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JRC Geothermal Power Plant Dataset
Documentation
Andreas Uihlein
2018
EUR 29446 EN
This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science
and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking
process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither
the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that
might be made of this publication.
Contact information
Name: Andreas Uihlein
Address: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, P.O. Box 2, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
Email: [email protected]
Tel.: +31 224 565123
EU Science Hub
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc
JRC113847
EUR 29446 EN
PDF ISBN 978-92-79-97264-5 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/203858
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018
© European Union, 2018
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How to cite this report: Uihlein A., JRC Geothermal Power Plant Dataset - Documentation, EUR 29446 EN,
Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018, ISBN 978-92-79-97264-5, doi:10.2760/203858,
JRC113847
i
Contents
1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
2 Documentation .................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Geothermal power plants .............................................................................. 2
2.1.1 Data included in the dataset .................................................................. 2
2.1.2 Data sources used ............................................................................... 3
2.1.2.1 Africa ........................................................................................... 3
2.1.2.2 Asia ............................................................................................. 3
2.1.2.3 Europe ......................................................................................... 3
2.1.2.4 North America ............................................................................... 3
2.1.2.5 South America ............................................................................... 4
2.1.2.6 Oceania ........................................................................................ 4
2.2 Geothermal areas ........................................................................................ 5
2.2.1 Data included in the dataset .................................................................. 5
2.2.2 Data sources used ............................................................................... 5
2.3 Power plant type ......................................................................................... 5
2.4 Organisations .............................................................................................. 6
2.4.1 Data included in the dataset .................................................................. 6
2.4.2 Data sources used ............................................................................... 6
2.5 Locations .................................................................................................... 6
2.5.1 Data included in the dataset .................................................................. 6
2.5.2 Data sources used ............................................................................... 7
3 Validation and analysis ....................................................................................... 8
3.1 Validation ................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Analysis .................................................................................................... 10
References ......................................................................................................... 14
List of abbreviations and definitions ....................................................................... 16
List of figures ...................................................................................................... 17
List of tables ....................................................................................................... 18
1
1 Introduction
The JRC is collecting data on geothermal power plants for its technology and market
assessments of geothermal energy [JRC 2015a, JRC 2015b]. The aim of this report is to
document the geothermal power plant dataset that has been compiled in 2014 and since
then continuously being updated.
The JRC geothermal power plants dataset is part of the JRC C.7 data warehouse for the
Energy Union [Uihlein & Shortall 2017] and it is made available through the JRC data
catalogue to the general public at: http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-10128-10001.
Section 2 of this report contains the full documentation of the dataset while Section 3
provides the results of the validation and cross-checking with other data sources
available.
2
2 Documentation
2.1 Geothermal power plants
The dataset contains all geothermal power plants than are in operation and it is updated
every year. The most recent dataset is updated until end of 2017.1
2.1.1 Data included in the dataset
The data points for geothermal power plants that are included in the dataset are shown
in Table 1.
Table 1 Data points for geothermal power plants
Data point Comment
ID power plant JRC-Internal ID
Name power plant Name of the power plant
Gross electric capacity (nameplate) in MW Initially installed capacity
Current gross electric capacity in MW Current (running) capacity taking into
account deterioration of resource or other effects (e.g. lifetime)
Current net electric capacity in MW Current net capacity. Very rarely reported
Gross thermal capacity (nameplate) in MW Initially installed thermal capacity
Start year Year when the power plant (unit) went into
operation
Location Information about location of the power plant.
See details below (Section 2.5)
Geothermal area Information about the geothermal area. See
details below (Section 2.2)
Maximum well depth in m Maximum well depth of all wells
Minimum temperature in °C Minimum well temperature
Maximum temperature in °C Maximum well temperature
Minimum flow rate in L/s Minimum flow rate
Maximum flow rate in L/s Maximum flow rate
Power plant type Information about the power plant type. See
details below (Section 2.3)
Turbine manufacturer Information about turbine manufacturer. See
details below (Section 2.4)
Number of units Number of different (turbine) units within the
power plant
Owner Information about owner. See details below
(Section 2.4)
Operator Information about operator. See details below
(Section 2.4)
1 All geothermal power plants that went in to operation in 2017 and before are included into the dataset.
3
2.1.2 Data sources used
2.1.2.1 Africa
Table 2 Data sources used for power plants in Africa
Country Sources
Ethiopia Country Update on Geothermal Exploration and Development in Ethiopia [Kebede 2014];
Kenya Country Update Report for Kenya 2010-2014 [Omenda & Simiyu
2015]; Country Update Report for Kenya 2016 [Omenda & Mangi
2016]; Geothermal Power Generation in the World 2010 – 2014 Update Report
[Bertani 2015]
2.1.2.2 Asia
Table 3 Data sources used for power plants in Asia
Country Sources
China Speeding up Industrialized Development of Geothermal
Resources in China - Country Update Report 2010-2014 [Zheng
et al. 2015]; Geothermal Power Generation in the World 2010 – 2014 Update Report [Bertani 2015]
Indonesia Country Update: Geothermal Energy Use and Development in
Indonesia [Darma & Gunawan 2010]; Country Update:
Geothermal Energy Use and Development in Indonesia [Darma & Gunawan 2015], news on Thinkgeoenergy
Japan Country Update of Japan: Renewed Opportunities [Yasukawa &
Sasada 2015]
Philippines Geothermal Development in the Philippines: The Country Update
[Fronda et al. 2015]
Thailand Update on Geothermal Utilizations in Thailand [Raksaskulwong
2015]
2.1.2.3 Europe
Data for Europe was mainly based on the EGEC annual reports [EGEC 2017, EGEC 2018].
Other sources used are national information portals such as
https://www.tiefegeothermie.de which provide information about projects. Locations of
power plants was manually retrieved.
2.1.2.4 North America
Table 4 Data sources used for power plants in North America
Country Sources
Costa Rica Costa Rica Country Update Report [Rivera & Ruíz 2015], news on
Thinkgeoenergy
El Salvador El Salvador Country Update [Herrera et al. 2010], news on
Thinkgeoenergy
Guatemala Geothermal Resources and Development in Guatemala Country
4
Country Sources
Update [Asturias & Grajeda 2010]; Status Update of Geothermal
Development in Guatemala [Asturias 2012]
Honduras Geothermal Development in Honduras [Henriquez 2015], news
on Thinkgeoenergy
Mexico Present Situation and Perspectives of Geothermal in Mexico
[Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2015]
Nicaragua Geothermal Power Generation in the World 2010 – 2014 Update
Report [Bertani 2015]
United States The United States of America Country Update 2015 [Boyd et al.
2015]; 2016 Annual U.S. & Global Geothermal Power Production Report [Matek 2016]
2.1.2.5 South America
Table 5 Data sources used for power plants in South America
Country Sources
Chile Geothermal Exploration in Chile: Country Update [Lahsen et al.
2015], news on Thinkgeoenergy
2.1.2.6 Oceania
Table 6 Data sources used for power plants in Oceania
Country Sources
Australia Country Update — Australia [Beardsmore et al. 2015]
New Zealand 2015 New Zealand Country Update [Carey et al. 2015]; 2016
New Zealand Country Report [Bank 2017]
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Country Update [Kuna & Zehner 2015]
5
2.2 Geothermal areas
2.2.1 Data included in the dataset
Table 7 Data points for geothermal areas
Data point Comment
ID JRC-Internal ID
Name Name of the geothermal area
Mean reservoir temperature in °C
Estimated reservoir volume in km3
Location Information about location of the geothermal area.
See details below (Section 2.5)
2.2.2 Data sources used
Information about the geothermal areas was adopted from the list of geothermal areas of
OpenEI (https://openei.org/wiki/Geothermal_Areas).
2.3 Power plant type
The type of the power plant was classified following the conventions of the country
update reports of IGA (with small modifications) and is shown in Table 8.
Table 8 Classification of geothermal power plants
Code Type
1F Single flash
2F Double flash
3F Triple flash
D Dry steam
B-ORC ORC
B-KAL Kalina
BP Back pressure
H Hybrid
O Other
U Unknown
6
2.4 Organisations
2.4.1 Data included in the dataset
The data collected related to organisations is shown in Table 9. This data was included for
the turbine manufacturers, power plants owners and operators.
Table 9 Data points for organisations
Data point Comment
ID JRC-Internal ID
Name Full name of the entity
Short name Short name
Website URL
Type of organisation Private/State-owned/Government agency
Country Country of the seat of the legal entity
Location Information about location of the headquarter. See
details below (Section 2.5)
2.4.2 Data sources used
The data related to organisations was retrieved from the website of the organisation.
2.5 Locations
2.5.1 Data included in the dataset
The data collected related to locations is shown in Table 10. This data was included not
only for the power plants themselves but also for the geothermal area, and the
headquarters of turbine manufacturers, developers, owners and operators.
Table 10 Data points for locations
Data point Comment
ID JRC-Internal ID
Continent
Country
Region L1 First level administrative region. For Europe: NUTS1
Region L2 Second level administrative region. For Europe:
NUTS2
Latitude Geographical coordinates in WGS84
Longitude Geographical coordinates in WGS84
Exact coordinates Yes/No
Address Street name, street number, Post code, City
7
2.5.2 Data sources used
Geographical coordinates for organisations were collected using Open Street Map
(https://www.openstreetmap.org/) based on the addresses found.
For geothermal power plants, and geothermal areas, where coordinates were not given in
the original data source about the plan (Section 2.1.2), a manual search was performed
in Google Earth in order to locate the plant. This was not possible in all cases, since
information about the location often is vague and high-resolution satellite images were
not available for all areas. In case the exact coordinates could not be found, approximate
coordinates (e.g. next city) were used instead.
8
3 Validation and analysis
3.1 Validation
Three other sources which contain data about global geothermal power plants could be
obtained for comparison and validation.
WRI's Global Power Plant Database [WRI 2018], an open source database of
global power plants which also contains geothermal power plants
Platts World Electric Power Plants Database (WEPP); a global inventory of electric
power generating units as of 2018 [PLATT 2018]
A list from Think Geoenergy [Think Geoenergy 2017] showing the total installed
capacity at the end of 2016 (no detailed plant information available). This was
amended with more recent information about the TOP 10 geothermal countries
representing the situation end of 2017 [Think Geoenergy 2018]
A comparison of total installed capacity shows that the JRC database is very similar
compared to Platts and Think Geoenergy (13880 MW, 13850 MW, 14060 MW,
respectively) while WRI only reports 12550 MW which indicates that this dataset is
missing some power plants (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Total global installed capacity of geothermal power plants in MW
9
Figure 2 shows the installed capacity of the TOP 10 countries according to the four
datasets. For all countries except Turkey and Indonesia, Platts and Think Geoenergy are
in-line with the JRC. For Turkey, Platts misses the recent capacity additions (268 MW in
2017). For Indonesia, the reported results of JRC are a bit lower compared to Platts and
Think Geoenergy. Platts includes 140 MW of capacity additions in 2018 which are not yet
included in the JRC dataset. The WRI dataset shows some big data gaps, especially for
Turkey, Iceland and Indonesia.
Figure 2: Installed capacity of geothermal power plants of TOP 10 countries in MW
10
3.2 Analysis
Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the TOP 10 countries in terms of nameplate capacity and
running capacity, respectively. The United States have the highest installed capacity,
followed by the Philippines and Indonesia. Three European countries are amongst the
TOP 10: Turkey, Italy, and Iceland.
For some countries, there is a large difference between nameplate capacity and running
(actual) capacity. For example, the US running capacity is 75 % of the nameplate
capacity (most probably due to reservoir depletion). In other countries, actual capacity is
lower due to technical problems/issues at plants or some units of a power plant.
Figure 3: Nameplate (initial) capacity of geothermal power plants in MW of TOP 10 countries
Figure 4: Running capacity of geothermal power plants in MW of TOP 10 countries
11
Figure 5 shows the average size of geothermal power plants according to country. It has
be noted however, that it is often difficult to define what is an individual plant or maybe a
unit of a power plant. The global average size of geothermal power plants is about 38
MW. Some countries with very good resources have bigger power plants, namely Mexico
(9 plants, average size of 108 MW), Iceland (10 plants, average size of 75 MW),
Philippines (24 plants, average size of 77 MW).
Figure 5: Average size of geothermal power plants in MW according to country
12
Globally, the cumulative capacity has increased steadily and almost linearly since 1985
(Figure 6). The installed nameplate capacity has reached about 10400 MW in 2017. The
compound annual growth was about 310 MW per year.
Figure 6: Cumulative installed nameplate capacity in MW from 1985-2017
13
Trends in turbine types have changed in the past years (Figure 7). Before 2000,
installations were dominated by flash turbines (70 % of installed capacity). The share of
flash turbines has decreased since and is only about 40 % nowadays. In the same period
of time, market share of ORC and to a lesser extent of other types (e.g. Kalina) have
been increasing dramatically.
Figure 7: Market share of turbine types from 1985-2017
14
References
[Asturias & Grajeda 2010] Asturias F and Grajeda EC: Geothermal Resources and
Development in Guatemala Country Update. World Geothermal Congress 2010. Bali
[Asturias 2012] Asturias FA: Status Update of Geothermal Development in Guatemala.
Short Course on Geothermal Development and Geothermal Wells. Santa Tecla
[Bank 2017] Bank B: 2016 New Zealand Country Report. IEA Geothermal, Warakei
[Beardsmore et al. 2015] Beardsmore G, Budd A, Huddlestone-holmes C and Davidson
C: Country Update — Australia. World Geothermal Congress 2015. Available at:
https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/40822429/01032.pdf?AWSAcc
essKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1505369940&Signature=6oVibI5jvdv
lhQtJchmNPrqvyjM%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B
filename%3DTomas_Alva_Edison.pdf
[Bertani 2015] Bertani R: Geothermal Power Generation in the World 2010 – 2014
Update Report. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia,
19-25 April 2015
[Boyd et al. 2015] Boyd T, Sifford A and Lund J: The United States of America Country
Update 2015. Thirty-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford
University
[Carey et al. 2015] Carey B, Dunstall M, Mcclintock S, White B, Bignall G, Luketina K,
Zarrouk S and Seward A: 2015 New Zealand Country Update. World Geothermal
Congress
[Darma & Gunawan 2010] Darma S and Gunawan R: Country Update : Geothermal
Energy Use and Development in Indonesia. World Geothermal Congress 2010World
Geothermal Congress 2010. Bali
[Darma & Gunawan 2015] Darma S and Gunawan R: Country Update: Geothermal
Energy Use and Development in Indonesia. World Geothermal Congress 2015.
Melbourne. Available at:
https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/01038.pdf
[EGEC 2017] 2016 EGEC Geothermal Market Report. Angelino L, Dumas P and Pinzuti V
(ed). European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC), Brussels
[EGEC 2018] 2017 EGEC Geothermal Market Report. Full Report. Dumas P, Garabetian T,
Pinzuti V and Marchitelli C (ed). European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC),
Brussels
[Fronda et al. 2015] Fronda AD, Marasigan MC and Lazaro VS: Geothermal Development
in the Philippines: The Country Update. World Geothermal Congress 2015.
Melbourne
[Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2015] Gutiérrez-Negrín L, Maya-González R and Quijano-León J:
Present situation and perspectives of geothermal in Mexico. Proceedings World
Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015. Available at:
http://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2015/01002.pdf
[Henriquez 2015] Henriquez WA: Geothermal Development in Honduras. World
Geothermal Congress 2015 (7)
[Herrera et al. 2010] Herrera R, Montalvo F and Herrera A: El Salvador Country Update.
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 (1–6)
[JRC 2015a] Sigfússon B and Uihlein A: 2014 JRC Geothermal Energy Status Report. EUR
26985. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Available at:
http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC93338
[JRC 2015b] Sigfusson B and Uihlein A: 2015 JRC Geothermal Energy Status Report. EUR
27623. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Available at:
15
http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC99264
[Kebede 2014] Kebede S: Geothermal Exploration and Development in Ethiopia: Country
Update. Short Course IX on Exploration for Geothermal Resources
[Kuna & Zehner 2015] Kuna I and Zehner R: Papua New Guinea Country Update. World
Geothermal Congress 2015
[Lahsen et al. 2015] Lahsen A, Rojas J, Morata D and Aravena D: Geothermal Exploration
in Chile: Country Update. World Geothermal Congress 2015
[Matek 2016] Matek B: Annual U.S. & Global Geothermal Power Production Report.
Geothermal Energy Association, Baltimore. Available at: http://geo-
energy.org/reports/2016/2016 Annual US Global Geothermal Power Production.pdf
[Omenda & Mangi 2016] Omenda P and Mangi P: Country Update Report for Kenya 2016.
6th African Rift Geothermal Conference Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2nd – 4th November
2016
[Omenda & Simiyu 2015] Omenda P and Simiyu S: Country Update Report for Kenya
2010-2014. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015. Available at:
https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/01019.pdf
[PLATT 2018] World Electric Power Plants Database (WEPP). S&P Global PLATTS.
Available at: https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/products-services/electric-
power/world-electric-power-plants-database
[Raksaskulwong 2015] Raksaskulwong M: Update on geothermal development in
Thailand. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 1 (337–340)
[Rivera & Ruíz 2015] Rivera ES and Ruíz OV: Costa Rica Country Update Report (19–25)
[Think Geoenergy 2017] Overview on installed geothermal power generation capacity
worldwide. Accessed: 10/17/2018. URL: http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/overview-
on-installed-geothermal-power-generation-capacity-worldwide/
[Think Geoenergy 2018] Top 10 Geothermal Countries based on installed capacity – Year
End 2017. Accessed: 10/17/2018. URL: http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/top-10-
geothermal-countries-based-on-installed-capacity-year-end-2017/
[Uihlein & Shortall 2017] Uihlein A and Shortall R: JRC C7 data warehouse
documentation. JRC109682. Joint Research Centre (JRC), Petten
[WRI 2018] Global Power Plant Database. World Resources Institute (WRI). Available at:
http://resourcewatch.org/
[Yasukawa & Sasada 2015] Yasukawa K and Sasada M: Country Update of Japan:
Renewed Opportunities. World Geothermal Congress 2015. Melbourne. Available at:
https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/01042.pdf
[Zheng et al. 2015] Zheng K, Dong Y, Chen Z, Tian T and Wang G: Speeding up
Industrialized Development of Geothermal Resources in China -- Country Update
Report 2010-2014. World Geothermal Congress 2015
16
List of abbreviations and definitions
DB Database
EU European Union
IGA International Geothermal Association
JRC Joint Research Centre
17
List of figures
Figure 1: Total global installed capacity of geothermal power plants in MW ................... 8
Figure 2: Installed capacity of geothermal power plants of TOP 10 countries in MW ....... 9
Figure 3: Nameplate (initial) capacity of geothermal power plants in MW of TOP 10
countries .............................................................................................................10
Figure 4: Running capacity of geothermal power plants in MW of TOP 10 countries .......10
Figure 5: Average size of geothermal power plants in MW according to country ............11
Figure 6: Cumulative installed nameplate capacity in MW from 1985-2017 ..................12
Figure 7: Market share of turbine types from 1985-2017 ...........................................13
18
List of tables
Table 1 Data points for geothermal power plants .................................................. 2
Table 2 Data sources used for power plants in Africa ............................................. 3
Table 3 Data sources used for power plants in Asia ............................................... 3
Table 4 Data sources used for power plants in North America ................................. 3
Table 5 Data sources used for power plants in South America ................................. 4
Table 6 Data sources used for power plants in Oceania .......................................... 4
Table 7 Data points for geothermal areas ............................................................. 5
Table 8 Classification of geothermal power plants ................................................. 5
Table 9 Data points for organisations ................................................................... 6
Table 10 Data points for locations ......................................................................... 6
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doi:10.2760/203858
ISBN 978-92-79-97264-5
