©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUB Version 2007 Première partie, chap. 5, page 1 Chapitre 1.5 Histoire de LInformatique

©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 1Première partie, chap. 5, page

Chapitre 1.5

Histoire

de

L’Informatique


Summary

• Early history of computing devices

• Commercial developments– First generation systems– Second generation systems– Third generation hardware– Third generation software– Fourth generation systems


Summary




Chinese Abacus


Blaise Pascal


Charles Babbage (1840)


1890 Census & Herman Hollerith


1890 Census & Herman Hollerith


Punched Cards Data Processing1890 - 1960• Herman Hollerith founder of

– Computing, Tabulating and Recording Company> International Business Machines (1924)– Industry leader in electromechanical data handling

• Competition:– Sperry Rand Corporation– Bull


Early Electronic Data Processing1935-1950

• In Europe : – Alan TURING : COLLOSSUS

• In the USA :– John V. Atanasoff & Clifford Berry– J.Presper Eckert & John W.Mauchly : ENIAC– John Von Neumann : EDVAC


Alan TURING


The Enigma


Alan Turing @ Bletchley Park


John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry


The Atanasoff-Berry Computer


Eckert & Mauchly : ENIAC

• Moore School of Electrical Engineering

• First large scale electronic calculator

• Build between 1943 and 1946

• Complexity : 18 000 radio valves

• Electrical power : 65 000 Watt

• Mean time between failure : 6.5 Hours

• Capabilities : those of a pocket calculator...


J.Presper ECKERT


John W. MAUCHLEY


Eckert, Mauchly & Von Neumann


Eckert, Mauchly & Von Neumann

• John Von Neumann – signs the EDVAC project– publishes paper setting the foundations of

modern computers

• Eckert & Mauchly – get patents on ENIAC design – found a company to build commercial

computers : UNIVAC


The Honeywell vs. Sperry-Univac

Lawsuit

1968-1973“Eckert and Mauchly” “did not themselves first invent” “the automatic electronic digital computer,” “but instead derived that subject matter” “from one Dr.John Vincent Atanasoff.”

Judge LARSONOctober 19, 1973


John Vincent Atanasoff

The”legal” inventor of the digital computer


Summary




First Generation Systems1948-1958• Control Unit & ALU : Vacuum tubes

• Central memory : inadequate technologies– Mercury delay lines : slow and error prone

– Manchester storage tubes : low capacity

> Capacity : a few kilobytes

> Access time : tens of microseconds

• Software : mainly scientific calculations– Cost of hardware >> cost of programmers

– Programs written in machine language by scientists.

– Main concern : efficient use of small memory


First generation ALU module


Summary




Bardeen, Bratten & Shockley

Invent the transistor at Bell Labs in 1948 and receive the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955


The first Transistor

Revolutionary replacement for electronic vacuum valves


Ferrite Memory

Fast, low cost technology for central memories

1024 bit(128 bytes)2 S


Second Generation Systems1955-1965• Control Unit & ALU : Transistors

• Central memory : Ferrite cores• Spectacular improvement of price/performance> Much larger systems become affordable• Software :

– Both scientific and administrative applications

– Programmer productivity becomes important.

> High level programming languages

• Scientific applications : FORTRAN

• Business oriented applications : COBOL


First Scientific Supercomputer

The IBM 7030 “Stretch”


Grace Hopper (US Navy)

Promoter of COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)


John Backus (IBM)

Designer of FORTRAN (FORMULA TRANSLATOR)


Summary




The First Integrated Circuit


Integrated circuits

Several orders of magnitude improvement of price/performance ratio for electronic equipment


Third Generation Computers1965-1973• Control Unit & ALU : Integrated Circuits

• Central memory : Ferrite cores• Enormous improvement of price/performance> Very large systems become affordable• Software :

– Multiprogramming to keep systems busy– Second generation software technology appears

inadequate for such large and complex systems.– Operating systems and application programs hard

or even impossible to debug.= THE SOFTWARE CRISIS !!!


New powerful computers:

The IBM 360 series


Summary




The Cost of Software

Design (18%)

Coding (7%)

Debugging(25%)

Maintenance(50%)


Software Engineering

• Facts:– Software development is usually much more

expensive than the computer to run the software.– 75% of software cost result from testing and

making small changes. • Logical conclusions:

– Except when hardware cost is dominant, Software should be designed to be easily tested and modified rather than to be small or fast.

> Software should be simple and clearly written


Third Generation Software1970-1990• Structured programming

• New programming languages : – Pascal : initially for teaching structured programming – Ada : derived from Pascal, for reliable software – C : kind of high-level assembly language, initially

intended for systems programming• Extensions to existing languages :

– Structured FORTRAN– Structured COBOL

• New operating system : UNIX– Simple, well structured multiprogramming system– written in C.


Niklaus Wirth

One of the founders of

Software Engineering,

and designer of new

programming languages

to support and teach

software engineering:

Pascal, Modula, Oberon


Ken Thomson

With Denis Ritchie

designed UNIX,

to support advanced

text processing at

the patent office of

Bell Labs


Summary




VLSI Technology(Very Large Scale

Integration)• Progress in integrated circuits manufacturing

– Number of components doubles every 18 months

– Smaller components result in higher speed

– Price/performance doubles in less than 18 months

• Technology milestones– 1971: the first microprocessor = an entire CPU in one

VLSI circuit.

– 1970: integrated circuit memories become cheaper than ferrite memories.


The founders of INTEL

Andy Grove

Robert Noyce

Gordon Moore


VLSI memory chips


Ted Van t’Hoff

Designer of the first microprocessor at INTEL


The First Microprocessor

Prophetic advertisement published in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics


Fourth Generation Systems1970-now• Control Unit & ALU : Integrated Circuits

• Central memory : Integrated Circuits• Diversified computers:

– Low cost Personal Workstations– Multi-processor supercomputers– Embedded systems

• Networking and distributed processing• Software :

– Graphical User-interfaces– Application oriented programming.– Object oriented design & programming.


Chip - Cards

Documents

©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUB Version 2007 Première partie, chap. 5, page 1 Chapitre 1.5 Histoire de LInformatique