Kaori G. Nepo, M.Ed.,BCBA
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Training ObjectiveLearn Basic ABA terms and understand how to
apply ABA procedures.
• Reinforcement/ Punishment• Extinction• Motivating Operation• Shaping• Chaining• Prompting• Data collection
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Applied Behavior Analysis“ABA is the science in which tactics deprived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.”
(Cooper, Heron, & Howard, 1987)
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Why ABA?It is way of life
“IT WORKS!!!!!”Evidence Based
MeasureableObservableData driven decision makingRepeatable
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HistoryWatson: (Psychology as the Behaviorist Views
It, 1913) S-R Behaviorism
Skinner: (The Behavior of Organism, 1938) Respondent Conditioning
Operant Conditioning Radical Behaviorism-include
private events
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Respondent Conditioning US UR NS
US UR + NS
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Respondent Conditioning US UR CS CR CS CR CS CR NS
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Operant ConditioningArrangement of resulting stimuli/ consequences to change future occurrences of voluntary behaviorThree-term contingencyFour-term contingencyReinforcementPunishmentExtinction
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Three-Term Contingency
A(SD) – B(R) – C(SR+/SR-/SP+/SP-) Antecedent: a stimulus which
occurs before a behavior
Behavior/ Response: movement or action by an individual
Consequences: a stimulus which is produced by a behavior
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Four-Term ContingencyMO A-B-CMotivating Operation (MO): the
environmental changes that alter the reinforcing value of stimulus (and the frequency of a behavior)
EO: Establishing OperationAO: Abolishing Operation
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Stimulus ControlContingent Relationship between
antecedent stimulus an a response (behavior): The presence of antecedent stimulus alter the behavior in frequency, duration, latency, or intensity
SD (Discriminative Stimulus): in the presence a behavior will be reinforced
S∆: in the presence a behavior will not be reinforced
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Responses/BehaviorsFunction-Based
(obtain/escape/avoid) the purpose of the behavior/ effect on
the environment
Topography-Based the shape or form of the behavior
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Target BehaviorsAssessment (interview/ check list/ standardized
test/ observation/ ecological assessment )
To increase or to decreaseOperational Definition
Objective: observable and measurableClarity: unfamiliar observers can identifyCompleteness: clear boundaries, time frame
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ReinforcementFuture likelihood of behavior increases byPositive Reinforcement: the
contingent presentation of a stimulus (SR+), immediately following a response (R)
Negative Reinforcement: the contingent removal of an aversive stimulus (SR-) immediately following a response (R)
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ReinforcersSR
Primary/ Unconditioned(food, water, sleep, oxygen, warmth, sexual stimulation)
Secondary/ Conditioned (edible, tangible, sensory, activity oriented, social, generalized)
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Schedule of ReinforcementCRF: Continuous Reinforcement (FR1)INT: Intermittent Schedule of ReinforcementFR: Fixed Ratio ScheduleVR: Variable Ratio ScheduleFI: Fixed Interval ScheduleVI: Variable Interval ScheduleCompound Schedule (c.f. concurrent, multiple, chained, mixed, tandem,
alternative)
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Stimulus Preference AssessmentAsk
Target Person (open-ended, choice, rank-ordering)
significant otherspretask choice
Free Operant contrived observation (predetermined set)naturalistic observation
Trial Based Single Stimuli Paired Stimuli Multiple Stimuli 18
Reinforcer AssessmentConcurrent Schedule:
two or more reinforcers for two or more behaviors
Multiple Schedule: two or more schedule of reinforcement for a behavior
Progressive Ratio Schedule: requirement for reinforcement will increase over time
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Use Reinforcers EffectivelyTimingConsistencyAmountQualityVariety (EO)NoveltyConcurrent ScheduleGeneralization
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PunishmentFuture likelihood of behavior will
decrease byPositive Punishment: the contingent
presentation of an aversive stimulus (SP+) immediately following a response (R)
Negative Punishment: the contingent removal of a stimulus (SP-)immediately following a response (R)
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PunisherSP
Primary/ Unconditioned(pain, odors, tastes, physical restraint, loss of bodily support, extreme muscular effort)
Secondary/ Conditioned
(reprimands, response blocking, contingent exercise, overcorrection-restitutional/positive practice)
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ExtinctionThe frequency of the previously
reinforced behavior decreases or ceases by discontinuing reinforcementPositive reinforcementescape extinctionsensory extinction
Extinction BurstSpontaneous Recovery
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Sessions
Behavior Reduction ProcedureDifferential ReinforcementDRI: DRA: DRO (FI-DRO, VI-DRO, FM-DRO,
VM-DRO)DRL (full-session DRL, interval DRL,
spaced-responding DRL)
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Data CollectionDirect Measurement
Permanent Products (written sample)Direct Observational Recording
Event RecordingDuration RecordingLatency RecordingInter Response Time (IRT)Interval Recording (whole or partial) Momentary Time Sampling
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Data CollectionSummary
Frequency/ Rate/ Percentage/ FluencyGraphing (independent
variable/dependent variable)Interobserver Agreement (IOA)Analysis
(base line/treatment, variability, trend-ascending/descending, level, internal/external validity)
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Data Collection
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..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\data collection1.mpg
..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\data collection2.mpg
..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\Interval Recording video.mpg
Graphs
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ShapingDifferential reinforcement of
successive approximation to the terminal behaviorTopographyFrequencyLatencyDurationMagnitude
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PromptingSupplementary S to increase likelihood
of correct responses
Response PromptsPictorial/TextualVerbal (full or partial) ModelingPhysical guidance (Full or Partial)
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PromptingStimulus Prompts
Movement cues/ GestrualPosition cuesRedundancy cues
color size shape
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ExamplesPictorial/ TextualVerbalGesturalModelingPhysical Guidance
..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\20080722111134.mpg
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Prompt Fading: Gradual Removal of promptsMost to LeastLeast to MostDecreasing AssistanceGraduated Guidance: fade physical
promptsTime DelayIncreasing Assistance
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Behavior Chain: a particular sequence of responses within a
complex skill in which completion of a response serves as a conditioned reinforcer as well as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain.
S1 S2 S3 S4
R1 R2 R3 R4 SR
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Task Analysis: breaking down a complex task into
simple and smaller unitsExample:
TA for brushing teeth
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Brushing Teethhygiene\08071604.mpg
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Teaching Behavior ChainsTotal-Task Chaining/ Total-Task Presentation
Forward ChainingBackward Chaining: Backward Chaining with Leap Ahead
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Developing ObjectivesObjectives include…Conditions: antecedents (given directions or
situation)StudentBehavior: observable, measurable /quantifiableCriterion: accuracy, frequency, duration,
latency
Let’s Develop Objectives for ….
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