyq;Ffs; jkJ tho;tplj;jpypUe;J kpf ePz;l J}uq;fSf;F mjhtJ ntJntJg;ghfTk;> mjpfsT czT cs;sJkhd NtW ehLfSf;Fr; nry;fpd;wd.

,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Rkhh; 170 gwitfs; tl ,e;jpah cl;gl cyfpd; NtW gFjpfspypUe;J Gyk;ngah;e;jitahFk;.

gwitfs;:

tpyq;Ff; FOf;fs; kj;jpapy;> gwitfNs kpfTk;

fz;$lhditahFk;. Fsph;fhyj;jpd; NghJ> ,yq;if

Nghd;w ntg;gkhd fhyepiyfSf;F tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;Jk;>

NtW Fspuhd gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ngUksT gwitfs;

Gyk;ngah;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; mtw;Wf;F njhlh;e;JNk czitg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gwitfs; gpuahzk;

nra;fpd;w ngUksT topfs; cs;sd. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J

,uhNk];tuk; jPtpdJk;> Mjhk; ghyj;jpdJk; neLfpYk; kd;dhh;

jPTf;fhd top Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;. Gyk;ngah; gwitfspd;

,Wjpahd fzf;nfLg;gpd; NghJ> Mjhk; ghyk;> jiykd;dhh;

kw;Wk; tq;fhiy Mfpatw;wpy; 166>300 jdpg;gl;l gwitfSk;>

Recorded from Sri Lanka

Recorded from the region

Drago

nflies

Butte

rflies

Fishes

Amph

ibian

s

Reptile

sBird

s

Mam

mals

500

450

400

350

300

250

200150

100

500

Drago

nflies

Butte

rflies

Fishes

Amph

ibian

s

Reptile

sBird

s

Mam

mals

Total endemics

Endemics recorded in theregion

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

27

tpNrlkhd Rug;gpfspypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ghiy jdJ Fl;bfSf;F Kiya+l;bfs; Cl;Lfpd;wd. gwitfisg; Nghy;> jkJ cl;Gw clypd; ntg;g epiyia fl;Lg;gLj;j mtw;wpdhy ,aYkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

Ch;tdq;fs; nrjpy;fspyhd Njhy; fisf; nfhz;lit vd;gJld;> nghJthfNt ghJfhg;G XLfSld; Kl;ilfis ,Lfpd;wd. mit jkJ cly; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F #oy; kPJ jq;fpAs;sd.

66 NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l gwitfSk; cs;sjhf mwpag;gl;lJ.

o jiykd;dhhpy; g+ ehiuia (rpq;fsk;: u[ rPaf;fhuah@ Mq;fpyk;: Greater Flamingo tpQ;Qhdg;

ngah;: Phoenicopterus roseus) fhz KbAk;.

gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa gwitfs; kj;jpapy;> gpd;tUtd

fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o ,yq;if fhl;Lf;Nfhop (rpq;fsk;: typ Ff;Fyh> Mq;fpyk;: Sri Lanka Junglefowl tpQ;Qhdg;

ngah;: Gallus lafayetii) o ,ul;ilr;nrhz;L FUtp (rpq;fsk;: mY fhjj;jh> Mq;fpyk;: Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill; tpQ;Qhdg;

ngah;: Ocyceros gingalensis)

Kiya+l;bfs;:

kd;dhh; tphpFlh gpuhe;jpaj;jpdJk;> gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ePh;epiyfspdJk;

cl;Gwj;jpyhd fiuNahuj;jpy; vOgj;jp ,uz;L NtWgl;l

tiffisf; nfhz;l Kiya+l;bfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gpuhe;jpaj;jp;y; nghJthd Kiya+l;bfshf gpd;tUtd

fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o Kz;b Fuq;F (rpq;fsk;: vyp — te;Juh> Mq;fpyk;: Grey Langur tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Semnopithecus priam)

o fPhp (rpq;fsk;: mY Kf;fl;bah@ Mq;fpyk;: Grey Mongoose tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Herpestes edwardsii)

gpuhe;jpaj;jp;y; fhzg;gLk; cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa Kiya+l;bfshf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o ,yq;iff; Fuq;F (rpq;fsk;: hpyth> Mq;fpyk;: Sri Lanka Toque Monkey tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;:

Macaca sinica)o nghd;dpw cyh; tya ku eha; (rpq;fsk;: uz; n`hj;jk;Gth> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Paradoxurus

stenocephalus)

Ch;tdq;fs;:

gpuhe;jpaj;jpYk;> gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ePh;ep;iyfspYk; mWgj;jpnahd;gJ

NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l Ch;tdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghJthd Ch;tdq;fs; kj;jpapy; gpd;tUtd

fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o gr;ir Xzhd; (rpq;fsk;: ghy fl;L];]h> Mq;fpyk;: Green Garden Lizard tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;. Calotes calotes)

o cLk;G (rpq;fsk;: jynfhah> Mq;fpyk;: Land Monitor tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Varanus bengalensis) kw;Wk;

o kiyg;ghk;G (rpq;fsk;: gpk;Guh> Mq;fpyk;: Indian Python tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Python molurus)

28

Kjph;e;j <Ulftho;td fhw;iw Rthrpg;gd> g+r;rpfisr; rhg;gpLtd> epyj;jpd; kPJ tho;fpd;w tpyq;F fshFk;. mNjNtis mtw;wpd; Fl;bfs; (thw;Nga;fs;) ed;dPhpy; tho;fpd;wd> ePhpy; fiue;Js;s xl;rpridr; Rthrpf;fpd;wd> jhtu gjhh;j;jk; kPJ czitg; ngWfpd;wd. <Ufltho;tdtw;wpd; Kl;ilfs; XL xd;iwf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. vdNt> ePhpy; my;yJ ePUf;F mUfpy; jdJ Kl;ilia ,Ltjw;fhf ePh; my;yJ <ukhd epiyikfs; <Ulftho;tdTf;F mtrpakhFk;. jtisfSk;> NjiufSk; <Ulf tho;tdthFk;.

ePhpy; kl;LNk thof;$ba tpyq;F fNs kPd;fshFk; vd;gJld;> ePhpd; Clhf jilapd;wpAk;> tpiuthfTk; efUk; tpjj;jpy; cUtikf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. ,it nrTs; vd miof;fg;gLk; Rthrpf;Fk; cWg;Gf;fs; Clhf ePhpy; fiue;Js;s xl;rprid Rthrpf;fpd;wd.

Fsq;fs;> MWfs; kw;Wk; Xilfs; Nghd;w ed;dPh; cWg;Gf;fspy; tho;fpd;w kPd;fs; cs;sd. ,it ed;dPh; kPd;fs; vd miof;fg; gLfpd;wd.

flypy; tho;fpd;w kPd;fSk; cs;sd. ,it fly; kPd;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa Ch;tdq;fshf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

o nghJthd ,yq;if FWq;fhw;gy;yp (rpq;fsk;: Ryg yf;`huYth> Mq;fpyk;: Common Lanka Skink tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Lankascincus fallax)

o thpg; ghk;G (rpq;fsk;: jq;fu je;l> Mq;fpyk;: Striped flying snake tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;. Chrysopelea taprobanica)

,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; fiuNahuk; Ms;fly; MikfSf;F (rpq;fsk;: nghj;J f];ghth> Mq;fpyk;:

Hawksbill Turtle tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;. Eretmochelys imbricata) Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gJld;> kzypy;

jkJ Kl;ilia ,Ltjw;fhf ,it tUfpd;wd.

<Ulf tho;td

,g;gFjp tuz;lJ vd;gjdhy; rpy <Ulftho;td cs;sd.

jkJ Njhy;fis <ukhf itj;jpUg;gjw;F <Ulftho;tdTf;F

<ug;gjd; mtrpakhFk;.

gpuhe;jpaj;jp;y; cs;s nghJthd <Ulf tho;tdthf gpd;tUtd

fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o xLq;fpa tha; jtis (rpq;fsk;: tprpJU KtgL nkbah

Mq;fpyk;: Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog; tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;:

Microhyla ornata) kw;Wk;o rpwpa jtis (rpq;fsk;: cj;gjd nkbah Mq;fpyk;: Skipper

Frog; tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis).

cl;gpuNjr <Ulf tho;tdthf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o nghJthd kuNkwpj; jtis (rpq;fsk;: Ryg g`pk;G f]; nkbah> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;. Polypedates cruciger)

o ,yq;iff; fhl;Lj; jtis (rpq;fsk;: yq;fh gz;b nkbah> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Hylarana gracilis)

ed;dPh; kPd;fs;

,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Kg;gj;jhW NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l ed;dPh; kPd;fs; cs;sd. kpfTk;

nghJthditahf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o jpyhgpah (tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Oreochromis mosambicus)o ePyf; fz; (rpq;fsk;: `e;jp jpj;jpah> Mq;fpyk;:

Blue Eye tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Orizias dancena)

cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa ed;dPh; kPd;fshf gpd;tUtd

fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o ,ioapyhd kPd; (rpq;fsk;: jk;nfhy ngj;jpah> Mq;fpyk;:

Filamented Barb tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;. Puntius singhala)

29

gpuNjrj;jpy; tpNrlkhf tpsq;FtJ cs;qh; fOijfs;. jw;NghJ kd;dhh; kl;lf;Fjpiufs;

(rpq;fsk;: jpty; jpt Nghdpah@ Mq;fpyk;: Mannar Ponies tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Equus caballus) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it fle;j fhyj;jpy; muG th;j;jfh;fspdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

o eilg;g+idkPd; (rpq;fsk;: kFuh> Mq;fpyk;: Walking Catfish tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Clarias brachysoma)

flyf kPd;fs;:

kPdth;fspdhy; gpbf;fg;gLk; 122 NtWgl;l tifapyhd flyf kPd;fs; cs;sd. gpbf;fg;gLk; ,e;j

kPd;fspy; vz;gJ kPd;fs; gFjpapy; cs;s kf;fSf;F Kf;fpakhd czthFk; vd;gJld;> 42 kPd;fs;

myq;fhu Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

kpfTk; nghJthfNt gpbf;fg;gLk; czTf;fhd kPd;fs; kj;jpapy; gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o jl;ilr; rhthiy> #il (rpq;fsk;: Rjah> Mq;fpyk;: White sardinella tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;:

Sardinella)o jl;l Fj;Jtd; (rpq;fsk;: m]; nghf;f> Mq;fpyk;: Indian Ilsha tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Ilisha

melastoma)

Ks;se;jz;by;yhjit

kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpYk;> ghf;Ff; FlhtpYk; 282 Ks;se;jz;by;yhjit mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ld.

Vw;Wkjpf;F tpw;gjw;fhf kPdth;fspdhy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l NtWgl;l tiffspyhd Ks;se;jz;by;yhjtw;wpd;

kj;jpapy; gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o fly; mdpkdpfs; — nkd; clyikg;gpyhdjhf> th;zj;jpyhdjhf> KUiffspd; cwTfshf

,it kPd; tsh;g;gplq;fspy; cgNahfj;jpw;fhf kpfTk; gpurpj;jkhditahFk;.

o Gyp rpg;gp kPd;fs; cl;gl fly; rpg;gpfs; (tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Cypraea tigris) kw;Wk;

nghJthd rpye;jpr; rq;F (tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Lambis lambis). ,it myq;fhug; nghUl;fshf

gpurpj;jkhditahFk;.

o flyl;ilfs; (rpq;fsk;: K`_J nff;fhp> Mq;fpyk;: Sea cucumbers tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;:

Holothuria,d; gpujhdkhf NtWgl;l tiffs;) — nkd; clyikg;gpyhd tpyq;Ffs;> Njhypyhd

rUkj;ijf; nfhz;lit> ePz;l ig Nghd;w cly;fs;> ,it fly; el;rj;jpuq;fspdJk;> fly;

Fg;igj; jpd;dpfspdJk; cwTfshFk;. ,it rPdhTf;Fk;> NtW J}u fpof;fj;ija ehLfSf;Fk;

gpsf;fg;gl;L> nfhjpf;f itf;fg;gl;L> fhaitf;fg;gl;L> nghjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e; ehLfspy;

czTf;fhf ,it kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

30

mj;jpahak; 2 ,d; rhuhk;rk;

o tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; thoplq;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; gpuhe;jpak; tskpf;fjhFk;.

o kd;dhh; tphpFlh caphpdkz;ly xJf;F vd miof;fg;gLk;. kd;dhh; tphpFlhtpy; ,e;jpa

gf;fk; kPJ xU caphpdkz;ly xJf;F cs;sJ. ,jDs; kd;dhh; tphpFlh Njrpa Nrhiytdk;

cs;sJ.

o ,yq;ifapd; gf;fj;jpy; ,U ruzhyaq;fs; cs;sd: fl;Lf;fiuf; Fsk; kw;Wk; tq;fhiy

gwitfs; ruzhyak; vd ,U Njrpa Nrhiytdq;fs; cs;sd: mit tpy;gj;J kw;Wk; ghh;

fw;ghh;j;njhlh; ruzhyak;

o ,yq;ifapy;> tdq;fs;> flw;fiuf;F mg;ghYs;s <uepy thoplq;fs;> fiuNahu thoplq;fs;

kw;Wk; tptrha epyk; cs;sd.

o ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,U NtWgl;l tifapyhd tdq;fs; cs;sd: madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G

vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fs; kw;Wk; madkz;ly Gjh;epyq;fs;.

o ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;; ngUksT tifapyhd flw;fiuf;F mg;ghYs;s <uepy thoplq;fs; cs;sd:

ePNuhl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; MWfs;> Xilfs; kw;Wk; ePh;j;Njf;fq;fs;

o ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;> ngUksT fiuNahu kw;Wk; flyf thoplq;fs; cs;sd. mit fz;ly;fs;>

cth; rJg;G epyq;fs;> kzw; Fd;Wfs; kw;Wk; flw;iufis (flw;fiu jhtutpdk; cl;gl)>

Nrw;Wj; jl;ilepyq;fs;> flw;Gw;wiu kw;Wk; KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fs;

o gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Ie;E}w;W vOgj;njl;L NtWgl;l tifapyhd g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJld;> ,tw;wpy; vl;Lj; jhtuq;fs; cl;gpuNjrj;jp;w;FhpaitahFk;.

o gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ehD}w;W vOgj;njal;L NtWgl;l tifapyhd epyj;jpy; thOk; tpyq;Ffs;

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy;> 26 tpyq;Ffs; ,yq;iff;F cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;FhpaitahFk;.

gFjpapy; 282 NtWgl;l tifapyhd flyf Ks;se;jz;by;yhjitfSk;> ed;dPhpy; my;yJ

fly;ePhpy; thOk; 13 Ch;tdq;fSk;> kw;Wk; flypy; thOk; 13 NtWgl;l tifapyhd

Kiya+l;bfSk; cs;sd.

o gFjpf;F tpNrlkhf ghNthghg; kuq;fSk;> kd;dhh; kl;lf; FjpiufSk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,it

fle;j fhyj;jpy; muG th;j;jfh;fspdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

31

cU 3.1 – mWtf;fhL Gijgbkq;fspd; ,Ug;Gnkil(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rp () vd;gJ fle;jfhy fyhrhuq;fspy; kf;fs; vg;gb tho;e;jhHfs; vd;gjid mtHfs; tpl;Lr;nrd;Ws;s nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L tpQ;Qhd hPjpahff; $Wfpd;w Ma;thFk;. fyhrhuk; vd;gJ Fwpj;jnthU kf;fs; FOtpduhy; mtHfs; jhk; fw;wwpe;j jkJ tho;f;ifia> jkJ nkhop> rkak;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fspy; vt;thW gq;Fnfhz;L tho;e;jhHfs; vd;gjhFk;.

Gijgbtk; vd;gJ tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhyj;jpy; GijAz;LNghd jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F vr;rq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. Gijgbtq;fs; kz; kw;Wk; Nrw;wpd; gy;NtW jl;Lf;fspd; fPo; Gijf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ tof;fkhf mJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;Nl tUfpd;wJ. gy Mz;Lfs; fope;j gpd;dH> fLk; mOj;jq;fhuzkhf kz;Zk; NrWk; NrHe;J fw;ghiwahf khWfpd;wd. Ez;ZapHf;$Wfis gjpyPLnra;J Gijgbtq;fis fdpkq;fs; frpe;J xOfr;nra;tJld;> efy;/ xw;iwkhw;W fw;ghiwfis Mf;Ffpd;wd.

mj;jpahak; 3 - kd;dhH tisFlh gpuhe;jpa njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpAk; fyhrhu Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

kd;dhH tisFlhthdJ ,e;jpahTf;F kpf mz;ikapy;

,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhfTk; Mjhk; ghyk; kpfTk; Moq;Fiwe;jjhf

,Ug;gjdhYk; ,g;gFjpapD}lhf> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,yq;iff;F

tHj;jfHfs; tUtjw;F ,yFthf ,e;j Moq;Fiwe;j

gFjpiag; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;ldH. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;

ahidfs;> Kj;Jf;fs;> kw;Wk; rpg;gpNahLfs; cl;gl ,d;Dk;

gy nghUl;fspd; tHj;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldH.

,jd; fhuzkhfNt ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;J mj;JkPwp

,yq;iff;Fs; Eiotjw;F ,yFthd xU jhpg;gplj;jpy; ,J

mike;jpUg;gjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

[_uh]pf; fhyj;jpd; NghJ> xU jpushf epyk; (gQ;rhak;)

tpsq;fpaJ.

tpyq;Ffspd; Gijgbtq;fs; — ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; G+r;rpfs;>

KUiff;fw;fs;> ej;ijfs;> kPd;fs;> CHe;Jnry; tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk;

fly;tho; KiyA+l;bfs; vd;gtw;wpd; vr;rq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;

gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Gijgbtq;fs; gpd;tUk; ,lq;fspy; Fwpg;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o fw;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayf gphptpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; cr;rhKid kw;Wk; fhiujPT>

o tdhj;jtpy;Y gpuNjr nrayf gphptpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; mWtf;fhL>

o Kryp gpuNjr nrayf gphptpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fy;yhw;Wg; gLf;if>

o kd;dhH jPT> kw;Wk;

o tpy;gj;J Njrpa G+q;fhtpYs;s gYf`hj;Jiw kw;Wk; Fjpiukiy.

32

cU 3.2 – tdhj;jtpy;Y gpuNjr nrayf gFjpapYs;s

mWtf;fhL vd;Dkplj;jpy; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhyj;jpy;

ntl;Ltjw;Fk; mhptjw;Fk; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l fw;-fUtpfs;..(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhyk;: kdpjdhy;

fw;fUtpfs; ghtpf;fg;gl;l fhyg;gFjp.

tuyhw;Wf;F %yKjyhd fhyk;: kdpjd;

tpyq;Ffis tPl;Lg;ghtidfSf;F

itj;Jf;nfhz;lJld;> kl;ghz;lq;fisAk;

cgNahfpf;fj; njhlq;fpa fhyg;gFjp.

tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;: vOj;jpyhd gjpTfisf;

nfhz;l fhyg;gFjp.

,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa gy;NtW kdpj FbapUg;Gf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;bUg;gJld;>

fw;fhy fUtpfSk; mq;F fhzg;gl;Ls;sd:

o mWtf;fhL> Fjpiukiy> nghk;gwpg;G> kw;Wk; tpy;gj;J Njrpa G+q;fitr; Rw;wpAs;s

gy;NtW capH%y thoplq;fs;. ,g;glj;jpYs;s fUtpfs;> epyj;njhlHgpUe;j NghJ>

Mjhk; ghyj;jpD}lhf Kjypy; Gyk;ngaHe;Jte;j kf;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjhFk; vd;W

ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

tdhj;jtpy;Y gpuNjr nrayf gphptpw;Fl;gl;l fdfthba> nghk;gwpg;GMu Mw;wq;fiufs;> nghk;gwpg;G>

gYf`hj;Jiw kw;Wk; Gf;Fsk; tuyhw;Wf;F %yKjyhd kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Qhgfr;rpd;dq;fs;

gytw;iw fhzf;$bajhf cs;sd.

o Kryp gpuNjr nrayfg; gphptpYs;s

rpyhtj;Jiw kw;Wk; mhpg;G (Kj;J mhpg;G-

Jiw vdTk; mwpag;gL fpd;wJ)

o kd;dhH gpuNjr nrayfg; gphptpYs;s Ngrhiy

kw;Wk; jiykd;dhH> kw;Wk;

o khe;ij Nkw;F gpuNjr nrayf gphptpYs;s

khe;ijf; Nfhl;il. mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpy;

Ml;rpnra;j muridf; Fwpg;gpl;L gy;NtW

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit mg;gFjpapd; mf;fhy tHj;jf kw;Wk; fyhrhu

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

o mDuhjGuj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gy;NtW Gj;j kw;Wk; ̀ pe;J Mz;JwtpaH klq;fSk;>

fw;gpl;b> tdhj;jtpy;Y> khe;ij Nkw;F Mfpa gpuNjr nrayhsH gphpTfspYk; ,J

gpw;fhyj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

o mugpa tHj;jfHfSk; Guhjd khe;;ij JiwKfj;Jf;F tHj;jfj;Jf;F te;jJld;>

mtHfshNyNa ,j;jPTf;F ghNthghg; kutifAk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

33

cU 3.3 – Gf;Fsk; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tuyhw;Wf;F %yKjyhd fhy kl;ghz;lq;fs;

(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.5 – khe;ijapYs;s ngsj;j Mz; JwtpaHklj;jpypUe;j

Gj;jH rpiyapd; gFjpfs;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.4 – Mgphpf;f RNjrpa kukhd ghNthghg;

kuk; kd;dhH jPtpy; fhzg;gLtJld;> mJ mugpa

glNfhl;bfspdhy; kd;dhH jPTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.6 – khe;ijapYs;s jpUf;NfjP];tuf; Nfhtpy;


fhydpj;Jtf; fhyg;gFjpapy;> NgHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH kw;Wk; gphpj;jhdpaH MfpNahH fpwp];jt

rkaj;ij ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; gug;gpajd; fhuzkhf ,g;gFjpapy; fphp];jt Njthyaq;fisf;

fhzf;$bajhf cs;sd. fhydpj;Jt Qhgfr;rpd;dq;fshd kd;dhH kw;Wk; fw;gpl;ba Nfhl;il

kw;Wk; jiykd;dhhpYs;s fyq;fiutpsf;fk;> mhpg;GtpYs;s thbtPnlhd;W> kw;Wk; Nlhhpf; fl;blk;

vd;Dk; xU muz;kidiaAk; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sd.

Vida njhy;nghUshuha;r;rp miktplq;fs; kw;Wk; rhpj;jpu tpsf;fq;fs;

1. njhq;F ghyk; (kL — FQ;RFsj;Jf;F mUfpy;)2. nrd;. Y}]pah Njthyak; (gs;shKid) Rz;zhk;Gf; fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

epUkhzpf;fg;gl;lJ.3. Njhl;lntsp khh;l;bad;]; (600 tuyhw;WhPjpahf kd;dhh; kf;fs; FbNaw;wg;gl;ldh;)4. fhpry; fg;gd; Njthyak; (kd;dhh; kh.nr.gp.)5. kd;dhh; Nfhl;ilapDs; Njthyak;6. tplj;jy; jPT — lr;R fhyj;jpd; NghJ fy;Nyhil fhy;tha; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

34

cU 3.7 – Gdpj khpahs; Njthyak;> mhpg;G(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.8 – KjyhtJ gphpj;jhdpa MSeH g;nul;hpf;

NehHj; vd;gthpd; Rw;Wyh gq;fsh — ,J

fpNuf;f Nlhpf; fl;blf;fiyapid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;ljhFk;. mjd; gpd;dH ,e;j gq;fsh

murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfsJ Rw;Wyh gq;fshthf

ghtpf;fg;gl;lJ.


7. Njhl;lntsp Njthyak;8. ngsj;j Myak;> rhe;jpGuk;9. vUf;fyk;gpl;b fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;

rhpj;jpu tpsf;fq;fs;

1. njhl;lbapy; kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs; (uhkhazh)2. mUNdhy;lhtpdhy; fl;lg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpypUe;J ,e;jpah tiuapyhd Guhjd fg;gw; gpuahzf;

fhy;tha;

,g;gpuhe;jpaj;Jld; njhlHg;Gila Guhzq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

o Guhzq;fspd;gb> Mjhk; ghyk; ,e;jpahtpy; uhkNrJ vd;W mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. uhtzd;

vd;w ,yq;if kd;dd; jdJ ,uhzpahd rPjhitg; gpbj;J itj;jpUe;jikahy;> mtisf;

fz;Lgpbf;f ,sturd; uhkd; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;fhf ,g;ghyk; ,yq;iff;F FWf;Nf

fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Guhzk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wnjhd;whf ,d;Wk;; fUjg;gl;L

tUfpd;wJ.

o fp.K. 500 mstpy; tl ,e;jpa ,sturd; tp[ad; Fjpiukiy kw;Wk; Gf;Fyk (Guhjd

fhyj;jpy; ,J jk;ggd;dp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ) Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; jiuapwq;fpajhfTk;

ek;gg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. nghk;ghhpg;G gpuNjrk; (Kd;dH CUtis vd;W mwpag;gl;l) fp.K.500

mstpy; tp[adpd; fhyg;gFjpapy; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Kj;J mfo;Tj;njhopy; eilngw;w

JiwKfkhfTk; njhopw;gl;lJ. Wtd;ntsprha fl;lg;gl;lNghJ CUtisapypUe;Nj

Kj;Jf;fs; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;ljhf tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

o kw;nwhU Guhzj;jpy;> fw;gpl;bapypUe;J mhpg;Gg; gpuNjrk; tiu Guhzj;jpy;tUk; murpahd

my;ypuhzpp vd;gtshy; Msg;gl;ljhfTk;> mtsJ khspif Gj;js thtpapd; kj;jpapy;

mike;jpUe;jjhfTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> mtsJ khspif Kw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l

Rdhkpnahd;wpdhy; mopf;fg;gl;L fw;gpl;b MW cUthdjhfTk; Guhzk;; $Wfpd;wJ.

35

cU 3.9 – Fjpiukiy kw;Wk; Gf;Fyktpw;F mUfpYs;s jk;ggd;dp flw;fiu


cU 3.11 – Mjhk; muq;fntsp(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.13 – mhpg;gpYs;s fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.10 – Fjpiukiy mike;Js;s ,lk;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.12 – jiykd;dhH ntspr;rtPL(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.14 – kd;dhH Nfhl;il(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

36

cU 3.15 – kd;dhH Nfhl;ilapYs;s xy;yhe;jH

Njthyak;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.17 – mhpg;gpy; mike;Js;s kahdk;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.18 – Ks;spf;Fsj;jpYs;s Njthyak;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.19 – mhpg;gpYs;s xy;yhe;jH thbtPL(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.16 – Guhjdfhy njhy;nghUs;gbkq;fs; (rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

37

cU 3.20 – khe;ij fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 3.21 – khe;ijiar; Nrhe;j fy;ntl;Lj; J}z;(rk;gj; zjpyf;f © IUCN)


o ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tpyq;Ffspd; njhy;nghUs; gbkq;fs; fhz;L gpbf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

o fw;fhy fUtpfs; fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa gy;NtW

kdpj FbNaw;wq;fs; ,q;F fhzg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

o ,g;gFjp njhlHghf gy;NtW Guhzq;fspy; Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf>

,uhtzdplkpUe;J rPijiaf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhfNt ,uhkd; Mjk; ghyj;ij mikj;jhd;.

o kw;nwhU Guhzj;jpd;gb> tp[ad; ,sturd; ,yq;ifapy; ,g;gFjpapNyNa jiuapwq;fpdhd;

vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

o kw;nwhU Guhzj;jpd;gb> my;ypuhzpp vd;w murp fw;gpl;b gFjpia Ml;rp Ghpe;Js;shs;.

o ,g;gFjpapy; NgHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyaH jkJ milahsq;fshd gy

Nfhl;ilfisAk; Njthyaq;fisAk; ,g;gFjpapy; tpl;Lr;nrd;WKs;sdH.

38

,aw;ifahd myF xd;iw cUthf;F

tjw;fhf> toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ngsjPf

khwypfspd; njhFjpAld; (cjhuzkhf>

ntg;gepiy> kiotPo;r;rp kw;Wk; kz;)

xd;Wld; xd;W jq;fpAk;> xd;Wld; xd;W

nraw;gl;Lk; NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l

jhtuq;fisAk;> tpyq;FfisAk; kw;Wk;

Ez;-mq;fpfisAk; xU #oypay;Kiwik

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; thOfpd;w ,lNk

,aw;if thoplnkhd;whFk;. ,J mth;fsJ

,y;yk; Nghd;wjhFk;.

mj;jpahak; 4 - kd;dhh; tphpFlhg; gpuhe;jpa ,aw;if nry;tj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kd;dhh; tphpFlhTk;> mjd; Rw;Wr;#oYk; msg;ghpa

,aw;ifahd nry;tj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd (ghh;f;f

mj;jpahak; 2). ,r;nry;tk; gpuNjr kf;fSf;F gyjug;gl;l

ed;ikfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.

jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; #oypay; Kiwikfs;

Mfpad gyjug;gl;lJk;> KO mstpyhdJkhd ed;ikfis

kdpjh;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wd. mit gyjug;gl;l

Nritfis (ed;ikfs;) mjhtJ vkf;F czitAk;>

vhpnghUisAk; toq;Ffpd;wd> nts;sq; fspypUe;Jk;>

gQ;rq;fspypUe;Jk; vk;ikg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd> fhyepiyia

Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd> vkJ ePiuj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wd>

er;Rf;fisf; nfhz;l vkJ kz;izr; Rj;jg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

mj;Jld; vkJ tho;f;ifia epiyj;jpUf;f itf;fpd;wd.

#oypay; njhFjpfs; mNdfkhf Iaj;jpw;fplkpd;wp

mofhditahFk;.

4.1 czT> tpwF> ciwtplk; kw;Wk; NtW nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw vkf;F toq;Fjy;:

tpyq;Ffs;:

cyfpy; cs;s kpf tWikg;gl;l kdpj rdj;njhifapy; mz;zsthf 30 kpy;ypad; Ngh;

jkJ czTf;fhf KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fspNyNa Kw;WKOjhfj; jq;fpAs;sdh; vd

kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fz;ly;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. Vnddpy; ngUksT th;j;jfhPjpapy; Kf;fpakhd

nrl;ilapyhdJk;> Xl;byhdJkhd kPd;fSf;F tsh;r;rpaplq;fshf mit tpsq;Ffpd;wd. cyfshtpa

kPd;gpbfspy; 80% tiuapyhdit fz;ly;fs; kPJ Neubahf my;yJ kiwKfkhfj; jq;fpAs;sjhf

kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

czTf;fhfr; rhg;gplg;gLk; ngUksT NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk;

cs;sd. gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; flypy; ,Ue;J 88 NtW tifapyhd kPd;fs; gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ngUksT

,why;fSk;> ez;LfSk; gpurpj;jkhd gpbfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

fly; Gw;wiufspy; ngUksT Kf;fpakhd nrl;ilapyhdJk;> Xl;byhdJkhd kPd;fs; tho;tjhff;

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. fz;ly;fs; Nghd;w fly; Gw;wiufs; ngUksT nrl;ilapyhd kPd;fSf;Fk;>

Xl;L kPd;fSf;Fk; tsh;g;Gg; gFjpfshFk;.

jhtuq;fs;:

jhtuq;fs; ngUksT tiffisf; nfhz;l czit toq;Ffpd;wd:

o tpshk;gok; (Mq;fpyk;: Wood Apple; rpq;fsk;: jpTs;;;> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Limona acidissima) kw;Wk; ehty; (rpq;fsk;: khjd;@ tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Syzygium cumini) Nghd;w kuq;fs;

goq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gJld;> ,tw;iwr; rhg;gplTk; KbAk;.

39

cU 4.1 – kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs;(FKjpdp Vful;z © IUCN)

o ghfw;fha; (rpq;fsk;: gl;L-futpy tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Momordica charantia) kw;Wk; FUtpg; ghfw;fha; (rpq;fsk;: Jk;g-futpy tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Momordica dioica) Mfpad gpurpj;jkhd

kuf;fwpfshFk;.

o ePh;Ks;sp (rpq;fsk;: ePuKs;spa> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Hygrophila schulli) nfhb-ghis (rpq;fsk;: mq;Fd> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Wattakaka volubilis) kw;Wk; nfht;it (Mq;fpyk;: IVY gourd; rpq;fsk;: nfstf;f@ tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Coccinia grandis) Mfpatw;wpd; gr;ir ,iyfs; ,iy

kuf;fwpfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

gFjpapy; rpy jhtuq;fs; kUj;Jt Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd:

o MtuR (Mq;fpyk;: Matara Tea> rpq;fsk;: uztuh> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Cassia auriculata)

o Ntk;G (Mq;fpyk;: Margosa ; rpq;fsk;: nfh`k;g> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Azadirachta indica) kw;Wk;

o fg;gpiy (rpq;fsk;: GGyh tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Vernonia zeylanica)> fl;Nlhil (rpq;fsk;: RJ-ntyd;fphpa@ tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Capparis zeylanica) Mfpad gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w

cjhuzq;fspy; rpythFk;.

rpy jhtuq;fs; ntl;Lkuq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd.

o fUq;fhyp (Mq;fpyk;: Ebony, rpq;fsk;: fStu> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Diospyros ebenum

o Kjpiu (Mq;fpyk;: Satinwood; rpq;fsk;: GUj;j tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Chloroxylon swietenia) Mfpad ngWkjpkpf;f ntl;Lkuq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd.

madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fSk;> madkz;ly Gjh;epyq;fSk; kw;Wk;

fz;ly;fSk; cztpdJk;> ntl;L kuq;fspdJk; %yq;fs; kl;Lky;y> $lNt epUkhzj;jpw;Fk;>

tpwFf;Fkhd tsKkhFk;.

40

gid kuk; (Mq;fpyk;: Palmyrah; rpq;fsk;: js@ tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Borassus flabellifer) gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; xU

kpfTk; ngWkjpahd kukhFk;. ,J ngUksT gad;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,sk; goq;fspd; kpUJthd cl;Gwk; Eq;F

vd miof;fg;gLtJld;> ,J rhg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. gOj;j goq;fspd; cl;Gwk; — gdk; gok; — ,dpg;ghdJ vd;gJld;>

,ijr; rhg;gplTk; KbAk; my;yJ rhwhfr; nra;a KbAk;. goq;fspypUe;J nra;ag;gLk; ,dpg;Gg; gdq;fha;g; gzpahuk;

vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Gj;Jdg;r; rhW (fLg;gePh;) fs;isg; ngWtjw;fhf tbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nehjpf;fitf;fg;gLk;

fs;S rhuhaj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. fUg;gePiuf; nfhjpf;f itg;gjd; %yk; gdq;fl;biag; ngwKbAk;.

gdq;fpoq;F Ntfitj;J gdq;fpoq;fhf rhg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J khg;nghUspd; xU rpwe;j %ykhFk;. fha itf;fg;gl;l

fpoq;F xbay; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J khthf;fg;gl;L> ghuk;ghpakhd flYzT tbrhW vdg;gLk; $o;

jahhpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

$iuf;F XiyfSk;> NtypfSf;F Xiyj;jz;LfSk;> ntl;L kuq;fshf mb kuq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

cU 4.2 – gid kuq;fs;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

4.2 flw;fiuNahuj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;

KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fs;> kz; NkLfs; kw;Wk; fz;ly; Mfpad gha;fpd;w miyfs;> Gay;fs;

kw;Wk; #whtspfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhf ngsjPfj; jilfshfr; Nritahw;Wfpd;wd. vdNt>

Nrjj;jpypUe;J flw;fiuNahuj;ij mit ghJfhf;fpd;wd. Nrjkilahj kzw; Fd;WfNs 2004,y;

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahu tyaj;ijg; ghjpj;j Rdhkp miyfSf;F vjpuhf kpfTk; gaDWjptha;e;j

jilfshf tpsq;fpd.

41

cU 4.3 – eLFlhtpy; kzw; Fd;Wfs;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 4.4 – gy;yf;fKidapy; fz;ly;fs;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

4.3 nts;sq;fisj; jLj;jy;

madkz;ly cyh;-fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fs; vg;nghOJNk ,iy $sq;fspd; mLf;nfhd;whf

tpsq;FtJld;> kiotPo;r;rpapypUe;J ePiu cwpQ;rp> mij epyj;jpw;F nkJthf tpLtpg;gjpy;

flw;gQ;RNghd;W Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ. ,t;thW nra;ifapy;> ,e;j tdq;fs; nts;sq;fisj; jLg;gjpy;

cjTfpd;wd.

fz;ly;fspy; cs;s NrW kioePiu mkpo;j;Jtjw;Fk;> jf;fitg;gjw;Fk; Nritahw;WtJld;>

,t;thwhf nts;sq;fisAk; jLf;fpd;wJ. mit Nrjkile;Js;sjh my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gijg;

nghWj;J> rKj;jpu miyfspd; rf;jpia fz;ly;fs; cwpQ;rpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy; nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLtijAk; kzw; Fd;Wfs; jLf;fpd;wd.

4.4 kz;zhpg;gpidj; jLj;jy;

nts;sq;fisj; jLf;Fk; eilKiwapy;> kzy; mbj;Jr;nry;Yk; epyj;jpd; kPJs;s ,iy $sq;fs;

fhuzkhf madkz;ly; cyh; fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fs; jLf;fpd;wd.

Mokw;w flypd; mbg;Gwj;jpy; kziy fly; Gw;wiufs; jf;fitg;gJld;> mt;thwhf fly;

jsj;ijAk; ];jpug;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

nts;sj;ijj; jLf;Fk; eilKiwapy;> fz;ly;fSk;> Nrw;Wj; jiufSk; kz; mhpg;gpidAk;

jLf;fpd;wd.

kzy; Fd;W jhtutpdk; kziyr; rpf;fitg;gJld;> flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy; NkYk;

Cjpj;js;sg;gLtjpypUe;J jLg;gJld; flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy; kz; mhpg;gpidAk; jLf;fpd;wJ.

4.5 khRgLj;jpfis rpf;fitj;jy;

flw;fiuf;F mg;ghYs;s ePh;epiyfspypUe;J fliy milfpd;w khRgLj;jpfis tbfl;b

tbg;ghd;fshfTk; fz;ly;fspd; Nth;fs; njhopw;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> flypy; cs;s #oypay;njhFjpfis>

Fwpg;ghf KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fs; Nghd;w #oypay;njhFjpfis milfpd;w ePhpd; juj;ij

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F mit cjTfpd;wd.

42

cU 4.5 – fly; Gw;wiu(© Nudp gpujPg; Fkhu)

fz;ly;fs; Nghd;W> fiuNahu ePh;epiyfSf;F tbg;ghd;fshf fly; Gw;wiufSk; nraw;gLfpd;wd.

4.6 cs;@h; fhyepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

madkz;ly cyh; fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd tdq;fSk;> madkz;ly Ks; tdq;fSk; cs;@h;

fhyepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; ngUk; gq;nfhd;iw Mw;Wfpd;wd. ntapypy; ,Ue;J ciwtplj;jpd;

ghhpa gFjpnahd;whf mtw;wpd; kuq;fspd; Kbfs; miktjd; fhuzkhf> cs;@h;; fpuhkq;fSf;F

mit epoiy toq;Ffpd;wd.

4.7 czit cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

xspj;njhFg;gpd; eilKiwapd; Clhf> gr;irj; jhtuq;fSk;> ngUksT gr;ir my;fhf;fSk; jkJ

nrhe;j czitj; jahhpj;J %yf;$whfg; ghpkhWfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; kPNj Gtp kPJs;s ngUksT

Vida caphpdq;fs; Mjutspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> mit Muk;gepiyapyhd cw;gj;jpahsh;fshf

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. madkz;ly cyh; fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fs;> madkz;ly

Gjh;epyq;fs;> fz;ly;fs;> KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fs;> fly; Gw;wiufs; Mfpad Kjy; cw;gj;jpapd;

ghhpa gFjpfs; vd;gJld;> jkJ tho;tplq;fspDs; ghhpa gyjug;gl;l tpyq;F tho;f;iff;F

Mjutspg;gjw;fhfr; Nrtfk; nra;fpd;wd.

4.8 fhgd;ilxf;irl;il rpf;fitj;jy;

xspj;njhFg;G eilKiwapd; Clhf> tspkz;lyj;jpypUe;J fhgd;ilxf;irl;il gr;irj;

jhtuq;fSk;> my;fhf;fSk; cs;nsLj;J> ,e; eilKiwapd; gf;ftpisnahd;iwhf tspapDs;

xl;rprid ntsptpLfpd;wd. mit Rthrpf;Fk; NghJ> mit ehk; nra;tijg; Nghd;W xl;rprid

cs;nsLj;J> tspapDs; fhgd;il xf;irl;il ntsptpLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> mit tpLtpg;gij tpl

$basT fhgd;ilxf;irl;il cs;nsLf;fpd;wd vd;gNj epfu jhf;fkhFk;.

madkz;ly cyh; fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd tdq;fs;> madkz;ly Gjh;epyq;fs;> fz;ly;fs;

kw;Wk; flw;Gw;fs; Mfpa rfyTNk fhgid mkpo;j;jf;$baitahFk;. ghhpa mstpyhd fhgid

xt;nthU tUlKk; 2.5-5 kpy;ypad; njhd;fis fz;ly;fs; rpf;fitg;gjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

43

Gtpapd; rfy capUs;stw;wpdJk;> rfy capUs;sdtw;wpd; eilKiwfspdJk; tifNa capufg;gd;dpiyahf;fkhFk;. ,jd; fUj;J vd;dntdpy; nghJthd capufg;gd;dpiyahf;fk; vd;w gjj;jpd; fPo;> kf;fs; kj;jpapyhd NtWghLfs; (gpwg;gpay; gd;dpiyahf;fk;): cjhuz khf kPd;fs;> glh;nrbfs; kw;Wk; jtisfs; kj;jpapyhd NtWghLfs; (,dq;fspd; gd;dpiyahf;fy;)> mad kz;ly cyh; fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fs;> madkz;ly Gjh;epyq;fs; kw;Wk; fz;ly;fs; (#oypay;Kiwikapyhd NtWghLfs;) kj;jpapy; NtWghLfs; Mfpa rfyTNk cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkyjpfkhf> xspj;njhFg;G kw;Wk; Nghrhf;FFr; Rw;W Nghd;w eilKiwfSk; cs;slf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.

xNunahU Vf;fiuf; nfhz;l fly; Gy; Mz;nlhd;Wf;F xd;gJ njhd;fSf;F Nkw;gl;l ,iyfis

cw;gj;jp nra;tjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J vy;yhk; ngUksT tpyq;FfSf;F ghhpa mstpyhd

czit cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.

4.9 kz; cw;gj;jpj;jpwidg; guhkhpj;jy;

jhtuq;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;F kz; Mjutspf;fpd;wJ.

vdNt> jhtu tsh;r;rpf;F mtrpakhd mbg;gilapyhd

Nghrhf;Ffis mjhtJ iejurd;> nghRgu]; kw;Wk;

nghl;lhrpak; Nghd;wtw;iw kz; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,aw;ifahd thoplq;fspy;> tsp> kz; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs;

Mfpatw;wpd; kj;jpapy; ,e;jg; Nghrhf;Ffs; Row;rp

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; ,we;J>

cf;Fk; NghJ> ,it kz;Zf;F kPz;Lk; Nghrhf;Ffis

tpLtpf;fpd;wd.

fz;ly;fspypUe;J cf;Ffpd;w Nrjdg; gjhh;j;jk; Gwj;J}

z;lyw;w Nghrhf;FfspDs; gpsTgLtJld;> ,J flYf;Fs;

mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fiuNahu czT

tyaj;ijr; rpwg;ghf tpsq;f itg;gJld;> ,jDld; fiuNahu kPd;gpbj;njhopYk; rpwg;gilfpd;wJ.

,JNt fly; Gw;wiufspYk;> Nrw;Wj; jl;ilepyq;fspYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

epyj;jpy;> madkz;ly cyh; fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fspYk;> madkz;ly Gjh;epyq;fspYk;

,Nj eilKiw eilngWfpd;wJ.

gFjpapy; NtWgl;l kz; tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Gj;jsj;jpypUe;J aho;g;ghzk; tiu flw;fiuapy; Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; nghJthdjhFk;. KUq;fdpy; fspkz;Zk;> Ngrhiyapy; ,y;kidl; Nghd;w fdpg;nghUs; kzy;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

4.10 caph;g;gy;tifikf;F Mjutspj;jy;

mj;jpahak; 2,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l NtWgl;l thoplq;fspy; ghhpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd NtWgl;l

tiffisf; nfhz;l tpyq;FfSk;> jhtuq;fSk; fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wd.

mit gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd:

madkz;ly cyh; fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fspy; gpd;tUtd Nghd;w gyjug;gl;l

ntl;Lkuq;fs; cs;sd:

o ghiy (rpq;fsk;: gS tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Manilkara hexandra)o Kjpiu (rpq;fsk;: GUj;j tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Chloroxylon swietenia)

madkz;ly cyh; fyg;G vd;WNk gRikahd tdq;fs;> Gjh;epyq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; gpd;tUtd

Nghd;w ghhpa tpyq;Ffs; cs;sd:

o ahid (rpq;fsk;: mypah/mjh Mq;fpyk;: Elephant> tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Elephas maximus)

o rpWj;ij (rpq;fsk;: jptpah> Mq;fpyk;: Leopard tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Panthera pardus)

44

cUG 4.8 – tq;fhiy Nrw;W jl;il epyj;jpy; nghJthd kiyf;Nfhl;lhd;(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cU 4.6 – ahid (Elephas maximus)(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

cUG 4.7 – rpWj;ij (Pantherra pardus)(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

#oTs;s flypy;:

o ePyj; jpkpq;fyk; (rpq;fsk;: epy; jy;k]h Mq;fpyk;: Blue whales tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;:

Balaenoptera musculus) kw;Wk;o flw;gd;wp (rpq;fsk;: K`_J Cuh> Mq;fpyk;: Dugong tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Dugong dugon)

Mfpad cs;sd.

ePiuf; Fbg;gjw;fhf XilfSf;F mUfpy; ngUksT NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs;

tUfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd:

o Fsj;J Kjiy (rpq;fsk;: ̀ y fpk;Gyh> Mq;fpyk;: Mugger crocodile tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;:

Crocodylus palustris)o Fs;sehp (rpq;fsk;: ehpah Mq;fpyk;: Golden Jackal tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Canis aureus)o fhl;Lg; gd;wp (rpq;fsk;: ty; Cuh Mq;fpyk;: Wild Boar tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Sus scrofa)

45

cU 4.9 – milg;GfSk;> nghwpfSk(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

Gyk;ngaUk; NghJ> Nrw;W jl;il epyq;fspy; ngUksT NtWgl;l tiffisf; nfhz;l ePh;g;gwitfs;

epw;fpd;wd. mit gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd:

o Nfhl;ld; (rpq;fsk;: nghJ rpype;jh Mq;fpyk;: Common Sandpipers tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;:

Actitis hypoleucos) kw;Wk;o kiyf;Nfhl;ld; (rpq;fsk;: nghJ uj;gh rpype;jh Mq;fpyk;: Common Redshank tpQ;Qhdg;

ngah;: Tringa totanus)

4.11 ghuk;ghpakhd tho;thjhuq;fSf;F Mjutspj;jy;

nghwpfs; kw;Wk; milg;G kPd;gpbj;njhopy; Nghd;w ghuk;ghpakhd kPd;gpbj;njhopYf;F fz;ly;fSk;>

KUiff; fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fSk; kw;Wk; fly; Gw;jiufSk; Mjutspf;fpd;wd.

4.12 njhy;nghUshuha;r;rp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij toq;Fjy;

gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; njhy;nghUshuha;r;rp kw;Wk; fyhrhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mj;jpahak; 3

tpghpj;Js;sJ.

4.13 Xa;itAk;> fw;wiyAk; toq;Fjy;

#oiyg; gw;wp fw;gjw;F kf;fSf;F fz;ly;fSk;> KUiff;fw;ghh;j;njhlh;fSk; cjTfpd;wd.

Xa;Tf;F flw;fiufs; gpurpj;jkhditahFk;.

Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ghJfhg;G fhuzq;fSf;fhf %lg;gl;l tpy;gj;J Njrpa Nrhiytdk; Aj;jk;

Kbtile;Js;sjdhy; tUifjUgth;fSf;fhf kPsj;jpwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> ahidfs;> rpWj;ijfs;

kw;Wk; fubfs; (rpq;fsk;: ty` Mq;fpyk;. bear tpQ;Qhdg; ngah;: Melurses ursinus) Mfpatw;iwg;

ghh;g;gjw;fhd gpurpj;jkhd ,lnkhd;whFk;.

46


o czT> tpwF> thoplk; kw;Wk; NtW nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw vkf;F toq;Ffpd;wd

o flw;fiuNahuj;ijg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd

o nts;sq;fisj; jLf;fpd;wd

o khRgLj;jpfisr; rpf;fitf;fpd;wd

o cs;@h; fhyepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd

o jkJ nrhe;j czitj; jahhpf;fpd;wd

o fhgd;ilxf;irl;ilr; rpf;fitf;fpd;wd

o kz; cw;gj;jpj;jpwidg; guhkhpf;fpd;wd

o caph;g;gy;tifikiag; guhkhpf;fpd;wd

o ghuk;ghpakhd tho;thjhuq;fSf;F Mjutspf;fpd;wd

o njhy;nghUshuha;r;rp kw;Wk; fyhrhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd kw;Wk;

o Xa;tpidAk;> fy;tp mwpitAk; toq;Ffpd;wd.

vdNt> #oypay;Kiwikfs; gyjug;gl;l gutyhd ed;ikfis kdpjh;fSf;F mspg;gJld;> ,it

,Wjpahf mth;fsJ Rfhjhuj;ijAk;> NrkeyidAk; Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> NghjpasT

czitf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; ,it rpwe;j MNuhf;fpaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ Nkhrkhd

fhyepiyapypUe;J ghJfhg;gspg;gjhy;> ,it ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

gpd;tUtd Nghd;w KO mstpyhd ed;ikfis kdpjh;fSf;F jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; kw;Wk;

#oypay; njhFjpfSk; toq;Ffpd;wd:

47

Kj;Jf;fs; Kj;Jr; rpg;gpfspypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wd. rpg;gpfSk; ePhpy; thOfpd;w ej;ijfs; kw;Wk; fUepw Xlw;w ej;ij tifapdj;ijr; rhHe;jitahFk; mtw;wpd; cly; ,uz;L XLfshy; R+og;gl;L ,Wfp xl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. XLfSf;Fk; rpg;gpfspd; clYf;Fk; ,ilapy; nkd;ikahdnjhU cly; Nghd;w nkd;-gjhHj;jk; XLfshy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. XLfspd; ,ilapy; mjd; clypy; VNjDk; kz; Jfs; gl;lTld; rpg;gpf;F mJ vhpr;riy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,t;thW clypy; VNjDk; fbAzHT Vw;gLtJNghd;W Njhd;Wk; NghJ> mk;nkd;-gjhHj;jk; clNd jputk; Nghd;wnjhU gjhHj;jj;ij cz;Lgz;zp me;j vhpr;rYzHit mizj;JtpLfpd;wJ. mj;jputg; gjhHj;jk; me;j kz; Jfy;fisr; Rw;wp rpwpa cUz;ilahf MtJld;> mJ nghpJ nghpjhf tsHr;rpaile;J> Kj;J xd;whf Mfpd;wtiu mt;thwpUe;Nj tsUfpd;wJ.

Kj;Jf;fs; kpfg; gpugy;akhd Mguz mzpfyd;fshFk;. Guhjd fhyj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fs; tpNrlkhdnjhd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ePHj;Jspfis gdpj;Jspfis ,iwtd; Kj;Jf;fshf khw;wpdhd; vd;W ,e;jpah;fSk;> Kj;jf;fs; ,iwtdpd; Neubahd md;gspg;Gf;fs; vd;W ghurPfHfSk;> re;jpudpd; rf;jpahy; Kj;Jf;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;W rPdHfSk; ek;Gfpd;wdH.

Kj;Jf;fs; gw;wpAk; mjd; Gdpjj;jd;ik gw;wpAk; rpy Fwpg;Gf;fs; iggpy;> FHMd; kw;Wk; kfhghujk; vd;gtw;wpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mope;njhope;JNghjy; (Extinction): Fwpj;j

tpyq;F my;yJ jhtu tifapdf; FOf;fs;

,we;jope;J Nghfpd;w nraw;ghNl Kw;whf

mope;njhope;JNghjy; MFk;. ,J elf;fpd;w NghJ>

Fwpj;j tpyq;F my;yJ jhtuk; ,t;TyfpypUe;J

Kw;whf ,of;fg;gl;L tpLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> 65

kpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dNu ilNdhrHfs;

,dk; mope;njhope;JNghfj; njhlq;fpd.

,g;NghJ cyfpy; ve;jnthU ilNdhrHfSk;

fpilahJ. ,we;jope;J Nghfpd;wik ,aw;ifr;

nrad;Kiwahf ,Ug;gpDk;> kdpjdpd; mtw;wpd;

mopTf;F gytopfspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;whd;.

mjdhy;> mt;thW mope;njhopAk; nraw;ghLfs;

kpfTk; mjpfkhdsTf;F ,lk;ngWtJld;>

gy;NtW tpyq;fpdq;fSk; jhtu ,dq;fSk;

kdpj nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf mope;njhope;J

tUfpd;wd.

mj;jpahak; 5 - kd;dhH tisFlhg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpYs;s ,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fSf;F vd;d elf;fpwJ?

kd;dhH tisFlhg; gpuhe;jpak; ,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fSld; nropg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk;> kdpjdpd;

gy;NtWgl;l nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf ,e;j ,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fSf;F mr;RWj;jYk; cs;sJ.

,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; mj;jifa mr;RWj;jy;fs; njhlHghf Muhag;gLk;.

5.1 kpf mjpfkhd ghtid

,aw;if tsj;ij rhjhuzkhf kpf mjpfkhfNt

kdpjd; gad;gLj;Jfpwhd;. tpyq;fpdq;fSk; jhtuq;fSk;

tsuTk; ngUfTk; Ntz;Lk;. MapDk;> rpyNtisfspy;

,j;jifa tpyq;fpdq;fSk; jhtuq;fSk; ngUfTk;

tsuTk; re;jHg;gkspf;fg;glhky;> kdpjdhy; gpbf;fg;gl;L

my;yJ mWtil nra;ag;gl;L tpLfpd;wd. ,t;thW

njhlHe;J eilngWk;NghJ> mLj;j jlit gpbg;gjw;Nfh

mWtil nra;tjw;Nfh NghJkhdsTf;F mit

fpilf;fhJNghfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf ePz;l fhyj;Jf;F kpf

mjpfkhdsTf;F ,it vLf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;>

,Wjp tpisthf vJTNk vQ;rpapuhJ my;yJ nrhw;g

msNt vQ;rpapUf;Fk;.

o ,jw;F kpfr;rpwe;j cjhuzkhf kd;dhH

tisFlhtpd; Kj;J mfo;Tfs; kpf

mjpfkhdsTf;F eilngWtjid $wyhk;.

kd;dhH tisFlhtpdJ Kj;Jg;gLf;iffs;

(Kj;Jr;rpg;gpf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,lq;fs;) njhlHghf

fp.gp. 6Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapYs;;s tuyhw;Wg;

gjpTfspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpah> NgH]pah

kw;Wk; mugpah Mfpa ehLfspypUe;J te;j tHj;jfHfs;

,e;j Kj;Jg;gLf;iffis cilik nfhs;tjw;fhf

rz;ilapl;Lk; cs;sdH. 1294Mk; Mz;L> khHf;Nfh

NghNyh kd;dhH tisFlhTf;Fk; te;Js;sJld;>

mWtilf;fhyj;jpy; mq;F fpl;lj;jl;l 500 fg;gy;fSk;

glFfSk; RopNahbfs; kw;Wk; tHj;jfHfSld;

Kj;Jf;fisj; Njb te;jpUe;jhf Fwpg;Gf;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

jhk; cioj;Jf;nfhz;ljpypUe;J 10 rjtPjj;jpid

kd;dDf;F nrYj;j Ntz;bAk; ,Ue;jJ.

fhydpj;Jtf; fhyg;gFjpapd;NghJ> 16Mk; E}

w;wz;L njhlf;fk; murhq;fj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd

Kj;Jg;gLf;iffs; RopNahbfSf;Fk; thj;jfHfSf;Fk;

thliff;F tplg;gl;bUe;jJ. MapDk;> 1881Mk;

Mz;lstpy; Kj;J mfo;Tj;njhopy; 67 tUlq;fshf

ntw;wpfukhf ,Ue;Jte;jNghjpYk;> mLj;j tUlk;

48

cU 5.1 – Kj;Jg; gLf;iffspd; jsg;glk;

tpepNahfpg;gjw;F rpg;gpfs; ,y;yhky; Nghdij murhq;fk; mtjhdpj;jpUe;jJ. 1924 Mk; Mz;lstpy;

Kj;J mfo;Tj;njhopiy xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;w rl;lnkhd;iw mKYf;F nfhz;Lte;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>

mq;F Kj;Jr; rpg;gpfs; vJTNk ,y;yhjNghJ> mr;rl;lk; kpfTk; jhkjkhdjhfNt te;jpUe;jJ.

gpugy;akhd kw;nwhU cjhuzk; flw;gd;wpapd; kpf mjpfkhdsthd ghtidahFk;. Moq;Fiwe;j

flNyhuj;jpy; khj;jpuNk thOfpd;w jhtu-cz;zpNa flw;gd;wp MFk;. epyj;jpYs;s Gw;fis

fhy;eilfs; Gy;Nka;tJ Nghd;Nw ePhpd; mbapYs;s G+j;jpUf;Fk; flw;Gw;fis ,it Nka;fpd;wd.

19Mk; E}w;whz;L KOtJk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fj;jpYk; kd;dhH tisFlhtpypUe;J aho;g;ghzf;

Flhtiuahd Moq;Fiwe;j flw;fiuNahu ePhpy; mjpfsthd flw;gd;wpfs; fhzg;gl;bUe;jd. MapDk;

49

IUCN — ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rHtNjr xd;wpak; vd;gJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; tpyq;fpdq;fSk;

jhtuq;fSk; mope;njhope;J Nghfpd;w mr;RWj;jYf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J tUfpd;wdth vd;gJ njhlHghd ghJfhg;G

eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;LtUfpd;w rHtNjr mikg;nghd;whFk;. mope;njhope;J Nghfpd;w mr;RWj;jiy vjpHnfhz;L

tUfpd;w tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iw ‘rptg;Gg; gl;bay;’ vd;Dk; ngahpy; xt;nthU tUlKk; mJ

jahhpj;J tUfpd;wJ.

mr;RWj;jypd; Fwpg;gpl;l mstpidg; nghWj;J> IUCN mdJ rptg;Gg; gl;bay; VO gFjpfshfg; gphpj;JNehf;Ffpd;wJ.

MapDk;> ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy;> gpd;tUk; %d;W gFjpfs; gw;wp khj;jpuNk ftdQ;nrYj;JNthk;.

o jPtpukhd Mgj;Jf;Fs;shdit

o Mgj;Jf;Fs;shdit kw;Wk;

o ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$bait.

Nkw;$wpa ,k;%d;W gFjpfSk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; ‘mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shdit’ vd;WnthU nghJthd gFjpapd; fPo; Muha;fpd;Nwhk;.

,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l FWfpa Ma;nthd;wpd;gb> ,yq;ifapy; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shditfshf

mwpag;gLfpd;w tz;zhj;Jg;G+r;rpfs;> kPd;fs;> CHtd> gwitfs;> kw;Wk; ghY}l;bfs; cl;gl 46 tifahd

NtWgl;l tpyq;Ffs; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shditahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit ml;ltiz 5.1,y; gl;bayplg;gl;L

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

NkYk;> mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfpapUf;fpd;w gjpndhU tifahd jhtuq;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit

ml;ltiz 5.2,y; gl;bayplg;gl;L toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy;> mtw;iw mjd; khkprj;Jf;fhf Ntl;ilahbajd; tpisthf mtw;wpd; vz;zpf;if

rLjpahf Fiwtile;jJ. flw;gd;wpfspDila ,iwr;rp kpfTk; RitahdJ vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

jw;nghOJ> flw;gd;wpfspid ,g;guhe;jpaj;jpy; kpfTk; mhpjhfNt fhzKbfpd;wJ. Mifahy;>

flw;gd;wpfSk; moptile;Jtplf;$ba mr;RWj;jiyNa vjpHNehf;fpapUg;gjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

o flyl;ilfs; (Sea cucumbers): mjpfsT vz;zpf;ifapyhd flyl;ilfs; ehshe;jk;

Nrfhpf;fg;gl;LtUfpd;wd. mit mtpj;njLf;fg;gl;L> cg;gpl;L> nghhpf;fg;gl;L> gpd;dH

nghjpnra;ag;gl;L Vw;Wkjpf;fhf mDg;gp itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjpfsthd kf;fs;> Fwpg;ghfg;

ngz;fs; ,j;njhopypy; <LgLj;jg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wdH vd;gjdhy;> ,j;njhopy;

Kf;fpakhdnjhU tho;thjhuj; njhopyhfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> kpfTk; mjpfsthd

flyl;ilfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L tUtjdhy;> mtw;wpd; mWtilia xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F

XusthtJ ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gltpy;iyahapd;> ,k;kPdtj; njhopYf;Fk; Kj;J mfo;Tj;

njhopy; vjpHNehf;fpa tpisitNa vjpHNehf;f Ntz;bNaw;gLk; vd;gjid Ma;Tfs;

njhptpf;fpd;wd.

o fly;tho; tz;z caphpdq;fs;> fly; Ks;sk;gd;wpfs;> kw;Wk; gytif rpg;gpNahLfs;

vd;gdTk; Mguzq;fs; nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf vj;jifa xOq;FgLj;jy; tpjpfSkpd;wp

Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhlHe;J msTfspd;wp mjpfkhdsTf;F Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

o mhpg;G> gs;spKid kw;Wk; jho;Tg;ghL Mfpatw;wpy; th;j;jf mstpy; fUePyr;rpg;gpfs;

Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

50

ml;ltiz 5.1 ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp ,Uf;fpd;w tpyq;fpdq;fs;

English name Sinhala Name Tamil Name Scientific Name

Butterflies

1 Large salmon arab Maha rosa sudana Colotis fausta

2 Plain orange tip Podu tembiliwan sudana Colotis aurora

3 Bright Babul Blue Punchi neelaya Azanus baldus

4 Small Cupid Punchi Panu-nilaya Chilades parrhasius

5 Cornelian Podu Kirana-nilaya Deudorix epijarbas

Freshwater fishes

1 Long finned eel Pol mal aandha Anguilla nebulosa

2 Shark cat fish Walaya jpkpq;fpyg; G+id kPd; Wallago attu

3 Giant snakehead Gan ara ghk;Gj;jiy kPd; Channa araReptiles

1 Green turtle Gal kasbaeva gr;ir Mik Chelonia mydas

2 Hawksbill sea turtle Pothu kasbaeva fly; Mik Eretmochelys imbricata3 Olive ridley sea turtle Batu kasbaeva xUtif flyhik Lepidochelys olivacea

4 Indian star tortoise Mevara ibba ,e;jpa er;rj;jpu

MikGeochelone elegans

5 Flapshell turtle Kiri ibba Lissemys punctata

6 Painted lip lizard Thola-visituru katussa epw%Hj;j gy;yp Calotes ceylonensis

7 Scaly-finger gecko Salkapa huna Lepidodactylus lugubris

8 Wart snake Diya goya/Redi naya jbj;j ghk;GAcrochordus granulatus

9 Sand boaVali pimbura, kota pimbura

Gongylophis conica

10 Dog-faced water snake Kuna diya kaluwaeha;Kfj; jz;zpg;

ghk;GCerberus rynchops

11 Striped flying snake Dangara danda gwf;Fk; ghk;GChrysopelea taprobanica

12 Gerard’s water snake Prevostge diyabariya ePHg;ghk;G Gerarda prevostianus 13 Reed snake Punbariya Liopeltis calamaria

14 Saw scale viper Vali polonga Gilad; ghk;G Echis carinatusBirds

1 Spot-billed Duck Thith-hota tharava jhwh Anas poecilorhyncha

2 White-naped Woodpecker Kahapita Maha-karela kuq;nfhj;jpChrysocolaptes festivus

3 Drongo Cuckoo Kawudukoha ,ul;ilthshd; Surniculus lugubris 4 Oriental Pratincole Peradigu Javasariya Glareola maldivarum

5 Small Pratincole Punchi Javasariya Glareola lactea 6 Saunders’s Tern Saunders Muhudulihiniya fly; FUtp Sterna saundersi 7 Besra Besra Kurulugoya rpd;d ty;Y}W Accipiter virgatus

8 Lesser Adjutant Heen Bahuru-manawa khdh — Nkthf;

nfhf;FLeptoptilos javanicus

51


Mammals

1 Dekhan leaf-nosed batKesdiga Pathnehe-vavula

rpd;d thth Hipposideros galeritus

2 Painted bat Visithuru Kehel-vavula rpd;d thth Kerivoula picta

3 Purple-faced leaf monkey Sri Lanka Kalu-wandura Kd;jpSemnopithecus vetulus

4 Jungle cat Wal Balala fhl;Lg; G+id Felis chaus 5 Leopard Kotiya/ Diviya rUFg; Gyp Panthera pardus

6 Rusty-spotted cat Kola Diviya / Balal Diviya fhl;Lg; G+idPrionailurus rubiginosus

7 Fishing cat Handun Diviya nfhLg;;gpyp Prionailurus viverrinus 8 Otter Diya-balla ePH eha; Lutra lutra 9 Sloth bear Walaha fub Melursus ursinus

10 Elephant Etha / Aliya ahid Elephas maximus 11 Wild buffalo Kulu Haraka fhl;L khL Bubalus arnee 12 Giant squirrel Dandu-lena kiy mzpy; Ratufa macroura

13 Hump backed Whale Molli thalmahaKJF Nkl;L

jpkpq;fpyk;

Megaptera novaeangliae

14 Blue Whale Nil thalmaha ePyj;jpkpq;fpyk; Balaenoptera musculus 15 Sperm Whale Manda thalmaha ePHkj; jpkpq;fpyk; Physter macrocephalus 16 Common Dugong Muhudu ura flw;gd;dp Dugong dugon

ml;ltiz 5.2 - ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp ,Uf;fpd;w jhtuq;fs;


1 Bu-nelu NeY Stenosiphonium cordifolium2 Ebony Kalu-wara fUq;fhsp Diospyros ebenum3 Mj;jhiy Jatropha glandulifera

4 Wal-kahambiliya Tragia plukenetii

5 Opulu Ml;Lf;fLg;Gs;sp Cynometra iraipa

6 Dendrophthoe ligulata

7 Taxillus cuneatus

8Anuradhapura Orchid

Rassana Vanda tessellata

9 Psilanthus wightianus

10 Kaddumallikai

11 Black Mangrove Keera Kadol Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea

kPd;fisg; gpbf;fpd;wNghJ ftdaPdkhfTk; KiwjtwpAk; ele;Jnfhs;Sk;NghJ> mt;thW

gpbf;fg;gl;l kPd;fspd; juk; gOjiltJld;> mjpfkhdsTf;F tPz;tpua khfTk; Mfpd;wd. gpbf;fl;l

kPd;fs; midj;Jk; tof;fkhf tPjpNahuj;jpy; itj;Nj ,why; NtwhfTk; cz;gjw;F jFe;j kPd;fs;

NtwhfTk; gphpj;njLf;fg; gLfpd;wd. cz;gjw;F vLf;fg;glhj kPd;fs; gpujhd tPjpapd; Xuj;jpNyNa

mg;gbNa iftplg;gLfpd;wd. ,it mOf;Ff; fopTfshf khWtJ khj;jpukd;wp> mg;gpuNjrj;ijNa

khRglr;nra;fpd;wd.

52

mjpfkhd ghtid kpFe;j epiyapNyNa tpyq;fpdq;fisAk; jhtuq;fisAk; kf;fs;;

mWtilnra;fpd;wdH.

rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; rl;lKuzhdJk; Rw;Wr;R+oYf;F Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;J fpd;wJkhd Kiwikfisf;

ifahz;L ,j;jifa mWtilfspy; kPdtHfs; <LgLfpd;wdH.

o kPd;gpbj;jYf;fhf ladikl;il cgNahfpj;jy;: kPd;fis mjpHr;rpailar; nra;a my;yJ kPd;fis

nfhy;Ytjw;F ladikl; kPd;gpb my;yJ ntbg;G kPd;gpb Kiwikfs; cgNahfpf;fg;gLtjdhy;>

kPd;fs; ,yFthf Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jtif kPd;gpb Kiwikfs; jilnra;ag;gl;lJk;

rl;l KuzhdJkhFk;. Vnddpy;> ,J xU ,dj;jpd; capHtho;T %yj;jpidNa Kw;whf

mopj;JtpLfpd;wJ. MapDk;> ,e;jtif kPd;gpbKiwik gs;spKid njhlf;fk; jhTy;gL

gpuNJrk; tiu jw;nghOJk; cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

o jq;$rp tiyfis cgNahfpj;jy;: jq;$rp tiyfs; ieNyhdpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kPd;fs;

mtw;iwg; ghh;f;f Kbahjgbahy;> mtw;wpD}lhf ePe;jpr;nry;fpd;wd. rpyNtisfspy;> kPd;fSf;F

fhaq;fSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> ,e;j tifapd; %yk; ,yf;Fitf;fg;glhjJk;> tsHe;J

tUfpd;wJkhd kPd;fSk; tiyapy; rpf;fpg; gpbgLfpd;wd. 2010Mk; Mz;L xf;NlhgH khjk;

njhlf;fk; ,e;j tiy jilnra;ag;gl;lJld;> ,e;j tiy cgNahfpf;fg;gLtJ epWj;jg;gl;Lk;

tUfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;> rpy twpa kPdtHfsplk; ,e;j tif tiy khj;jpuNk ,Ug;gjd;

fhuzkhf> mtw;iw mtHfs; cgNahfpj;J tUfpd;wdH.

o fztha; kPd;fisg; gpbg;gjw;F J}hpiff;Ftpay; Kiwia cgNahfpj;jy ;: gs;spKid kw;Wk;

tq;fsha; cl;;gl gy gpuNjrq;fspy; fztha; kPd;fisg; gpbg;gjw;fhf flNyhuf; fz;ly;jhtuf;

fpisfisf;fl;b J}hpiff;Ftpaiy kPdtHfs; cUthf;fpd;wdH. ,jw;fhf flNyhuf; fz;ly;

jhtuq;fs; mopf;fg;gLtjdhy;> ,JTk; Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w nraw;ghlhFk;.

o RUf;F tiyfisg; ghtpj;jy;: ,j;jifa tiyfs; Row;rpahdJk; nghpa kPd;fisAk; rpwpa

kPd;fisAk; gpbg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

o flyl;il kw;Wk; flw;rq;Ffisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhf ePubapy; nry;Yk; capHf;fhg;GfUtpapidg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;: capHf;fhg;GfUtpapidg; gad;gLj;jp ePubapw;nry;Ytjw;F mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpakhdjhFk;. kd;dhH gFjpapy; capHf;fhg;GfUtpapidg; gad;gLj;jp

ePubapw;nry;Ytjw;F ve;jnthU mDkjpg;gj;jpuKk; toq;fg;gl;bUf;fhj epiyapy;>

rpyhgj;Jiwapy; flyl;il kw;Wk; flw;rq;Ffisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhf kPdtHfis tpahghhpfs;

Ntiyf;fkHj;jpAk; cs;sdH. ,jpy; Mgj;jhd tplak; vd;dntd;why;> capHf;fhg;GfUtpapidg;

gad;gLj;jp ePubapw;nry;YgtHfs; kpfTk; ePz;l Neuk; flybapy; jq;fpapUe;J ,t;tpyq;fpdq;fspy;

kpf mjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; Nrfhpg;gjdhy;> mtw;wpd; ,Ug;Gf;Nf mr;RWj;jy;

Vw;gl;LtUfpd;wJ.

o kPd;gpbf;Fk; nghpa glfpd; fPohd tiyiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;: mjhtJ kPd;gpbg;Gf;nfd glfpdhy;

flybA+lhf ,Oj;Jtug;gLk; mfd;w thAila nghpa tiyfis gad;gLj;Jjy; MFk;. ,J

flypd; mbapy; ,ilA+Wfis Vw;gLj;Jtjdhy; ,J ghhpa Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$bajhFk;.

Ngrhiyapy; fpl;ljl;l 85 ,j;jifa nghpa glFfs; fhzg;gLtJld;> ,j;jifa tiy

gad;gLj;jg; gLtjid epWj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W kPdtHfs; fl;lisaplTk; gl;Ls;sdH.

o js;S tiyfs; — flypd; mbg;Gwj;ijr; Nrjg;gLj;JtJld;> Mo;ePh;j;jsj;jpw;Fhpa

tpyq;fpdj;ijAk; mopf;fpd;wJ.

53

cU 5.2 – flNyhu kz;zhpg;G(rk;gj; Fzjpyf;f © IUCN)

mUtpahwpYk;> gwq;fpahwpYk; Mw;W kzy; Njhz;Ljy; ,lk;ngWtJld;> ,J cth;ePh; CLUTtij tpistpf;fpd;wJ.

,d;Dk; rpy tsq;fs;$l mjpfkhdsTf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. kz;mfo;jy; rl;lKuzhdjhf

,Ug;gpDq;$l njhlHe;Jk; kz; mfo;e;njLf;fg; gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW kz; mfo;enjLf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ

flNyhug;gug;G mhpg;gile;J nry;fpd;wJ. Kryp kw;Wk; ehdhj;jhd; Mfpa gphpTfspy; fLikahdsT

kz;zhpg;G Vw;gl;LtUtjid ntspg;gilahff; fhzyhk;.

o ,e;jpa kPdtHfs; ,yq;ifapd; flw;gug;Gf;Fs; rl;lKuzhf kPd;gpbj;J tUjYk;

gpur;ridnahd;whfNt Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ: ,J rl;lKuzhdJ. ,e;jpa kPdtHfs; mjpf

vz;zpf;ifahd nghpa glFfis ghtpj;J ,t;thW kPd;gpbf;fpd;wdH. MapDk;> ,t;thW

mbf;fb eilngWtJ Fiwe;JtUfpd;wJ.

,j;jifa tpyq;fpdq;fSk; jhtuq;fSk; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp tUtjw;F gy;NtW fhuzq;fSk;

cs;sd. mtw;wpy; xd;Nw mjpfkhdsTf;F gad;ghl;L Fwpg;gpl;l tpyq;if my;yJ jhtuj;ij

cgNahfpj;jy; vdyhk;.

5.2 ,aw;if thopl mopg;G

,aw;ifahd thoplk; mfw;wg;gLtjdhy; tpyq;FfspdJk; jhtuq;fspdJk; moptpypUe;J mtw;iw

Mjutspj;Jf; fhg;ghw;w Kbahj epiy Vw;gLk;. thopl mopg;gpdhy; tpyq;FfSk; jhtuq;fSk;

mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp tUfpd;wd. thoplk; mfw;wg;gLk; NghJ> mq;F kz;zhpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j

kz; Mnwhd;wpw;Fs; fOtpr; nry;yg;gLfpd;w NghJ me;j MW fopT epiwe;jjhf my;yJ fopTfisf;

nfhz;like;jjhf khWfpd;wJ. ,it ,uz;Lk; kdpjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mopT MFk;.

o Aj;jj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dH jpUk;gptUfpd;w cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fis FbakHj;Jtjw;fhf

gue;jsthd ,aw;if thoplg; gpuNjrq;fs; Rj;jQ;nra;ag; gLfpd;wJ. ,jid Kryp gpuNjr

nrayfg; gphptpy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

54

o epyj;Jf;F fhzpf;F gy;NtWgl;l fpuhf;fp epytptUfpd;wJ: rpy kf;fspd; kPs;FbNaw;wj;Jf;fhf

epyk; Njitg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> cl;fl;likg;G trjpfSf;Fk; epyk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

NtWgl;l Njitfis xd;whff; fhZfpd;w KOepiwthd jpl;lnkJTk; fhzg;glhjjd;

fhuzkhf> mikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w fl;blq;fs; ,aw;if thopl epiyaikg;Gf;fis

ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shf;fp Nrjg;gLj;jpAk; tUfpd;wd.

5.3 R+oy; khRgLjy;

Rw;Wr;R+oy; khRgLtjdhy; fhw;W> ePH kw;Wk; epyk; vd;gd mOf;filfpd;wd.

thfdq;fspypUe;Jk; njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;Jk; ntspNaWfpd;w thAf;fshd fhgd; lnahf;irl;

kw;Wk; fhgd; nkhndhf;irl; vd;gd ehk; Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;iw khRgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jidNa fhw;W

tsp khRgLjy; vdg;gLk;.

Nridg;gapHfis tpiuthf tsur;nra;tjw;Fk; (gris) my;yJ Nridg;gapHfis cz;lopf;fpd;w

G+r;Rf;fis nfhy;Ytjw;Fk; (G+r;Rf;nfhy;yp) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gjhHj;jq;fis msTf;fjpfkhf

ghtpf;fpd;wNghJ mit ePiu khRgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J ePH khRgLjy; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.

nghWg;gw;wKiwapy; Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;w Fg;ig $sq;fs;> fopTfs;> Njitaw;wnghUl;fs; Mfpa

jpz;kf;fopTfspdhYk; epyk; khRgLfpd;wJ.

,iur;riynaOg;gpr; R+oiy khRgLj;jy;: kdpjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJk; kdpjdpdJk;

tpyq;fpdq;fspdJk; ey;tho;Tf;F ,ilA+iw my;yJ Jd;gj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; ,iur;riy>

,iur;riynaOg;gp #oiy khRgLj;jy; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,iur;ry; vd;w nrhy; yj;;jpd; nkhopapd;

nesrpah]; vd;gjd; mbapypUe;J gpwe;jjhFk;.

kd;dhH tisFlh gpuhe;jpa Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgLfpd;w gpur;rid Fwpg;ghf jpz;kf; fopTfs; kw;Wk;

ePH vd;gtw;why; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

jpz;kf;fopTfshy; khRgLjy;

o cz;gjw;F vLf;fg;glhj kPd;fis flNyhuj;jpNyNa kPdtHfs; iftpl;L tpLtJld; mJ

mq;F fple;J mOfpg;NghtJld; ehw;wk; tPrTk; njhlq;Fk;.

o fw;gpl;bg;gFjpapy; jw;nghOJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;w fopTfis kPs;gad;ghl;Lf;F nfhz;LtUk;

nrad;Kiwj; jpl;lj;ijj;jtpu> jpz;kf;fopTfis mfw;Wtjw;fhd my;yJ mg;Gwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

topKiwfs; vJTNk mq;F fpilahJ. kd;dhH efu ikaj;jpy; Fg;igfs; nfhl;lg;gLtjid

ntspg;gilahfNt fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

ePH khRgLjy;

o tptrhapfs; tpisr;rypy; gapHr;nra;ifapy; <LgLfpd;w NghJ> mtHfs; gris kw;Wk;

G+r;Rf;nfhy;ypfisr; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;tjdhy;> mit MWfisAk; ePNuhilfisAk;

khRgLj;Jfpd;wd. fw;gpl;bapy; kuf;fwp tif mjpfstpy; tpistpf;fg;gl;L> gpd;dH mit

nfhOk;Gf;F Vw;wpaDg;gg;gLfpd;wd. fw;gpl;b epyf;fPo; ePhpy; caHe;jsT iejurd; khR

Vw;gl;bUg;gjhf Ma;Tfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. 225 FbePH fpzWfspy; nra;a;gl;l Ma;Tfspd;gb> rpwe;j

MNuhf;fpaj;Jf;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba iejurd;; nrwpit tpl mjpfkhdsT fhzg;gLtjhf

Ma;Tfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. ,J kf;fSf;F Nehia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

55

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l vy;yhj; jhtuq;fSk;

tpyq;FfSk; mj;JkPWfpd;w jd;ikAilait

my;y> Mdhy; vy;yh mj;JkPWfpd;w vy;yh

me;epa caphpdq;fSk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;

gl;litNaahFk; vd;gjidf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

NrJrKj;jpuk; vd;w nrhw;nwhlH rk];fpUj

nkhopapypUe;J te;jjhFk;. NrJ vd;gJ

ghyj;ijAk; rKj;uh vd;gJ fliyAk;

Fwpf;Fk;. ,JNt njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fk;

,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilapYs;s flyhFk;. ,J

kd;dhHf;Flh> ghf;F ePhpiz kw;Wk; Mjhk;

ghyk; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.

o ,e;j khRgl;l ePH Nrw;Wg;gilfs; Nghd;w ,aw;if thoplq;fisailAk; NghJ> mit NfL

tpistpf;ff;$bajhfTk; Gyk;ngaH gwitfSf;fhfTs;s ,aw;if thoplj;jdpikapidAk;

Fiwj;JtpLfpd;wJ.

o twl;rpahd fhyq;fspy; njhl;bg;gLf;iffspy; tpisr;rypy; <LgLtjd; fhuzkhfTk;

R+oy;khRgLfpd;w kw;nwhU gpur;ridia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

,t;tpisr;rYf;fhf grisfisAk; G+r;Rf;nfhy;ypfisAk; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ> kio

fhyq;fspy; ,j;njhl;bfspy; NrUfpd;w kio ePhpd; juj;ij ghjpg;gjhf mikaf;$Lk;.

5.4 mj;JkPwptUfpd;w me;epa caphpdtif

Njapiy> ,wg;gH kw;Wk; njd;id Nghd;w rpy jhtuq;fs;

,yq;iff;Fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. Njapiy>

,wg;gH kw;Wk; njd;id vd;gd jPtpukhf guTtjpy;iy>

mj;Jld; ve;jg;gFjpapy; mit nra;if gz;zg;gl;lNjh

me;;jg;gFjpfspNyNa njhlHe;jpUf;Fk;. MapDk;> ehAz;zp

Nghd;w mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpy jhtuq;fs; G+HtPf

jhtuq;fspd; vy;iyfisAk; jhz;b mtw;wpd; ,aw;if

thoplj;Jf;F Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jp jPtpukhfg; guTfpd;wd. mt;tifj; jhtuq;fs; mj;JkPwptUfpd;w

me;epa caphpdtif (,jpy; jhtuq;fis Fwpg;ghdJ) vdg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNghd;W> mt;thW

mj;JkPwptUfpd;w me;epa jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;fpd tiffSKz;L. MfNt> ,t;thW mj;JkPwptUfpd;w

me;epa jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;fpdq;fSk; ,aw;if thoplj;Jf;F ghhpasT Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $bajhf

,Ug;gjdhy;> mit kdpjdpd; cly; eyj;Jf;Fk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

o typf;fhj;jhd; fUNtYk; vd;gJ vy;yh flw;fiuNahu gpuNjrq;fspYk; Jhpjkhf mj;JkPwpg;

gutf;$banjhU mj;JkPWk; me;epa jhtuq;fshFk;. ,J fiuNahu jhtuj;jd;ik vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w

ghhpa mr;RWj;jy;fspy; xd;whFk;.

o ,g;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s njhl;bfspYk; MWfspYk; “];Nef;];fpd; Fuhkp” vd;w xUtif mj;JkPWfpd;w

me;epa caphpdtif ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jtif kPd; czTf;fhfTk; ,lg;gug;Gf;fhfTk;

ngUk;ghYk; Nghl;bNghLfpd;wd.

o fl;Lf;fiuFsj;jpy; CLUTfpd;w jhtukhf ry;tPdpah fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

5.5 NrJrKj;jpu fg;gy; fhy;tha;j; jpl;lKk; kd;dhH tisFlhtpy; cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s vz;nza;

mfo;thuha;r;rpAk;

Mjhk;;ghyk; Mokhdjy;y — mJ ngUk;ghYk; 3 kPw;wH

jho;thdJ. ,jd;fhuzkhf jw;nghOJ ,e;jpahtpd;

fpof;Ff; fiuNahukhf tUfpd;w fg;gy;fs; ,e;jpahtpd;

fpof;F fiuNahuj;ij miltjw;F KO ,yq;ifiaANk

Rw;wpg; gazpf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ. 1860 fSf;F Ke;jpa

fhyg;gFjpapy;> Rw;wptUtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,yq;iff;Fk;

,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; FWf;fhf Mjhk;ghyj;ij

ntl;btpLtjw;fhdnjhU cj;Njrk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. 2005Mk;

Mz;L Mjhk;ghyj;jpw;F FWf;fhf 35 fpNyh kPw;wH msTf;F fhy;thnahd;iwj; Njhz;Ltjw;fhd

jpl;lnkhd;iw ,e;jpa murhq;fk; njhlq;fpaJ (48kpy;ypad; fd kPw;wH msthd fhy;tha;r; Nrw;iw

56

cU 5.3 – jw;nghOjpUf;fpd;w kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s fg;gy; ghijfs;

mt;tplj;jpypUe;J mfw;Wtjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jpl;lk;)> kw;Wk; ghf;F ePhpizf;F

FWf;fhf 54 fpNyh kPw;wH mstpdjhd kw;nwhU fhy;thiaj; Njhz;Ltjw;fhd (34.5 kpy;ypad;

fdkPw;wH msthd fhy;tha;r; Nrw;iw mt;tplj;jpypUe;J mfw;wp) Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;ld. ,J

fg;gy;fs; gazQ;nra;fpd;w 780 fpNyh kPw;wH fpl;lj;jl;l %d;W ehl;fs; gazQ;nra;Ak; Neuj;ij

cs;slf;fpa J}uj;ij Fiwf;fpd;wJ. MapDk;> ,e;j jpl;;lk; njhlHghd Ntiyfis ,e;jpa

murhq;fk; xj;jpitj;Js;sJ.

NkYk;> kd;dhH tisFlhtpy; ,yq;if murhq;fk; vz;nza; mfo;thuha;r;rpia njhlq;Ftjw;F

jahuhfpAk; tUfpd;wJ.

,t;tpU nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhfTk; fly; kw;Wk; flNyhu Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghjpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd

rhj;jpaq;fs; cs;sd. ,J njhlHghd Kf;fpa tplaq;fis gpd;tUkhW Nehf;fyhk;:

o fhy;tha; mfo;tpd; fhuzkhf> Mjk; ghyj;jpd; FWf;NfAs;s rhjhuz ePNuhl;lg;gug;G

ghjpf;fg;glTk; $Lk;.

o Mokhf fhy;thnahd;iw ntl;Lfpd;wNghJ kd;dhH FlhtpypUe;J ghf;FePhpiz tiuf;Fk;

gpd;dH ghf;FePhpizapypUe;J kd;dhH FlhtiuAkhd ePhpd; mstpYk;> mNjNghd;W>

,t;thW Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf XLfpd;w ePhpd; ntg;gj;jpdsT kw;Wk; cth;j;jd;ik

vd;gtw;wpYk; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;. ,g;gFjpapy; ,jd;fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba

fly;rhH caphpdq;fs; kw;Wk; czTtiyaikg;G vd;gd vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLk; vd;gJ

njhlHghd Ma;TfSk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;bAs;sd. Fwpg;ghf ntg;gj;jpdstpy; Vw;gLfpd;w

rpwpa khw;wq;fSf;F KUiff;fw;fs; czHjpwd;kpf;fjhff; fhzg;gLk;

57

Rw;Wr;R+oypay; — Ez;ZapHg; nghUl;fSk;

mtw;wpd; Rw;Wr;R+oy;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s

njhlHig vt;thwhdJ vd;gjidf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ

o jho;tw;w flw;gFjpapd; Moj;jpy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;fpd;wNghJ> flypd; Moj;Jf;Ff;

fpilf;fpd;w R+hpaxspapd; mstpYk; khw;wNkw;glyhk;. ,j;jifa fhy;tha; mfo;tpdhy;

flypd; fPo;kl;lj;Jf;F fpilf;fpd;w R+hpa xspapd; mstpy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;glyhk;.

R+hpaxspapy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;w flw;Gw;fs; kw;Wk; KUiff;fw;fs; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,wf;f

Nehplyhk;.

o ePhpd; fPOs;s Nrw;wpw;fUfpy; thOfpd;w Ez;ZapHfSk;> mNjNghd;W Nrw;wpy; thOfpd;w

Ez;ZapHfs; vd;gdTk; ,j;jifa fhy;tha; mfo;tpdhy; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.

o mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Nrw;Wf;fopTfis mfw;Wfpd;w Kiwik tpQ;QhdhPjpahfg;

ghPl;rpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. rpyNtisfspy;> mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Nrw;wpy; er;Rj;jd;ikahd

nghUl;fSk; NrHe;jpUf;fyhk;.

o fhy;tha; mfo;tpd;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w ,iur;rypdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wR+oy; khRgLjYk;

vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ (mittpyq;fpdq;fisg; ghjpf;fyhk;). fg;gy; tpgj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;

vz;nza; mfo;thuha;r;rp vd;gtw;wpdhy; Vw;glf;$baR+oy; khRgLjy; kw;Wk; kPpd;gpb

eilKiwfSf;F Vw;glf;$ba ,ilA+Wfs; kw;Wk; kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;Fk; Fwpg;ghf

rq;F rpg;gpfspd; Nrfhpg;Gj; njhopy;fisAk; ,of;f Nehplyhk;.

NrJ rKj;jpuf; fhy;tha; jpl;lKk; vz;nza; mfo;thuhr;rpj; jpl;lKk; ePz;l fhy tpisTfisAk;

mg;gFjpapYs;s ,aw;ifr; Rw;Wr;#oy; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk;

mit ghjpg;igf; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. Mifahy;> ,j;jifa

jpl;lq;fis tbtikf;fpd;w NghJk; NghdsTf;F

Kd;dndr;rhpf;iffis vLj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

Njitg;gLfpwJ.

5.6 fhyepiy khw;wk;

tspkz;lyj;jpd; fhgd;lnahf;irl; kw;Wk; nkNjd; Mfpa nghJthd thAf;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpy;

jpul;rpg;gLf;ifnahd;iw cUthf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> mJ R+hpa xsp tspkz;lyj;jpw;F tUtjid

mDkjpg;gJld;> R+hpa xspapd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w ntg;gj;jpy; xU gFjpia jLf;fpd;wJ.

fle;j kw;Wk; ,e;j E}w;whz;Lfspy;> fhgd; lnahf;irl; kw;Wk; nkNjd; vd;gd kpf mjpfkhfTk;

fhw;wpy; fye;Jtplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. thfdq;fspYk; ifj;njhopy; rhiyfspYk; fhgd; lnahf;irl;

NrHg;gJld;> jpz;kq;fspd; Nrfhpg;G nkNjd; vd;w thAitAk; cUthf;fpd;wJ. ,jd;fhuzkhf>

mjpfjpfkhf> ntg;gk; mfg;gl;Lf;nfhs;tJld;> G+kpiaAk; ntg;gkilar; nra;fpd;wJ. ,jidNa

G+Nfhs ntg;gkiljy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. G+Nfhsk; ntg;gkiltjdhy;> mJ fhyepiyapy;

ghhpasT khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jid fhyepiy khw;wk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyepiy

khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w jhf;fq;fspnyhd;W ahnjdpy;> G+kpapd; gdpj;JUtq;fs; cUfpNahLtjhFk;.

gzpj;JUtq;fs; cUFk;NghJ fly;kl;lk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. jw;Nghija fly;kl;lk; ruhrhpahf 1.8

kpy;yp kPw;wH msTf;F tUlhe;jk; caHtile;J tUtjidf; fle;j E}w;whz;L Kjy; mtjhdpf;f

Kbfpd;wJ.

fiuNahug; gpNjrq;fNs fly;kl;l mjpfhpg;ig kpf mjpfkhf vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wJ. fiuNahug;

gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; mjpfkhd gFjp fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfpd;wJ.

58


o kd;dhH tisFlh ,aw;if tsq;fspdhy; nry;tkpf;fjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> kdpjdpd; gy;NtW

nraw;ghLfspdhy; mit mr;RWj;jy;fis vjpHNehf;fp tUfpd;wd.

o msTf;fjpfkhd ghtid vd;gJ ,aw;ifr; Rw;whlypypUe;J kpfTk; mjpfkhdsTf;F

gad;ghl;il ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; Kj;J mfo;Tf;ifj;njhopy; msTf;fjpfkhd

ghtid fhuzkhf rhptile;Js;sJ. flw;gd;wpfs; jw;nghOJ mtw;wpd; ,iwr;rpf;fhf

nfhy;yg;gl;L tUtjdhy;> me;j ,dk; mope;njhopAk; mr;RWj;jiy vjpHNehf;fpAs;sJ.

o ,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shditfshf mwpag;gLfpd;w tz;zhj;Jg; G+r;rpfs;>

kPd;fs;> CHtd> gwitfs;> kw;Wk; ghY}l;bfs; cl;gl 46 tifahd NtWgl;l tpyq;Ffs;

mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shditahf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

o mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfpapUf;fpd;w gjpndhU tifj; jhtuq;fSk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

o flyl;ilfs;> fly;tho; tz;z caphpdq;fs;> fly; Ks;sk;gd;wpfs;> kw;Wk; gytif

rpg;gpNahLfs; vd;gdTk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L tUtjdhy; msTf;fjpfkhd ghtidahf mit

mike;Jtplyhk;.

o jhq;fs; gpbf;fpd;w kPd;fspy; mjpfkhdtw;iw kPdtHfs; fopTfshf tPRfpd;wdH.

o rpy kPdtHfs; kPd;gpbf;F ladikl;il ghtpf;fpd;wdH> NkYk; jq;$rp tiy> Ftpay; J}hpif>

RUf;F tiy kw;Wk; nghpa glfpy;fPohd tiy vd;gtw;wpd; cgNahfk; mopitNaw;gLj;jf;

$baJk; rl;lKuzhdJk; MFk;.

o ,e;jpa kPdtHfs; ,yq;ifapy; flw;gug;gpy; kPd;gpbj;jy; xU gpur;rpidahFk;.

o capH%y thoplj;jpd; mopg;G Rw;whlYf;F kw;nwhU mr;RWj;jyhFk;. mjpfsthd capH%y

thoplq;fisf; nfhz;l epyg;gug;Gf;fs;> cs;ehl;;by; ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfis kPsf;FbakHj;jTk;

mtHfspd; NtWgl;l NjitfSf;Fk; Jg;guT nra;ag;gLfpd;w NghJ mjpskhdsTf;F capH%y

thoplq;fs; mopfpd;wd.

o kPdtHfspd; ftdaPdj;jpd; fhuzkhfTk; cz;gjw;F vLf;fg;glhj kPd;fisf;

flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; fz;l fz;l ,lq;fspy; tPrptpLtjd; fhuzkhfTk; ,g;gFjpapy;

jpz;kf; fopTg; gpur;rpid Vw;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> jpz;kf;fopTfis mfw;Wtjw;fhd Kiwahd

nraw;ghlfSk; ,g;gFjpapy; fpilahJ.

o tptrhapfs; gapHr;nra;ifapy; <LgLfpd;wNghJ> grisfisAk; G+r;Rf;nfhy;ypfisAk;

NrHj;Jf;nfhs;tjdhy;> mit MWfisAk; ePNue;J XilfisAk; er;Rg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. fw;gpl;b

epyf;fPo; ePH ,t;thW ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjidf; fhzyhk;.

o GNuhNrhgp]; [_ypGNyhuh vd;Dk; mj;JkPwp tsUfpd;w Gyg;glhj me;epa jhtunkhd;W

,g;gFjpapd; flNyhuj; jhtuj;jdikiag; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shf;fp tUfpd;wJ. ,J flNyhuj;

jhtuj;jd;ikf;Fs;s kpfg;nghpa mr;RWj;jyhFk;.

o cj;Njr NrJrKj;jpu fg;gw; fhy;tha;j;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; kd;dhH tisFlhtpy; vz;nza;

mfo;Tj;jpl;lk; vd;gd ,t;tisFlhtpd; fiuNahuk; kw;Wk; flNyhur; Rw;whlYf;F vjpuhd

tpistfisAk; ghjpg;igAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,j;jifa eltbf;iffs; njhlHghf tpQ;Qhd

hPjpapyhd mjpf Ma;Tfs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;bAk; cs;sd.

o fly; kl;lk; mjpfhpj;J tUfpd;wikia fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs; vjpHNehf;fp tUfpd;wJ.

fhyepiy khw;wq; fhuzkhf mjpfkhd ,g;gpuhe;jpa flNyhuq;fs; mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfp

tUfpd;wd.

59

mj;jpahak; 6 - kd;dhh; tisFlhtpd; Rw;whlYf;F vw;gLk;

mr;RWj;jy; Fwpj;J ePq;fs; vd;d nra;a KbAk; ?

Kjypy; xt;nthUtUk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd ghlk; ahnjdpy; cq;fisr;

Rw;wpAs;s Rw;whlYf;F vd;d mopTfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijj; njhpe;J nfhs;SjyhFk;.

,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; ,aw;ifr; nrhj;Jf;fs; gw;wpAk;; kdpjh;fSf;Fk; mth;fspd; ey;tho;tpw;Fk;

,r;nrhj;Jf;fspd; mjPj Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpAk;

,r;nrhj;Jf;fSf;F vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mopTfs; gw;wpAk; ,jw;F Ke;jpa mj;jpahaq;fspy;

fye;Jiuahlg;gl;ld.

,g;nghOJ cq;fisr; Rw;wp vd;d eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gJ cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk;. mJ Fwpj;J

ePq;fs; vd;d nra;a KbAk;?

cq;fSila ehshe;jr; nraw;ghLfs; Rw;whlYf;F mopTfs; Vw;gLj;jf; $lhnjd;gij kdjpy;

nfhs;f. ePq;fs; gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfis cq;fsplNk Nfl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

Rw;whlypy; ,Ue;J mjpfkjpfkhf ehd; vLf;fpd;Nwdh?1.

caphpdq;fs; thOkplq;fis ehd; mopf;fpd;Nwdh?2.

fhw;W epyk; ePh; vd;gtw;iw ehd; khRgLj;Jfpd;Nwdh?3.

kpf Ntfkhfg; guTnkdTk; mtw;wpd; guTk; jd;ikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kpff; fbdk; 4.

vdTk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpyq;FfisAk; gaph;fisAk; ehd; tsh;f;fpd;Nwdh?

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; tpisTfSf;F ehd; $l;Lg; gq;fhspahfpd;Nwdh?5.

6.1 Rw;whlypy; ,Ug;gtw;iw ePq;fs; mjpfkjpkhf vLf;fpd;wPh;fsh? (Rw;whliyr; Ruz;Ljy;)

cq;fspd; Rw;whlypy; ,Ue;J Njitahdtw;iw kl;Lk; vLq;fs;. ePq;fs; czT ePh; ,y;yhky;

thoKbahJ Mdhy; cq;fSila kPd;njhl;bapy; rpg;gpfs; Mik Xl;by; nra;ag;gl;l t];Jfs;

kpf mhpjhf xU gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kPd;fs; ,y;yhkYk; cq;fSila Njhl;lj;jpy;

mr;Rw;whlypy; fhzg;glf;$lhj gaph;fs; ,y;yhkYk; tho KbAk;. xt;nthU KiwAk; ePq;fs;

flw;fiuapypUe;J xU rpg;gpia vLf;Fk;NghJ flw;fiu mr;rpg;gp mstpyhd kziy ,of;fpd;wJ.

Vnddpy; rpg;gpfs; ,Wjpapy; kzyhf khWfpd;wd.

Rw;whlypy; ,Ue;J cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd msit kl;Lk; vLq;fs;. ehq;fs; $batw;iw

vLg;gNjhL $batw;iw tpuakhf;FfpNwhk;. jw;NghJs;sJ Nghd;W rdj;njhif njhlh;r;rpahf

mjpfhpf;Fk; mNjNtis jw;NghJs;sJ Nghd;W ehKk; Rw;whliyg; ghtpg;Nghkhapd; vq;fSf;Fj;

Njitahdtw;iw vq;fSf;Fj; jUtjw;F vq;fSf;F NkYk; epiwa G+kp Njitg;gLk;.

60

6.2 ,aw;ifahd thOkplq;fis ePq;fs; mopf;fpd;wPh;fsh?

o xt;nthU KiwAk; ftdaPdkhf ePq;fs;

xU ehw;iwg; gpLq;fp vwpAk;NghJ my;yJ

fhyhy; kpjpf;Fk; NghJ jhtu mikg;gpd;

xU gFjpahd xU jhtuj;ij ePq;fs;

mopf;fpwPh;fs;. fisfs; xU Njhl;lj;jpy;

my;yJ xU gaph;nra;Ak; epyj;jpy;

ep;r;rakhfg; gpur;rpid cz;lhf;Fk;. Mdhy;;

fisfs; vd gaph;fis mopj;Jtplhky;

ftdkhf ,Uq;fs;.

o fPWk; NghJk; vOJk;NghJk; jhspd;

,uz;L gf;fq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.

o cq;fs; mjpghplk; mDkjpngw;W ghlrhiy

tsTf;Fs; xU kuj;ij eLq;fs;.

Vndd;why; xt;nthU epkplKk; vq;Nfh

xd;W ntl;lg;gl;Lf;; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

o cq;fs;mjpghplk; mDkjpngw;W ghlrhiy

tsTf;Fs; kuq;fisAk; Gjh;r;nrbfisAk;

eLq;fs;. Vndd;why; mJ tz;zj;Jg;

G+r;rpfisAk; gwitfisAk; ftUk;.

,e;j tifapy; ePq;fs; cq;fs; ghlrhiyf;F

cs;NsNa rpwpjsthd xU ,aw;if

thOkplj;ij cUthf;f KbAk;.

o fhLfis ntl;LtjhYk; epyq;fis

epug;GtjhYk; ,of;fg;glf;;$ba ed;ikfs;

gw;wp cq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;jtw;iw

kf;fSf;Fr; nrhy;Yq;fs;. (,ij ePq;fs;

mj;jpahak; 4 ,y; fw;W ,Uf;fpwPh;fs;)

cU 6.1 – rdj;njhif tsh;r;rp

o cyfpy; cs;s gytpjkhd gaph;fs;

kpUfq;fspy; miug;gq;Ff;F Nkyhdtw;iw

G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; 6-7% j;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk;

madtya kiof;fhLfs; nfhz;Ls;sd vd

cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh?

o kj;jpa mnkhpf;fh 50% khd jdJ

kiof;fhLfisj; jf;f itj;Js;sJ.

o njd; mnkhpf;fh 70% khd jdJ kiof;fhLfisj; jf;f itj;Js;sJ

o gpypg;igd;]; jdJ kiof;fhLfspy; 90% j;ij ,oe;Jtpl;lJ

o klf];fhh; jdJ kiof;fhLfspy; 90% j;ij ,oe;Jtpl;lJ

o ,yq;if 1881y; 84% khd fhLfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ ,g;nghOJ 23.88% fhLfisNa

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

rJg;G epyq;fs; cth; rJg;G epyq;fs; Nrw;Wr;

rkntspfs; fly;tshpfs; vd;gd cz;ikapNyNa

Njitaw;w epyq;fs; vd kf;fs; epidf;fpwhh;fs;.

Mdhy; cz;ikapy; mit mg;gbapy;iy.Vwf;Fiwa

cyfpd; rJg;G epyq;fspy; 50%khdit mopf;fg;gl;L

tpl;ljhf tpw;gd;dh;fs; xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.

xt;nthU tUlKk; mYtyf fljhrp cgNahfj;jpw;nfd 1.1 gpy;ypad; kuq;fs; ntl;lg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU kuKk; ruhrhpahf 173 wPk; Ngg;gh;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ xt;nthU wPk; Ngg;gUk; mz;zsthf tspkz;lyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;glhj 12 whj;jy; fhgdPnuhf;irl;LffSf;Fr; rkkhdjhf ,Ue;J fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.ntl;lg;gLk; xt;nthU kuKk; G+kpapy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; mbg;gil czitf; Fiwg;gJld; nts;sk; mhpg;G vd;gtw;iw mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ

61

tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp — el;GwT Njhl;lj;ij tsUq;fs;

o tsh;e;j tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfSf;fhd kfue;jg; gaph;fshd

ntl;rp KRf;fl;il, nrk;gUj;jp ehAUtp fPiu Nghd;wtw;iw

tsUq;fs;.

o kaph;nfhl;bfs; rhg;gpLtjw;nfd NtW tifj; jhtuq;fis

tsUq;fs;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp ,dk; rpy

Fwpg;gpl;l jhtuq;fspy;jhd; Kl;ilapLk; ,it tpUe;Njhk;Gk;

gaph;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

vUf;fiy md;dKd;d nfhbj;Njhil rijfiur;rhd; Nghd;wd kaph;f;nfhl;bfSf;F czT toq;Ffpd;wd.

o cq;fSila tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpj; Njhl;lk; #hpa xspiaAk;

epoy; gFjpfisAk; fl;lhak; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

o cq;fSila Njhl;lj;jpy; ,urhad njspg;Gfis cgNahfpf;f

Ntz;lhk;. tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs; ,we;J tpLk;.

o gwitfisf; ftUtJ kpfTk; ,yF. cq;fSila

ghlrhiyapy; [hk; go kuj;ij eLTq;fs;. epiwag; gwitfs;

goq;fis cz;z tUk;

xU thiog;goj; Njhy; kf;fpg; Nghtjw;F

2-3 thuq;fs; vLf;Fk;. Mdhy; xU

gpsh];hpf; fpz;zk; kf;fpg; Nghtjw;F

100-1000 tUlq;fs; vLf;Fk;. gpsh];hpf;

fopTg;nghUs; mfw;Wk; gpur;ridia

kl;Lkd;wp #oy; gpur;ridfisAk;

cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. xt;nthU tUlKk;

gpsh];hpf; igfis tpOq;Ftjhy; %r;Rj;

jpzwy; Vw;gl;L 100,000 jpkpq;fyq;fs;>

fly; Mikfs;> Vida fly; tho;

caphpdq;fs; (,tw;wpy; gy mr;RWj;jYf;F

cl;Lj;jg;gLfpd;wd) ,wf;fpd;wd vd

mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. gpsh];hpf;

igfs; ePhpy; fhzg;gLk; xUtif kPd;

Nghd;w Njhw;wj;ijAilad.

efu my;yJ tsh;r;rpaile;j gFjpfs;

nghpa mstpyhd jpz;kf; fopTfis

Vw;gLj;jf; $bad. Mrpahtpy; ehshe;jk;

efug;Gwq;fspy; 760,000 njhd; jpz;kf;

fopT ngwg;gLtjhf fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,j;njhif 2025y; 1.8 kpy;ypadhf

mjpfhpf;fyhk; vd vjph;T $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy; xU egUf;F xU ehisf;fhd

khefu jpz;kf; fopT 0.89 fpNyh vdf;

fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtyl;rzk; xUGwk;

,Uf;f ,j;jpz;kf; fopTfs; Neha;fisf;

fhtpr; nry;Yk; Esk;Gfs;> vypfs;>

vd;gd ngUFk; ,lkhfTk; cs;sjhy;

Neha;fs; Ntfkhfg; guTk; tha;g;gpidAk;

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,j; jpz;kf; fopTfs;

ePh;epiyAlDk; fyf;ff;$bajhy; ePiu

khRgLj;JtNjhL epyf;fPo; ePiuAk;

mRj;jg; gLj;Jfpd;wd. mj;Jld;

cyf ntg;gkakhFjypw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;Ak; fhgdPnuhf;i]l; nkNjd; Nghd;w

thAf;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.

6.3 fhw;W> epyk;> ePh; vd;gtw;iw ePq;fs; khRgLj;Jfpd;wPh;fsh?

o xt;nthU KiwAk; xU njspfUtp %yk; ,urhadj; jputj;ijj;;; njspf;Fk;NghJ ePq;fs; fhw;iw khRgLj;JfpwPh;fs;.

o xt;nthU KiwAk; cuk; cgNahfpf;fg;gLk;NghJ ,e;e ,urhadq;fs; ePiu khRgLj;Jfpd;wd.

o Fg;igfisapl;L ePq;fs; ftdaPdkhf ,Uf;fpwPh;fsh? ePq;fs; xU ,dpg;ig cz;Zk;NghJ mijr; Rw;wpa jhis vq;fhtJ Nghl;LtpLfpd;wPh;fsh ? nghWg;Gld; mjid mfw;Wtjw;Ff; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

o ePq;fs; Njitaw;w gpsh];hpf; nghUl;fis thq;FfpwPh;fsh? ePq;fs; xU filf;Fr; nrd;W jpUk;gp tUk;NghJ epiwa gpsh];hpf; igfSld; tUfpwPh;fsh? gpsh];hpf; igfSf;Fg; gjpyhf Jzpg;igfisg; ghtpf;fj; njhlq;Fq;fs;.

o ePq;fs; xU khjj;jpw;F 10 gpsh];hpf; igfs; tPjk; ghtidiaf; Fiwg;gPh;fshapd; xU tUlj;jpw;F 120 gpsh];hpf; igfspd; ghtidiaf; Fiwf;fyhk;. cq;fSila FLk;gj;jpy; ehd;F Ngh; ,Ug;ghuhapd; xU tUlj;jpw;F 480 gpsh];hpf; igfspd; ghtidiaf; Fiwf;fyhk;. ePq;fs; ,t;thW 10 tUl fhyj;Jf;Fr; nra;tPh;fshapd; cq;fSila FLk;gk; 48,000 gpsh];hpf; igfspd; ghtidiaf; Fiwf;fyhk;. ,t;thwhapd; cq;fSila tho;ehspy; vt;tsT ghtidia ePq;fs; Fiwf;fyhk;>

vt;tsT ghtidia KO gl;bdKk; Fiwf;fyhk; vdr; rpe;jpAq;fs;.

62

o cq;;fSila gFjpfspy; cs;s flw;fiufis ePq;fs; Jg;guthf itj;jpUf;fpwPh;fsh?

cq;fs; mjpghplk; mDkjp ngw;W cq;fs; ghlrhiyf;F mz;ikapYs;s xU ePz;l

flw;fiuiaj; Jg;guT nra;a rpukjhdk xd;iw xOq;F nra;J nfhs;syhk;. gpd;G

mJ Jg;guthf ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

o xt;nthU jlitAk; jpz;kf; fopTfs;> ,urhadq;fs; gw;wp ftdf;Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ

,aw;ifr; nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l kd;dhh; tisFlhitAk; mjd; Rw;Wr;#oiyAk ePq;fs;

khRgLj;Jfpd;wPh;fs;.

6.4 vkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F me;epakhdJk; kpf Ntfkhfg; gutf;$banjdTk; mtw;wpd;

guTk; jd;ikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kpff; fbdk; vdTk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l

tpyq;FfisAk; gaph;fisAk; ePq;fs; tsh;f;fpd;wPh;fsh?

vkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F me;epakhd kpf Ntfkhfg; gutf;$ba mtw;wpd; guTk; jd;ikiaf;

fl;Lg;gLj;j kpff;fbdkhAs;s kpUfq;fs;, gaph;fs; vw;gLj;Jk; mghaq;fs; gw;wp

ePq;fs; fw;wpUf;fpwPh;fs;. mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,dq;fisg; ghpNrhjid nra;tij

tpLj;J vq;fs; ehl;bw;Fhpa gaph;fisg; gaphpLtNj rpwe;jJ.

6.5 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; tpisTfSf;F ePq;fs; $l;L gq;fhspahfpd;wPh;fsh?

ePq;fs; fhgdPnuhf;irl;L ntspf;ff;Fjypd; njhifiaf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd;

tpisTfisf; Fiwf;f KbAk;. ,J rkdg;gLj;jy; (Mitigation) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;F ,ire;J nry;Yjy; vd;gJ fhyepiy khw;w tpisTfSf;F <L

nfhLf;Fk; tifapy; cq;fspd; tho;f;ifia ,zq;fr;nra;jyhFk;. jz;zPh; ghtpg;gjpy;

ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;> jpz;kf;fopT gw;wpa nghWg;Gld; ,Uj;jy;> ,urhad kw;Wk; fhw;W

khriljiyj; jLj;jy; vd;gd fhyepiy khw;w tpisTfSf;F <L nfhLf;Fk; topfshFk;.

o rf;jpg; ghtidiaf; Fiwg;gjpy; ePq;fs; fhprid nfhz;bUf;fpwPh;fsh? ePq;fs;

miwapy; ,y;yhjNghJ kpd;FkpioAk;, kpd;tprpwpiaAk; mizf;fpd;wPh;fsh?

o ePq;fs; rikf;Fk;NghJ jpwe;j ghj;jpuj;jpy; kpifahd

msT ePh; Cw;wp czit mtpf;fpd;wPh;fsh my;yJ

%ba ghj;jpuj;jpy; msthd ePh; Cw;wp czit

mtpf;fpd;wPh;fsh?

ghlrhiyapy; jpz;kf; fopT epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij Muk;gpAq;fs;

nghUl;fspd; ghtidiaf; Fiwg;gjw;F kPs;Row;rp nra;tjw;F kPz;Lk; ghtidf;Fl;gLj;jf; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

fljhrp (xU kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l xd;iw ePq;fs; cgNahfpf;fpd;wPh;fs;) gpsh];hpf; nghUl;ghtidiaf; FiwAq;fs;

Nghj;jy;> jfuk;> fljhrp gpsh];j;jpf; nghUl;fis kPs;Row;rp nra;Aq;fs;

fljhrp> jfuk;> Nghj;jy;> fopT (czTj; Jzpf;iffs;) vd;gtw;wpw;F jdpj;jdpahd njhl;bfis itj;jpUq;fs;.

,yq;ifapy; 1992 w;Fk; 2002w;Fk; ,ilapy; kpd;rhug; ghtid ,ul;bg;ghf mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.

63

o xt;nthU rpd;d xOf;Fk; nghpastpyhd ePiu

tPzhf;Fk;. gj;J epkplj;jpy; xU Nfhg;gpf;

Nfhg;igia epug;Gk; xOf;fhdJ xt;nthU

tUlKk; 11000 yPw;wUf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ePiu

tPzbf;Fk;.

o ePq;fs; gy; Jyf;Fk;NghJ jz;zPiuj; jpwe;J

tPzhf Xltpl;lhy; ePq;fs; 19 yPw;wh; ePiu

tPzbf;fpwPh;fs;. mJ 80 NjePh;f; Nfhg;igfis

epug;gg; NghJkhdjhFk;

xt;nthU rpwpa khw;wKk; Kf;fpakhdJ. xt;nthUtuJk; Kaw;rpAk; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ

mJ mbg;gilapy; Rw;whlypw;Fg; nghpa khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;LtUk;.

o ePq;fs; Fg;igia vhpf;Fk;NghJ fhpakpythA (carbon dioxide) fhw;NwhL fyf;f tpLfpd;wPh;fsh? ePq;fs;> Fiwg;gjw;F> kPsg;ghtpg;gjw;F> kPs;Row;rp nra;tjw;F ePq;fs; fw;wpUe;jhy; Fg;igia vhpf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; cq;fSf;F Vw;glhJ.

o tpiykjpg;Gs;s ePiu ePq;fs; tPzhf;Ffpd;wPh;fsh? ePhpd; ghtidiaf; Fiwg;gjpy; ePq;fs; fhprid nfhz;bUf;fpwPh;fsh? xOFk; Foha;fis ePq;fs; cjhrPdk; nra;fpd;wPh;fsh? ePq;fs; tPl;by; xU Foha; xOFtijf; fz;lhy; ngw;NwhhplKk; ghlrhiyapy; xU Foha; xOFtijf; fz;lhy; MrphpahplKk; $Wq;fs;. kd;dhh; jz;zPh;j;jl;Lg;ghL cs;s ,lj;jpy; mike;jpUg;gij epidT $Uq;fs;. MfNt kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;dntd;why; xU Jsp jz;zPiuj;jhDk; tPzhf;ff;$lhnjd;gjpy; fhpridahf ,Uq;fs;.

o ePq;fs; gy; Jyf;Fk;NghJ ePh;Foha; thapidj; jpwe;J tPzhf XltpLfpwPh;fsh? ePq;fs; Fspf;Fk;NghJ clYf;F Nrhg; NghLtPh;fs;. mt;thW Nrhg;NghLk;NghJ jz;zPiuj; jpwe;J tPzhf XltpLfpwPh;fsh? mNjNghd;W ghj;jpuq;fisf; fOTk;NghJk; jz;zPiuj; jpwe;J tPzhf XltpLfpwPh;fsh?

o ePq;fs; gaph;fis eLtjw;fhd xU Kaw;rp vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwPh;fsh?

ePq;fs; nra;a Ntz;ba ,uz;lhtJ Kf;fpa tplak; kw;iwa kf;fs; jq;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fis

khw;Wtjw;F topg;gLj;jyhFk;. ePq;fs; khw;wj;Jf;Fhpa Kfth; Mf ,Ug;gJ Rw;whlYf;F

mj;jpahtrpakhfpd;wJ.

o ,jid cq;fs; ghlrhiyapy; Muk;gpAq;fs;. cq;fspd; tFg;Gj; Njhoh;fspw;F ePq;fs; fw;wtw;iw $Wq;fs;. mth;fs; xt;nthUtUk; MNzh ngz;Nzh jq;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fis khw;wpdhy; 40 gps;isfs; Rw;whliyf; fhg;gth;fshth;. xt;nthUtUk; ,d;ndhUtUf;Fr; nrhd;dhy; cq;fsplk; 1600 gps;isfs; Rw;whliyf; fhg;gth;fshf ,Ug;gh;.

o cq;fspd; FLk;gj;jhUld; fijj;J Rw;whly; njhlh;ghd mth;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fis

khw;wr; nra;Aq;fs;.

o cq;fs; mjpghplk; mDkjpg;ngw;W Rw;whliy Jg;guT nra;Ak; xU ,af;fj;ij

Muk;gpAq;fs;. xU gFjpiaj; njhpe;J xU rpukjhdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

madtyaj;jpYs;s Xt;nthU tsh;e;j

kuKk; xt;nthU tUlKk; 22 fpNyh fpuhk;

fhgdpnuhl;irl; (carbon dioxide) cwpQ;Rk;

jd;ikiaf; nfhz;ld. ,it fhyepiy

khw;wj;jpd; tpisTfisf; Fiwf;f ty;yd.

64

crhj;Jizfs;

,e;j njhFjp jahupg;gpy; gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Bambaradeniya, C N B., M S J Perera, & V A M P K Samarawickrama (2006). Rdhkpf;F gpd;duhd njw;fpyq;ifapd; mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;l flw;fiu Rw;Wr;R+oy; njhlu;ghd ,af;ftpay; mgptpUj;jp

kw;Wk; Gdu;tho;Tf;fhd xU Jupj kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;if. IUCN ,yq;if tpNrl rQ;rpif. ,y.10

IUCN, nfhOk;G>,yq;if. gf;. 27

Coles, R G, L J McKenzie, M Rasheed, J E Mellors, H Taylor, K Dew, S McKenna, T L Sankey, A B Carter and A. Grech (2007) cyf ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tyaj;jpy; flw;Gw;fspd; ,Ug;gpw;fhd epiyikAk;

jFjpAk;> tpQ;Qhd trjpfSf;fhf fly; kw;Wk; ntg;g kz;ly Ma;tpw;fhd mwpf;if. ghiwfs;

kw;Wk; kiof;fhLfspw;fhd Ma;T ikak;. Cairns. gf;. 122

De Bruin, G H P, B C Russell & A Bogusch (1995) FAO) kPd; gpb Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ,dq;fs;

fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd fs Ma;T topfhl;b. ,yq;if fly; kPd; gpb tyak;. FAO, Rome. gf;. 400. 32 Colour plates

kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G kw;Wk; Gs;spapay; jpizf;fsk;.(2009) Gs;spr;RUf;fk;.

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khtl;l jpl;lkply; nrayfk;> kd;dhu;(2010). kd;dhu; khtl;l Gs;sptpgutpaYf;fhd ifE}y; 2009

gf;. 103

Henry, G M (1971) A guide to the birds of Ceylon. Oxford University Press, London. 457 pp

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar. 26 et 2010 ,y; mZfg;gl;lJ.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution. 01 br. 2010 ,y; mZfg;gl;lJ.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sethusamudram_Shipping_Canal_Project#Benefits 02 br.2010 ,y; mZfg;gl;lJ.

mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfp ,Uf;Fk; capupdq;fspd; IUCN nre;juTg; Gj;jfk;. (2010) http://www.iucnredlist.org/ 27 et. 2010 ,y; mZfg;gl;lJ.

IUCN (mr;rpy;) Gj;jsk; fsg;gpw;fhd (Puththalam Lagoon) xU kPd;gpb Kfhikj;Jt cj;jp.

IUCN (ntspaplg;glhj Mtzk;) kd;dhu; tisFlhtpd; flNyhu tpyq;fpdq;fspd; gy;tifikf;

ifNaL. gf;. 10

IUCN (ntspaplg;glhj Mtzk;) kd;dhu; tisFlhg; gFjpapy; gy;tifikf; ifNaL. gf; 11

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IUCN (ntspaplg;glhj Mtzk;) kd;dhu; tisFlhtpd; njhy;ypay; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fyhrhuk;.

gf;. 10

Laist, D W, A R Knowlton, J G Mean (2001) fg;gy;fs; kw;Wk; jpkpq;fpyq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy;fs;.

fly; ghY}l;bfSf;fhd mwptpay; 17(1):35–75Ong, J E (1993) rJg;G epyq;fs; - fhu;gdpd; %yk; kw;Wk; jhop Chemosphere 27: 1097-1107

Panabokke, C R, R P Kannangara (1996) ,yq;if tptrha Rw;Wg;Gw #oy; kz;lyq;fspd; tiuglk;.

fzf;nfLg;Gj; Jiw. ,yq;if

NrJ rKj;jpu fhy;tha;j; jpl;lk; MNyhridj; jpl;l Mtzq;fs;. jpfjpaplg;glhjit.

Sullivan, C (2005) rJg;G epyq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. http://www.vi_shandwildlife.com/ Education/FactSheet/PDF_Docs/28Mangroves.pdf

UNEP-WCMC (2006) Kd; tupapy; : flw;fiuia ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; rJg;G epyf;fhLfs;> KUiff;

fw;ghiwfspy;; ,Ue;J NtW #oy; Nritfs;. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. gf;. 33

UFD gy;fiyf;fofk; (ntspaplg;glhj Mtzk;) kd;dhu; capu;f;Nfhsj;jpd; tpiuthd capu;g;gy;tifik

fzf;nfLg;gpd; mwpf;if> ,yq;if. IUCN. ,w;fhd MNyhrid mwpf;if. gf;. 69

Wilkinson, C (2004) cyf gts jpl;Lf;fs; / KUiff;fw; ghiwfspd; epiy> 2004 (njhFjp 01) fly;

mwptpaYf;fhd mT];jpNuypa epWtdk;. Townsville, Australia. gf;. xiv + 301

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NkYk; gbf;f…….

,yq;ifapDila capudq;fspd; ,aw;ifahd thoplq;fs; gw;wp

IUCN kw;Wk; NIE (1999) fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju (cau; ju)j;jpw;fhd capu;g;gy;tifik gw;wpa

jftylq;fpa %yg;nghUs; IUCN, ,yq;if gf;. vi+ 83jhtuq;fs; gw;wp

ISSG juTj;jsk; (2009) Ez;Zapupfspd; ty;Ydu; FO. http://www.issg.org/database/

IUCN (2009) rJg;G epyq;fs;: ,uz;lhk; epiyg; gs;sp Mrpupau;fSf;fhd Xu; Mjhu E}y;.(Kk;nkhopapy;)

IUCN nfhOk;G. gf;. 48

Kottegoda, S R (2000) ,yq;ifapd; kyu;fs;;. ,yq;if mur Mrpa r%fk;. nfhOk;G. gf;. xv+247

Miththapala, S and P A Miththapala (1998 kw;Wk; mNdf kWgjpg;Gfs;) mJ vd;d kuk;? ,yq;ifapd;

rpy kuq;fSf;fhd mb kl;l kdpjdpd; topfhl;ly;. Ruk Rakaganno> nfhOk;G. gf;. 93 rpq;fs

kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfspYk; fpilf;Fk;.

Pinto, L (1986) ,yq;ifapd; rJg;Gepyq;fs;. ,aw;if tsq;fs;;. ,yq;if vuprf;jp kw;Wk; mwptpay;

mjpfhu rig> nfhOk;G gf;. 54

Ratnayake, H D and S P Ekanayake (1995) ,yq;ifapd; nghJg; ghijNahu kuq;fs;> mur jhtutpaw;

G+q;fh> Nguhnjdpa gf;. 192

Sumithrarachi, D B , H D Ratnayake, and S P Ekanayake (1995) ,yq;ifapd; mofhd fhl;L kyu;fs;.

mur jhtutpaw; G+q;fh> Nguhnjdpa gf;. 154

Vlas, J and J Vlas (2008) ,yq;ifapd; kyu;fis gw;wp tpsf;Fk; xU topfhl;b khu;f; Gj;jf

tpw;gidahsu;fSk; tpdpNahf];ju;fSk;.(jdpahu;)> fz;b. gf;. 304

Ks;se;jz;bypfs; gw;wp

http://www.srilankaninsects.net ,yq;ifapd; tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfSk; Jk;gpfSk; gw;wpaJ.

Bedjanic, M, G de Silva Wijeyeratne & K Conniff (2007) ,yq;ifapd; Jk;gpfs;. n[fhdpd; Gifg;glf; ifNal;Lj; njhlu; 1k;. gjpg;G> Jetwing Eco Holidays, nfhOk;G. gf;. 252 http://www.jetwingeco.com/index.cfm?mid=6&id=6 ,d; %yk; gjptpwf;fk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

de Silva Wijeyeratne, G (2006> mNdf kWgjpg;Gfs;) njd;dpe;jpahtpaJk; ,yq;ifapdJk;

tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs;. n[fhdpd; Gifg;glf; ifNal;Lj; njhlu; Jetwing Eco Holidays, nfhOk;G. gf;. 26

http://www.jetwingeco.com/index.cfm?mid=6&id=6 ,d; %yk; gjptpwf;fk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

de Silva Wijeyeratne, G (2007). njd;dpe;jpahtpaJk; ,yq;ifapdJk; tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs;. n[fhdpd;

Ngh];lu; njhlu;. Jetwing Eco Holidays;> nfhOk;G. http://www.jetwingeco.com/index.cfm?mid=6&id=6 ,d; %yk; gjptpwf;fk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

de Silva Wijeyeratne, G, K Conniff & M Bedjanic (2010); ,yq;ifapd; Jk;gpfs;. n[fhdpd; Ngh];lu;

njhlu;. ,yq;if Rw;Wyhj; Jiw Cf;Ftpg;Gg; gzpafk;> nfhOk;G. http://www.jetwingeco.com/index.cfm?mid=6&id=6 ,d; %yk; gjptpwf;fk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

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KUiff;fw;ghiwfs; gw;wp

Jayasinghe, Charmalee & Shamen Vidanage (2003) KUiff;fw; ghiwfs;: 2k; epiyg;gs;sp

Mrpupau;fSf;fhd xU Jiz ts E}y; (Kk;nkhopfspYk;) IUCN, nfhOk;G. gf;. 84

http://www.divesrilanka.com/FishCoralID.html KUiff;fw;fs; kw;Wk; fly; kPd;fSf;fhf

kPd;fs; gw;wp

http://www.divesrilanka.com/FishCoralID.html KUiff;fw;fs; kw;Wk; fly; kPd;fSf;fhf

Fernando, C H (1990) ,yq;ifapd; kPd;fs; kw;Wk; ed;dPu; tho; tpyq;fpdq;fs;. NARESA, nfhOk;G.

gf;. 444

NARA — Njrpa ePu; toq;fy; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Kfhik. http://www.nara.ac.lk/stickers/index2.html ,y; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l xl;Lk; rhjdq;fs; (Stickers kw;Wk; Posters) tpw;gidf;Fz;L

<&lfthopfs; gw;wp.

http://sites.google.com/site/srilankaamphibians/Home

efUapu;fs; gw;wp.

Das. I and A de Silva (2005) ,yq;ifapYs;s ghk;GfSk; NtW tif efUapu;fSk;. New Holland Publishers, UK. gf;. 144

http://www.srilankanreptiles.com/

gwitfs; gw;wp.

de Silva Wijeyeratne, G (2006) njd;dpe;jpah kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapYs;s gwitapdq;fs;. n[fhdpd;

Gifg;glf; ifNal;Lj; njhlu; Jetwing Eco Holidays, Colombo. 42 plates http://www.jetwingeco.com/index.cfm?mid=6&id=6 ,d; %yk; gjptpwf;fk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

de Silva Wijeyeratne, G (2010). ,yq;ifapYs;s gwitapdq;fs;. n[fhdpd; Gifg;glf; Ngh];lu;

njhlu; ,yq;if Rw;Wyhj;Jiw Cf;Ftpg;Gg; gzpafk;> nfhOk;G. http://www.jetwingeco.com/index.cfm?mid=6&id=6 ,d; %yk; gjptpwf;fk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

Kotagama, S and G Ratnavira (2010) ,yq;ifapd; gwitapdq;fis gw;wp tpsf;Fk; xU topfhl;bf; ifNaL. FOG, Sri Lanka. gf;. 356

KiyA+l;bfis gw;wp

de Silva Wijeyeratne, G (2010) ,yq;ifapd; KiyA+l;bfs;. n[fhdpd; Gifg;gl Ngh];lu; njhlu;

,yq;if Rw;Wyhj;Jiw Cf;Ftpg;Gg; gzpafk;> nfhOk;G. http://www.jetwingeco.com/index.cfm?mid=6&id=6 ,d; %yk; gjptpwf;fk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

de Silva Wijeyeratne, G (2008) ,yq;ifapd; KiyA+l;bfs;. New Holland Publishers, UK. gf;. 128

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