Journal of Building Engineering 7 (2016) 372–378

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Building Engineering

http://d2352-71

n CorrE-m

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jobe

Exploratory study on the effect of waste rice husk and sugarcanebagasse ashes in burnt clay bricks

Syed Minhaj Saleem Kazmi a,n, Safeer Abbas b, Muhammad Junaid Munir a, Anwar Khitab a

a Department of Civil Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, AJK, Pakistanb Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 2 July 2016Received in revised form13 July 2016Accepted 1 August 2016Available online 4 August 2016

Keywords:BricksSugarcane bagasse ashRice husk ashMechanical propertiesDurability

x.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.08.00102/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

esponding author.ail address: minhajkazmi17@gmail.com (S.M.S

a b s t r a c t

Burnt clay brick is the commonly used construction material across the world. In most of countriesincluding Pakistan, brick manufacturing is ignorant of modern day improvements and innovations.Utilization of waste materials in manufacturing of clay bricks is not only helpful in disposal of wastessafely but also imparts useful properties to the burnt clay bricks. In this study, the use of waste materials(rice husk ash and bagasse ash) for brick production has been attempted. Clay bricks were preparedincorporating 5% by clay weight of rice husk ash (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) to investigatethe mechanical and durability properties. It was observed compressive strength and modulus of rupturedecreased with incorporation of RHA and SBA in burnt clay brick. However, compressive strength andmodulus of rupture satisfied the requirements of building bricks according to Pakistan building code andASTM standard guidelines. Furthermore, clay bricks incorporating RHA and SBA can be potentially usedin the production of lighter bricks. Lighter weight of bricks can result in reduction of structural loads andhelpful in achieving economy. Test results confirmed the use of clay bricks incorporating RHA and SBA asmoderate weather resistive bricks. Moreover, resistance against efflorescence was improved after in-corporating RHA and SBA. The microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) andfound that burnt clay bricks incorporating RHA and SBA were more porous than burnt clay bricks. Basedon this study, it can be concluded that the addition of RHA and SBA is not only helpful in controllingenvironmental pollution but also results into a more sustainable and economical construction.

& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Clay has been used as a construction material since 8000 BC[1]. It is a naturally occurring finely grained material which be-comes plastic after adding water and hardens when heated at aspecific temperature [2]. It is considered as the major raw materialin the construction of bricks. Clay brick is the commonly usedmaterial in the construction of buildings, tunnels and bridgesacross the world. The history of burnt clay bricks is almost 6000years old and traces of that have been found in the Babylonia [3]. Itis considered as the world oldest industries [4]. In the start, handmaking was the way of brick manufacturing. In 1619, first timeclay working machine was used [5]. Until 1958, the molded claywas fired in ordinary kilns that were not much effective [3].Hoffman was the first person to introduce a proper kiln in whichall the firing processes occur continuously and connectively [6].Due to continuous fire, the kiln is heated one time only and the

. Kazmi).

heat is utilized properly before releasing to the surrounding at-mosphere [5]. In 19th century, British engineer “Bull” introduced amodified and cheaper version of Hoffmann kiln named as Bulltrench kiln [6].

The properties of clay bricks vary depending on various factorsincluding raw material properties, manufacturing method andburning process [7]. The soil properties play an important role inbrick properties. Higher energy is required if quantity of lime andmoisture content is more to decompose calcium contents and toremove the water from bricks [5]. Similarly, temperature of firingplays a role in bond development. For bond development generallyadditives are added inside clay bricks. Material production fromrecycling has been the focus of research from decades [8]. Thesedays, addition of waste materials as an additives in bricks is thefocus of research [9,10]. High strength and low absorption claybricks can be produced by using waste glass as an additive [11].Similarly, the use of fly ash in clay bricks is very common [12,13].In the past researches, an increased compressive strength withdecrease in thermal conductivity was observed with small quan-tity (i.e. 5% by clay weight) of rice husk ash [14,15]. Sugarcane

Table 1Chemical and physical properties of the constituents.

Components Soil RHA SBA

SiO2 (%) 58.05 77.31 86.92Al2O3 (%) 10.91 6.77 2.89Fe2O3 (%) 4.56 4.64 2.7CaO (%) 9.28 3.7 2.55MgO (%) 2.5 1.39 0.73TiO2 (%) 0.7 – –

P2O5 (%) 0.15 – –

SO3 (%) – 0.43 0.14MnO (%) 0.07 – –

Na2O (%) 1.81 1.23 0.26K2O (%) 2.26 2.6 0.32LOI (%) 9.49 4.7 10.25pH 8.5 – –

Liquid limit 30 – –

Plastic limit 21.39 – –

Plastic index 8.61 – –

Unit weight (Kg/m3) 1123 549.74 253.9Specific gravity 2.57 2.44 1.99

S.M.S. Kazmi et al. / Journal of Building Engineering 7 (2016) 372–378 373

bagasse ash can also be used to produce lighter bricks [16].Pakistan is one of the country in which burnt clay bricks are

commonly used in the construction activities. Approximately,12,000 brick kilns are present in Pakistan with yearly productionof 59 billion fired clay bricks [5]. In Pakistan, the kilns are mostlyBull trench kiln, however other types like Hoffmann kiln andvertical shaft brick kiln are also present rarely [3]. Approximately,99% of brick kilns in Pakistan use hand molding technique for brickproduction [5]. Coal, timber, tyre/rubber, furnace oil and rice huskare the commonly used fuel sources [3]. Approximately, 1.6 milliontons of coal is used as a fuel for brick making around Pakistan [5].

Pakistan being 14th largest rice producing country, yields 1.15million tons of husk annually [17]. This husk is used as a fuelsource in various locations especially in brick kilns. Rice husk ashis obtained as a result of combustion. Similarly, Pakistan being15th largest sugarcane producing country, produces 50 milliontons of sugarcane annually [18]. Bagasse is also used as a fuelsource and in Pakistan annually 0.26 million tons of bagasse ash isproduced [19]. The disposal of these wastes is of great importanceregarding environmental pollution.

In most of countries including Pakistan, brick manufacturing isignorant of modern day improvements and innovations [5]. Be-cause of using rice husk and bagasse as a fuel sources, rice huskash and sugarcane bagasse ash are commonly available at brickkilns. Keeping in view, these ashes can be economically used inclay bricks. Moreover, being earthquake affected area lighter brickshave a lot of importance in Pakistan. There is scant knowledgeavailable regarding the use of waste materials in clay bricks. In thisstudy, the use of these wastes (rice husk ash and bagasse ash) forbrick production has been attempted.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Collection of the materials

The clay used during this study, was taken from the brick kilnlocated in Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan (Fig. 1(a)). Rice husk ashwas obtained from a brick kiln, near Wazirabad, Pakistan (Fig. 1(b))whereas, sugarcane bagasse ash was obtained from Khazana sugarmill, Charsadda, Peshawar (Fig. 1(c)).

The chemical composition of the raw materials used is shownin Table 1. It was observed that clay has rich silica content alongwith small proportion of oxides of aluminum, iron, and calcium.Clay can be refereed as low refractory calcareous material as theoxides of calcium are greater than 6% and total concentration ofcalcium, potassium, iron, magnesium and titanium oxides are

Fig. 1. Raw materials (a) So

greater than 9% [20,21]. In Pakistan, it is preferred that SiO2 shouldbe present in soil within the range of 50–60% and Fe2O3 should bemore than 3% [5]. Clay used during this study satisfies the ranges.Similarly, RHA and SBA used during the study were composed ofSiO2. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) scans of clay, RHA and SBA wereshown in Fig. 2(a–c). The XRD pattern of the clay indicated thepresence of highest proportion of quartz (SiO2) along with cor-undum (Al2O3) and hematite (Fe2O3). Whereas, RHA comprised ofquartz (SiO2) in excess with discrete presence of hematite (Fe2O3).In SBA, quartz (SiO2) was present in excess with discrete presenceof calcite (CaCO3), corundum (Al2O3) and halite (NaCl).

Particle size distribution of raw material has been presented inFig. 3. Results showed that clay and RHA are naturally well gradedwhereas the SBA was gap graded. Soil has plastic index of 8.61.Specific gravity for clay was 2.57 whereas, RHA and SBA havespecific gravity of 2.44 and 1.99, respectively (Table 1). As far asunit weight is concerned, RHA and SBA has 51% and 77% less unitweight than clay, respectively. Therefore, lighter bricks could beprepared by using RHA and SBA.

2.2. Preparation of bricks

For brick manufacturing, RHA (5% by clay weight) and SBA (5%by clay weight) were mixed in desired proportions with the clay toform the mixture (Fig. 4). Afterwards, water was added in themixture. The mixture was left for 2–3 h and the balls of the clay

il, (b) RHA and (c) SBA.

Fig. 2. XRD patterns of a) clay, b) RHA and c) SBA.

Fig. 3. Particle Size Distribution.

Fig. 4. Manual mixing of raw materials for brick manufacturing.

Fig. 5. Fresh molded control and modified bricks.

Fig. 6. Unit weight of control and modified bricks.

S.M.S. Kazmi et al. / Journal of Building Engineering 7 (2016) 372–378374

mix were then prepared. Afterwards, the brick molds of size 9″�4.5″�3″ were poured with clay balls. Hand molding was done toprepare the specimens. Bricks were sun dried for 10 days (Fig. 5)and transported to the brick kiln. A total of 100 bricks were pre-pared by placing them in kiln for 45 days. 5 specimens of eachcombination were tested for each test. The bricks were fired byburning the coal.

2.3. Methodology

The series of physico-mechanical tests were carried out in

accordance ASTM standards to determine weight per unit area(ASTM C 67 [22]) compressive strength (ASTM C 67) and flexuralstrength (ASTM C 67).

The durability tests including water absorption (ASTM C 67)],

S.M.S. Kazmi et al. / Journal of Building Engineering 7 (2016) 372–378 375

initial rate of absorption (ASTM C 67), apparent porosity (ASTM C20 [23]), sulfate resistance, freeze and thaw (ASTM C 67) and ef-florescence (ASTM C 67) were also carried out on the developedbricks. The sulfate solution was prepared by using ASTM C 1012[24]. After 30 days of immersion, bricks were dried at 110 °C,weighed and tested for compressive strength. The effect of RHAand SBA incorporation in clay bricks was also examined usingultrasonic pulse velocity (ASTM C 597 [25]). Color of burnt clay andmodified brick specimens was examined by visual inspection.Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the micro-structure of clay and modified brick specimens.

Fig. 7. Mechanical properties of control and modified bricks.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Weight per unit area

Table 2 shows the results of weight per unit area of clay bricksincorporating RHA and SBA. It was observed that for modifiedbricks, weight per unit area of specimens decreased as comparedto control specimens leading to lighter bricks. For example, 6%lighter bricks can be prepared after incorporating RHA and SBA(Fig. 6). This is may be due to the lesser unit weight of RHA andSBA. Similar observations were also reported in previous studies[15]. Lighter weight bricks are helpful in reducing the structuralload which has a lot of importance in earthquake affected areas.Moreover, labor cost on the construction site is dependent onweight of material. Therefore, lighter bricks can be helpful in re-ducing the laborer cost.

3.2. Compressive strength

Table 2 shows the results of compressive strength of clay bricksincorporating RHA and SBA. It was observed that for bricks in-corporating RHA and SBA, compressive strength decreased ascompared to control specimens. For example, compressivestrength for RHA and SBA incorporated bricks reduced from8.38 MPa to 5.10 MPa. This may be due to the increased porosityafter incorporating RHA and SBA. These results are similar to thepast researches [26,27]. Although, a reduction in strength wasachieved with incorporation of RHA and SBA in clay brick; how-ever, it still satisfied the minimum compressive strength accordingto Pakistan standards for building bricks (i.e. 5 MPa) [28]. There-fore, these modified bricks can be used as a more sustainablebricks.

Table 2Mechanical and durability properties of normal and modified clay bricks.

Property Normal claybricks

Modified claybricks

Weight per unit area (Kg/m2) 97.13 91.15Compressive strength (MPa) 8.38 5.1Modulus of rupture (MPa) 1.49 0.72Water absorption (%) 17.45 20.93Initial rate of absorption (gm/min/cm2) 0.46 0.65Apparent porosity (%) 35.83 39.71Area affected by efflorescence (%) 10 NilFreeze and thaw weight loss after 50 cy-cles (%)

9.12 13.85

Sulfate resistance(MPa)

Strength reduc-tion (%)

23.78 20.85

Weight gain (%) 17.87 22.5Ultrasonic pulse velocity (m/sec) 1643 1162

3.3. Modulus of rupture

Table 2 shows the results of flexural strength of clay bricksincorporating RHA and SBA. It was observed that for bricks in-corporating RHA and SBA, flexural strength decreased as com-pared to control specimens. For instance, flexural strength for RHAand SBA incorporated bricks reduced from 1.49 MPa to 0.72 MPa(Fig. 7). These results are similar to the previous study [29]. Al-though, a reduction in flexural strength was observed with in-corporation of RHA and SBA in clay brick; however, it still satisfiedthe minimum flexural strength according to ASTM C67 guidelinesfor building bricks (i.e. 0.65 MPa) [13,22].

3.4. Water absorption

Table 2 shows the results of water absorption of clay bricksincorporating RHA and SBA. Increase in water absorption wasobserved after incorporating RHA and SBA. For example, waterabsorption for control bricks and bricks incorporating RHA andSBA were approximately 17% and 21%, respectively (Fig. 8). This ismay be due to increased porosity for bricks incorporating RHA andSBA [30]. According to ASTM C62 [31], bricks with water absorp-tion less than 17% and 22% are classified as severe weatheringresistance bricks and moderate weathering resistance bricks.Therefore, bricks incorporating RHA and SBA can be used inmoderate weather.

3.5. Initial rate of absorption

Table 2 shows the results of initial rate of absorption of claybricks incorporating RHA and SBA. It was observed that initial rateof absorption increased with incorporation of RHA and SBA. Forinstance, initial rate of absorption value for control bricks was0.46 g/min/cm2, which increased to 0.65 g/min/cm2 for bricks in-corporating RHA and SBA (Fig. 9). This can be attributed to theincreased porosity in RHA and SBA bricks. Similar results werereported in previous study [32]. It is generally considered that claybricks having initial rate of absorption more than 0.15 g/min/cm2

should be wetted before laying to avoid the absorption of waterfrom cement mortar paste [33]. Therefore, both control bricks andRHA and SBA incorporated bricks should be wetted before laying.

3.6. Apparent porosity

Table 2 shows the results of apparent porosity of clay bricksincorporating RHA and SBA. It was observed that apparent por-osity increased with incorporation of RHA and SBA. For example,

Fig. 8. Durability properties of control and modified bricks. Fig. 9. Initial rate of absorption of control and modified bricks.

S.M.S. Kazmi et al. / Journal of Building Engineering 7 (2016) 372–378376

porosity for control bricks was 35.83%, which increased to 39.71%after incorporation of RHA and SBA (Fig. 8). This can be attributedto the increased amount and size of pores after incorporating RHAand SBA [34]. Results are similar to that in past researches [15].Porous bricks are generally preferred because of their insulatingproperties [35]. Therefore, bricks incorporating RHA and SBA canbe used where resistance to heat is required.

3.7. Efflorescence

Table 2 shows the results of efflorescence of clay bricks withRHA and SBA. It was observed that efflorescence reduced due toincorporation of RHA and SBA. For example, 10% efflorescence wasobserved after 45 days on control brick specimens. However, noefflorescence was observed on brick specimens incorporating RHAand SBA. Generally, calcium oxide (CaO) and iron oxide (Fe2O3)play a role in causing efflorescence [20,36]. Quantity of CaO andFe2O3 decreases after incorporation of SBA and RHA in clay bricks,as a result efflorescence reduces. Similar results were reported inpast researches [16,33]. Therefore, clay bricks incorporating RHAand SBA can be used effectively in controlling the efflorescence.

3.8. Freeze and thaw

Table 2 shows the results of freeze and thaw test of clay brickswith RHA and SBA. It was observed that weight loss due to freezeand thaw increased with the incorporation of RHA and SBA. Forexample, after 50 cycles, weight loss due to freeze and thaw was8.32% and 13.85% for control and bricks with RHA and SBA,respectively.

According to ASTM C 67, if specimens cracks during freeze andthaw or weight loss increases by 3%, then brick specimens can beconsidered as fail. No cracks were observed in both control andbricks having RHA and SBA after 50 cycles. However, tested brickspecimens showed weight loss greater than 3% after 30 cycles. Thiscan be attributed to the increased porosity, as it plays a key role inthe intensity of stress caused by freezing [20,37]. Therefore, it canbe concluded that bricks incorporating RHA and SBA can be usedin moderate weather areas (temperature higher than freezingpoint) instead of severe weather conditions.

3.9. Sulfate test

Table 2 shows the results of sulfate resistance of clay bricksincorporating RHA and SBA. It was observed that the tested brickswith RHA and SBA showed reduction in compressive strength;whereas, weight gained with incorporation of RHA and SBA. For

example, after 30 days of sulfate immersion, strength reductionwas 24.78% and 20.85% for control and bricks incorporating RHAand SBA, respectively. Whereas, weight gain was 17.07% and 22.5%for control and modified bricks, respectively (Fig. 8). As a result ofsulfate immersion, sulfate crystals fill inside the pores and microcracks leading to weight gain [38]. Moreover, crystallization ofsulfate salts generates pressure within the pores leading to micro-cracking and reduction in compressive strength [38].

3.10. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test

Table 2 shows the results of ultrasonic pulse velocity test (UPV)of clay bricks having RHA and SBA. It was observed UPV decreasedwith the incorporation of RHA and SBA. For instance, UPV valuesreduced from 1643 m/s to 1162 m/s after incorporating RHA andSBA (Fig. 10). Generally, pulse velocity is directly related to por-osity and the results are also confirming the relation [39].

3.11. Microscopic analysis and color

Fig. 11 shows the scanning electron microscopic images of bothburnt clay bricks and bricks incorporating RHA and SBA. Porousstructure was observed in clay brick specimens. However, themicrostructures of burnt clay bricks incorporation RHA and SBAare more porous than burnt clay bricks. The results are in ac-cordance with the porosity and water absorption results as ob-served in past research [30].

Color of clay brick is also an important parameter to classifybricks [40]. Iron oxide content is considered as responsible forcolor [41]. The bricks without waste showed a similar color afterwaste addition. No stains on the surface and black core defectswere observed in any brick specimens.

4. Conclusions

In this study, the properties of clay bricks after incorporatingrice husk ash (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) were in-vestigated. Utilization of RHA and SBA wastes in the manufactur-ing of clay bricks not only helpful in disposal of these wastes safelybut also imparts useful properties to the burnt clay bricks. Fromthe experimental results, it can be concluded that:

1. Clay bricks after incorporation of RHA and SBA can be poten-tially used in the production of lighter bricks. Addition of thesewastes result into 6% lighter bricks. This decrease in the weightof bricks can result in the reduction of structural loads and

Fig. 10. Ultrasonic pulse velocity of control and modified bricks.

Fig. 11. SEM micrographs of the a) clay brick and b) clay brick incorporating RHAand SBA.

S.M.S. Kazmi et al. / Journal of Building Engineering 7 (2016) 372–378 377

helpful in achieving economy.2. Compressive strength and modulus of rupture decrease after

addition of RHA and SBA in brick clay. However, the results stillsatisfy the requirements of building bricks according to Pakistanbuilding code and ASTM standard guidelines.

3. Porosity and water absorption increases after incorporation of

RHA and SBA. However, modified bricks can be used as mod-erate weather resistive bricks. Freeze and thaw results alsoconfirm the suitability of bricks in moderate weather environ-ment. Porous bricks usually have better insulation propertiesthan control bricks. Scanning electron microscopy also con-firmed the increase in porosity after incorporating RHA and SBA.

4. The resistance against efflorescence has been improved afterincorporation of RHA and SBA in clay bricks. However, the use ofmodified bricks under severe sulfate attack is not preferred.

Based on the observations, RHA and SBA addition in burnt claybricks is recommended. The addition of RHA and SBA is not onlyhelpful in controlling environmental pollution but also improvesdurability properties of burnt clay bricks.

References

[1] H. Houben, H. Guillaud, Earth Construction: A Comprehensive Guide, ITDGPublishing, London, 1994.

[2] G. Greyt, Defination: Clay, Greyt Gift Home, 1968, pp. 1–2.[3] K. Salim, H.W. Farhan, S.K. Jam, B. Nadeem-ul-Karim, A.A. Abdul, Qualitative

analysis of baked clay bricks available in Larkana region, Pakistan, Archit. Civ.Eng. Environ. 2 (2014) 41–50.

[4] K. Sardar, J. Rasul, Assessment of environmental impacts and socio- economicfactors of brick kilns in Peshawar, Pakistan, Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar 33(2000) 97–102.

[5] SAARC Energy Centre, Evaluating Energy Conservation Potential of Brick Kilnsin SAARC Countries, Islamabad, 2012.

[6] IBSTOCK, Technical Information Sheet no. 6: How Bricks are Made. (URL:⟨www.ibstock.com/pdfs/technical-support/TIS16Howbricksaremade.pdf⟩).

[7] J. Lucas, Azulejos ou Ladrilhos Ceramicos, Descricao Geral, Exigencias Nor-mativas, Classificacao Funcional, LNEC, Lisboa, 2003.

[8] I. Demir, An investigation on the production of construction brick with pro-cessed waste tea, Build. Environ. 41 (2006) 1274–1278.

[9] G. Nirmala, G. Viruthagiri, A view of microstructure with technological beha-vior of waste incorporated ceramic bricks, Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol.Biomol. Spectrosc. 135 (2015) 76–80.

[10] L. Zhang, Production of bricks from waste materials – a review, Constr. Build.Mater. 47 (2013) 643–655.

[11] S. Chidiac, L. Federico, Effects of waste glass additions on the properties anddurability of fired clay brick, Can. J. Civ. Eng. 34 (2007) 1458–1466.

[12] R. Kumar, N. Hooda, An experimental study on properties of Fly ash bricks, Int.J. Res. Aeronaut. Mech. Eng. 2 (9) (2014) 56–67.

[13] A. Shakir, S. Naganathan, K. Mustapha, Properties of bricks made using fly ash,quarry dust and billet scale, Constr. Build. Mater. 41 (2013) 131–138.

[14] A. More, A. Tarade, A. Anant, Assessment of suitability of fly ash and rice huskash burnt clay bricks, Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ. 4 (7) (2014) 1–6.

[15] D. Tonnayopas, P. Tekasakul, S. Jaritgnam, Effects of rice husk ash on char-acteristics of lightweight clay brick, in: Proceedings of the Technology andInnovation for Sustainable Development Conference, Thailand, 2008, pp. 36–39.

[16] S.M.S. Kazmi, S. Abbas, M.A. Saleem, M.J. Munir, A. Khitab, Manufacturing ofsustainable clay bricks: Utilization of waste sugarcane bagasse and rice huskashes, Constr. Build. Mater. 120 (2016) 29–41.

[17] Bronzeoak Limited, Rice husk ash market study 2003, Available: ⟨www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15138.pdf⟩.

[18] T. Akram, S. Memon, K. Iqbal, Utilization of bagasse ash as partial replacementof cement, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances inCement Based Materials and Applications in Civil Infrastructure ACBM-ACI,Lahore, Pakistan, 2007, pp. 235–245.

[19] T. Akram, S. Memon, H. Obaid, Production of low cost self-compacting con-crete using bagasse ash, Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (2009) 703–712.

[20] I. Netinger, M. Vracevic, J. Ranogajec, S. Vucetic, Evaluation of brick resistanceto freeze thaw cycles according to indirect procedures, Gradevinar 66 (3)(2014) 197–209.

[21] A.M. Musthafa, K. Janaki, G. Velraj, Microscopy, porosimetry and chemicalanalysis to estimate the firing temperature of some archaeological potteryshreds from India, Microchem. J. 95 (2) (2010) 311–314.

[22] ASTM C67, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Struc-tural Clay Tile, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA,2003.

[23] ASTM C20, Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick andShapes by Boiling Water, American Society for Testing and Materials, Phila-delphia, PA, 2000.

[24] ASTM C1012, Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-cementMortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution, American Society for Testing and Ma-terials, Philadelphia, PA, 2003.

[25] ASTM C597, Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete,

S.M.S. Kazmi et al. / Journal of Building Engineering 7 (2016) 372–378378

American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1992.[26] G. Gorhan, O. Simsek, Porous clay bricks manufactured with rice husks, Constr.

Build. Mater. 40 (2013) 390–396.[27] I. Demir, Effect of organic residues addition on the technological properties of

clay bricks, Waste Manag. 28 (2008) 622–627.[28] National Engineering Services of Pakistan, Building Code of Pakistan – Seismic

Hazard Evaluation Studies, Ministry of Housing and Works, Government ofPakistan, Pakistan, 2007.

[29] E.I. Ugwu, A. Dickson, Analysis of the effect of blending Nigeria pure clay withrice husk: a case study of Ekulu Clay in Enugu State, Am. J. Mater. Eng. Technol.2 (3) (2014) 34–37.

[30] K. Faria, R. Gurgel, J. Holanda, Recycling of sugarcane bagasse ash waste in theproduction of clay bricks, J. Environ. Manag. 101 (2012) 7–12.

[31] ASTM C62, Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units madefrom clay or shale), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,PA, 2013.

[32] T. Banu, B. Muktadir, G. Fahmida, A. Kurny, Experimental studies on fly ash-sand lime bricks with gypsum addition, Am. J. Mater. Eng. Technol. 1 (3)(2013) 35–40.

[33] B.E. Hegazy, H.A. Fouad, A.M. Hassanain, Incorporation of water sludge, silicafume, and rice husk ash in brick making, Adv. Environ. Res. 1 (1) (2012) 83–96.

[34] C.A. Garcia-Ubaque, G. Liliana, C.M. Juan, Quality study of ceramic bricksmanufacture with clay and ashes from the incineration of municipal solidwastes, Afinidad LXX 561, 2013, pp. 61–66.

[35] G. Majkrzak, J. Watson, M. Bryant, K. Clayton, Effect of cenospheres on fly ashbrick properties, in: Proceedings of World Coal Ash, Covington, Kentuck, USA,2007.

[36] P. Velasco, M. Ortiz, M. Giro, L. Velasco, Fired clay bricks manufactured byadding wastes as sustainable construction material – a review, Constr. Build.Mater. 63 (2014) 97–107.

[37] J.I. Davison, Linear expansion due to freezing and other properties of bricks, in:Proceedings of Second Canadian Masonry Symposium, Carleton University,Ottawa, Canada, 1980.

[38] N. Naik, B. Bahadure, C. Jejurkar, Strength and durability of fly ash, cement andgypsum bricks, Int. J. Comput. Eng. Res. 4 (5) (2014) 1–4.

[39] S.R. Koroth, P. Fazio, D. Feldman, Evaluation of clay brick durability using ul-trasonic pulse velocity, J. Archit. Eng. 4 (1998) 142–147.

[40] A.C. Dunham, Developments in industrial mineralogy: the mineralogy ofbrick-making, Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc. 49 (2) (1992) 95–104.

[41] S.O. Yakubu, M.Y. Abdulrahim, Suitability of Birnin Gwari and Maraban Ridoclays as refractory materials, Am. J. Eng. Res. 3 (3) (2014) 8–15.