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Citation preview
႔
JUSTICE BASE
- -
Endland and Wales at A
Charity Number 1153878
Email- infojusticebaseorg wwwjusticebaseorg
၂၅ ၂၀၁၇
Open Society Foundations
၁ 1
၁-၁ 1
၁-၂ 2
၂ 5
၂-၁ 5
၂-၂
7
၂-၃ 11
၂-၄ 14
၃ 15
၃-၁ 15
၃-၂ 17
၃-၃ 19
၄ 24
31
33
i
Justice Base
Justice Base
Justice Base
Justice Base
Open Society Foundation
Peace and Disarmament Education Trust
႑
႔
၄ ႔
႔ Justice Base
ii
၂၀၁၅ ႔ (NLD)
1 NLD
႔ ၄
႑
႔
2
႔ (၂၀၀၈) (၂၀၀၈ ႔ )
႔
၂၀၁၆
႔
႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
ldquoMyanmarrsquos General Election A New Erardquo (12 November 2015) The Economist
ltwwweconomistcomgt
Nick Cheesman ldquoOpposing the Rule of Law How Myanmarrsquos Courts Make Law and Orderrdquo
(Cambridge University Press United Kingdom 2015) at 117-118
iii
(၁)
႔ (၂)
၄
၄
၄ ႔
(၃) Justice Base
iv
႔ ႔
႔
၄ ( ) ႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
၅၀ ၃၆ ၁၁၉ ႔
၂၀၅ Justice Base
၄
၁ ၃၆ ၆ ႔ ႔ ၁၆ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
v
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၂ ၄ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
၃ ၅၀
႔ ႔
၄ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၃
၁၅ ၁၅ ႔
၃ ၁ ႔
vi
႔
႔ ႔
၆၀ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႑ ႔
Justice Base
၁ ႔
၂၀၀၈
႔ ၁၉ ၂၀၁၀
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
JUSTICE BASE
- -
Endland and Wales at A
Charity Number 1153878
Email- infojusticebaseorg wwwjusticebaseorg
၂၅ ၂၀၁၇
Open Society Foundations
၁ 1
၁-၁ 1
၁-၂ 2
၂ 5
၂-၁ 5
၂-၂
7
၂-၃ 11
၂-၄ 14
၃ 15
၃-၁ 15
၃-၂ 17
၃-၃ 19
၄ 24
31
33
i
Justice Base
Justice Base
Justice Base
Justice Base
Open Society Foundation
Peace and Disarmament Education Trust
႑
႔
၄ ႔
႔ Justice Base
ii
၂၀၁၅ ႔ (NLD)
1 NLD
႔ ၄
႑
႔
2
႔ (၂၀၀၈) (၂၀၀၈ ႔ )
႔
၂၀၁၆
႔
႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
ldquoMyanmarrsquos General Election A New Erardquo (12 November 2015) The Economist
ltwwweconomistcomgt
Nick Cheesman ldquoOpposing the Rule of Law How Myanmarrsquos Courts Make Law and Orderrdquo
(Cambridge University Press United Kingdom 2015) at 117-118
iii
(၁)
႔ (၂)
၄
၄
၄ ႔
(၃) Justice Base
iv
႔ ႔
႔
၄ ( ) ႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
၅၀ ၃၆ ၁၁၉ ႔
၂၀၅ Justice Base
၄
၁ ၃၆ ၆ ႔ ႔ ၁၆ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
v
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၂ ၄ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
၃ ၅၀
႔ ႔
၄ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၃
၁၅ ၁၅ ႔
၃ ၁ ႔
vi
႔
႔ ႔
၆၀ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႑ ႔
Justice Base
၁ ႔
၂၀၀၈
႔ ၁၉ ၂၀၁၀
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
၁ 1
၁-၁ 1
၁-၂ 2
၂ 5
၂-၁ 5
၂-၂
7
၂-၃ 11
၂-၄ 14
၃ 15
၃-၁ 15
၃-၂ 17
၃-၃ 19
၄ 24
31
33
i
Justice Base
Justice Base
Justice Base
Justice Base
Open Society Foundation
Peace and Disarmament Education Trust
႑
႔
၄ ႔
႔ Justice Base
ii
၂၀၁၅ ႔ (NLD)
1 NLD
႔ ၄
႑
႔
2
႔ (၂၀၀၈) (၂၀၀၈ ႔ )
႔
၂၀၁၆
႔
႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
ldquoMyanmarrsquos General Election A New Erardquo (12 November 2015) The Economist
ltwwweconomistcomgt
Nick Cheesman ldquoOpposing the Rule of Law How Myanmarrsquos Courts Make Law and Orderrdquo
(Cambridge University Press United Kingdom 2015) at 117-118
iii
(၁)
႔ (၂)
၄
၄
၄ ႔
(၃) Justice Base
iv
႔ ႔
႔
၄ ( ) ႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
၅၀ ၃၆ ၁၁၉ ႔
၂၀၅ Justice Base
၄
၁ ၃၆ ၆ ႔ ႔ ၁၆ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
v
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၂ ၄ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
၃ ၅၀
႔ ႔
၄ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၃
၁၅ ၁၅ ႔
၃ ၁ ႔
vi
႔
႔ ႔
၆၀ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႑ ႔
Justice Base
၁ ႔
၂၀၀၈
႔ ၁၉ ၂၀၁၀
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
i
Justice Base
Justice Base
Justice Base
Justice Base
Open Society Foundation
Peace and Disarmament Education Trust
႑
႔
၄ ႔
႔ Justice Base
ii
၂၀၁၅ ႔ (NLD)
1 NLD
႔ ၄
႑
႔
2
႔ (၂၀၀၈) (၂၀၀၈ ႔ )
႔
၂၀၁၆
႔
႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
ldquoMyanmarrsquos General Election A New Erardquo (12 November 2015) The Economist
ltwwweconomistcomgt
Nick Cheesman ldquoOpposing the Rule of Law How Myanmarrsquos Courts Make Law and Orderrdquo
(Cambridge University Press United Kingdom 2015) at 117-118
iii
(၁)
႔ (၂)
၄
၄
၄ ႔
(၃) Justice Base
iv
႔ ႔
႔
၄ ( ) ႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
၅၀ ၃၆ ၁၁၉ ႔
၂၀၅ Justice Base
၄
၁ ၃၆ ၆ ႔ ႔ ၁၆ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
v
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၂ ၄ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
၃ ၅၀
႔ ႔
၄ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၃
၁၅ ၁၅ ႔
၃ ၁ ႔
vi
႔
႔ ႔
၆၀ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႑ ႔
Justice Base
၁ ႔
၂၀၀၈
႔ ၁၉ ၂၀၁၀
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
ii
၂၀၁၅ ႔ (NLD)
1 NLD
႔ ၄
႑
႔
2
႔ (၂၀၀၈) (၂၀၀၈ ႔ )
႔
၂၀၁၆
႔
႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
ldquoMyanmarrsquos General Election A New Erardquo (12 November 2015) The Economist
ltwwweconomistcomgt
Nick Cheesman ldquoOpposing the Rule of Law How Myanmarrsquos Courts Make Law and Orderrdquo
(Cambridge University Press United Kingdom 2015) at 117-118
iii
(၁)
႔ (၂)
၄
၄
၄ ႔
(၃) Justice Base
iv
႔ ႔
႔
၄ ( ) ႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
၅၀ ၃၆ ၁၁၉ ႔
၂၀၅ Justice Base
၄
၁ ၃၆ ၆ ႔ ႔ ၁၆ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
v
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၂ ၄ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
၃ ၅၀
႔ ႔
၄ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၃
၁၅ ၁၅ ႔
၃ ၁ ႔
vi
႔
႔ ႔
၆၀ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႑ ႔
Justice Base
၁ ႔
၂၀၀၈
႔ ၁၉ ၂၀၁၀
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
iii
(၁)
႔ (၂)
၄
၄
၄ ႔
(၃) Justice Base
iv
႔ ႔
႔
၄ ( ) ႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
၅၀ ၃၆ ၁၁၉ ႔
၂၀၅ Justice Base
၄
၁ ၃၆ ၆ ႔ ႔ ၁၆ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
v
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၂ ၄ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
၃ ၅၀
႔ ႔
၄ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၃
၁၅ ၁၅ ႔
၃ ၁ ႔
vi
႔
႔ ႔
၆၀ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႑ ႔
Justice Base
၁ ႔
၂၀၀၈
႔ ၁၉ ၂၀၁၀
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
iv
႔ ႔
႔
၄ ( ) ႔
Justice Base
႔ ႔
၅၀ ၃၆ ၁၁၉ ႔
၂၀၅ Justice Base
၄
၁ ၃၆ ၆ ႔ ႔ ၁၆ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔
v
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၂ ၄ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
၃ ၅၀
႔ ႔
၄ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၃
၁၅ ၁၅ ႔
၃ ၁ ႔
vi
႔
႔ ႔
၆၀ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႑ ႔
Justice Base
၁ ႔
၂၀၀၈
႔ ၁၉ ၂၀၁၀
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
v
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၂ ၄ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
၃ ၅၀
႔ ႔
၄ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
၃
၁၅ ၁၅ ႔
၃ ၁ ႔
vi
႔
႔ ႔
၆၀ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႑ ႔
Justice Base
၁ ႔
၂၀၀၈
႔ ၁၉ ၂၀၁၀
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
vi
႔
႔ ႔
၆၀ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႑ ႔
Justice Base
၁ ႔
၂၀၀၈
႔ ၁၉ ၂၀၁၀
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
vii
႔
႔ ၄ ႔
႔ ႔ ၄ ႔
၂
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔ ႔
၃ ႔
႔
႔ ႔
႔
႔
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
1
(၁)
၁-၁
1
2
3
၁ 4
5
6
7
၁ 8
1 ( ) (၆) 2 ၁၆
၉ ( ) 3
( ) ၁ ၁ -
4 ( ) ၁ ၆
5 ၉ ၉ 6 ၁၉ 7 8 ၁ httpwwwunionsupremecourtgovmm
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
2
၁-
9
rdquo 10 International Commission of
Jurists 11
9 (၁) ၁၁( ) ၁၉( ) 10 Yanghee Lee ldquoReport of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmarrdquo (18 March 2016) AHRC3171 at 15 11 International Commission of Jurists ldquoRe Implementable Action Plans from the ICJ to the
new Parliament amp Governmentrdquo (3 May 2016) lthttpswwwicjorgwp-
contentuploads201606Myanmar-Recommendation-to-NLD-Gvt-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-
2016-ENGpdfgt at 5-6 See also International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country
Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo (2014)
High Court (Region or State)
District Courts
Other Courts Constituted by Law (eg Juvenile
Courts)
Courts of Self-Administered Zones
Township Courts
Courts of Self-Administered Divisions
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
3
၁၉၆
rdquo12
၁၉
၁၉
rdquo 13
၁၉
၁
rdquo 14
rdquo
rdquo 15
rdquo 16
lthttpswwwicjorgwp-contentuploads201406CIJL-Country-Profile-Myanmar-June-
2014pdfgt 12 Myint Zan ldquoJudicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards the Pastrdquo 1
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 13 13 Id at 25
Asian-Pacific Law amp Policy Journal 5 (2000) at pg 25 14 Nick Cheesman ldquoThin Rule of Law or Un-Rule of Law in Myanmarrdquo (2010) 82(4) Pacific Affairs 597 at 612 15 Cheesman above n 2 at 161ndash162 16 International Commission of Jurists ldquoMyanmar Country Profile prepared by the ICJ Centre
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
4
17
18
19
20
21
for the Independence of Judges and Lawyersrdquo above n 14 at 11 See also Khaing Sape Saw
ldquoTackling Myanmar‟s Corruption Challengerdquo (April 2015) 13 Focus Asia Perspectives and
Analysis 1 17 Lee above n 13 at 15 International Bar Association‟s Human Rights Initiative ldquoThe Rule of
Law in Myanmar Challenges and Prospectsrdquo (International Bar Association London
December 2012) 18 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo (2013)ltwwwicjorggt at 31 DLA Piper New Perimeter ldquoMyanmar Rule of Law
Assessmentrdquo (March 2013) ltwwwnewperimetercomgt at 36 19 See International Commission of Jurists ldquoRight to Counsel The Independence of Lawyers in
Myanmarrdquo above n 20 Melissa Crouch ldquoRediscovering bdquoLaw‟ in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 23 Pac
Rim L amp Pol‟y J 543 at 545-46 20 Lee above n 13 at 15 21
၁( ) ၁ ( )( ) ( )( )
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
5
22
23
24
( )
-၁
22 The distinction between substantive law reform and advocacy for formal legality in the
context of ldquocause lawyeringrdquo in Myanmar is drawn in Nick Cheesman and Kyaw Min San
ldquoNot Just Defending Advocating for Law in Myanmarrdquo (2014) 31 Wis Int‟l L J 702 at 704ndash
705 23 See for instance the All Burma Federation of Student Unions‟ boycott of the ldquofailedrdquo court
system ldquoStudents to boycott failed judicial systemrdquo (March 15 2016) Asian Human Rights
Commission Press Release AHRC-STM-033-2016
lthttpwwwahrchkorgruleoflawasianetnewsphpid=AHRC-STM-033-2016gt See also
International Commission of Jurists above n 20 at 14-15 Justice Base ldquoVoices from the
Intersection Women‟s Access to Justice in the Plural Legal System of Myanmarrdquo (2016)
ltwwwjusticebaseorggt at 9 54 and 81 This problem is recognised by Myanmar‟s
government see ldquoMoving Forward to the Rule of Law Strategic Plan 2015ndash2019rdquo (Union
Attorney General‟s Office Nay Pyi Taw 2015) at 11 24 Jeremy Lever ldquoWhy Procedure is More Important than Substantive Lawrdquo 48 Int‟l amp Comp
LQ 285 (1999) at 300 discussing Tom Tyler Who Do People Obey the Law (Yale University
Press New Haven 1990)
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
6
rdquo 25 (
)
26
27
28
25
Ola Johan Settem ldquoApplications of the bdquoFair Hearing‟ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil
Proceedingsrdquo (Springer New York 2016) at 120 See also Human Rights Committee General
Comment No 32 CCPRCGC32 (23 August 2007) at para 28 26 M Cherif Bassiouni ldquoHuman Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice Identifying
International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutionsrdquo
(1992ndash1993) 3 Duke J Comp Int‟l L 235 at 274 Anthony C Epstein ldquoOpen Courts Closed
Trialsrdquo (1986) 13 Litigation 23 at 24 27
( )
28 Bassiouni above n 28 at 274
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
7
rdquo29 30 31
-
၁၉( ) rdquo
၁ ( )
29 Sarosh Zaiwalla ldquoSecret courts justice conducted behind closed doors is no justice at allrdquo (19
August 2013) The Guardian ltwwwtheguardiancomgt 30 Tom Bingham ldquoThe Rule of Lawrdquo (Penguin London 2011) at 96-97 31
ldquodemocracies die behind closed doorsrdquo
see Detroit Free Press v Ashcroft 03 F3d 681 (6th Cir 2002) per Keith J
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
8
၁ ၉ -
(၁)
rdquo
( )
rdquo
၁၉( )
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
9
(
)
32
33
34
၁၉၉ ( )
၁၆ ၁၆
Burma Official
Secrets Act 1923 ၁
35
၁
32 See Human Rights Committee n 27 at para 29 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo ECN419854 (28 September 1984) para 38(a) 33 Stefan Trechsel ldquoThe Significance of International Human Rights for Criminal Procedurerdquo
(2011) 6 Nat‟l Taiwan Univ Law Rev 1 at 191 (witness reprisal) Mole Nuala and Harby
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial A guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the European
Convention on Human Rightsrdquo (2006) at 22 34 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 35 ၁
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
10
36
37
Justice Base
Justice Base
38
36 ( ) 37
( ၁ ) wwwunionsupremecourtgovmm rdquo ( ) - ၁
38 Human Rights
Committee n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
11
၁ - ၁
၁
၁
rdquo
rdquo 39
-
( UDHRrdquo)
40
(International Covenant on Civil and
P R g ( PR))
41
39 Eleven ldquoJudicial process must be independent and transparent says Chief justicerdquo ( ၉ ၁ ) httpwwwelevenmyanmarcomlocaljudicial-process-must-be-independent-and-
transparent-says-chief-justice 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights GA Res 217A (III) (10 December 1948) art 10 41 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 (opened for signature 16
December 1966 entered into force 23 March 1976) art 14
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
12
၁
42
(H R g ) PR
rdquo
( )
43
44
PR
42 UN Commission on Human Rights rdquoThe Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and
Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsrdquo above n
35 para 38(a) 43 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at paras 3 16 and 28 44 At para 29
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
13
45
UDHR PR UDHR
46 UDHR 47
PR 48
49 UDHR
(UDHR
) UDHR
50
UDHR
ICCPR
51
45 At para 28 46 See ldquoYearbook of the United Nations 1948ndash1949rdquo The Yearbook of the United Nations
ltunyearbookunorggt at 535 47 Malcolm N Shaw International Law (7th ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2014)
at 279 48 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Myanmar AHRC3113 (23
December 015) at [1434] reaffirming the commitment expressed during the previous
Universal Periodic Review Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review
Myanmar AHRC179 (24 March 2011) at [1046] ( ) see AHRC3113 (23 December 2015) at [14348]
49 See United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner ldquoStatus of Ratificationrdquo
lthttpindicatorsohchrorggt 50 ldquo rdquo Restat 3d of the Foreign Relations Law of the US (1987) at sect
102(2) and (3) 51 Patrick Robinson ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Law with Specific Reference to
the Work of the ICTYrdquo (2009) 3 Berk J Intl L Publicist 1 at 5 See also Yvonne McDermott
ldquoThe Right to a Fair Trial in International Criminal Lawrdquo (PhD thesis National University of
Ireland Galway July 2013) at 17 and in a related context see ldquoCustomary International
Humanitarian Law Databaserdquo International Committee of the Red Cross lthttpsihl-
databasesicrcorgcustomary-ihlengdocsv1_rul_rule100gt at Rule 100
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
14
52
- Case Study
( H R g ( HRrdquo))
၆
rdquo
rdquo
53
HR ၆
rdquo
rdquo 54
rdquo
rdquo
၆ 55
၁၉ HR
52 International Commission of Jurists ldquoTrial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedingsrdquo
(22 July 2009) lthttpswwwicjorgcriminal-trials-and-human-rights-a-manual-on-trial-
observationgt at 84 53 UK Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule I Article 6(1) (emphasis added) 54 Philis v Greece Application No 1275087 1378088 1400388 (27 August 1991) at sect59 55 Ashingdane v the United Kingdom No 822578) (28 May 1985) at sect57
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
15
HR
( )
-၁
( )
-
၁ -
( )
56
57
56 57
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
16
( )
(
) (
)
58
( )
58
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
17
59
Justice Base
Justice
Base
၆ ( ၁
) ၆
၁၁၉ 60
-
၆
59
( )
60
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
18
61
62
rdquo
61 62
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
19
( )
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo rdquo
rdquo
rdquo
-
rdquo rdquo
( )
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
20
- -
63 (
)
-
-
63 ၁
Antoni Slodkowski and Soe Zeya Tun ldquoMyanmar
opposition candidate attacked with machetesrdquo (29 October 2015) Reuters
httpwwwreuterscomarticleus-myanmar-election-violence-idUSKCN0SN2GU2015102
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
21
၆
၆
( )
Diagram 2 A typical courtroom
(
)
Judge
Table
Clerk
Witness
Clerk
Lawyer
Lawyer Complainant
Defendant
Lawyer
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
22
-
-
၆
64
( )
64 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at [28]
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
23
( )
65
-
rdquo
rdquo
rdquo 65
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
24
rdquo
rdquo
( )
၁
(
( ) )
၁
(
)
( )
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
25
66
(
) 67
68
66 Human Rights Committee above n 27 at para 29 (ldquo rdquo)
67 68 Christina Fink Living Silence in Burma (2nd ed Zed Books London 2009) at 134 as cited in
Fortify Rights ldquoMidnight Intrusion Ending Guest Registration and Household Inspections in
Myanmarrdquo (March 2015) Fortify Rights ltwwwfortifyrightsorggt at 12
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
26
၁၁
N k 69
-
-
( )
rdquo70
71
(
)
69 Cheesman above n 2 at 101 70 Cheesman n 2 at 117 71 See Part II subpart B above
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
27
Justice Base
customer
service trainings
Justice Base
( -၁)
၁၉( ) ၁
( )
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
28
( (၁) )
( - ) (၁)
( )
( - )
( - )
(
)
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
29
( - )
( )
( -၁)
( - )
( - )
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
30
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
31
( )
-
-
-
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
32
-
-
---------------------------- _________________________
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
33
( )
- 72 ၁
( )
( )
___________________________________________________________
( )
__________________________________________________ ( )
၆
Yes No ( ______________________________________)
Yes No ___________________________________________________________
၉
၁
Yes No ( ________________________________________)
72
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
34
၁၁
____________________________________________________ Yes No ________________________________________________________
၁
၁
Yes No _________________ - Yes No - Yes No - ________________ Yes No ________________ - Yes No
၁
( ______________________________________) ______ _______________________________ Yes No ___________________________________________________ Yes No __________________________________________________
( )
၁
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
35
Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No - - Yes No - Yes No ___________________________ - Yes No -- Yes No - Yes No ( _____________)
၁၆ ( )
Yes No
၁
Yes No
၁
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
36
၁၉
( )
( )
Yes No Yes No
၁
Yes No ____________
( )
Yes No Yes No
( )
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
37
- 73 ၁ gt gt၁ gt gt၁ gt +
[____ ____ ] ၆
[ ________________________________)
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
73
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
38
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
၉ cause list
Yes No
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
39
၁
Yes No Yes No [ ____________________________________________)
၁၁
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
၁
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
--- Yes No [ ______________ __________________________] Yes No [ ______________ __________________________]
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
40
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No _________________________ __________________________]
၁
Yes No ___________________________________________
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
41
__________________________________________
၁
Yes No [ ____________________________________________]
၁
Yes No Yes No _____________________________________________________]
၁၆
Yes No [ ________________________________________________] Yes No [ ___________________________________________] Yes No
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
42
[ _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No [ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________]
၁
Yes No ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________
၁၉
Yes No ( ) _______________________________________________ [ ] Yes No [ ___________________________________________]
Yes No -
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
43
] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________________________]
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Yes No ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes No _________________________________
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
44
( ) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Yes No
________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
( )
Yes No __________________________________________________ Yes No -
၆
Yes No _________________________________________________ ___________________
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
45
_________________________________________
Yes No ___________________________ ______________________
Yes No _______________________________________________
၉
Yes No
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
46
Yes No _______________________________________________
၁
Yes No ______________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
47
Framing of the charges
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
ဋ
Yes No
Final Argument
Yes No Yes No
ဍ Yes No
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
48
ဎ
Yes No
Yes No Yes No ________________________________________________________
Yes No
Yes No
Comments
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
49
- 1 2
3
4 5 a b c 6
7
8
[_______________________________]
9
10
Yes No
11
[ ________________________________)
12
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
50
[___] [___] [___] [___] [___] ( Yes No ) [___] [___] [___] [___________________________________________________]
13
_______________________]_ [ ______________________________________]
14
[ _______________________________________]
1 cause list Yes
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
51
5
No
16
Yes No Yes No __________________________________________]
17
( ) [ _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________]
19
Yes No
20
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