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June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 1
Klaus Jungmann ECT*, Trento, 21-25 June 2004
Fundamental Interactions
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 2
ECT*, June 21-25, 2004
• What is FundamentalWhat is Fundamental • Forces and SymmetriesForces and Symmetries• Fundamental FermionsFundamental Fermions• Discrete SymmetriesDiscrete Symmetries• Properties of Known Basic InteractionsProperties of Known Basic Interactions• ~ 1GeV versus ~ 30 GeV proton driver~ 1GeV versus ~ 30 GeV proton driver
only scratching some examplesonly scratching some examples
Klaus Jungmann, Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut,Groningen
Klaus Jungmann, Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut,Groningen
Drawing on : Work of NuPECC Long Range Plan Working group on Fundamental
Interactions, 2003 :
K. Jungmann (NL), H. Abele (D), L. Corradi (I), P. Herczeg (USA),
I.B. Khriplovich (RU), O. Nviliat (F), N. Severijns (B),
L. Simons (CH), C. Weinheimer (D), H.W. Wilschut (NL)
H. Leeb (A), C. Bargholtz (S)
Assisted by: W. Heil, P. Indelicato, F. Maas, K. Pachucki, R.G Timmermans, C. Volpe, K. Zuber
NSAC Long Range Plan 2002
EURISOL Physics Case 2004
ECT*, June 21-25, 2004
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 5
The Nature of Neutrinos Oscillations / Masses / 02-decay
T and CP Violation edm’s, D (R) coeff. in -decays, D0
Rare and Forbidden Decays 02-decay, n-nbar, M-Mbar, e 3e, N e
Correlations in -decay non V-A in-decay
Unitarity of CKM-Matrix n-,-, (superallowed -decays
Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Cs, Fr, Ra, Ba+, Ra+
CPT Conservation n, e, p,
Precision Studies within The Standard Model
Constants, QCD,QED, Nuclear Structure
Theoretical Support Positions at Universities
Experimentalists and Theorists
High Power Proton Driver Several MW Target Research
Cold and Ultracold Neutrons
Low Energy Radioactive Beams
Improved Trapping Facilities
Underground Facilities
Physics TopicsPhysics Topics Adequate EnvironmentAdequate EnvironmentHuman resources
Facilities
of NuPECC working group 2003
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 6
The Nature of Neutrinos Oscillations / Masses / 02-decay
T and CP Violation edm’s, D (R) coeff. in -decays, D0
Rare and Forbidden Decays 02-decay, n-nbar, M-Mbar, e 3e, N e
Correlations in -decay non V-A in-decay
Unitarity of CKM-Matrix n-,-, (superallowed -decays
Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Cs, Fr, Ra, Ba+, Ra+
CPT Conservation n, e, p,
Precision Studies within The Standard Model
Constants, QCD,QED, Nuclear Structure
Theoretical Support Positions at Universities
Experimentalists and Theorists
High Power Proton Driver Several MW Target Research
Cold and Ultracold Neutrons
Low Energy Radioactive Beams
Improved Trapping Facilities
Underground Facilities
Physics TopicsPhysics Topics Adequate EnvironmentAdequate EnvironmentHuman resources
Facilities
Relating to a MW Proton Machine
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 10
fundamental := “ forming a foundation or basis a principle, law etc. serving as a basis”
Forces and SymmetriesForces and Symmetries
Global Symmetries Conservation Laws• energy• momentum• electric charge• lepton number• charged lepton family number• baryon number• …..
Local Symmetries Forces• fundamental interactions
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 11
fundamental := “ forming a foundation or basis a principle, law etc. serving as a basis”
Standard ModelStandard Model • 3 Fundamental Forces
• ElectromagneticElectromagnetic Weak Weak StrongStrong• 12 Fundamental Fermions
• Quarks, Leptons• 13 Gauge Bosons
• ,W+, W-, Z0, H, 8 Gluons
However However • many open questions
• Why 3 generations ? • Why some 30 Parameters?• Why CP violation ?• Why us?• …..
• GravityGravity not included
• No Combind Theory of GravityGravity and Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 12
Fundamental Interactions – Standard Model
StrongStrong
GravitationGravitation
??
MagnetismMagnetism
ElectricityElectricityMaxwell
Glashow,Salam, t'Hooft,
Veltman,WeinbergWeakWeak
ElectroElectro --MagnetismMagnetism
ElectroElectro --WeakWeakStandard ModelStandard Model
GrantGrandUnificationUnification
not yet known?not yet known? Physics outside Standard ModelPhysics outside Standard ModelSearches for New PhysicsSearches for New Physics
Physics within the Standard ModelPhysics within the Standard Model
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 13
Neutrinos Neutrino Oscillations Neutrino Masses
Quarks Unitarity of CKM Matrix
Rare decays Baryon Number Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour
New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon -Decay
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 14
Neutrinos Neutrino Oscillations Neutrino Masses
Quarks Unitarity of CKM Matrix
Rare decays Baryon Number Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour
New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon -Decay
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 15
E
LmP ij
4sin)2(sin)(
222
Neutrino-ExperimentsNeutrino-ExperimentsRecent observations could be explained by oscillations of massive neutrinos.
Many Remaining Problems• really oscillations ?• sensitive to m2
• Masses of Neutrino • Nature of Neutrino
• Dirac• Majorana
Neutrinoless Double -Decay
• Direct Mass Measurements are indicated Spectrometer• Long Baseline Experiments -beams new neutrino detectors ?
SuperkamiokandeSNO
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 17
Neutrino-ExperimentsNeutrino-ExperimentsAre there new detection schemes ?Are there new detection schemes ?
• Water CherenkovWater Cherenkov• ScintillatorsScintillators
• Directional sensitivity for low energies ?
• Air shower ?Air shower ?• Salt Domes ?Salt Domes ?
Only for Non- Accelerator Neutrinos ?
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 18
Neutrinos Neutrino Oscillations Neutrino Masses
Quarks Unitarity of CKM Matrix
Rare decays Baryon Number Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour
New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon -Decay
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 19
Unitarity of Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa MatrixUnitarity of Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix
0*** tbtdcbcdubud VVVVVV
1|||||| 222 ubusud VVV
Unitarity:
Nuclear-decays
= 0.0032 (14)Neutron decay= 0.0083(28)= 0.0043(27)
Often found:
If you pick yourfavourite Vus !
)2(9992.0)4(0041.0)4(008.0
)3(041.0)8(9740.0)4(223.0
)12(0036.0)4(223.0)13(9754.0
tbtstd
cbcscd
ubusud
VVV
VVV
VVV
CKM Matrix couples weak and mass quark eigenstaes:
0.9739(5) 0.221(6)
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 20
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 21
Unitarity of Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa MatrixUnitarity of Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix
Nuclear-decays
= 0.0032 (14)Neutron decay= 0.0083(28)= 0.0043(27)
Experimental Possibilities
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 22
CKM UnitarityCKM Unitarity
• May relate to New PhysicsHeavy Quark Mixing, Z‘,Extra Dimensions, Charged Higgs, SUSY, exotic muon decays, ... , more generations !
• Unfortunatetly: Situation is a mess !
VVud ud :: superallowed -decays 0.9740(3)(4)
neutron decay 0.9729(4)(11)(4) pion- decay 0.9737(39)(2)
VVus us :: Hyperons
e
eProblem !
• What can be done? Improve reliability of experiments independently pion- decay (theory clean!) , maybe: neutron- decay
Analyse existing K data, Ke3 experiments
Search for exotic muon decays Improve Theory
Numbers Compiled byW. Marciano,March ‘04
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 23
Neutrinos Neutrino Oscillations Neutrino Masses
Quarks Unitarity of CKM Matrix
Rare decays Baryon Number Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour
New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon -Decay
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 24
Muon Experiments Possible at a CERN Neutrino Factory -Expected Improvements
Muon Physics Possibilities at Muon Physics Possibilities at Any High Power Proton DriverAny High Power Proton Driver i.e. i.e. 4 MW 4 MW
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 26
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 27
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 28
Old Muonium for Muonium-Antimuonium Conversion ?Old Muonium for Muonium-Antimuonium Conversion ?
• P(M) sin2 [const * (GMM/GF)*t]*exp[-*t]
• Background exp(- n *t) ; n-fold coincidence detection
• For GMM << GF M gains over Background• P(M) / Background t2 * exp[+(n-1)* *t]
Pulsed ACCELERATORPulsed ACCELERATOR
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 29
Neutrinos Neutrino Oscillations Neutrino Masses
Quarks Unitarity of CKM Matrix
Rare decays Baryon Number Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour
New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon -Decay
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 30
Vector [Tensor]
+
e
Scalar [Axial vector]
+
e
New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon -Decay-Decay
In Standard Model:Weak Interaction is
V-A
In general -decaycould be also
S , P, T
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 31
Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering
Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in -Decay
CPT Invariance
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 32
Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering
Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in -Decay
CPT Invariance
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 33
Beautiful confirmation of Standard Model
in the past !
Only little chances to contribute to forefront
(except leptoquark scenarios)
Usefull for measureing neutron distributions
Usefull to explore e.g. anapole moments
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 34
Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering
Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in -Decay
CPT Invariance
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 35
The World according to Escher
mirror image time time
H.W. Wilschut
matter anti-matterstartidentical to start
anti-particle particle e+ e-
Time reversal violationcan be measured at low energies
P C T
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 36
EDM violates:EDM violates:
• Parity• Time reversal• CP- conservation if CPT conservation assumed
Any observed EDM:Any observed EDM:
• Sign of New Physics beyond Standard Theory
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 37
from N. Fortson
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 38
1.610-27
•
Start TRIP
•199Hg
Radium potential
de (SM) < 10-37
Some Some EDMEDM Experiments compared Experiments compared
molecules:
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 40
EDMs – Where do they come from ?(are they just “painted“ to particles? Why different experiments? )
electron intrinsic ? quark intrinsic ? muon second generation different ? neutron/ proton from quark EDM ? property of strong
interactions ? new interactions ? deuteron basic nuclear forces CP violating?
pion exchange ? 6Li many body nuclear mechanism ? heavy nuclei (e.g. Ra, Fr) enhancement by CP-odd nuclear
forces,
nuclear “shape“ atoms can have large enhancement,
sensitive to electron or nucleus EDMs molecules large enhancement factors , sensitive
to electron EDM
.....
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 44
• R and D test both TTime RReversal VViolation
• DD most potential
• RR scalar and tensor (EDM, a)• technique D measurements yield a, A, b, B
TTime RReversal VViolation in -decay: Correlation measurements
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 45
Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering
Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in -Decay
CPT Invariance
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 46
?
1810m
mmr
0
00
K
KK||
K
12102avga
|e
ae
a|3101.2
avgg
|e
ge
g|
er
CPTbreakb,a μμ Invariance LorentzbreakH,d,c,b,a μνμνμνμμ
?
CPT and Lorentz Non-Invariant Models
CPT tests
Are they comparable - Which one is appropriate
Use common ground, e.g. energies
Leptons in External Magnetic Field
Bluhm , Kostelecky, Russell, Phys. Rev. D 57 ,3932 (1998)
For g-2 Experiments :
Dehmelt, Mittleman,Van Dyck, Schwinberg, hep- ph/9906262
μμ qAiiD
0Dμγ5γμνidνDμγμνicμνσμνH21μγ5γμbμγμamμDμ(iγ
equation DIRAC violating Lorentz and CPT generic
ψ)
2clm
aΔω
lupspinE
|ldownspinEl
upspinE|
lr
l34bl
aωlaωaΔω
avg
ll2
l
cl
a|aa|
cm
ωr
24103.5μr21101.2er :: muonelectron
CPTCPT – ViolationLorentz Invariance Violation
What is best CPT test ?
New Ansatz (Kostelecky)
• K0 10-18 GeV/c2
• n 10-30 GeV/c2
• p 10-24 GeV/c2
• e 10-27 GeV/c2
• 10-23 GeV/c2• Future:
Anti hydrogen 10-18 GeV/c2
often quoted:
• K0- K0 mass difference (10-18)
• e- - e+ g- factors (2* 10-12)
• We need an interaction with a finite strength !
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 48
Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants QED, Lamb Shift Muonium and Muon g-2 Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius Exotic Atoms Does QED vary with time?
QCD Strong Interaction Shift Scattering Lengths
Gravity Hints of strings/Membranes?
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 49
Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants QED, Lamb Shift Muonium and Muon g-2 Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius Exotic Atoms Does QED vary with time?
QCD Strong Interaction Shift Scattering Lengths
Gravity Hints of strings/Membranes?
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 50
Properties of known Basic InteractionsProperties of known Basic Interactions
Search for New PhysicsWhat are the hardronic corrections?
• e++e- hadrons• e++e- + hadrons
New activities planned• statistics limited experiment• J-PARC, BNL, ... • Fundamental constants needed• Muonium
“Proton Radius”
Muonic Hydrogen Lamb Shift
Pionic Hydrogen
Strong Interaction Shift
Muon g-2
Newest Theory Offer: 2.4 from Experiment
0, + mass differenceoverlooked ?
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 51
Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants
QED, Lamb Shift Muonium and Muon g-2 Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius Exotic Atoms Does QED vary with time?
QCD Strong Interaction Shift Scattering Lengths
Gravity Hints of strings/Membranes?
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 52
Time Variation of Idea (Webb, Flambaum et al.):Relativistic Corrections to atomic level energies
Erel Z2[(j+1/2)-1 -C(j,l)]i.e. > 0 or < 0, depending on atom and state • New Atomic Physics laboratory experiments:
‘stable‘ at this level
• Observation may be due to not understood astrophysics.
• Nevertheless:
Are other Constants and Ratios of Constants stable in time?
Are the parameters of fundamental fermion families stable ?
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 53
Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants
QED, Lamb Shift Muonium and Muon g-2 Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius Exotic Atoms Does QED vary with time?
QCD Strong Interaction Shift Scattering Lengths
Gravity Hints of strings/Membranes?
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 55
Non Newtonian Gravity
Best Test 1 to 5 m
Grenoble GatchinaHeidelberg Cern
Standing Waves of Ultra Cold NeutronsStanding Waves of Ultra Cold Neutrons
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 57
Thank YOU !
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 58
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 59
SPARES
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 66
June 2004 Fundamental Interactions 67