Kaori G. Nepo, M.Ed.,BCBA

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Training ObjectiveLearn Basic ABA terms and understand how to

apply ABA procedures.

• Reinforcement/ Punishment• Extinction• Motivating Operation• Shaping• Chaining• Prompting• Data collection

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Applied Behavior Analysis“ABA is the science in which tactics deprived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.”

(Cooper, Heron, & Howard, 1987)

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Why ABA?It is way of life

“IT WORKS!!!!!”Evidence Based

MeasureableObservableData driven decision makingRepeatable

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HistoryWatson: (Psychology as the Behaviorist Views

It, 1913) S-R Behaviorism

Skinner: (The Behavior of Organism, 1938) Respondent Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Radical Behaviorism-include

private events

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Respondent Conditioning US UR NS

US UR + NS

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Respondent Conditioning US UR CS CR CS CR CS CR NS

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Operant ConditioningArrangement of resulting stimuli/ consequences to change future occurrences of voluntary behaviorThree-term contingencyFour-term contingencyReinforcementPunishmentExtinction

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Three-Term Contingency

A(SD) – B(R) – C(SR+/SR-/SP+/SP-) Antecedent: a stimulus which

occurs before a behavior

Behavior/ Response: movement or action by an individual

Consequences: a stimulus which is produced by a behavior

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Four-Term ContingencyMO A-B-CMotivating Operation (MO): the

environmental changes that alter the reinforcing value of stimulus (and the frequency of a behavior)

EO: Establishing OperationAO: Abolishing Operation

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Stimulus ControlContingent Relationship between

antecedent stimulus an a response (behavior): The presence of antecedent stimulus alter the behavior in frequency, duration, latency, or intensity

SD (Discriminative Stimulus): in the presence a behavior will be reinforced

S∆: in the presence a behavior will not be reinforced

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Responses/BehaviorsFunction-Based

(obtain/escape/avoid) the purpose of the behavior/ effect on

the environment

Topography-Based the shape or form of the behavior

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Target BehaviorsAssessment (interview/ check list/ standardized

test/ observation/ ecological assessment )

To increase or to decreaseOperational Definition

Objective: observable and measurableClarity: unfamiliar observers can identifyCompleteness: clear boundaries, time frame

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ReinforcementFuture likelihood of behavior increases byPositive Reinforcement: the

contingent presentation of a stimulus (SR+), immediately following a response (R)

Negative Reinforcement: the contingent removal of an aversive stimulus (SR-) immediately following a response (R)

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ReinforcersSR

Primary/ Unconditioned(food, water, sleep, oxygen, warmth, sexual stimulation)

Secondary/ Conditioned (edible, tangible, sensory, activity oriented, social, generalized)

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Schedule of ReinforcementCRF: Continuous Reinforcement (FR1)INT: Intermittent Schedule of ReinforcementFR: Fixed Ratio ScheduleVR: Variable Ratio ScheduleFI: Fixed Interval ScheduleVI: Variable Interval ScheduleCompound Schedule (c.f. concurrent, multiple, chained, mixed, tandem,

alternative)

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Stimulus Preference AssessmentAsk

Target Person (open-ended, choice, rank-ordering)

significant otherspretask choice

Free Operant contrived observation (predetermined set)naturalistic observation

Trial Based Single Stimuli Paired Stimuli Multiple Stimuli 18

Reinforcer AssessmentConcurrent Schedule:

two or more reinforcers for two or more behaviors

Multiple Schedule: two or more schedule of reinforcement for a behavior

Progressive Ratio Schedule: requirement for reinforcement will increase over time

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Use Reinforcers EffectivelyTimingConsistencyAmountQualityVariety (EO)NoveltyConcurrent ScheduleGeneralization

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PunishmentFuture likelihood of behavior will

decrease byPositive Punishment: the contingent

presentation of an aversive stimulus (SP+) immediately following a response (R)

Negative Punishment: the contingent removal of a stimulus (SP-)immediately following a response (R)

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PunisherSP

Primary/ Unconditioned(pain, odors, tastes, physical restraint, loss of bodily support, extreme muscular effort)

Secondary/ Conditioned

(reprimands, response blocking, contingent exercise, overcorrection-restitutional/positive practice)

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ExtinctionThe frequency of the previously

reinforced behavior decreases or ceases by discontinuing reinforcementPositive reinforcementescape extinctionsensory extinction

Extinction BurstSpontaneous Recovery

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Sessions

Behavior Reduction ProcedureDifferential ReinforcementDRI: DRA: DRO (FI-DRO, VI-DRO, FM-DRO,

VM-DRO)DRL (full-session DRL, interval DRL,

spaced-responding DRL)

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Data CollectionDirect Measurement

Permanent Products (written sample)Direct Observational Recording

Event RecordingDuration RecordingLatency RecordingInter Response Time (IRT)Interval Recording (whole or partial) Momentary Time Sampling

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Data CollectionSummary

Frequency/ Rate/ Percentage/ FluencyGraphing (independent

variable/dependent variable)Interobserver Agreement (IOA)Analysis

(base line/treatment, variability, trend-ascending/descending, level, internal/external validity)

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Data Collection

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..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\data collection1.mpg

..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\data collection2.mpg

..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\Interval Recording video.mpg

Graphs

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ShapingDifferential reinforcement of

successive approximation to the terminal behaviorTopographyFrequencyLatencyDurationMagnitude

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PromptingSupplementary S to increase likelihood

of correct responses

Response PromptsPictorial/TextualVerbal (full or partial) ModelingPhysical guidance (Full or Partial)

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PromptingStimulus Prompts

Movement cues/ GestrualPosition cuesRedundancy cues

color size shape

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ExamplesPictorial/ TextualVerbalGesturalModelingPhysical Guidance

..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\20080722111134.mpg

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Prompt Fading: Gradual Removal of promptsMost to LeastLeast to MostDecreasing AssistanceGraduated Guidance: fade physical

promptsTime DelayIncreasing Assistance

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Behavior Chain: a particular sequence of responses within a

complex skill in which completion of a response serves as a conditioned reinforcer as well as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain.

S1 S2 S3 S4

R1 R2 R3 R4 SR

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Task Analysis: breaking down a complex task into

simple and smaller unitsExample:

TA for brushing teeth

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Brushing Teethhygiene\08071604.mpg

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Teaching Behavior ChainsTotal-Task Chaining/ Total-Task Presentation

Forward ChainingBackward Chaining: Backward Chaining with Leap Ahead

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Developing ObjectivesObjectives include…Conditions: antecedents (given directions or

situation)StudentBehavior: observable, measurable /quantifiableCriterion: accuracy, frequency, duration,

latency

Let’s Develop Objectives for ….

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