KARANATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY

B.SC (CHEMISTRY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY)

SYLLABUS

Syllabus & Regulations Governing ‘B.SC (CHEMISTRY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY)

1. Title of the Program: B.Sc(CBZ)

2. Duration of the Program: 3 Year

3. Nature of the Program: Year System

4. Eligibility Conditions:

a. Candidates who have successfully completed the

requirements of Pre University / 10 + 2 (Physics, Chemistry

,Mathematics, Botany, Zoology) Examination or Equivalent

from a recognized Board / Council

5. Allocation of Credits – Total --90--- Credits

6. Evaluation System :

The distribution of marks for evaluation in each subject shall be as

follows –

Theory Subjects :

Internal assessment 25 marks

Term End University Examination 75 marks

Practicals :

Internal assessment ( for each practical) 25 marks

Term End University Examination 75 marks

Minimum for pass :30 marks per course in theory and aggregate 40%

including assessment

Course exemption : 40% marks and above in each course

7. Academic Structure

B.SC (CHEMISTRY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY)

First Year

Group I:

1. English Communication I 4 Credits

2. Indian Constitution, Human Rights and 4 Credits

Group II:

3. Fundamentals of Computer Application 8 Credits

Group: III

4. Optional 1 Course I 4 Credits 5. Optional 2 Course I 4 Credits 6. Optional 3 Course I 4 Credits

Second Year

Group I:

1. English Communication II 4 Credits

2. Environmental Studies 4 Credits

Group II:

3. Mathematics 6 Credits

Group III:

4. Optional 1 Course II 4 Credits 5. Optional 2 Course II 4 Credits 6. Optional 3 Course II 4 Credits

Third Year

1. Optional 1 Course III 4 Credits 2. Optional 1 Course IV 4 Credits 3. Optional 1 Course V 4 Credits 4. Optional 2 Course III 4 Credits 5. Optional 2 Course IV 4 Credits 6. Optional 2 Course V 4 Credits 7. Optional 3 Course III 4 Credits 8. Optional 3 Course IV 4 Credits 9. Optional 3 Course V 4 Credits

CHEMISTRY:

First Year:

Course 1: Inorganic Chemistry I

Second Year

Course 2: Organic Chemistry I

Third Year:

Course III: Inorganic Chemistry II

Course IV: Organic Chemistry II

Course V: Physical Chemistry

BOTANY

First Year:

Course 1: Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes And Pteridophytes

Second Year

Course 2: Alga logy, Mycology, Bacteriology virology and plant

pathology

Third Year:

Course III: Angiosperm anatomy, Embryology and cell biology

Course IV: Archegoniate

Course V: Plant biochemistry, Physiology and ecology

ZOOLOGY:

First Year:

Course 1: Invertabrata

Second Year

Course 2: Chordata

Third Year:

Course III: Embryology

Course IV: Ecology, Animal Physiology

Course V: Cell Biology and Genetics

SYLLABUS FIRST YEAR

GROUP-I ENGLISH COMMUNICATIONS – 1 CONCEPT OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Meaning, nature and Scope of Communication, Characteristics of

Communication Need for , Communication, Factors Affecting

Communication, Essentials of Communication Skills, Human Behavior and

its Impact on Communication, Process of Communication, Evolution of

Business Communication, Characteristics of Business Communication,

Importance of Effective Business Communication, Essential Features of

Business, Mastering Communication Skills, Importance of internal and

External Communication in Business, Scope of Business Communication

Objectives of Business Communication Classification of Business

Communication Channels of Business Communication Barriers to Business

Communication

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Understanding Official Correspondence, External Communication: Business

Letters, Parts of a Business letter Layout of a Business Letter Types of

Business Letters, Essentials of a Good Business Letter, Press Communiqué,

Telegram, External Communication: Business Report, Purpose of Business

Reports Importance of Business Reports Essentials of a Good Business

Report Essentials of Good Report Writing Types of Reports, Structure of

Reports, External Communication: Business proposals, What is a proposal?

Types of proposals Format/Contents of a Proposal Guide lines for writing a

proposal, Suggestions for Cutting Correspondence Cost, Internal

Communication: Circulars, Memos amendments and DO letters, Internal

Communication: Notifications, Internal Communication: Meetings, Agenda,

Advantages of a Good Agenda Steps for Creating a Good Agenda Agenda

Guidelines, Minutes of Meeting, Internal Communication: Dictation,

Suggestions for Better Dictation, internal Communication: Instructions and

Demonstrations, Giving Instructions, Giving Clear, Instructions An

Individual lobs: Rules, Giving Demonstrations, Internal Communication:

Letters to Staff, Grammar Problems, The Quality Aspect of Communication

Fundamentals of Grammar and , sage Some Common Grammatical Errors

ORAL COMMUNICATION

Interviews, Types of Interviews, Handling Interviews: For

Interviewee/Candidate, Handling Interviews: For Interviewer, Listening

Skills, Planning and Process of Interviewing, Communicating with Groups,

Characteristics of Group Discussions Purpose of Group Discussions

Advantages of Group Discussions, Conducting a Group Discussion Types of

Group Discussions, Important Ingredients for Success in Group Discussions,

Importance of Body Language in Group Discussions Skills Evaluated During

Group , Discussions Successful Group Discussion Techniques, Qualities of a

Successful Participant, Practicing Techniques of Discussion, Business

Presentation and Speech, What is a Presentation?, What is Business

Presentation? What are Presentation Skills? Importance of Presentation

Skills Preparation of Speech, Styles of Speech, Presentation of Speech,

Guidelines for Effective Speech Making, Business Conferences, Meetings

versus Conferences, Procedure of Problem-Solving Conference

AUDIO-VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Role and Significance of Audio-Visual Communication, Channels of Audio-

Visual Communication, Graphic Communication, Important Concepts in

Graphic Communication, Types of Graphic Displays, Public Relations in

Business Communication, Functions of PR Objective of PR Mantras of PR,

Interaction between PR and Journalism, Advertising, Art of Effective'

Advertisement Structure of Advertisement Copy Types of Advertising Copy

MASS COMMUNICATION

Mass Communication and Promotional Strategies, What is Mass

Communication? Methods of Mass Communication, Publicity, Press

Releases, Content of Press Releases, Advantages, Disadvantage of Press

Releases, Essential Attributes, Media Mix Newsletters Direct Marketing,

Research Studies and Questionnaires, Types of Research Studies, Primary

Data through Internal Sources and External Sources

GENERIC SKILLS AND ETIQUETTES IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Concept of Etiquette in Business, Skills and Etiquettes for Using

Communication Systems and , Information Technology, Personal Etiquette

in Business Effective Mingling Mannerism, Table Manners, Making Small

Talk, Skill of Managing Business Events Conferences and Seminars

Business Trips and Pleasure Trips Company Events

INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Introduction and Historical Background – Constituent Assembly of India –

Philosophical foundations of the Indian Constitution – Preamble –

Rights and Duties

Fundamental Rights – Directive Principles of State Policy – Fundamental Duties

– Citizenship – Constitutional Remedies for citizens.

Union Government – Structures of the Union Government and Functions –

President – Vice President – Prime Minister – Cabinet – Parliament – Supreme

Court of India – Judicial Review. 9

State Government – Structure and Functions – Governor – Chief Minister –

Cabinet – State Legislature – Judicial System in States – High Courts and other

Subordinate Courts.

Indian Federal System – Center – State Relations – President’s Rule –

Constitutional Amendments – Constitutional Functionaries - Assessment of

working of the Parliamentary System in India.

Society : Nature, Meaning and definition; Indian Social Structure; Castle,

Religion, Language in India; Constitutional Remedies for citizens – Political

Parties and Pressure Groups; Right of Women, Children and Scheduled Castes

and Scheduled Tribes and other Weaker Sections.

Group –III Course –I

B.SC CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I

UNIT I: PERIODIC TABLE

OBJECTIVE: To Understand The General Characteristics Of Elements On

The Basis of Periodic Table.

Abundance- Cosmic Abundance - Relative Abundance-Terrestrial

Abundance. Major Trends Hi Periodic Table - Regular: Gradations, of Various

Physical and Chemical Properties of Elements in Periods and Groups -

Diagonal Relationships Inert Pair Effect – Anomalous Behavior of Elements.

Study of Trans Actinide Elements.

Classification of Elements, on The Basis of Their Electronic

Configurations - Comparative Study of The Normal Elements, Transition

Elements, Inner Transition Elements and Noble Elements.

UNIT II: ATOMIC STRUCTURE & SHAPE OF, MOLECULES

OBJECTIVES: To study the atomic structure from wave mechanical

concept.

Duel nature of matter – de - Broglie equation - verification using

Davisson Germer experiment - Heisenberg uncertainty principle - Compton

effect - Introduction to Quantum mechanics – Schrödinger Wave

equation(derivation not required) - Solution of Schrödinger equation for

hydrogen atom and expression for of the energy of electron in Orbit - Radial

and angular wave function - Eigen wave function and Eigen value.

Significance of Ψ and Ψ2 - Wave function and shape of the orbital -

Quantum numbers Structure and shapes of molecules: VSEPR Theory and

geometry of molecules. Hybridization and geometry of sp, sp2, sp3, dsp2, dsp3,

d2sp3, sp3d2 and sp3d3. Bonding, shapes and structures of the following

molecules: Molecules with Sigma bonds only - BeCl2, SnCl2, BF3, CH4, SF4,

XeF4, PC15, IF5, SF6 and IF7.

Molecules with Sigma and Л bonds - CO, N2O, XeO3, Xe04, PH4 + and SO42 ions.

UNIT III. METALLURGY, ALLOYS.

OBJECTIVES: To study the importance of Alloys and the Per acids.

General methods of metallurgy - ores - types - methods of concentration

of Ores-hydro metallurgy, pyrometallurgy - various methods of reduction

process - Refining of metals - Extraction of Cr, Mn, V, Pt and Th.

Alloys - purpose of alloy making - modes of formation and preparation of

allots types of alloys -composition, important properties, advantages and uses

of the following (two examples in each type required): Ferrous alloys, alloy steel,

light alloys, cast alloys, non ferrous alloys, copper alloys, nickel alloys, super

alloys, lead alloys and bearing alloys.- grading of alloys and heat treatment of

alloys.

UNIT IV: APPLIED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY & INORGANIC POLYMERS

OBJECTIVES: To have a better knowledge of applied inorganic

compounds.

Applied Inorganic Chemistry: Glass - Composition, Manufacture and

Varieties –Transparent Plastic -Glass Textiles. Structure and Uses of Zeolite

and Ultramarine Ceramics - raw materials and manufacture. Cement -

Composition, Manufacture and Varieties. Paints - parts of paints,

Classifications and Manufacture.

Pigments-Classifications and Preparation. Electro Plating-Purpose,

Qualities of Metal Coating, Apparatus, Procedure and theory of electro plating.

Galvanizing - Methods and Uses.

Inorganic Polymers: Definition and Different Methods of Classifications

–Polymers Containing Boron -Preparation, Reactions, Uses and Structure of

Borazine - Boron Nitride - Preparation and Structure. Polymers Containing

Silicon-Silicones-Preparation of Various Types - Structures and Uses of High

Thermal Silicones, Silicone Resins, Silicone Rubber and greases.

Polymers Containing P - Preparation and Uses of Poly ortho Phosphates, Poly

Meta Phosphates and Inorganic Rubber.

UNIT V: CONCEPT OF ELECTRON TRANSFER

OBJECTIVES: To understand the inorganic reactions on the basis of

electron transfer.

Electronic concept in Inorganic reactions: concept based on electron

transfer -Redox reactions -half reactions. Important oxidants and their

reduction half reactions – Fe (III) and potassium permanganate. Important

reductants and their oxidation half reactions - oxalic acid and Fe(II). Methods

of balancing redox reactions - Ion electron method and Oxidation Number

Method. Lewis concept of acids and bases based on electron transfer.

Peterson's Hard and Soft Acids and Bases principle - Definition and examples.

REFERANCE BOOKS:

1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Volume I – Sathyaprakash and

R.D.Madan, 2005, S.Chand and Company, New Delhi.

2. General and Inorganic Chemistry Volume. I, 2005 - Ra.Sarkar, New

Central Book Agency Kolkotha.

3. College Chemistry – J.L.Rosenberg and L.M.Epstein – 2004, Schaum’s

Outlines, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

4. Theoretical Principles of Inorganic Chemistry – G.S.Manku, 2004, Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

5. Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry – P.L.Soni and M.Katyl – 2004, Sultan

Chand and sons, New Delhi.

6. Industrial Chemistry – B.K Sharma, Goel Publishing House, Meerut.

7. Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry – E.S.Gilreath Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

Group –III Course –I B.Sc Botany Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes UNIT - 01 Comparative Survey Of Important Systems Of Classification Of Algae And Modern Trends - Comparative Account Of Algae With Special References To Algae Pigments - Flagellae - Chloroplasts - Pyrenoids - Eye Spots - Range Of Thallus - Food Reserves And Life Cycle Patterns - A Brief Study Of Form, Morphology - Cellular Organization - Reproduction And Life Cycle Of The Following Genera - Anabaena - Nostac - Chlorella - Valvox. UNIT - 02 Type Study Of Oedogonium - Clostridium - Chara - Ulothrix - Ulva. UNIT - 03 Type Study Of Coleocheate - Sargassum - Batrachosperumum. UNIT - 04 Distribution And Role Of Algae In Soil - Fresh Water - Marine Environment And In Polluted Habitats. UNIT - 05 Economic Importance Of Algae With Special Reference To Agar - Diatomaceous Earth - Bio- Fertilizers And Role Of Algae In Biotechnology. UNIT - 06 Recent Trends In The Classification Of Fungi With Reference To Morphology Criteria And Mode Of Life Of The Main Classes Of Fungi. UNIT - 07 Study Of The Following Genera - Plasmodiophora - Mucor - Rhizopus - Taphrina - Albugo - Eurotium - Puccinia - Ustilago - Polyporus - Peziza - Fusarium - Cercospora. UNIT - 08 Economic Importance - A General Study Of The Following With Special Reference To The Examples Given - Antibiotics (Penicillin) - Fungicides (Bordeaux Mixture, Hinosan) - Edible Fungi (Morchella). UNIT - 09 General Characters And Types Of The Following Associations And Their

Importance - Mycorrhiza - Lichens. UNIT - 10 Transmission And Control Of Plant Viruses With Special Reference To Insect Vectors - Viroides - Virians And Modern Concepts Of Oncogenic Viruses - Phages - Mycophages - Phycophages - Bacteriophages And Replication. UNIT - 11 Etiology And Control Of Following Plant Diseases - Bacteria - Citrus Cancker - Blight Of Castor - Blight Of Paddy - Fungi - Tikka Disease Of Ground Nut. UNIT - 12 Black Rust Of Wheat - Red Rot Of Sugar Cane - Virus - Tmv - Tymv - Bunchy Top Of Banana

GROUP –III COURSE –I B.SC ZOOLOGY

Unit – I ARTHROPODA

Penaeus and Cockroach,

Peripatus and limulus: Structure and affinities.

Unit – II

Larval forms in crustacea and parasitic crustacean, Prawn cluture,

Insect mouth parts and their modifications, social life and economic

importance of Insects, Arthropod Vectors of Human Welfare.

Unit – III MOLLUSCA:

Pila, Freshwater Mussel and sepia.

Unit – IV

Food modification and Respiratory organs in Mollusca, Torsion in

Gastropoda, Economic importance of Mollusca.

Unit – V ECHINNODERMATA

Starfish, Sea cucumber, Sea Urchin and Sea lilly. Water Vascular

system, Echinoderm larvae and their significance.

References:

1. Robert D Barnes, 1987 invertebrate Zoology, Saunders College

Publication.

2. Barrington E.J.W, 1981, Invertebrate Structure and Function, ELBS

Edition.

3. R.L Kotpal 1996 Modern text book of Zoology Invertebrates, Rastogi

Publication.

Ekambranatha Ayyar 1993, Manual of Zoology Vol.1 S.Vishwanathan Pvt.Ltd

GROUP-II

MATHEMATICS

UNIT I: DIFFERENTIATION

Algebra of derivative - Derivative of some standard function - Chain inverse

function - Differentiation by transfer nation - Logarithmic differentiation - Higher

derivatives - Leibniz Theorem.

UNIT II: INTEGRATION

Evaluation of integrals - Methods of substitution - integration of rational and

irrational functions - Evaluations of definite integrals - intention by parts -

reduction formulae.

UNIT III: THEORY OF MATRICES

Algebra of matrices - Types of matrices - Inverse of Matrices - elementary

transformations - rank of matrix - Simultaneous liner Equations - Characteristic

polynomial of a matrix.

UNIT IV: GROUPS

Definition and Examples - Permutation Groups -Sub groups - Cyclic groups.

UNIT V: GRAPH THEORY

Finite and infinite graphs - Paths and circuits - isomorphism - Sulgraphs -

Connected graphs - Euler graphs - Hamiltonian paths - trees- distance and center iii

a tree - rooted and binary trees - Spanning tree.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Arumugam & Isaac, Calculus - Volume I Chapter 3(for Unit I)

2. Arumugam & Isaac, Calculus -Volume II Chapter 2 (for Unit II)

3. Arumugam & Isaac, Modern Algebra (for Unit lll & IV)

4. NarsinghDeo, GraphTheory with application -Engineering & Computer

Science (for Unit V)

GROUP-III

COURSE II

B.SC CHEMISTRY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –I UNIT I: CONCEPTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVE: To Understand the Important Concepts Of Organic

Chemistry.

Concepts of Organic Chemistry: Inductive Effect, Electrometric Effect

Mesoameric Effect, Hyper Conjugation and Steric Effect - Their Influence on

the reactivity of organic Compounds.

Reaction Intermediates - Formation, Stability and Structure of

Carbonium Ion, Carbanion, Carbenes, Nitrenes and free Radicals. Mechanisms

of Nucleophilic Reactions of Carbonyl Groups and Nucleophilic acyl

Substitution - Mechanism of Polymerization (addition and condensation with

examples).

UNIT II: NAME REACTIONS

OBJECTIVE: To understand the mechanism and uses of important name

reactions

Name Reactions - Mechanism of The Following Reactions - Aldol

Condensation, Cannizro Reaction, Clemenson Reduction, Diel's Alder Reaction,

Friedel-Craft Reaction, Gattermann Reaction, Knovenagal Reaction,

Reformatsky Reaction, MPV Reduction / Oppenauer Oxidation and Wolf-

Kishner Reduction.

UNIT III: REAGENTS OF SYNTHETIC IMPORTANCE

OBJECTIVE: To study the synthetic applications of some important

organic reagents.

Reagents of Synthetic Importance - Preparation and Synthetic

Applications of Diazo Methane, Crown Ether, Sodamide, Lithium Aluminium

Hydride, N-Bromo Succinimide (NBS). Periodic Acid, Osmium Tetroxide, and

Selenium Dioxide.

UNIT IV: AROMATICITY/AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

OBJECTIVE: To study Aromaticity and Aromatic compounds.

• Aromaticity - Huckel Theory - Aromaticity in Benzenoid and Non-

Benzenoid Compounds

• Mechanism of Aromatic Substitutions (Electrophilic, Nucleophilic and

Benzyne Mechanisms) - Effect of Substitution Present During Di-

Substitution - Effect of Substitution Acidity of Phenol and Basicity of

Aniline.

• Preparation and Reactions of Benzene Sulphonic Acid.

• Preparation of the Following Compounds: O-, P- And M-Chloro Toluenes,

O-, P-, and M-Cresols, Cinnamaldehyde, Micheler's Ketone, P-benzo

quinine.

• Preparation, Reactions and Structure of Naphthalene, Anthracene and

Phenanthrene

UNIT V: NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

OBJECTIVE: To understand the Importance of Aromatic Nitrogen

Compounds.

Preparation, Properties and Uses of Aniline, O-.P- and M-Toluidines, O-,

P- and M- Phenylen Diamines, Nitro Benzene, O-, P- and M-Dinitro Benzenes

Anthranilic Acid. Sulphanilamide Picric Acid and Benzidine.

Benzene Diazonium Chloride -Preparation and Synthetic Applications.

Preparation and Reactions of Diazo Benzene.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Organic Chemistry Volume I: Fundamental Principles, (ELBS) Longman.

2. Problems and Their Solutions in Organic Chemistry – I.L.Finar, (ELBS)

Longman.

3. Organic Reactions and Reagents – J.N.Gurtu and R.Kapoor, 2004,

S.Chand and Company, New Delhi.

4. Organic Reaction Mechanisms – R.K.Bansal, 2005, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi.

5. Modern Organic Chemistry – M.K.Jain and S.C.Sharma, 2005, Vishal

Publishing Company, Jalandar.

6. Advanced Organic Reaction Mechanisms – N.Tewari, 2005, Books and

Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkotha.

7. Advanced Organic Reaction Mechanisms – Jerry March, 2004, Pearson

Education.

8. Advanced General Organic Chemistry – S.K.Gosh, 2005, New Central

Book Agency, Kolkotha.

9. Organic Chemistry – G.Mehta and M.Mehta, 2005, Prentics Hall of India

GROUP-III

COURSE II

B.SC BOTANY ALGOLOGY, MYCOLOGY, BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY AND PLANT

PATHOLOGY

UNIT – I : ALGOLOGY

a) Comparative survey of important systems of classification of Algae and

modern trends.

b) Comparative account of algae with special references to Algae pigments,

flagellae, chloroplasts, pyrenoids, eye spots, range of thallus, food

reserves and Life cycle patterns.

c) A brief study of form, morphology, cellular organization, reproduction

and life cycle of the following genera.

i) Anabaena.

ii) Nostac.

iii) Chlorella.

iv) Valvox

v) Oedogonium

vi) Clostridium

vii) Chara

viii) Ulothrix

ix) Ulva

x) Coleocheate

xi) Sargassum

xii) Batrachosperumum.

UNIT - II 1. Distribution and role of algae in soil, fresh water, marine

environment and in polluted habitates.

2. Economic importance of algae with special reference to – Agar, diatomaceous

earth, bio - fertilizers and role of algae in biotechnology.

UNIT – III : MYCOLOGY

a) Recent trends in the classification of Fungi with reference to

morphological criteria and mode of life of the main classes of fungi

b) Comparative study of the following genera: Plasmodiophora, Mucor,

Rhizopus, Taphrina, Albugo, Eurotium, Puccinia, Ustilago, Polyporus,

Peziza, Fusarium, Cercospora.

UNIT IV Ecnomic importance :

A general study of the following with special reference to the

examples given : Antibiotics (Penicillin), fungicides

(Bordeaux mixture, Hinosan), Edible fungi (Morchella).

General characters and types of the following associations

and their importance : a) Mycorrhiza, b) Lichens.

UNIT – V : BACTERIOLOGY

a) General classification of bacteria .

b) Bacterial anatomy, Nutrition, growth and reproduction.

c) Economic importance of bacteria with special references to Antibiotics,

Nitrogen cycle, Root nodule bacteria and in industries.

UNIT – VI : VIROLOGY

a) General characters of virus – Nomenclature and classification of plant

viruses, Morphology etc.

b) Transmission and control of plant viruses, with special reference to

insect vectors.

c) Viroides, virians, and modern concepts of oncogenic viruses.

d) Phages – Mycophages, Phycophages, and Bacteriophages and

replication.

UNIT – VII : PLANT PATHOLOGY

a) Symptomology in fungal, bacterial and viral infections of plants.

b) Etiology and control of following plant diseases :

Bacteria : Citrus cancker, Blight of castor, Blight of paddy.

Fungi : Tikka disease of ground nut, Black rust of wheat, Red rot of

Sugar cane.

Virus : TMV, TYMV, Bunchy top of Banana.

Reference:

1. Fritsch F.E. 1945 : Structure and Reproduction in Algae 2 volumes.

Cambridge University.

2. Smith G.M. 1955 : Cryptogamic Botany Vol, Tata McGraw Hill.

3. Moris. I 1967 : Introduction to Hutchinson University Library.

4. Chapman V.J. & Chapman D.J. 1973 : The Algae (2nd Edn) Macmillan.

5. Webster J. 1970 : Introduction to Fungi Cambridge University press.

6. Vasista B.R. 1969. Botany (for degree students) part-II fungi

7. Sri Vastva J.P. 1970 : An introduction to Fungi, Central book depot,

Alahabad.

GROUP-III

COURSE II

B.SC ZOOLOGY CHORDATA

Unit – I

General characters and outline classification of phylum-chordata - Origin

of chordates, Structure and affinities of Balanoglossus, Ascidian, and

Amphioxus, Characters and classification of sub-phylum Hemichordata,

Urochordata and Cephalochordata

Unit – II

Class: Pisces - Characters and classification of Fishes up to order level

with examples - Structure of Shark – Structure and affinities of Dipnoi – Types

of Fins, Types of Scales – Accessory respiratory organs in Fishes – Migration of

Fishes – Parental care in Fishes.

Class: Amphibia – General character and classification of Amphibia up

to order level with examples. Origin of limbs. – Organization of Frog, Biology

and Adaptive feature of Anura and Apoda. – Parental care in Amphibians. –

Origin of Amphibia.

Unit – III

Class: Reptilia - General characters and classification of Reptilia up to

order level. – Organization of Calotes. – Types of Skull in Reptiles.

Class: Aves. – General characters and Classification of Aves. -

Organization of Pigeon. – Flight Adaptation of Pigeon. –Palaeognathae, the

flightless birds- Palate in birds Origin of Birds – Migration Birds

Unit – IV

Class: Mammaila – General Characters and Classification of Mammals –

Structural organization of Rat, Bilogy and distribution of Prototheria,

Metatheria and Eutheria – Dentition Mammals – Adaptive Radiation in

Mammals – Flying and Aquatic Mammals Adaptations.

Unit – V

Comparative anatomy of the organ systems of vertebrates in relation to

their adaptations and evolution – Integument, Digestive, Respiratory ,

Circulatory nervous, Urogenital and Skeletal systems. Study of poisonous and

non-poisonous snakes and their identification. – Poisonous and Biting

mechanism in Snakes. – Mesozoic reptiles – Affinities of Sphenodon.

References:

1. Ayyar E & Anathakrishnan, Manual of zoology. Vol-11 Part 1 S.

Viswanathan & co.,

2. Jordan, E.L & Verma, P.S Chrodate Zoology 11/e, S.chand & co.

3. Kenneth V.Kardong, Vetebrates 2/e Tata McGraw Hill.

4. Romer, AS Vertebrate Body, Wb Saunder Co., Philadelphia.

5. Waterman, AJ., et al. Chordate Stucture and Function, Ma Millan co.

6. De Beer Vrtebrate Body, Sidgwich & Sons Ltd., London.

7. Yound, J.Z Life of Vertebrates.

8. Dr.Rastogi V.B Vertebrate Zoology, Kedarnath Ramnath, Meerut.

9. Parker & Haswell, Vol 11 Chordata.

10. Adam Sedgwick. A Student’s Text Book of Zoology, Vol – 11 Central

Book Depot. Allahabath

11. Young J.Z Life of mammals.

12. George C.Kent & Larry Miller Comp Area of the Vertebrates 8/e

Tata McGarw Hill

13. Newman H.H Phylum Chordata. Me Millan.

14. Smith H.M Evolution of Chordate structure Holt Rinehart &

Winston Inc., N.Y.

THIRD YEAR B.SC CHEMISTRY

COURSE III: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II

UNIT I. COORDINATION CHEMISTRY I

OBJECTIVE: To study the theories of bonding in the coordination

complexes.

1. IUPAC System nomenclature of coordination complexes.

2. Theories – Valence Bond theory,

3. Crystal Field Theory - crystal field splitting of tetrahedral, square planar

and octahedral systems

4. Factors affecting the value of ∆.

5. Crystal Field Stabilization Energy (CFSE) values and its application in

the stability of complexes. Calculation of CFSE for metal ionsCd1 to d 9

systems).

6. Application of crystal field theory in spectral and magnetic properties

Adjusted crystal, field theory.

7. Distortion from perfect symmetry - Jahn Tellar effect - Z in and Z out in

Oh

8. Complexes, Molecular orbital approach - MO .diagrams for ML6 type

complexes

9. Weak and strong field ligands - Spectrochenucal series and its

applications

10. Л -

back coordination

UNIT II: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY II.

OBJECTIVES: To study the stability and applications of coordination

complexes.

Chelates, macro ligands and their complexes Solution complexes –

detection using chemical properties, UV-Visible spectra and PH. Applications of

coordination complexes- Analytical (quantitative methods -gravimetric and

complexometric analysis), solvent extraction, chelating therapy, technical and

industrial applications.

Stability of complexes in solution - formation constants and stepwise

formation constants - factors affecting the stability of complexes in solution—

chelate effect. Methods of determination of stability constants –Spectral and

Bjerrum methods.

Reactions of complexes - Substitution reactions of tetrahedral, square

planar(trans effect and cis effect) and octahedral complexes.

UNIT III: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY III.

OBJECTIVE: To study the properties of structure of metal carbonyls.

Metal Carbonyls: Л acid complexes - low oxidation state of metal

ions in Carbonyls. Classification - General methods of preparation, physical

and chemical properties. Bonding and structure of metal carbonyls - EAN -

Valence Bond and Molecular orbital theories – M→CO Л bonding.

Preparations, properties and structures of the following: Fe(CO)5,

Fe2(CO)9, Fe2(CO)12, Co2(CO)8 ,Mn2(CO)10, Ni(CO)4 and V(CO)6.

Metal nitrosyls containing NO+ and NO groups - nitroso ferrous

sulphate and sodium nitropruside - preparation and structure.

Sterepisomerism in coordination complexes of Td, Square planar and Oh

structures.

UNIT IV: BIO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the role of metal ions in Biological systems.

Essential elements in biological systems -bulk, trace and ultra trace

elements in bio systems. Deficiencies, disorders and toxic effect of metals -

metals in medicine - dignosis and treatment. Metallo bio molecules -

classification.

Microbiological mining. Basic chemical processes in bio system. Metallo

proteins - role of metals in proteins. Metallo enzymes-role of metals in enzymes

Iron proteins - hemoglobin and myoglobin - structural changes during

reversible binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Copper proteins- cerulopalsmin and its role - function of copper-zinc

super oxide dismutase. Metal ions as charge carrier - lonophores - transport

through channels - function of Na+- K+ pump.

UNIT V: THEORY OF PRACTICALS & ANALYTICAL TREATMENT

OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA.

OBJECTIVE: To have a theoretical knowledge of the practical course

works,

Theoretical Principles of Complexometry Titrations - Importance Buffer

Solutions. Direct (Estimation of Zn and Pb) and Indirect (Estimation of Al)

Titrations.

Masking and Demasking (Estimation of Chromium In Presence of Iron).

Analysis of 2 Cations in Solution (Alloy Analysis) - Estimation of Ni and Fe

(Nickel Steel). Principles of Gravimetric Analysis - Precipitation Methods -

Conditions of Precipitation-Factors Influencing the Precipitation and Solubility

- Co-Precipitation and Post Precipitation - Digestion, Washing and

Drying/Ignition of the Precipitate. Analysis of Experimental Results: Definition

and Explanations with Examples of Die Following Terms- Mean, Meridian,

Precision and Accuracy.

Type of Errors - Random, Systematic and Gross Errors - Methods of

Detection and Elimination of Systematic Errors. Definition and Explanation of

the Terms - Deviation, Average Deviation, Relative Average Deviation, Standard

Deviation, Variance, Coefficient of Variance, Student's and Confidence Level.

Computation Rules and Significant Figures.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Volume I and II – Sathyaprakash and

R.D.Madan, Revised reprint 2005, S.Chand and Company, New Delhi.

2. General and Inorganic Chemistry Volume. I and II, Revised reprint 2005

– R.Sarkar, New Central Book Agency, Kolkotha.

3. Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry – P.L.Soni and M.Katyl – 2004, Sultan

Chand and sons, New Delhi.

4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – F.A.Cotton and G.Wilkinson, John Wiley

and sons Inc.

5. Inorganic Chemistry – J.E.Huhee, E.A.Keithr and R.L.Keiter, Addison

Wesley Publishing Company.

6. Concise Coordination Chemistry – R.Gopalan and V.Ramalingam – 2001,

Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.

7. Spectroscopy – G.R.Chatwal and S.K.Anand – 2004, Himalaya Publishing

House.

8. Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry – Russel Drago.

9. Bioinorganic and Supramaolecular Chemistry – A.Bhagi and

G.R.Chatwal – 2004, Himalayan Publishing House, New Delhi.

COURSE IV : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II

UNIT I: STEREOCHEMISTRY.

OBJECTIVE: To study the details of stereochemistry.

• Stereo chemistry; Geometrical isomerism of oximes -determination of

configurations- E-Z notation.

• Optical isomerism: Optical activity of compounds without asymmetric

carbondiphenyls, allenes and spiranes.

• Difference between configuration and conformation.

• Conformational analysis of 1, 2 dichloro ethane, propane, butane and

cyclohexane with energy diagrams - factors affecting conformational

stability- axial and equatorial bonds in cyclohexane -1, 3-diaxial

interactions in cyclohexane derivatives.

• Conformation of mono substituted cyclohexane derivatives. Newman

projection and Sawhorse formulae.

UNIT II: CARBOHYDRATES.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the importance of carbohydrates in bio

chemical systems.

Carbohydrates: Conformations of glucose, fructose and galactose

(structures only). Structure and reactions of sucrose and maltose. (Structural

elucidation hot required) - Amino sugars and their importance - glycoside and

physiological importance.

Carbohydrate metabolism – Embden -Meyerhoff pathway - citric acid

cycle. Polysaccharides - structures of starch, glycogen and cellulose.

Application of Cellulose derivatives.

UNIT III: REARRANGEMENT REACTIONS.

OBJECTIVE: To know the importance of rearrangement reactions.

Rearrangement Reactions - definition and classification - mechanism and

uses of the following rearrangement reactions Pinacol-Pinacolone

rearrangement, Benzilic acid rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement,

Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann rearrangement, Curtius rearrangement

and Benzidine rearrangement.

UNIT IV: ACTIVE METHYLENE COMPOUNDS

OBJECTIVE: To Study The Synthetic Uses Of Active Methylene

Compounds.

Active methylene compounds - reactivity of methylene hydrogens.

Preparation and synthetic uses of diethyl malonate and ethyl acetoacetate.

Tautomerism - definition -various types - keto-enol, amido-imido, nitro-

acinitro, and oxime-nitroso tautomerisms - mechanisms with evidences.

UNIT V: ORGANO METALLIC COMPOUNDS

OBJECTIVE: To study the properties and uses of organo metallic

compounds.

Organo metallic compounds - Preparations and synthetic applications of

metal olefine complexes - preparation, structure and bonding of platinum

ethylene complex - metallocenes-preparation, reactions and structure of

ferrocene.

Application of Organometalics in catalysis - hydrogenation of olefins

(Wilkinson's catalyst) – Ziegler - Natta catalyst and application.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds – E.L.Eliel, 2005, Tata McGraw-

Hill Publishing Company.

2. Organic Chemistry: Natural Products. Volume I _ O.P.Agarwal, 2004,

Goel Publishing House.

3. Bilchemistry – S.C.Rastogi, 2005, Tata Mc.Graw-Hill Publishing

Company.

4. Organic Chemistry Volume I: Fundamental Principles, (ELBS) Longman.

5. Text Book of Organic Chemistry – K.S.Tewari and N.K.Vishnoi, 2005.

6. Biochemistry – P.W.Kuchel and G.B.Ralston, 2005, Schaum’s Outlines,

Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.

7. Organic Chemistry – G.Mehta and M.Mehta, 2005, Prentice Hall of India.

8. Organic Reaction Mechanisms – R.K.Bansal, 2005, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi.

9. Modern Organic Chemistry – M.K.Jain and S.C.Sharma, 2005, Vishal

Publishing Company, Jalandar.

10. Advanced Organic Reaction Mechanisms – Jerry March, 2004,

Pearson Education.

COURSE V : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT I. GASEOUS STATE.

OBJECTIVE: To study the behavior of molecules in gaseous and liquid

state.

Gaseous State: Maxwell's law of distribution of velocities (derivation not

required ) effect of temperature on distribution of velocities - types of velocities

most probable average, root and mean square velocities - collision diameter -

collision number collision frequency - mean free path. Degrees of freedom of

gaseous molecules

Liquid State: Structure of liquids - properties of liquids - vapour pressure

–phase equilibrium - effect of temperature on vapour pressure - heat of

vapourisation. Liquid crystals - semetic, nemetic, cholesteric, discotic and

polymer liquid crystals.

UNIT II. SOLID STATE & SURFACE CHEMISTRY.

OBJECTIVE: To study the various properties of solids.

• Solid State: Types of Packing - CCP and HCP Packing.

• Types of Solids - Molecular Crystals - Covalent Crystals - Structure of

Graphite, Diamond and Fullerene.

• Ionic Crystals-Types Of Ionic Crystals - Study Of Structure Of AX Type

Crystals- Structure Of Halite (Rock Salt, Cscl), Zinc Blende.

• Adsorption-Types of Adsorption-Chemisorption and Physisorption.

• Factors Influencing Adsorption

• Freundlich Longmuir (Derivation Required) and BET Isotherms and their

Significance

• Catalysis - Types of Catalysts - Promoter and Poison.

• Theory of Homogeneous Catalysis - Theories of Heterogeneous Catalysis

(Manufacture of Ammonia by Haber’s Process) - Modern Adsorption

Theory – Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalysis.

• Acid Base and Enzyme Catalysts-Types and Examples.

UNIT III: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVE: To study the nuclear stability and nuclear reactions.

Nuclear stability - n/p ratio - nuclear isotopes - separation of isotopes

determination of atomic mass of an element - Thomson and Aston's mass

spectrograph. Nuclear forces - nuclear size nuclear density - mass defect –

packing fraction and binding energy of nucleus - problems.

Nuclear models.

Nuclear reactions - Artificial transmutation and induced radioactivity.

Nuclear fission - explanation by liquid drop model - energy released during

fission-controlled and uncontrolled fission. Atomic reactors - Thermal reactor

and Fast breeder reactor.

Nuclear fusion ~ controlled fission - energy released in Atomic and

Hydrogen bombs. Radioactive hazards - disposal of radioactive wastes from

nuclear reactors. Nuclear fuels - Uranium enrichment.

UNIT IV: PHOTO CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVE: To understand the concept and applications of

Photochemical reactions.

Thermal and photo reactions - absorption of light in solutions - Beer-

Lambert's law and its limitation - laws of photochemistry – Grothus – Draper

law - Stark-Einstein law. Consequence of light absorption – Jablonski diagram

– Phosphorescence and nuorescence Non radiative and radiative transition.

Quantum yield-experimental determination.

Primary and secondary processes - photochemical reactions -

photochemical rate law. Kinetics of photochemical reactions (quantitative

treatments) - reaction between H2 and C12, and decomposition of HI.

Energy transfer in photochemical reactions - photosensitization and Quenching

– Photo synthesis - Chemiluminescence, thermo luminescence and

bioluminescence. Lasers-principle, types and applications.

UNIT V: COMPUTERS IN CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVE: To Study The Applications Of Computer Programming To

Problems In Chemistry.

Programming in C++ - operators in C++ - library functions - sqrt, log etc.

-operator precedence and solving expressions - branching statement - looping

statement.

Simple programs for solving problems in chemistry - determination of

RMS velocity, average and most probable velocities of gases - calculation of half

life of radio active nuclei - Problems in elevation of boiling point, depression of

freezing point and osmotic pressure. MS Excel - drawing graphs using excel

program.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Text Book of Physical Chemstry – Samuel Gladstone, Macmillan.

2. Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding – Manes Chandra, Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

3. Elements of Physical Chemistry – Puri, Sharma and Pattanic, 2003,

Vishal Publishing Company, Jalandar.

4. Text Book of Physical Chemistry – K.K.Sharma and L.K.Sharma, 2004,

Vihas Publishing House, New Delhi.

5. Physical Chemistry – G.R.Metz, 2004, Scheum’s Outlines – Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

6. Physical Chemistry – G.W.Castellan, Narosa Publishing Co.

7. Nuclear Chemistry – R.Gopalan, 2000, Vikas Publishing House, New

Delhi.

8. Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry – E.S.Gilreath Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

9. Object oriented programming – E.Balagurusamy.

THIRD YEAR

B.SC BOTANY COURSE-III

ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY

ANATOMY

UNIT – I

Meristematic tissues – Apical, lateral and intercalary meristems – Ultra

structure and histochemistry – Theories of apical organization – Shoot apex –

Root apex

UNIT – II

Tissue systems – epidermal tissues – Trichomes, stomata – Structure and

Function. Glandular tissues – Primary tissues – parenchyma, collenchyma,

sclrenchyma, Vascular tissues – xylem, phloem.

UNIT – III

i) Primary structure of root and stem Dicot, and monocot – Nodal

anatomy, unilacunar, trilacunar, and multilacunar.

ii) Vascular cambium - Cark cambium, - Periderm, lenticels,

abscission, wound healing, Tyloses, Annual ring, Heart wood.

iii) Secondary growth in monocot stem-Anamalous secondary

thickening in dicot stems (Bougainvillaea, Bignonia,

Boerhaavia, etc.)

Embryology:

UNIT – IV

Microsporangium – structure and development of anther – male

gametophyte. Megaspore – Structure and development of ovule – Female

gametophyte. Fertilization and post fertilization changes.

UNIT – V

Endosperm – types – Nuclear endosperm, Cellular endosperm, Helobial

endosperm, Ruminant endosperm, Endosperm Haustoria - Functions of

endosperm. Embryo development – monocot, and dicot embryo, -

Polyembryony, parthenogenesis, Apomixis, Role of embryology in plant

breading, embryology of Hybrids.

Cell biology :

UNIT – VI

Ultra structure of plant cell and cell organells – their functions – cell wall,

cytaplasm, Endoplasmic reticulam, Golgi complex, Lysosomes. Mitochondria,

Plastids, Ribosomes, Nucleus.

UNIT – VII

Chromosomes – structure and function, Euchromatiion,

heterochromation, Giant chromosomes, - Polytene and Lampbrush. Nucleic

Acids – Structure, Function Replication. DNA and RNA as the genetic material.

Cell division, types and cell division – mechanism.

Reference:

MAJOR II ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY

ANATOMY

1. Carlquist – 1961. Comparative plant anatomy – Holt Rinchart, New

York.

2. Esau.K. 1965 – Plant Anatomy. Jot – John, Wiley, New York.

3. Foster. A.S. Practical Plant Anatomy. D.Van, Nostrand & Co-New York.

4. Hall – J.W. 1976 – Plant structure, Functions and adaptation – Mac

Millian – London.

EMBRYOLOGY

Bhojwani. S.S and Bhatnagar. SP. 1978. The Embryology of Angiosperms.

Vikas Publishing. Pvt. Ltd.

Maheswari. P. 1971. An Introduction to the embryology of Angiosperms.

Tata Macgrow Hill company Ltd.

Swamy. BGL and Krishnamurthy. K.V. 1980. From flower to fruit.

Raghavan V. 1976, Experimental embryogenesis in vascular plants,

Academic press, London.

Johanson .D.A. 1950. Plant embryology. Chronica – Botanica, walthon

press U.S.A.

CELL BIOLOGY

1. Brown W.V. and Berk E.M. 1984. A text book of cytology. C.V. Mosby

Co. St. Louis.

2. Swanson C.P. 1971. The cell, Prentice Hall of India.

3. Friefelder D. 1995 – Molecular Biology. Narsa, Publishing House – New

Delhi.

4. Cohn N.S. 1979. Elements of cytology Freeman Book company.

5. Hall. J.L. flowers. T.J. and Roberts R.M. 1978/ Plant cell structure and

metabolism, Longman.

COURSE –IV ARCHEGONIATAE BRYOPHYTES:

UNIT – I

1. General characteristics and classification, origin, and evolution of

bryophytes.

2. Study of morphology and Life cycle of the following genera in detail.

a) Marchantia, b) Anthoceras, c) Pellia, d) Sphagnum, e) Polytrichum.

UNIT II 1. Study of general topics

a) Ecology, pollution indicators of Bryophytes.

b) Comparative study of alternation of generation.

c) Economic importance

Pteridophytes

UNIT – III

1. General characteristics of pteridophytes, classification, Alternation of

generation, sporangial organization, Homospory, Heterospory –

Development of antheridia, archegonia and embryos.

2. Apomictic life cycle – aposgamy, apospory, vegetative apomixis.

UNIT – IV

1. Study of morphology and Life Cycle of the following genera.

a) Rhynia.

b) Selaginella.

c) Isoetus

d) Equisetum

e) Ophioglossum

f) Dichranopteris.

g) Osmunda.

h) Adiantum.

i) Marsilea.

UNIT – V

Evolutionary trends in ferns – Steelar evlution, sorus evolution,

prothalial evolution.

Gymnosperms :

UNIT – VI

1. Recent trends in classification of gymnosperms.

2. Morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive organs.

3. Detailed study of the following genera : Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum.

UNIT – VII

Study of general topics :

1. Structure and evolution of archegonium in Bryophytes, Pteridophytes

and Gymnosperms.

2. Distribution of living and fossil gymnosperms in India.

3. Evolution and Economic importance of gymnosperms.

COURSE-V PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

PLANT BIO-CHEMISTRY

UNIT – I

1. Classification, occurrence and structure of carbohydrates and Lipids.

2. Amino acids, peptides and proteins – occurrence, structure, functions

and synthesis of amino acids. Classification of proteins according to

solubility and structure. Structural proteins, lections and their

importance.

UNIT – II :

1. Chemical nature, properties, classifications and mode of action of

enzymes – Km value, regulation and compartmentalization.

2. Outlines of Nucleic acids – Structure and types.

3. Biosynthesis and function of secondary metabolites, - lignin, subarins,

turpines, phenols, alkaloids and flavanoids.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT – III

1. Physio–chemical properties of cell – structure and composition of cell

membrane – models – Fluid mosaic model, Lipoprotein model.

2. Chemistry of solutions, Colloids, bonds, pH, Oxidation and Reduction.

3. Water relations of plant – Unique – Physico-chemical properties of water,

Chemical potential and water potential in the plant, Diffusion,

Imbibitions, Permeability osmosis, Soil – Plant – Atmosphere –

Continuum (SPAC) – Stomata - regulation and transpiration.

UNIT – IV

1. Photosynthesis – Pigments, Photo system I and II, Electron transport

through cyclic, non-cyclic and photo phosphorylation, Calvin cycle,

Hatch and clack pathway, Factures affecting photosynthesis, Photo

respiration.

2. Respiration – Aerobic and Anaerobic. Glycolysis, Kerb’s cycle, ETS –

phosphorylation, substrate and oxidative – HMP Shunt - RQ, Factors

influencing respiration..

3. Nitrogen metabolism – Nitrogen cycle, Nitrogen fixation – symbiotic and

non-symbiotic – Ammonia assimilation – protein synthesis.

UNIT – V

1. Mineral Nutrition: Essential elements – Micro and macro elements –

their deficiency diseases – Fertilizers. Foliar nutrition.

2. Growth – Measurement – Growth hormones – Photoperiodism –

Thermoperiodism – vernalization – photochrome – Biological clock – Fruit

- development and ripening – seed setting – Seed - Dormancy, viability

and germination.

UNIT – VI

1. Ecology – Definition – Principles – environment of rooted plant – Physical

factors – Temperature, light, humidity, Rain fall, wind, fire etc., and

Biological factors

2. Soil - Structure and composition – Soil air, Soil water and Biological

system of soil, Soil profile – Formation of soil and soil types.

UNIT – VII

1. Ecosystem concept – Tropic levels – food chain – food web – Ecological

pyramids.

2. Plant succession in pond and virgin soil – climax. Classification of plants

based on water relations – morphological and structural adaptations in

various environment systems.

THIRD YEAR B.SC ZOOLOGY

COURSE –III EMBRYOLOGY

UNIT – I

History of embryology – Theories of perforation – epigenesis and

pangenesis – Van Baer’s Law – Biogenetic law – Germ plasm theory - Mosaic

theory – Regulative theory – Branches of embryology.

UNIT- II : Gametogenesis and fertilization:

1. Definition, process and significance of spermatogenesis and oogenesis –

types of sperms – types of eggs and egg membranes – Polarity and

symmetry.

2. Fertilization – definition and significance – entry of sperm – egg activation –

post fertilization changes – theories of fertilization.

UNIT – III : Cleavage and Gastrulation :

1. Cleavage – Definition – Significance – Patterns of cleavage (Amphioxus,

Frog, Bird and Mammal) – influence of yolk in cleavage – Morula and

Blastula – Radial and spiral cleavage.

2. Gastrulation – Definition – Significance – Gastrulation in Amphioxus,

frog, bird, and mammal – organ forming areas – Fate maps.

UNIT – IV : Tubulation and organogenesis :

1. Tubulation – definition, process and significance – primary organ

rudiments – Notogenesis – Neurogenesis – Mesoderm formation in

amphioxus, Frog and Birds.

2. Organogenesis – Development of brain, heart, eye and ear in frog and

chick. Development of fetal membranes in chick and mammal placenta –

definition and significance – different types.

UNIT – V

Experimental embryology – Definition and significance – Induced

ovulation – artificial fertilization – fertility control – cell linkage – gradient

theory – Nuclear transplantation – cell differentiations organizers – primary and

secondary theories – Parthenogenesis – Natural and artificial, Haploid and

Diploid parthenogenesis – Regeneration.

Reference:

1. Verma – P.S. Agarwal, V.K. Chordate embryology – S. Chand & Co.

2. Balinsky B.C. Introducion to embryology – W.B. Saunder Co.

Philadelphia.

3. Developmental Biology – Rastogi V.B. & Jayaraj M.S., Kedarnath,

Ramnath, meerut.

4. Pattern foundations of Embryology.

COURSE –IV

ECOLOGY, ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT – I

Introduction – Definition – concepts – Importance of the study of ecology

– Environmental factors – Biotic and abiotic factors – physical, chemical

factors.

UNIT – II Ecosystem:

Characteristics, components, producers, consumers, decomposers and

transformers. Energy flow in ecosystem – Food chain – Food web – Ecological

pyramids – Pond and Grass land as the ecosystem.

UNIT – III : Population and Population Interactions

1. Population – characteristics – natality, morality, density and age

distribution. Population control; Life tables.

2. Population interaction :

i) Intra specific interactions – Aggregation, Social organization,

divisions of labour and Social behavior, Territorialism,

migration.

ii) Intra specific interaction – Neutralism, commensalism,

synergism, mutualism, symbiosis, Ammensalism, Antagonism,

parasitism, competition and predation.

UNIT – IV : Habitat ecology

1. Biosphere – Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and atmosphere.

2. Habitats – Terrestrial, Aquatic - Marine and Fresh water habitats.

3. Biomes – Fresh water biomes – lakes and rock pools, springs, steam and

rivers; marshes and swamps. Marine biomes – characteristics, and

divisions, Pelagic and benthic life, their adaptations; rocky, muddy and

sandy stores; estuaries; mangroves. Terrestrial biomes, Soil, forests,

grass land, deserts, tundra, tropical rain forests, scrub jungles.

UNIT – V : Applied ecology

1. Natural resources and their management.

2. Aquaculture and fisheries.

3. Forests – Protest action of forests, Chipko movement aforestation, social

forests, and biomass production.

4. Wildlife management – wildlife sanctuaries, National parks and Bio-

reserves in India.

5. Environment pollution – Air, water, soil, noise and radioactivity – source,

effect and control measures.

6. Green house effect and ozone layer – pesticides and residual effects.

UNIT – VI

Introduction – Scope – fields of physiology – cellular, comparative and

general physiology - Functional aspects of the various organ systems.

UNIT – VII : Nutrition & Metabolism

1. Nutrition – Definition, Types – modes of food procurement in animals –

Food constituents – protein, carbohydrate, minerals, fat, salt and

Vitamins - significance of each food constituents; Balanced diet.

2. Enzymes – general characters, classification and their mode of action –

role of inhibitors.

3. Metabolism - Energy production from carbohydrates, proteins and fats –

regulation of metabolism.

4. Digestion – In man – cellulose digestion absorption and assimilation.

UNIT – VIII : Respiration and Excretion

1. Respiration - Oxygen processing mechanisms in animals – skin, gills,

lungs, trachea – properties and functions of respiratory pigment –

Hemoglobin – role in human respiration – transport of O2 and CO2

mechanism – adaptations to dividing control of respiration – and

anaerobiosis.

2. Excretion – general organs in mammals formation of nitrogenous wastes

– Deamination and ammonotelism, ornithene cycle and ureotelism, citric

acid exeretion and its significance, structure of human kidney –

mechanism of urine formation ; micturition; osmotic and ionic

regulations – passive and active transports – osmoregulations in fishes

and hormonal control of osmotic balance.

UNIT – IX : Circulatory system & Nervous System

1. Body fluids and their circulation – Blood – Properties , composition and

functions, blood coagulation – Lymph – Circulation and functions –

Anemia, Haemolysis – types and functions of heart – structure of

mammalian heart – pace makers and the endogenous nature of cardiac

rhythm and its control – BP and ECG.

2. Nervous system – components, types of neurons – nerve fibers – human

brain – structure and its functions – conduction of nerve impulse and

Reflexes – receptors of Neurosensory mechanism – photoreceptors and

phonoreceptors – chemo receptors, mechano receptors – equilibrium

receptors – Muscular system – Types of muscles – ultra structure –

properties of vertebrate skeletal muscle – physical chemical changes

taking place during muscle contraction – theories of muscle contraction –

muscle twitch, summation, Tetanus, fatigue, electric organs and

luminescent organs.

UNIT – X : Thermo regulation and chemical co-ordination

1. Thermo regulation – Temperature relations of homiotherms and

poikilotherms – Thermo regulation in man, adaptations met with in

animals ride over temperature extreme – Hibernation, Oestivation,

diapauses, thermal immigration .

2. Chemical co-ordination – Endocrine organs of man, their secretion and

significance – pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, thymus,

pineal body, hypothalamus, gastro intestinal hormones – feedback

mechanisms – hormones of moulting ad metamorphosis of insects -

Role of endocrines in reproduction, Bioluminescence and its significance,

biorhythms in animals.

References:

1. Hoar WS (1987) General and Comparative Physiology Prentice-Hall.

2. Processor, CL Comparative Animal Physiology. Saunders

3. Giese, Ac (1973) Cell Physical, WB Saunders Company

4. Parameswaran and Anantha Krishnan (1991) S.anantha Subramanian.

Outlines of Animal Physiology. Viswanathan & co.

5. Verma,PS 7 Tyagi, BS Animal Physical 6/oS. Chand 7 co .,

6. Agarwal, Vk, agarwal RA Srivatsava, Ak & Kaushal Kumar, Animal

Physiology and Biochemistry S.Chand & Co.,Malcolm S.Gordon (1997)

Animal Physiology. Macmillan Publising Co., Inc

COURSE-V

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

UNIT – I

1. Introduction – Definition – cell theory – History of cell biology.

2. Methods – Light, Phase contrast and Electron Microscopy (TEM/SEM) –

Ocular and stage micrometers – Camera Lucida cell homogenization –

Fractionation – centrifugation and isolation of cellular components.

Fixation, Stains and staining methods – vital staining – cell and tissue

culture – paper chromatography.

UNIT – II

Structure of cell – structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells – their

differences – structure composition and functions of cell organelles – cell

membrane, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum, microsomes ,

chloroplasts, centrioles, cell appendages – cilia – flagella etc – Nucleus.

UNIT – III

Structure, composition and functions of chromosomes – Giant

chromosomes – Nucleic – acids – DNA and RNA – structure, composition types

and functions – Z DNA, B DNA C DNA – mRNA, t RNA, r RNA – Replication of

DNA & RNA – DNA & RNA as the material – Genetic code –Protein synthesis -

Gene regulation – Operan concept -Cell division and cell cycle – mitosis and

meiosis their significance.

Genetics

UNIT – IV

1. Introduction – contributions of Mendel – Mendel laws – Gene interaction

– Epistasis – complementary genes – Atavism, Lethal genes multiple

alleles – coat colour in rodents – Blood group inheritance in man.

2. Chromosomal genetics: Linkage and crossing over – mechanism – types

and theories – chromosome mapping – sex determination in man,

drosophila, honey bee. Sex linked inheritance – Hemophilia and colour

blindness – Mutation – Mutagenesis, mutagen, mutants – In breeding

and out breeding – Heterosis and extra chromosomal inheritance.

UNIT – V

Experimental genetics and population genetics – Hardy Weinberg law –

microbial genetics – conjugation, transduction & transformation – Genetic

engineering and Biotechnology.