Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full

8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full

1/95

MDM@BXBX WODJMQ_C CMXB@ KOQNM UOQCMEMW WQIE_KUBVBUMX

KILIEBUMX KMWMX EB KOHMLMUMD _DUOQ BZBX KMA_WMUOD

X_LAMZM UMC_D 1773-17=1

Lmrebmdmc

WODJMQ_C WODEMWMUMD, CMQJM AMQMDJ EMD CMQJM AMQMDJ

@MBD UOQCMEMW WOQLBDUMMD XOLOD UBJM QIEM EB WU. XMKMMJ_DJ MAMEB X_LAMZM AOXMQ UMC_D 177: - 17==

@b`bk Wurwmtb

KIDUQBA_XB QOUQBA_XB UOQLBDM@ UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD MX@B

EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU UMC_D 177?-17=1

Fbtrb Zmcbemc

KIDUQBA_XB XOKUIQ WMQBZBXMUM UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD MX@B

EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU UMC_D 1773-17=1

Aueb Xudmrki

MDM@BXBX WOLAOQBMD EMDM AMDU_MD WQIJQML XUBL_@_X OKI-

DILB (WXO) UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD WO@MK_ _XMCM EB KMA_WMUOD

X_LAMZM AMQMU UMC_D 17=1

Mkclme Ebymc Cmrliki

WODJMQ_C FMKUIQ-FMKUIQ LIUBVMXB UOQCMEMW KBDOQNM J_Q_

UBEMK UOUMW EB AOQAMJMB XLK DOJOQB EB KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM

Mrlbymtb

MDM@BXM WODJMQ_C KOH_K_WMD LIEM@, OFBXBODXB, @BK_BEBUMX,

DID WOQFIQLBDJ @IMD (DW@), EMD WODRBXBCMD WODJCMW_XMD MK-UBVM WQIE_KUBF (WWMW) UOQCMEMW QOU_QD ID MXXOU (QIM) AMDK,

WMEM WE.AWQ DUA X_LAMZM HMAMDJ @ODMDJJ_MQ UMC_D 1778 -

17=1

Amsrb

W_XMU QBXOU OKIDILB EMD WOLAMDJ_DMD

FMK_@UMX OKIDILB _DBVOQXBUMX XMLMZM

17=5


2/95

Ebtorabtkmd i`oc>

W_XMU QBXOU OKIDILB EMD WOLAMDJ_DMD

FMK_@UMX OKIDILB _DBVOQXBUMX XMLMZM

UMC_D 17=5


3/95

Ebtorabtkmd i`oc>

W_XMU QBXOU OKIDILB EMD

WOLAMDJ_DMD

Fmku`tms Okidilb

_dbvorsbtms Xmlmwm (_DXM)

M`mlmt Qoemksb>Kmlpus Fmku`tms Okidilb

_dbvorsbtms Xmlmwm

N`. Qmym Ay Wmss Xorbdj _dtor

Bwos

Xulamwm Aosmr DUAUo`p./Fmks. (78:=) 61?353

Wo`bdeudj & Wodmsocmt

Wrif. Er. Xymbfueebd Bskmdemr, L.We.

Wodjmrmc

Xymfrueebd

Wolblpbd Qoemksb

Xuprbmdti

Qoemktur Wo`mksmdm

Zmcyu Cmrymeb

Bkm Fbtrbymdb

Qoemktur Mc`b

B Dyilmd Xutmlm

O``y Kmrlo`b

Dbdbdj Xuebymrtb

Xuacmd Wurwmebdmtm

M. QmclmdKmlmrueebd

Vbvbd Fbtrymdb

Rmymt Fbtrbmdb

Bscmk Qmclmd


4/95

EMFUMQ BXB


KILIEBUMX KMWMX EB KOHMLMUMD _DUOQ BZBX KMA_WMUOD

X_LAMZM UMC_D 1773-17=1 ................................................................. =

Lmrebmdmc

WODJMQ_C WODEMWMUMD, CMQJM AMQMDJ EMD CMQJM AMQMDJ@MBD UOQCMEMW WOQLBDUMMD XOLOD UBJM QIEM EB WU. XMKM

MJ_DJ MAMEB X_LAMZM AOXMQ UMC_D 177: - 17== .................. ==

@b `bk Wurwmtb

KIDUQBA_XB QOUQBA_XB UOQLBDM@ UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD

MX@B EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU

UMC_D 177?-17=1 ....................................................................................... 11

F btr b Zmcbemc

KIDUQBA_XB XOKUIQ WMQBZBXMUM UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD

MX@B EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU

UMC_D 1773-17=1 ....................................................................................... 83

Aueb Xudmrki

MDM@BXBX WOLAOQBMD EMDM AMDU_MD WQIJQML XUBL_@_X

OKIDILB (WXO) UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD WO@MK_ _XMCM EB

KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU UMC_D 17=1 ................................ ?=

Mkclme Ebymc Cmrliki

WODJMQ_C FMKUIQ-FMKUIQ LIUBVMXB UOQCMEMW KBDOQNM

J_Q_ UBEMK UOUMW EB AOQAMJMB XLK DOJOQB EB KMA_WMUODX_LAMZM .................................................................................................. 61

Mrlbymtb

MDM@BXM WODJMQ_C KOH_K_WMD LIEM@, OFBXBODXB,

@BK_BEBUMX, DID WOQFIQLBDJ @IMD (DW@), EMD WODRBXBCMD

WODJCMW_XMD MKUBVM WQIE_KUBF (WWMW) UOQCMEMW QOU_QD

ID MXXOU (QIM) AMDK, WMEM WE.AWQ DUA X_LAMZM HMAMDJ

@ODMDJJ_MQ UMC_D 1778 - 17=1 ....................................................... ::

Amsrb


5/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =

Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM


KILIEBUMX KMWMX EB KOHMLMUMD _DUOQ BZBX

KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM UMC_D 1773-17=1

Iòc>

Lmrebmdmc

MAXUQMK

Wodo`btbmd bdb aortunumd mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub memdym podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd

cmsb` kornm torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs Kmaupmtod

Xulamwm. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb, emtm sokudeor aorupm emtm nul`mc prieuksb kiliebtb

kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs so`mlm tmcud 1773-17=1. Emtm aormsm` emrb Ebdms

Kocutmdmd emd Workoaudmd Kmaupmtod Xulamwm aorupm emtm porkolamdjmd cmsb` prieuksb kiliebtb kmpms, rmtm-rmtm cmrjm num` kmpms emd rmtm-rmtm prieuktbvbtms

kiliebtb kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs. Cmsb` podo`btbmd lodudnukkmd amcwm mem

podjmruc cmsb` kornm sohmrm dymtm emd sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb

kmpms, eodjmd ebtudnukkmd iòc db`mb t-stmtbstbk soaosmr 5,331 emd t-tmao` soaosmr

1,:75 pmem < ?% (7,7?;?) eodjmd lo`mkukmd podjunbmd smtu sbsb aormrtb db`mb t-

stmtbstbk 4 t-tmao` mtmu C m ebtorblm emd C 7 ebti`mk. Eodjmd eolbkbmd, cmsb` kornm

lolaorbkmd podjmruc sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd

_dtor Bwbs.

Kmtm Kudhb > Cmsb` Korn m emd Wrieuktbvbtms

B. WODEMC_@_MD

=.=. @mtmr Ao`mkmdjWolamdjudmd dmsbidm` soamjmb mlmdmt udtuk lowunuekmd sumtu lmsymrmkmt

meb` emd lmklur ymdj lormtm lmtorbm` emd spbrbtum` aoremsmrkmd Wmdhmsb`m eb em`ml

wmemc Dojmrm Kosmtumd Qopua`bk Bdeidosbm ebcmrmpkmd empmt torhmpmb eodjmd soambk-

ambkdym. Wolorbdtmc to`mc lodyusud aoramjmb pi`m polamdjudmd dmsbidm` ymdj

lodhmkup podbdjkmtmd solum sojb kocbeupmd amdjsm. Em`ml blpòlodtmsbdym

polamdjudmd dmsbidm` ebtbtbk aormtkmd pmem polamdjudmd ebabemdj okidilb eodjmd podbdjkmtmd cmsb`-cmsb` ebabemdj okidilb, lmkm torsoebm`mc sulaor-sulaor

polamdjudmd ymdj òabc ùms amjb podbdjkmtmd polamdjudmd soportb ebsoktir

portmdbmd, sisbm` emd soktir-soktir `mbddym.

Wortmdbmd mem`mc sumtu kojbmtmd lmdusbm ymdj torlmsuk eb em`mldym ymbtu

aorhihik tmdml, potordmkmd, porbkmdmd emd kocutmdmd. Xoamjbmd aosmr lmtm

podhmcmrbmd lmsymrmkmt eb Bdeidosbm mem`mc soamjmb potmdb, socbdjjm soktir portmdbmd

smdjmt podtbdj udtuk ebkolamdjkmd eb dojmrm kbtm. Wolamdjudmd soktir portmdbmd

ebtunukmd udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd cmsb` prieuksb portmdbmd, kmrodm btu eb Dusm Uodjjmrm

Amrmt aoramjmb upmym podbdjkmtmd prieuksb ebsoktir portmdbmd nujm to`mc eb`mkukmd ambk


6/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 1


lo`mùb podbdjkmtmd usmcm ebvorsbfbkmsb, bdtodsbfbkmsb, okstodsbfbkmsb emd rocmab`btmsb.

Abemdj portmdbmd kcususdym podbdjkmtmd prieuksb aukmd aorms sm`mc smtudym empmt eb

upmymkmd lo`mùb auebemym tmdmlmd kmpms.

Kmpms mem`mc sormt cmùs ymdj lodyoùaudjb abnb aoaormpm nodbs Jissypbul aormsm` emrb emormc tripbkm emd suatripbkm. Xormt kmpms lodnmeb amcmd podtbdj em`ml

bdeustrb tokstb`. Xormt kmpms lorupmkmd prieuk ymdj aorcmrjm kmrodm cmdym sokbtmr =7 %

emrb aormt kitir (aruti) prieuk cb`mdj em`ml polrisosmd. Mpmab`m òlmk, pritobd,

lm`ml (`b`bd), emd `mbd-`mbd rosbeu ebsbdjkbrkmd, sbsmdym mem`mc pi`blor soùìsm lurdb

emd m`mlb. Xoùìsm bdb torsusud soeolbkbmd rupm socbdjjm lolaorbkmd kmpms kokumtmd,

emym tmcmd (eurmab`btms), emd emym sormp ymdj udbk dmlud ebsukmb irmdj. Uokstb` ymdj

toraumt emrb kmpms (kmtud) aorsbfmt lodjcmdjmtkmd eb km`m ebdjbd emd lodyonukkmd eb

km`m pmdms (lodyormp korbdjmt). Nmeb portmdbmd kmpms mem`mc kojbmtmd aorhihik tmdml

lmdusbm kcusus udtuk lolprieuksb cmsb` emrb tmdmlmd kmpms.

_dtuk lo`mksmdmkmd prijrml podjolamdjmd sohmrm ofoktbf socuaudjmd eodjmd

koeum cm` torsoaut ebmdjjmp porù udtuk lodotmpkmd kiliebtms portmdbmd ymdj lodnmebudjju`md. Kiliebtms udjju`md ebtotmpkmd soto`mc lodjkmnb aoramjmb ko`mymkmd ambk

ymdj aorsbfmt tokdbs lmupud okidilb. Ebcmrmpkmd em`ml nmdjkm wmktu ymdj ro`mtbf

podeok kiliebtms bdb empmt lolaorbkmd cmsb` ymdj sbjdbfbkmd udtuk lolporambkb

kidebsb kocbeupmd potmdb kcususdym emd ululdym lmsymrmkmt ymdj torkmbt eodjmd

nmrbdjmd absdbs kiliebtb bdb. Aoremsmrkmd `mtmr ao`mkmdj torsoaut eb`bcmt emrb prispok

ymdj mem lmkm ebpb`bc nueu` podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc "Mdm`bsbs Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm

Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs Kmaupmtod Xulamwm

Umcud 1773-17=1"

=.1. Qulusmd Lmsm`mc

Aoremsmrkmd urmbmd `mtmr ao`mkmdj eb mtms lmkm empmt ebpmpmrkmd rulusmd ymdjlodnmeb bdtb porlmsm`mcmd ymdj ebto`btb mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut> Mpmkmc Cmsb` Kornm

Aorpodjmruc Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs

Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Umcud 1773-17=19

=.8. Uunumd Wodo`btbmd

Mempud tunumd emrb podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm

Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs Kmaupmtod Xulamwm

Umcud 1773-17=1.

BB.

UBDNM_MD W_XUMKM1.=. Wodo`btbmd XoaoùldymWodo`btbmd Xotbmeb (1772) eodjmd nueu` ‐Wodjmruc _pmc emd Nmlbdmd Xisbm`

torcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kornm Kmrymwmd eb WU. Xolmrmdj Lmklur Xolmrmdj“. Uunumd

podo`btbmd > _dtuk lodjotmcub cuaudjmd upmc eodjmd prieuktbvbtms kornm kmrymwmd

emd lodjotmcub cuaudjmd nmlbdmd sisbm` eodjmd prieuktbvbtms kornm kmrymwmd eb WU

Xolmrmdj Lmklur Xolmrmdj. Emrb cmsb` podo`btbmd bdb ebtolukmd amcwm > Cuaudjmd

upmc eodjmd prieuktbvbtms kornm lolb`bkb cuaudjmd ymdj rodemc emd dojmtbf (r < -

7,1:7) emd mdjkm priamab`btms ( p < 7,?3) socbdjjm tbemk sbjdbfbkmd pmem tmrmf

koporhmymmd 2?%, socbdjjm cuaudjmd S= eodjmd R mtmu cuaudjmd upmc eodjmd


7/95



prieuktbvbtms mem`mc dojmtbf. Xulamdjmd (S=


8/95



1.1.1. Wodjortbmd _smcmtmdb

_smcmtmdb lorupmkmd upmym potmdb udtuk lodjjudmkmd mtmu lolmdfmmtkmd

soùruc sulaoremym (tmdmc, pupuk, mbr, iamt-iamtmd, umdj, todmjm emd `mbd-`mbd) em`ml

sumtu usmcm portmdbmd sohmrm ofbsbod socbdjjm empmt ebporiòc cmsb` aorupm prieuksblmupud koudtudjmd fbdmdsbm` sohmrm iptblm`. Xmtu kmtm ymdj lodjmdeudj mrtb

–absdbsdym potmdb‒ eodjmd `mcmd jmrmpmd ymdj ebkoì`m eodjmd tmdmlmd emd

cowmd/tordmkdym. _smcmtmdb eokmt eodjmd podjortbmd fmrl em`ml amcmsm Bdjjrbs ymdj

absm soamjmb kmtm aodem lmupud kmtm kornm ymdj ebaorb mrtb soabemdj `mcmd eodjmd absdbs

tmdmlmd emd cowmddym. Nmeb pmem cmkbkmtdym, usmcm tmdb mem`mc prisos bdeustrb. Kmrodm

btu, lolaoremymkmd usmcmtmdb tbemk uamcdym eodjmd lolaoremymkmd bdeustrb (Qustml,

Fme`b. 177:).

Qovbtm`bsmsb portmdbmd mkmd òabc pudym mrtb `mdjsudj aorokidilb kormkymtmd

amjb potmdb nbkm torfikuskmd pmem rovbtm`bsmsb usmcmtmdb. Xo`mlm bdb potmdb tmk amdymk

lodempmtkmd podebebkmd b`lu usmcmtmdb. Cmlpbr sotbmp polblpbd mtmu ponmamt kbtm ab`m

lolabhmrmkmd polamdjudmd portmdbmd mtmu polamdjudmd poeosmmd mkcbrdym so`mùlodyoautkmd jmtrm mjriabsdbs. Amjmblmdm absdbs potmdb tbemk torudjkmp emd mpmkmc

potmdb absm ebporambkb kocbeupmddym nbkm cmdym ebaoremymkmd eodjmd lodmbkkmd

prieuksb.

Em`ml usmcmtmdb, potmdb ludjkbd absm lodjoì`m sumtu absdbs koùmrjm ymdj

òabc aosmr emrb jmlamrmd jurol btu. Amrmdjkm`b mkmd `mbd polabhmrmmd kbtm nbkm

aorti`mk emrb polbkbrmd usmcmtmdb ymdj cmrus ebaoremymkmd soamjmb bdeustrb. Xoportb

irmdj aorabhmrm eodjmd polaoremymmd bdeustrb ymdj tbemk mkmd abhmrm todtmdj cmsb`

kornm udtuk usmcmdym mtmu stmtus polb`bkmd `mcmddym (Xnmlsio, 1772).

1.1.8. _smcmtmdb Kmpms

Kmpms (Jissypbul cbrsutul @.) lorupmkmd tmdmlmd bdeustrb ymdj eblmdfmmtkmdsormtdym udtuk bdeustrb tokstb` kmrodm lolpudymb aoaormpm koòabcmd mdtmrm `mbd emym

sormp torcmemp mbr aosmr, o`mstbs, lolpudymb emym cmdtmr pmdms emd tmcmd mus kmrodm

pmdms. Wortulaucmd prieuksb kmpms cbdjjm smmt bdb cmdym lmlpu lolaorbkmd

kidtrbausb ½ 7,?5% emrb titm` koautucmd kmpms bdeustrb emd prieuk tokstb`. Iòc kmrodm

btu porù memdym porcmtbmd ymdj sudjjuc- sudjjuc torcmemp podbdjkmtmd prieuksb

kmpms, kmrodm mrtb emd pormdmddym smdjmt podtbdj em`ml cm` lodudnmdj podyoebmmd

amcmd amku udtuk bdeustrb tokstb` emd podempmtmd potmdb. Qodemcdym tbdjkmt prieuksb

emd prieuktbvbtms emrb usmcmtmdb kmpms torsoaut, sm`mc smtudym ebsoamakmd iòc

podjoì`mmd fmktir-fmktir prieuksb ymdj aoùl lmksblm` iòc potmdb, mtmu eodjmd kmtm

`mbd memdym kotbemksosumbmd mdtmrm podjjudmmd fmktir-fmktir prieuksb mtmu bdput eodjmd

iutput ymdj ebcmsb`kmd (O`y> 17==).

_smcmtmdb kmpms lorupmkmd sumtu usmcm prieuksb portmdbmd ymdj

lolauebemymkmd kmpms pmem sumtu mrom` eodjmd lodyoebmkmd fmktir-fmktir prieuksb

sosumb eodjmd symrmt tulaucdym tmdmlmd kmpms torsoaut. _smcmtmdb kmpms lorupmkmd

usmcmtmdb ymdj lolb`bkb db`mb okidilbs ymdj tbdjjb, kmrodm mkmd lolaorbkmd cmsb`

ymdj tbdjjb kopmem potmdb wm`mupud abmymdym hukup tbdjjb (Emdbo`, Liocmr. 1771).


9/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 ?


1.1.5. Fmktir ‘ fmktir Wrieuktbvbtms Kornm

Wodbdjkmtmd prieuktbvbtms lorupmkmd emlammd sotbmp porusmcmmd, prieuktbvbtms

lodjmdeudj podjortbmd aorkodmmd eodmjmd kidsop okidilbs, fbìsifbs, prieuktbvbtms

aorkodmmd eodjmd usmcm mtmu kojbmtmd lmdusbm udtuk lodjcmsb`kmd amrmdj mtmu nmsmymdj aorjudm udtuk poloducmd koautucmd cbeup lmdusbm emd lmsymrmkmt pmem

ululdym. Xoamjmb kidsop fbìsifbs, prieuktbvbtms lodjmdeudj pmdemdjmd cbeup emd

sbkmp lodtm` ymdj so`mù aorusmcm udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd lutu kocbeupmd eblmdm

komemmd cmrb bdb cmrus òabc ambk emrb cmrb kolmrbd emd lutu kocbeupmd cmrb osik cmrus

òabc ambk emrb cmrb bdb. Lodurut (Xbdudjmd, 1773), _dtuk lodhmpmb prieuktbvbtms ymdj

tbdjjb sumtu porusmcmmd em`ml prisos prieuksb, so`mbd amcmd amku emd todmjm kornm ymdj

cmrus mem nujm ebeukudj iòc fmktir ‘ fmktir soamjmb aorbkut > Wodebebkmd,

Kotormlpb`md, Xbkmp emd otbkm kornm, Ubdjkmt podjcmsb`md, Nmlbdmd sihbm`, Ubdjkmt

sisbm` emd bk`bl kornm, Litbvmsb, Jbzb emd kosocmtmd, Cuaudjmd bdebvbeu, Uokdiìjb,

Wrieuksb.

1.1.?. Wodjukurmd Wrieuktbvbtms KornmWodjukurmd prieuktbvbtms kornm soamjmb smrmdm udtuk lodjmdm`bsm emd

lodeiridj ofbsbodsb prieuksb. Lmdfmmt `mbd mem`mc udtuk lododtukmd tmrjot emd

kojudmmd, prmktbsdym soamjmb stmdemr em`ml polamymrmd upmc kmrymwmd. _dtuk

lodjukur sumtu prieuktbvbtms empmt ebjudmkmd eum nodbs ukurmd nml kornm lmdusbm

ymkdb nml ‘ nml kornm ymdj cmrus ebamymr emd nml-nml kornm ymdj cmrus ebporjudmkmd

udtuk aokornm.

Lodurut Kbsemrti (177=), Mem eum lmhml m`mt podjukurmd prieuktbvbtms, ymbtu >

m. Wcysbhm` prieuhtbvbty, ymbtu prieuktbvbtms sohmrm kumdtbtmtbf soportb ukurmd (sbzo), pmdnmdj, aormt, amdymkdym udbt, wmktu, emd abmym todmjm kornm.

a. Vmùo prieuhtbvbty, ymbtu ukurmd prieuktbvbtms eodjmd lodjjudmkmd db`mb umdj ymdjebdymtmkmd em`ml rupbmc, yod, ei``mr emd sotorusdym.

Wrieuktbvbtms lorupmkmd porwunuemd kornm ymdj eb`mkukmd iòc kmrymwmd ymdj

abmsmdym ebpmkmb soamjmb emsmr podb`mbmd torcmemp kmrymwmd mtmu bdebvbeu. prieuktbvbtms

ymdj ambk lorupmkmd sumtu `mdjkmc udtuk lodunu torhmpmbdym tunumd bdebvbeu. Iòc

kmrodm btu, prieuktbvbtms lorupmkmd smrmdm pododtu em`ml lodhmpmb tunumd bdebvbeu.

Jilos (Lmdjkudojmrm 1777> 6:), lodjudjkmpkmd prieuktbvbtms kmrymwmd soamjmb

_djkmpmd soportb iut put, ofbsbodsb sortm ofoktbfbtms ymdj sorbdj ebcuaudjkmd

eodjmd solmdjmt kornm. Xo`mdnutdym prieuktbvbtms kmrymwmd (prostmsb kornm) ymdj

ebeofbdbsbkmd soamjmb cmsb` kornm sohmrm kum`btms emd kumdtbtms ymdj ebhmpmb iòc soirmdj

kmrymwmd em`ml lo`mksmdmkmd tujms sosumb eodjmd tmdjjudj nmwma ymdj ebaorbkmd

kopmemdym (Lmdjkudojmrm, 1777> 65).

Xo`mdnutdym mdm`bsbs todtmdj prieuktbvbtms kmrymwmd lodurut Jilos (=22?> 2=)

sodmdtbmsm aorkmbtmd ormt eodjmd eum krbtorbm utmlm, ymbtu> Kosoebmmd mtmu litbvmsb

kmrymwmd udtuk aokornm ymdj lodblau`kmd usmcm kmrymwmd, Kolmlpumd pojmwmb

udtuk lo`mksmdmkmd pokornmmd. Iòc kmrodm btu, empmt ebsblpu`kmd amcwm

prieuktbvbtms XEL mem`mc prostmsb kornm mtmu cmsb` kornm (iut put) ambk kum`btms lmupud

kumdtbtms ymdj ebhmpmb XEL em`ml porsmtumd porbieo udtuk lo`mksmdmkmd tujms

kornmdym eodjmd tmdjjudj nmwma ymdj ebaorbkmd kopmemdym.


10/95



Lodurut Ecmrlmd (=236> 81) lodymtmkmd amcwm soùruc podjukurmd

prieuktbvbtms soirmdj kmrymwmd so`mù lolporcmtbkmd emd lolportblamdjkmd lmsm`mc

kumdtbtms pokornmmd, kum`btms emd kotopmtmd wmktu. Wrieuktbvbtms aorkmbtmd eodjmd cmsb`

pokornmmd ymdj ebhmpmb iòc kmrymwmd em`ml smtu porbieo, ymbtu kumdtbtms emd kum`btms pokornmmd ymdj ebcmsb`kmd. Xbmjbmd (=226> 187) lodjmtmkmd amcwm prieuktbvbtms

kmrymwmd empmt ebukur lo`mùb bdebkmtir-bdebkmtir aorbkut> Kolmcbrmd lodolpuc

prisoeur ymdj to`mc ebtodtukmd, Xbkmp lodjcmempb po`mdjjmd emd Kohorlmtmd em`ml

po`mksmdmmd tujms

Wrieuktbvbtms mkmd smdjmt ebukur emd ebtodtukmd aoremsmrkmd skm`m cmsb` usmcm

ymdj eb`mkukmd em`ml podyoòdjjmrmmd podhbptmmd prieuksb udtuk lodjcmsb`kmd

amrmdj emd nmsm eolb lodbdjkmtkmd prieuktbvbtms btu sodebrb. _dtuk lodjcbtudj

prieuktbvbtms ymdj `mzbl ebjudmkmd em`ml sumtu podo`btbmd empmt ebfirlu`msbkmd

soamjmb aorbkut (Mrbf, =22?)>

W <

Kotormdjmd >

W mem`mc Wrieuktbvbtms ebukur eodjmd smtumd Qp/nml

∝ CK mem`mc cmsb` kornm aorupm prieuk ymdj ebcmsb`kmd em`ml smtumd udbt.

∝DW mem`mc cmrjm num` mtmu db`mb podnum`md prieuk ymdj ebcmsb`kmd em`ml smtumd

rupbmc por udbt (Qp/_dbt).

∝NK mem`mc nml kornm ymdj to`mc ebhurmckmd udtuk empmt lolaorbkmd cmsb` prieuksb

so`mlm prisos prieuksb em`ml smtumd nml.

BBB. KOQMDJKM KIDXOWU_M@

Jmlamr =.

Kormdjkm Kidsoptum`

CMXB@ KOQNM WQIE_KUBVBUMX

_XMCM UMDB

KMWMX

MDM@BXBX QOJQOXB

XOEOQCMDM

KOXBLW_@MD


11/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 :


BV. LOUIEI@IJB WODO@BUBMD

5.=. Emtm Wodo`btbmdWodo`btbmd bdb lodjjudmkmd lotieo eoskrbptbf ymbtu sumtu aodtuk podo`btbmd ymdj

ebtunukmd udtuk lodeoskrbpsbkmd fodilodm-fodilodm ymdj mem, ambk fodilodmm`mlbmc lmupud fodilodm aumtmd lmdusbm. Fodilodm btu absm aorupm aodtuk, mktbvbtms,

kmrmktorbstbk, poruamcmd, cuaudjmd, kosmlmmd, emd poraoemmd mdtmrm fodilodm ymdj

smtu eodjmd fodilodm `mbddym (Xuklmebdmtm, 1776). Wodjjudmmd lotieo eoskrbptbf

pmem podo`btbmd bdb ebemsmrkmd pmem porlmsm`mcmd ymdj ebcmempb ymbtu aorusmcm

lolaorbkmd sumtu jmlamrmd lodjodmb podjmruc cmsb` kornm torcmemp prieuktbvbtms

kiliebtb kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs eodjmd hmrm lodjulpu`kmd, lodji`mc emd

lodjmdm`bsm emtm ymdj aorkmbtmd eodjmd lmsm`mc torsoaut udtuk koluebmd lodmrbk

kosblpu`md torcmemp lmsm`mc ymdj ebcmempb em`ml rumdj `bdjkup podo`btbmd bdb.

5.1. K`msbfbkmsb Vmrbmao` Wodo`btbmd

Em`ml lodjcbdemrb tornmebdym kosm`mcmd em`ml podjulpu`md emtm emd udtuklolporluemc podo`btbmd bdb mjmr emtm ymdj ebcmsb`kmd sosumb eodjmd vmrbmao`, lmkm

empmt ebkotmcub beodtbfbkmsb emd k`msbfbkmsb vmrbmao` em`ml podo`btbmd bdtb emd udtuk

lodjmdm`bsm mdtmrm eum vmrbmao`, mempud vmrbmao`-vmrbmao`dym mdtmrm `mbd mem`mc >

=. Vmrbmao` aoams (Bdeopodeodt Vmrbmao`) mem`mc vmrbmao` ymdj tbemk mkmd ebpodjmrucbiòc vmrbmao` `mbd, nmeb vmrbmao` aoams em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc cmsb` kornm potmdb

kmpms.

1. Vmrbmao` torbkmt (Eopodeodt Vmrbmao`) mem`mc vmrbmao` ymdj ebpodjmrucb iòc vmrbmao``mbd. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb vmrbmao` torbkmt mem`mc prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms.

5.8. Eofbdbsb Ipormsbidm` Wodo`btbmd

Mempud eofbdbsb ipormsbidm` em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut >=. Cmsb` kornm potmdb kmpms mem`mc ianok aorwunue mtmu tmk aorwunue ymdj lorupmkmd

cmsb` po`mksmdmmd priyok, soamjmb amjbmd emrb sumtu kowmnbamd emrb potmdb kmpms eb

Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs.

1. Wrieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms mem`mc kolmlpumd potmdb kmpms em`ml lodyoòsmbkmd pokornmmd em`ml nmdjkm wmktu tortodtu eodjmd lolporcmtbkmd kum`btms kornm, ebsbp`bd

kornm, kolmlpumd kornm emd aorupmym udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd cmsb` kornm ymdj mem eb

Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs.

5.5. Uokdbk Mdm`bsbs EmtmUocdbk podjulpu`md emtm ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc

Kumdtbtmtbf. Mdm`bsbs emtm kumdtbtmtbf mem`mc podji`mcmd emtm eodjmd kmbemc-kmbemc

lmtolmtbk torcmemp emtm mdjkm mtmu dulorbk. Mdjkm empmt lorupmkmd roprosodtmsb emrb

sumtu kumdtbtms lmupud mdjkm soamjmb cmsb` kidvorsb emrb sumtu kum`btms, ymkdb emtm

kum`btmtbf ymdj ebkumdtbfbkmsbkmd. (Xujbyidi, 177:). Mempud tocdbk mdm`bsm emtm ymdj

ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc rojrosb `bdbor soeorcmdm.


12/95



V. CMXB@ MDM@BXBX EMD WOLAMCMXMD

Aoremsmrkmd pmem toirb emd cbpitosbs ymdj ebmnukmd lmkm empmt ebtu`bs lieo`

ymdj ebporjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut (Junmrmtb, =22?> :1-:8)>

Wrieuktbvbtms < α= + α1 Cmsb` Kornm + o

Eblmdm >

Wrieuktbvbtms < Aosmrdym kolmlpumd rmtm-rmtm cmsb` kornm potmdb

kmpms (kj/Cm)

Cmsb` Kornm < Aosmrdym Wrieuksb ymdj eblb`bkb iòc sotbmp potmdb

kmpms (Kj)

o < Fmktir jmdjjumd/ orrir torl

Emrb cmsb` ostblmsb eodjmd amdtumd prijrml i`mc emtm XWWX =1.7 ebporiòcrbdjkmsmd cmsb` rojrosb emd db`mb kiofbsbod lieo` rojrosb `bdbor>

Umao` =.

Cmsb` Qojrosb Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms

eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwos Umcud 1773-17=1

Umao` 1.

Kiofbsbod Eotorlbdmsb Cmsb` Qojrosb Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm Uorcmemp

Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwos Umcud 1773-17=1

Lieo` Q Q XqumroMenustoe Q

Xqumro

Xte. Orrir if

tco Ostblmto

Eurabd-

Zmtsid

= .?:8m .?:2 .?37 1.=5?8 =.178

m. Wroebhtirs> (Hidstmdt), Cmsb` kornm a. Eopodeodt Vmrbmaò> Wrieuktbvbtms

Aoremsmrkmd tmao` eb mtms, lmkm empmt ebkotmcub lieo` porsmlmmd rojrosb

Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor

Bwos Umcud 1773-17=1 soamjmb aorbkut>

Wrieuktbvbtms < 7,15? + 7.56= Cmsb` kornm + o

Hioffbhbodts m

,15? 8,=?6 ,5?= ,18=

,56= ,881 ,?38 5,331 ,777

(Hidstmdt)

Cmsb` Kornm

Lieo` =

A Xte. Orrir

_dstmdemrebzoe Hioffbhbodts

Aotm

Xtmdemrebzoe Hioffbhbodts

t Xbj.

Eopodeodt Vmrbmaò> Wrieuktbvbtmsm.


13/95



_nb t-stmtbstbk Wodjunbmd bdb pmem emsmrdym lodudnukkmd soaormpm aosmr podjmruc smtu vmrbmao`

podno`ms sohmrm bdebvbeum` em`ml lodormdjkmd vmrbmsb vmrbmao` torbkmt. Aoremsmrkmd

cmsb` rojrosb eodjmd lodjjudmkmd smtu vmrbmao` podno`ms lmkm empmt ebsblpu`kmdsoamjmb aorbkut ;

C7 > 1 7, eb lmdm sohmrm bdebvbeu vmrbmao` cmsb` kornm tbemk aorpodjmruc sohmrm

sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp prieuktbvbtms.

Cm > 1 4 7, eb lmdm sohmrm bdebvbeu vmrbmao` cmsb` kornm aorpodjmruc sohmrm sbjdbfbkmd

torcmemp prieuktbvbtms.

Aoremsmrkmd cmsb` porcbtudjmd ebporiòc db`mb t-stmtbstbk soaosmr 5,331 emd t-

tmao` soaosmr 1,:75 pmem < ?% (7,7?;?) eodjmd lo`mkukmd podjunbmd smtu sbsb aormrtb

db`mb t-stmtbstbk 4 t-tmao` mtmu Cm ebtorblm emd C7 ebti`mk. Cm` bdb aormrtb amcwm vmrbmao`

cmsb` kornm aorpodjmruc sohmrm sbjdbfbkmd aormrmc pisbtbf torcmemp prieuktbvbtms emd

cmsb` podjunbmd sosumb eodjmd cbpitosbs.

Emrb lieo` rojrosb torsoaut soamjmblmdm ebno`mskmd eb mtms, empmt ebno`mskmdcmsb` rojrosb soamjmb aorbkut >

=. Kiofbsbod kidstmdtm soaosmr 7,15? lolaorbkmd mrtb amcwm nbkm poruamcmd cmsb` kornmtotmp, lmkm prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms mkmd lodjm`mlb poruamcmd soaosmr 7,15?

udbt/smtumd em`ml mrtbmd kotbkm potmdb kmpms aoùl lolporcmtbkmd kidebsb cmsb`

kornm lmkm prieuktbvbtms Qp 15? kbìjrml por coktmrdym.

1. Kiofbsbod vmrbmao` podno`ms cmsb` kornm soaosmr 7,56= lolaorbkmd mrtb amcwmkodmbkmd nul`mc cmsb` kornm ymdj eblb`bkb iòc potmdb kmpms soaosmr = kbìjrml mkmd

lodeiridj podbdjkmtmd prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms soaosmr 7,56= kbìjrml por

Coktmr eodjmd msulsb hotorbs pmrbaus. Bdb lodudnukkmd amcwm solmkbd aosmr mtmu

ùmsdym `mcmd mkmd lolpodjmrucb sohmrm sbjdbfbkmd aosmrdym prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb

kmpms em`ml lodjcmsb`kmd prieuksb kmpms ymdj lolaorbkmd podjmruc torcmemp

podbdjkmtmd prieuktbvbtmsdym.

VB. WOD_U_W

6.=. Kosblpu`mdAoremsmrkmd cmsb` mdm`bsm ymdj to`mc eb`mkukmd pmem polamcmsmd soaoùldym,

aoaormpm kosblpu`md ymdj empmt ebmlab` mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut > Cmsb` kornmlolpodjmrucb prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms sohmrm dymtm emd sbjdbfbkmd, cm` bdb

ebtudnukkmd iòc db`mb t-stmtbstbk soaosmr 5.331 emd t-tmao` soaosmr 1,:75 pmem < ?%

(7,7?;?) eodjmd lo`mkukmd podjunbmd smtu sbsb aormrtb db`mb t-stmtbstbk 4 t-tmao` mtmu Cm

ebtorblm emd C7 ebti`mk. Cm` bdb aormrtb amcwm vmrbmao` cmsb` kornm aorpodjmruc sohmrmsbjdbfbkmd emd aormrmc pisbtbf torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kcususdym kiliebtb kmpms eb

Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs Kmaupmtod Xulamwm.

6.1. Xmrmd-XmrmdAoremsmrkmd kosblpu`md eb mtms lmkm aoaormpm smrmd ymdj empmt ebtu`bskmd

mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut ;

=. Wmrm potmdb kmpms eb kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs em`ml rmdjkm lodbdjkmtkmd prieuktbvbtmsdym lmkm so`mbd cmsb` kornm ymdj to`mc torauktb sohmrm dymtm

aorpodjmruc torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms nujm porù lolportblamdjkmd


14/95


15/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 ==


WODJMQ_C WODEMWMUMD, CMQJM AMQMDJ EMD CMQJM AMQMDJ @MBD

UOQCMEMW WOQLBDUMMD XOLOD UBJM QIEM EB

WU. XMKM MJ_DJ MAMEB X_LAMZM AOXMQ

UMC_D 177: - 17==

Iòc>

@b`bk Wurwmtb

MAXUQMK

Wodo`btbmd bdb aortunumd udtuk lodjotmcub podjmruc podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, cmrjm

amrmdj, emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd torcmemp porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem eb WU. Xmkm

Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==. Emtm ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd

bdb mem`mc aorupm emtm skudeor ymdj ebporiòc emrb em`ml kmdtir WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr. aorupm emtm tmcudmd porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem, emtm cmrjm

solod tbjm riem, emtm cmrjm solod nodbs `mbd emd emtm podempmtmd porkmpbtm

lmsymrmkmt sulamwm tmcud 177: -17==. Cmsb` podji`mcmd lodudnukmd amcwm, tbemk

torempmt podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd sohmrm sblu`tmd (sorolpmk) emrb vmrbmao` aoams

(podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, cmrjm amrmdj emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd) torcmemp vmrbmao`

torbkmt (porlbdtmmd solod). eblmdm db`mb t cbtudj lmsbdj-lmsbdj vmrbmao` mem`mc

soaosmr 7,?52 udtuk podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, 7,=3? udtuk cmrjm solod tbjm riem emd -

7,7:6 udtuk cmrjm solod `mbd. Nbkm ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd db`mb t tmao` (=1,:76) pmem ν

< ?% udtuk unb eum sbsb lmkm, pmem lieo` ebmtms tbemk mem podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd.

Kmtm Kudhb > Cmrjm Xolod, Wodempmtmd Workmpbtm emd Worlbdtmmd

B. WODEMC_@_MD

=.=. @mtmr Ao`mkmdjWolamdjudmd bdfrmstruktur mtmu smrmdm emd prmsmrmdm lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu

fmktir podtbdj em`ml porkolamdjmd sumtu emormc amdjsm emd dojmrm. Wolamdjudmd

bdfrmstruktur empmt aorupm polamdjudmd kmdtir polorbdtmcmd, porulmcmd, nm`md,

nolamtmd emd aoramjmb fmsb`btms `mbddym. Cm` bdb empmt lodudnmdj porkolamdjmd sumtu

emormc mtmu wb`mymc ko mrmc ymdj òabc ambk. Memdym polamdjudmd aoramjmb

bdfrmstruktur torsoaut, eblmdm WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb soamjmb ebstrbautir Xolod Ubjm

Qiem, smdjmt lolaorbkmd eukudjmd torcmemp lmsymrmkmt em`ml lo`mksmdmkmd

polamdjudmd. Em`ml cm` bdb, Xolod Ubjm Qiem suemc ebporhmym em`ml polamdjudmd

torsoaut socbdjjm empmt ebkmtmkmd to`mc lolaorbkmd kidtrbausb aosmr eblmdm

polamdjudmd absm torsoòsmbkmd sosumb eodjmd rodhmdm ymdj to`mc ebtodtukmd ambk iòc

soktir Wolorbdtmc lmupud Xwmstm.

Xolod Ubjm Qiem ymdj lorupmkmd cmsb` i`mcmd emrb prieuksb em`ml dojorb to`mc

lolaorbkmd koamdjjmd torsodebrb amjmb putrm-putrb amdjsm soamjmb podorus

koloreokmmd amdjsm. Eblmdm kbtm soamjmb amdjsm ymdj lmlpu lolprieuksb sodebrb

kcususdym Xolod Ubjm Qiem smdjmt ymkbd mkmd kolmlpumd em`ml lo`mkukmd


16/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =1


podbdjkmtmd em`ml lolprieuksb aoramjmb cm` ymdj ebautuckmd lmsymrmkmt, amdjsm emd

dojmrm em`ml sumtu prisos polamdjudmd. Wodbdjkmtmd ymdj aojbtu aosmr lmsymrmkmt

torcmemp porlbdtmmd solod Ubjm Qiem suemc amrmdj todtu mkmd lolaorbkmd

podbdjkmtmd ilsot podnum`md WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb sodebrb. Xotbmp au`md WU. XmkmMjudj Mameb so`mù lorodhmdmkmd podjmemmd Xolod Ubjm Qiem loòabcb emrb tmrjot

ymdj to`mc ebtodtukmd.

Xobrbdj eodjmd porkolamdjmd em`ml prisos polamdjudmd suemc pmstb mkmd

aorpodjmruc torcmemp podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt. Eblmdm kotbkm podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt

aortmlamc lmkm tbdjkmt koautucmd lmsymrmkmt torcmemp porlbdtmmd amrmdj emd nmsm

mkmd lodbdjkmt pu`m, cm` bdb mkmd lolaorbkmd podjmruc ymdj pisbtbf em`ml lodudnmdj

prisos kojbmtmd okidilb lmsymrmkmt. Ebsmlpbdj btu cmrjm amrmdj kcususdym cmrjm

Xolod Ubjm Qiem nujm mkmd lodjm`mlb emlpmk kodmbkmd, dmlud cm` bdb torjmdtudj

emrb aosmrdym abmym pikik prieuksb ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml lolprieuksb Xolod Ubjm

Qiem. Nbkm eb`bcmt emrb cmrjm amrmdj `mbd, so`mbd Xolod Ubjm Qiem suemc pmstb mkmd

lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd abmym em`ml prisos prieuksb amrmdj. Xocbdjjm eodjmd tornmebdymkodmbkmd bdb, lmkm tbemk lodutup koludjkbdmd mkmd aorpodjmruc pmem porlbdtmmd

lmsymrmkmt torcmemp sumtu amrmdj emd nmsm kcususdym Xolod Ubjm Qiem.

Eodjmd lodbdjkmtdym porlbdtmmd lmsymrmkmt mkmd solod tbjm riem emrb wmktu

ko wmktu, lodudnukmd porlbdtmmd torcmemp Xolod Ubjm Qiem hukup aosmr. Zm`mupud

cmrjm Xolod Ubjm Qiem so`mù lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd, aojbtu nujm eodjmd cmrjm solod

nodbs `mbd ymdj suemc pmstb mkmd lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd pu`m, dmlud podempmtmd

lmsymrmkmt aoùl todtu mkmd lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd. Lmkm emrb btu podu`bs bdjbd

lodjotmcub podjmruc podempmtmd, cmrjm amrmdj emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd torcmemp

porlbdtmmd Xolod Ubjm Qiem eb WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr.

=.1. Qulusmd Lmsm`mcMempud rulusmd lmsm`mc em`ml cm` bdb mem`mc mpmkmc mem podjmruc

podempmtmd, cmrjm amrmdj emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd torcmemp porlbdtmmd Xolod Ubjm Qiem

eb WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177: -17== 9

=.8. Uunumd Wodo`btbmd Uunumd emrb podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub podjmruc podempmtmd, cmrjm

emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd torcmemp porlbdtmmd Xolod Ubjm Qiem eb WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb

Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==.

BB.

UBDNM_MD W_XUMKM1.=. Wodo`btbmd Xoaoùldym.Mprbzm` (17==), lo`mkuk md podo`btbmd eodjmd nueu` “Mdm`bsbs Ofoktbvbtms

Xojlodtmsb Wmsmr Uorcmemp Wodbdjkmtmd Viùlo Wodnum`md Wmem WU. Xolod Uidmsm eb

Wmdjkop‒‒. Em`ml usmcmdym lodbdjkmtkmd viùlo podnum`md judm lolmksblm`kmd

`mam lmkm WU. Xolod Uidmsm to`mc lodormpkmd strmtojb polmsmrmd ymdj ofoktbf emd

ofbsbod torlmsuk em`ml lododtukmd sojlod pmsmr. WU. Xolod Uidmsm sm`mc smtu

prieusod solod toraosmr eb kmwmsmd tblur Bdeidosbm to`mc lodormpkmd sojlodtmsb

pmsmr aoremsmrkmd joijrmfbs eodjmd lododtukmd emormc polmsmrmddym. Uunumd

podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub soaormpm aosmr podjmruc sortm tbdjkmt ofoktbvbtms


17/95



strmtojb sojlodtmsb pmsmr em`ml lodbdjkmtkmd viùlo podnum`md WU. Xolod Uidmsm.

_dtuk lodhmpmb tunumd torsoaut lmkm to`mc eb`mkukmd mdm`bsbs sohmrm eoskrbptbf ymdj

lodno`mskmd lodjodmb podormpmd sojlodtmsb pmsmr iòc WU. Xolod Uidmsm sortm

eb`mkukmd mdm`bsbs kumdtbtmtbf eodjmd lodjjudmkmd m`mt mdm`bsbs> mdm`bsbs rojrosbsoeorcmdm, mdm`bsbs kiro`msb `bdbor soeorcmdm, emd mdm`bsbs lmrkot scmro. Emrb cmsb`

mdm`bsbs lodudnukkmd amcwm viùlo podnum`md lodjm`mlb podbdjkmtmd soto`mc

eb`mkukmd sojlodtmsb pmsmr. Qmtm-rmtm portulaucmd podnum`md soto`mc eb`mkukmd

sojlodtmsb pmsmr em`ml `blm tmcud tormkcbr mem`mc =7,61 %. Xoemdjkmd aoremsmrkmd

cmsb` mdm`bsbs rojrosb emd kiro`msb `bdbor soeorcmdm lodudnukkmd amcwm sojlodtmsb pmsmr

aorpodjmruc sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp viùlo podnum`md ymbtu soaosmr 32 %. Xojlodtmsb

pmsmr ymdj ebtormpkmd iòc WU. Xolod Uidmsm to`mc aornm`md ofoktbf sortm aorpodjmruc

sbjdbfbkmd em`ml lodbdjkmtkmd viùlo podnum`md.

Wodo`btbmd Qblpu. (177?), eodjmd nueu` “ Mdm`bsm Wodjmruc Db`mb Worlbdtmmd

Uorcmemp Wodbdjkmtmd Koudtudjmd Wodempmtmd Wrieuksb emd Woremjmdjmd WU. Xbhpm

Wurbdei eb Bdeidosbm‒‒, ymdj lodudnukmd amcwm Worlbdtmmd torcmemp prieuk amrmdjymdj ebprieuksb emd ebnum` pmem tmcud 1775 tbemk tor`mù sbjdbfbkmd ab`m ebamdebdjkmd

eodjmd tmcud 1778, socbdjjm Db`mb Wodnum`md ( Dot Xmòs) cmdym lodbdjkmt soaosmr 1,18

% ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd Db`mb Wodnum`md pmem tmcud 1778. Wodurudmd Db`mb koudtudjmd

pmem tmcud 1775 ebsoamakmd memdym podbdjkmtmd Abmym Wrieuksb soaosmr 3,:: % emrb

Abmym Wrieuksb pmem tmcud 1778, cm` bdb koludjkbdmd ebsoamakmd memdym poruamcmd

db`mb tukmr lmtm umdj msbdj _XE Ei`mr torcmemp lmtm umdj Qupbmc ymdj dmbk soaosmr

Qp.167,- aoremsmrkmd emtm emrb kurs todjmc rmtm-rmtm Amdk Bdeidosbm ymbtu pmem tmcud

1778 soaosmr = _XE < Qp.3.257,- emd pmem tmcud 1775 = _XE < Qp.2.177,-.

Wodbdjkmtmd abmym prieuksb ebkmbtkmd eodjmd poruamcmd kurs _XE Ei`mr kmrodm

polao`bmd rmw lmtorbm` blpir. Workbrmmd mtmu firhmstbdj emd ostblmsb pmem tmcud 177?

ymdj eb msulsbkmd eodjmd kodmbkmd porlbdtmmd prieuk emd db`mb podnum`md soaosmr 5%ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd tmcud 1775 emd podbdjkmtmd abmym prieuksb soaosmr 1,88%

socbdjjm dmbk =7% ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd tmcud 1775 sortm memdym podbdjkmtmd abmym

ipormsbidm` soaosmr ?% sortm itcor bdhilo nujm dmbk soaosmr =7% ebamdebdjkmd emtm

tmcud 1775, lmkm ebempmtkmd cmsb` porkbrmmd koudtudjmd soaoùl pmnmk eodjmd db`mb

soaosmr Qp.3.213.586.2?7,- mtmu turud soaosmr 8:,88 % ebamdebdjkmd tmcud 1775.

Wodo`btbmd Okmebdb. (1772), eodjmd nueu` ‒‒Mdm`bsbs Wodjmruc Liem` Kornm emd

Wodjmrucdym torcmemp Wrifbtab`btms pmem WU.Xolod Uidmsm eb Wmdjkop‒‒. Rmdj lmdm

Kbdornm sumtu porusmcmmd ebtodtukmd iòc soaormpm ambkdym sumtu porusmcmmd em`ml

lodjoì`m liem` kornm socbdjjm empmt lolporiòc prifbtmab`btms ymdj lmksblm`.

Em`ml usmcmdym udtuk lolporiòc prifbt, empmt eb`bcmt lo`mùb bdebkmtir podjjudmmd

liem` kornm ymdj ofoktbf emd ofbsbod. Uunumd emrb podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub

tbdjkmt prifbtmab`btms WU. Xolod Uidmsm eodjmd bdebkmtir Zirkbdj Hmpbtm` Uurd Ivor

emd Hurrodt Qmtbi ymdj lorupmkmd vmrbmao` bdeopodeod ymdj mkmd lodno`mskmd

podjmrucdym torcmemp Qoturd Id Mssot soamjmb vmrbmao` eopodeod em`ml lodhmpmb

kbdornm ymdj lmksblm` udtuk lolporiòc prifbt amjb porusmcmmd. Uokdbk mdm`bsbs ymdj

ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc mdm`bsbs eoskrbptbf emd rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem

eodjmd podji`mcmd emtm lodjjudmkmd XWXX =2. Emrb cmsb` podjunbmd stmtbstbk db`mb t,

vmrbmao` Zirkbdj Hmpbtm` Uurd Ivor emd Hurrodt Qmtbi aorpodjmruc sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp

Qoturd Id Mssot . Zirkbdj Hmpbtm` Uurd Ivor aorpodjmruc pisbtbf soemdjkmd Hurrodt


18/95



Qmtbi aorpodjmruc dojmtbf torcmemp Qoturd Id Mssot pmem WU. Xolod Uidmsm. Vmrbmao`

aoams (ZHUI emd HQ) lmlpu lodno`mskmd ??,27% podjmrucdym torcmemp vmrbmao`

torbkmt (QIM) emd sbsmdym 55,=7% lorupmkmd vmrbmao`-vmrbmao` ymdj tbemk torlmsuk

em`ml lieo` ostblmsb. Kmtm Kudhb> Liem` Kornm, Dot Zirkbdj Hmpbtm` , ZirkbdjHmpbtm` Uurd Ivor , Hurrodt Qmtbi, emd Qoturd Id Mssot .

1.1. @mdemsmd Uoirb

1.1.=. Uoirb WorlbdtmmdWodjortbmd porlbdtmmd emrb kmhmlmtm b`lu okidilb ymbtu aoramjmb nul`mc

amrmdj emd nmsm ymdj eblbdtm pmem aoramjmb tbdjkmt cmrjm pmem sumtu wmktu tortodtu.

Eofodbsb bdb lodudnukkmd nul`mc amrmdj emd nmsm ymdj eblbdtm pmem aoramjmb tbdjkmt

cmrjm, mrtbdym em`ml aoramjmb tbdjkmt cmrjm torempmt sonul`mc amrmdj ymdj eblbdtm.

(Umtb Xucmrtmtb emd Niosrid Fmtcurrizb, 1778>=1) Worlbdtmmd sosoirmdj mtmu sumtu

lmsymrmkmt mtms sumtu amrmdj ebtodtukmd iòc amdymk fmktir. Ebmdtmrm fmktir-fmktir

torsoaut ymdj torpodtbdj mem`mc> Cmrjm amrmdj btu sodebr. Cmrjm amrmdj `mbd ymdjlolpudymb kmbtmd ormt eodjmd amrmdj torsoaut, Wodempmtmd rmtm-rmtm lmsymrmkmt emd

rulmc tmdjjm, Ebstrbausb podempmtmd, Hbtm rmsm lmsymrmkmt, Nul`mc podeueuk, Qmlm`md

lodjodmb komemmd eb lmsm lodemtmdj

Xohmrm lmtolmtbs fmktir-fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucb porlbdtmmd ebtu`bskmd

em`ml porsmlmmd ymdj ebkodm` eodjmd fudjsb porlbdtmmd>

]E< f(Wq,Wy,R,U,H,Oe…)

Eblmdm>

]E < Kumdtbtms porlbdtmmd

Wq < Cmrjm amrmdj btu sodebrb

Wy < Cmrjm amrmdj ̀ mbd

R < Wodempmtmd rmtm-rmtm lmsymrmkmt emd rulmc tmdjjmU < Hbtm rmsm lmsymrmkmt

H < Nul`mc podeueuk

Oe < Qmlm`md lodjodmb komemmd eb lmsm lodemtmdj

Cm` bdb ebsmnbkmd em`ml tmao` porlbdtmmd eb amwmc, ymdj lodudnukkmd memdym

cuaudjmd mdtmrm cmrjm emd nul`mc amrmdj ymdj mkmd ebao`b.

1.1.1. WodempmtmdWormturmd polorbdtmc tmcud =231 todtmdj por`bdeudjmd upmc em`ml pmsm` =>

_pmc mem`mc sumtu podorblmmd soamjmb blam`md emrb pokornmmd kopmem auruc udtuk

sosumtu pokornmmd mtmu nmsm ymdj to`mc mtmu mkmd eb`mkukmd, ebdymtmkmd mtmu eblb`bkb

em`ml aodtuk umdj ymdj ebtotmpkmd lodurut sumtu porsotunumd, mtmu pormturmd

porudemdj-udemdjmd, emd ebamymrkmd mtms emsmr pornmdnbmd kornm mdtmrm podjusmcm emd

auruc, torlmsuk tudnmdjmd ambk udtuk auruc sodebrb lmupud koùmrjmdym. Emrb

podjortbmd eb mtms, pmrm pokornm òabc lodjutmlmkmd podempmtmd rom`, mjmr koautucmd

lorokm sohmrm lbdblm` empmt ebpoducb eodjmd porcbtudjmd ymdj topmt. Kmrodm todmjm

ao`b (upmc) torsoaut smdjmt ebpodjmrucb iòc cmrjm ulul amrmdj-amrmdj kidsulsb mtmu

abmym cbeup.

Wodjortbmd todtmdj podempmtmd btu sodebrb mem aoaormpm lmhml, aorbkut bdb mem

aoaormpm pmdemdjmd ymdj lodojmskmd mrtb kidsoptum` emrb podempmtmd. Xoaoùl òabc


19/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =?


`mdnut lodo`mmc lodjodmb podjortbmd podempmtmd, lmkm toròabc emcuù porù ebkotmcub

lodjodmb kidsop kosmtumd usmcm. Kidsop kosmtumd usmcm lodurut ^mkb Amrbewmd

mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut, Kidsop bdb lodymtmkmd amcwm em`ml mkudtmdsb porusmcmmd

ebpmdemdj soamjmb sumtu kosmtumd usmcm mtmu amemd usmcm ymdj aorebrbsodebrb, aortbdemk mtms dmlmdym sodebrb emd torpbsmc emrb polb`bk emd pbcmk `mbd ymdj

lodmdmlkmd emdm em`ml porusmcmmd.

Aoremsmrkmd kidsop kosmtumd usmcm ebmtms, kidsop torsoaut lolpudymb

kikdsokuodsb ymbtu amcwm podempmtmd emd `mam cmrus ebpmdemdj soamjb kodmbkmd

kokmymmd porusmcmmd, soemdjkmd abmym emd rujb soamjmb podjurmdj

kokmymmd porusmcmmd. Iòc kmrodm btu, Xtmdemr Mkudtmdsb cmrus lodyoòsmbkmd

podjortbmd podempmtmd emd abmym eodjmd lolodemdjdym soamjmb poruamcmd kokmymmd,

aukmd soamjmb kodmbkmd mtmu podurudmd kokmymmd polb`bk mtmu polojmdj smcml. Bkmtmd

Mkudtmd Bdeidosbm em`ml Wordymtmmd Xtmdemr Mkudtmdsb Koumdjmd (WXMK) Di. 18

lodeofbdbsbkmd podempmtm soamjmb aorbkut > Wodempmtmd mem`mc mrus lmsuk aruti emrb

lmdfmmt okidilb ymdj tblau` emrb mktbvbtms dirlm` porusmcmmd so`mlm sumtu porbieo ab`m mrus lmsuk bdb lodjmkbamtkmd kodmbkmd okubtms ymdj tbemk aormsm` emrb

kidtrbausb podmdml liem`.

Lodurut ^mkb Amrbewmd em`ml Auku Bdtorloebmto Mhhiudtbdj loruluskmd

podjortbmd podempmtmd mem`mc m`brmd lmsuk mtmu kodmbkmd `mbd mktbvm sumtu amemd usmcm

mtmu poùdmsmd utmdj (mtmu kilabdmsb emrb koeumdym) so`mlm sumtu porbieo ymdj aormsm`

emrb podyormcmd mtmu polaumtmd amrmdj, podyormcmd nmsm, mtmu emrb kojbmtmd `mbd ymdj

lorupmkmd kojbmtmd `mbd ymdj lorupmkmd kojbmtmd utmlm amemd usmcm.

Lodurut Oèid X. Coderbksod ( 1777 > 8:5 ) em`ml Uoirb Mkudtmdsb lodno`mskmd

amcwm podempmtmd mem`mc Wodempmtmd (rovoduo) empmt lodeofbdbsbkmd sohmrm ulul

soamjmb cmsb` emrb sumtu porusmcmmd. Cm` btu abmsmdym ebukur em`ml smtumd

cmrjm portukmrmd ymdj aor`mku. Wodempmtmd ebmkub soto`mc konmebmd podtbdj mtmu soto`mc prisos podnum`md pmem emsmrdym to`mc ebsoòsmbkmd. Em`ml prmktok bdb abmsmdym

podempmtmd ebmkub pmem smmt podnum`md.

Ebsmlpbdj eofbdbsb ymdj ebdymtmkmd ebmtms torempmt eofbdbsb podempmtmd emrb H.

Qi``bd Dbswidjor, Hmr` X. Zmrrod emd Wcb`bp O. Foss, Wodempmtmd lorupmkmd kodmbkmd

kitir mtmu jmrbs em`ml liem` polb`bk ymdj ebcmsb`kmd emrb podnum`md amrmdj emjmdjmd,

po`mymdmd nmsm kopmem k`bod, podyowmmd cmrtm, polbdnmlmd umdj emd solum kojbmtmd

ymdj aortunumd udtuk lolporiòc podjcmsb`md.

Wodempmtmd por Kmpbtm mem`mc podempmtmd rmtm-rmtm podeueuk sumtu dojmrm pmem

sumtu porbieo tortodtu, ymdj abmsmdym smtu tmcud. Wodempmtmd por kmpbtm absm nujm

ebmrtbkmd soamjmb nul`mc emrb db`mb amrmdj emd nmsm rmtm-rmtm ymdj torsoebm amjb sotbmp

podeueuk sumtu dojmrm pmem porbieo tortodtu.

Wodempmtmd por kmpbtm ebporiòc emrb podempmtmd dmsbidm` pmem tmcud tortodtu

ebamjb eodjmd nul`mc podeueuk sumtu dojmrm pmem tmcud torsoaut. Wolamdjudmd

okidilb ebeofbdbsbkmd soamjmb sumtu prisos ymdj lodyoamakmd kodmbkmd podempmtmd

rbb` por kmpbtm podeueuk sumtu dojmrm em`ml nmdjkm pmdnmdj, ymdj ebsortmb iòc

porambkmd sbstol koòlamjmmd (Mrsyme, =222 em`ml Melbd, 177:). Emrb eofbdbsb

torsoaut polamdjudmd okidilb lolpudymb podjortbmd>

=. Xumtu prisos ymdj aormrtb poruamcmd ymdj tornmeb sohmrm torus lodorus.1. _smcm udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd podempmtmd porkmpbtm.


20/95



8. Kodmbkmd podempmtmd por kmpbtm torsoaut cmrus torus aor`mdjsudj em`ml nmdjkm pmdnmdj.

5. Worambkmd sbstol koòlamjmmd eb sojm`m abemdj.

Wolamdjudmd okidilb mkmd torhorlbd pmem kodmbkmd podempmtmd porkmpbtm emd porambkmd tbdjkmt kosonmctormmd pmem lmsymrmkmt. Bdebkmtir emrb `mnu portulaucmd

okidilb sumtu dojmrm sm`mc smtudym ebtudnukkmd eodjmd tbdjkmt Wortulaucmd Eilostbk

Aruti mtmu Wrieuk Dmsbidm` Aruti. Koaorcmsb`md polamdjudmd okidilb ebtudnukkmd

iòc tbjm db`mb pikik ymbtu >

m. Workolamdjmd lmsymrmkmt udtuk loloducb koautucmd pikikdym amsbh dooes. a. Lodbdjkmtkmd rmsm cmrjm ebrb so`f-ostool lmsymrmkmt soamjmb lmdusbm.h. Lodbdjkmtdym kolmlpumd lmsymrmkmt udtuk lolb`bc frooeil fril sorvbtueo

ymdj lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu emrb cmk msmsb lmdusbm.

Em`ml sumtu dojmrm, koaorcmsb`md polamdjudmd tbemk solmtm-lmtm cmdym ebukur

emrb kolmlpumddym udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd prieuk eilostbk aruti sortm podempmtmd

dmsbidm` por kmpbtm emrb podeueukdym. Koaorcmsb`md polamdjudmd nujm ebukur emrbkoaorcmsb`md usmcm dojmrm udtuk lodebstrbausbkmd podempmtmd sohmrm lormtm emd meb`

sortm empmt lodjurmdjb nul`mc kolbskbdmd masiùt sumtu dojmrm.

Lodurut Xbjbt (em`ml Melbd, 177:) lodymtmkmd ebstrbausb podempmtmd ymdj

lormtm mdtmr podeueuk/rulmc tmdjjm lodjmdeudj eum sojb podtbdj, ymbtu >

=. Lodbdjkmtkmd tbdjkmt cbeup lorokm ymdj aormem eb amwmc jmrbs kolbskbdmd.1. Wolormtmmd podempmtmd sohmrm lodyoùruc, em`ml mrtb lolporsolpbt tbdjkmt

podempmtmd mdtmr rulmc tmdjjm.

Xo`mlm portulaucmd okidilb lmsbc ebdbklmtb sohmrm meb` iòc lmsymrmkmt

lmkm porsim`md polormtmmd bdb tbemk mkmd ludhu`. Worsim`md torsoaut tornmeb nbkm

tornmeb poruamcmd stmtus qui emrb jiìdjmd ymdj kmym emd jiìdjmd lbskbd, aorupm

poraoemmd tbdjkmt podempmtmd ymdj solmkbd òamr. Eodjmd kmtm `mbd memdym poraoemmdkosolpmtmd udtuk lodempmtkmd trbhkò eiwd offoht emrb portulaucmd okidilb ymdj

tornmeb. Jiìdjmd lmsymrmkmt ymdj lodempmt kosolpmtmd òabc aosmr em`ml

portulaucmd okidilb mkmd aorusmcm lolporaosmr amjbmddym soemdjkmd lmsymrmkmt

ymdj tbemk aorudtudj mkmd lodempmt amjbmd ymdj kohb` (Kmrtmsmslbtm, =226 em`ml

Melbd, 177:)

Xm`mc smtu tunumd utmlm eosodtrm`bsmsb fbskm` mem`mc torhbptmdym kolmdebrbmd

emormc. Wolorbdtmc emormc ebcmrmpkmd lmlpu lodjjm`b sulaor-sulaor koumdjmd

ìhm`, kcususdym lo`mùb Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME) (Xbebk, 1771 em`ml Cmrbmdti &

Meb, 177:). Emormc ymdj lolb`bkb tbdjkmt portulaucmd Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc ymdj

pisbtbf lolpudymb koludjkbdmd udtuk lolb`bkb tbdjkmt podempmtmd por kmpbtm ymdj

òabc ambk. Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc aorpodjmruc pisbtbf eodjmd portulaucmd okidilb

eb emormc (Armtm, 1775 em`ml Cmrbmdti & Meb, 177:). Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc

lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu sulaor polao`mdnmmd emormc, nbkm podempmtmd ms`b emormc

lodbdjkmt lmkm emdm ymdj eblb`bkb iòc polorbdtmc emormc mkmd òabc tbdjjb emd

tbdjkmt kolmdebrbmd emormc mkmd lodbdjkmt pu`m.

1.1.8. Uoirb Qujb @mamQujb @mam ymbtu `mpirmd koumdjmd ymdj sbstolmtbs lodjjmlamrkmd eb sumtu

pbcmk todtmdj rovoduo (podjcmsb`md) ymdj lodnmeb amcmd porusmcmmd btu judm


21/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =:


lolporiòc podempmtmd so`mlm smtu porbieo tortodtu. Lodurut Dbswidjor Worcbtudjmd

Qujb-@mam mem`mc bkcbtbsmr emrb podempmtmd emd aoamd soaumc porusmcmmd em`ml porbieo

tortodtu, lbsm`dym soau`md mtmu sotmcud. @mpirmd Qujb @mam pmem cmkokmtdym lo`bputb

eum mrus, ymbtu podempmtmd emd abmym. Km`mu podempmtmd òabc aosmr emrb abmym, lmkm porusmcmmd mkmd lolporiòc `mam mtmu koudtudjmd totmpb soam`bkdym nbkm abmym òabc

aosmr emrb podempmtmd ymdj ebporiòc lmkm porusmcmmd mkmd lodeorbtm korujbmd.

1.1.5. Uoirb Kidsulsb=. Uoirb Koydos ( Koydosmd Hidsultbid Lieo` ).

Cuaudjmd podempmtmd ebspismao` emd kidsulsb, Koydos lodno`mskmd amcwm

kidsulsb smmt bdb (hurodt hidsultbid) smdjmt ebpodjmrucb iòc ebspismao` smmt

bdb (hurrodt ebspismao` bdhilo). Lodurut koydos, mem amtms kidsulsb lbdblm`

ymdj tbemk torjmdtudj pmem tbdjkmt podempmtmd. Mrtbdym tbdjkmt kidsulsb

torsoaut cmrus ebpoducb wm`mupud tbdjkmt podempmtmd smlm eodjmd di`. Btu`mc

ymdj ebsoaut kidsulsb itidilus (mutidilus hidsultbid). Nbkm podempmtmdebspismao` lodbdjkmt, lmkm kidsulsb nujm mkmd lodbdjkmt cmdym smnm

podbdjkmtmd kidsulsb torsoaut tbemk soaosmr podbdjkmtmd podempmtmd

ebspismao`.

1. Lieo` Kidsulsb Xbkùs Cbeup ( @bfo Hyhò Cypitcosbs If Hidsultbid)Lieo` kidsulsb sbkùs cbeup ebkolamdjkmd iòc Frmdhi Liebj`bmdb, M`raot

Mdei emd Qbhcmre Arulaorj. Lieo` bdb aorpodempmt amcwm kojbmtmd kidsulsb

mem`mc kojbmtmd soulur cbeup, lieo` sbkùs bdb lolamjb pornm`mdmd cbeup

lmdusbm lodnmeb tbjm porbieo ymbtu> porbieo aoùl prieuktbf, porbieo prieuktbf

emd porbieo tbemk prieuktbf `mjb.

8. Uoirb Wodempmtmd Worlmdod ( Worlmdodt Bdhilo Cypitcosbs)

Lodymtmkmd amcwm tbdjkmt kidsulsb lolpudymb cuaudjmd pripirsbidmèodjmd podempmtmd porlmdod ( porlmdodt bdhilo), Wodempmtmd porlmdod mem`mc

tbdjkmt podempmtmd rmtm-rmtm ymdj ebcmrmpkmd em`ml nmdjkm pmdnmdj, sulaor btu

aormsm` emrb podempmtmd upmc/jmnb emd didupmc/did jmnb. Wodempmtmd porlmdod

mkmd lodbdjkmt mpmab`m bdebvbeu lodb`mb kum`btms ebrbdym lmkbd ambk emd lmlpu

aorsmbdj ebspmsmrmd.

5. Uoirb Wodempmtmd Qo`mtbfo ( Qo`mtbvo Bdhilo Cypitcosbs)Uoirb podempmtmd ro`mtbfo ebkolamdjkmd iòc Nmlos Euossodaorry. Kodemtb pud

lodjmkub podjmruc eilbdmd podempmtmd torcmemp kidsulsb. Uoirb bdb òabc

lolporcmtbkmd mspok psbkiìjbs rulmc tmdjjm em`ml lodjcmempb poruamcmd

podempmtmd. Emlpmk poruamcmd podempmtmd ebspismao` em`ml nmdjkm podeok

mkmd aoraoem ebamdebdj em`ml nmdjkm pmdnmdj. Uorcmemp Qmhcot Ofok ymbtu

kidsulsb tbemk mkmd turud lodjbkutb kurvm nmdjkm pmdnmdj pmem smmt

podempmtmmd turud, dmlud nbkm podempmtmd dmbk kidsulsb mkmd lodjbkutb kurvm

nmdjkm pmdnmdj.


22/95




Jmlamr =.Kormdjkm Kidsoptum`

BV. LOUIEO@IJB WODO@BUBMD

5.=. Emtm Wodo`btbmdWodo`btbmd bdb lorupmkmd podo`btbmd eoskrbptbf. Emtm ymdj ebpori`oc em`ml prisos

podji`mcmd mdm`bsbs mem`mc aorupm emtm todtmdj nul`mc porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem,

cmrjm solod tbjm riem, cmrjm solod nodbs `mbd, emd podempmtmd porkmpbtm lmsymrmkmt

sulamwm aosmr. Em`ml cm` bdb emtm sokudeor mem`mc emtm eikulodtmsb ymdj aorupm emtm

tmcudmd porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem, emtm cmrjm solod tbjm riem, emtm cmrjm solod nodbs

`mbd emd emtm podempmtmd porkmpbtm lmsymrmkmt sulamwm tmcud 177: -17==, sortm emtm-emtm `mbd soportb sonmrmc, struktur irjmdbsmsb, bdfirlmsb-bdfirlmsb lodjodmb `bdjkudjmd

kornm. Uokdbk podjulpu`md eb`mkukmd eodjmd lotieo wmwmdhmrm, iasorvmsb emd

eikulodtmsb.

5.1. K`msbfbkmsb Vmrbmao` Vmrbmao` ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb ymbtu > Vmrbmao` aoams

(bdeopodeod) aorupm podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, cmrjm amrmdj emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd.

Vmrbmao` torbkmt (vmrbmao` eopodeod) aorupm porlbdtmmd solod.

5.8.

Eofbdbsb Ipormsbidm` Vmrbmao`Worlbdtmmd solod mem`mc nul`mc porlbdtmmd solod Ubjm Qiem (smtumd Uid) eb

WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==.

=. Wodempmtmd Lmsymrmkmt mem`mc podempmtmd porkmpbtm lmsymrmkmt (rupbmc) ebkmaupmtod Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==.

1. Cmrjm Amrmdj mem`mc cmrjm (smtumd rupbmc) smtu smk solod Ubjm Qiem eb WU. Xmkmmjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177: ‘ 17==.

8. Cmrjm Amrmdj @mbd mem`mc rmtm-rmtm cmrjm (smtumd rupbmc) smtu smk solod nodbs `mbdeb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==.

WodempmtmdLmsymrmkmt

Worlbdtmmd

Cmrjm Amrmdj Cmrjm Amrmdj@mbd


23/95



5.5. Uocdbk Mdm`bsbs Emtm

Mempud tocdbk mdm`bsm emtm ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb bm`mc lieo`

mdm`bsm kumdtbtmtbf ymdj eb`mkukmd eodjmd hmrm lotieo rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem.

Worsmlmmd rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem>

Eblmdm > Vmrbmao` < Umcud

< Wodempmtmd lmsymrmkmt

< Cmrjm amrmdj

< Cmrjm amrmdj `mbd

< Worlbdtmmd solod Ubjm Qiem

< Kidstmdtm < Kiofosbod rojrosb (Worsodtmsb vmrbmao` R mkbamt emrb

poruamcmd vmrbmao` S)

< Orir torl (fmktir podjjmdjju)

V. CMXB@ MDM@BXBX EMD WOLAMCMXMD

UMAO@ =.

CMXB@ OXUBLMXB _NB WMQXBM@ (BDEBVBE_) EODJMD

MDM@BXBX QOJQOXB @BDBOQ AOQJMDEM

Vmrbmao` Kiofosbod Db`mb t Cbtudj

(Hidstmdt) -??.3?2,=76 -7,??=

Wodempmtmd Lmsymrmkmt 7,7== 7,?52

Cmrjm Xolod Ubjm Qiem =,?58 7,=3?

Cmrjm Xolod @mbd -7,678 -7,7:6

Xulaor > Emtm Xokudeor Ebi`mc

Emrb tmao` ebmtms ebpori`oc porsmlmmd rojrosb ymdj lodudnukmd lieo` rojrosb

ymbtu >

Aoremsmrkmd cmsb` ostblmsb rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem ebempmt db`mb t cbtudj lmsbdj-

lmsbdj vmrbmao` mem`mc soaosmr 7,?52 udtuk podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, 7,=3? udtuk cmrjm

solod tbjm riem emd -7,7:6 udtuk cmrjm solod `mbd. Nbkm ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd db`mb t

tmao` (=1,:76) pmem ν < ?% eodjmd ef < (d-k < ?-5


24/95



cmrjm solod tbjm riem emd cmrjm solod `mbd torcmemp vmrbmao` porlbdtmmd solod tbjm

riem.

Aoremsmrkmd cmsb` podjunbmd sohmrm sblu`tmd ebkotmcub amcwm tbemk mem

podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd emrb vmrbmao` bdeopodeod sohmrm aorsmlm-smlm torcmempvmrbmao` eopodeod. Eblmdm aoremsmrkmd cmsb` ostblmsb ebporiòc F cbtudj soaosmr =,37=.

eodjmd lolamdebdjkmd F cbtudj eodjmd F tmao` ν 7,7?. Xocbdjjm ebempmt F cbtudj 0

emrb F tmao` (6,?2), bdb aormrtb tbemk sbjdbfbkmd mtmu eodjmd lo`bcmt priamab`btmsdym (sbj)

ymdj aosmr emrb tmrmf sbjdbfbkmdsb (7,527 4 7,7?) lmkm empmt ebsblpu`kmd amcwm lieo`

porsmlmmd tbemk ebtorblm.

Aoremsmrkmd mdm`bsbs kiofbsbod eotorlbdmsb rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem ebporiòc

kiofosbod eotorlbdmsb (Q 1) soaosmr 7,355 aormrtb amcwm cmdym 35,5% vmrbmsb vmrbmao`

eopodeod (porlbdtmmd solod) ebpodjmrucb iòc vmrbmsb poruamcmd vmrbmao` bdebpodeod

(cmrjm solod `mbd, podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt emd cmrjm solod tbjm riem). soemdjkmd

sbsmdym =?,6% ebpodjmrucb iòc vmrbmao` `mbd ymdj tbemk eblmsukmd em`ml lieo`

rojrosb.Emrb porsmlmmd rojrosb torsoaut eb mtms, empmt ebbdtorprotmsbkmd lmsbdj-lmsbdj

pmrolotor soamjmb aorbkut>

- Kidstmdtm (m) < , mrtbdym nbkm solum vmrbmao` aoams smlm eodjmd di`,lmkm porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem mkmd lodurud soaosmr ??3?2,=76 tid, Kiofosbod

rojrosb < 7,7== mrtbdym nbkm podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt dmbk = rupbmc, lmkm

porlbdtmmd torcmemp solod tbjm riem lodbdjkmt soaosmr 7,7== tid.

- Kiofosbod rojrosb < =,?58 mrtbdym kotbkm cmrjm solod tbjm riem dmbk =

rupbmc, lmkm porlbdtmmd torcmemp solod tbjm riem aortmlamc soaosmr =,137 tid.

- Kiofosbod rojrosb < -7,678 mrtbdym nbkm cmrjm solod `mbd lodjm`mlb

kodmbkmd = rupbmc, lmkm porlbdtmmd torcmemp solod tbjm riem aorkurmdj soaosmr7,678 tid

VB. WOD_U_W

6.=. Kosblpu`mdAoremsmrkmd cmsb` mdm`bsbs emd polamcmsmd eb mtms, empmt ebmlab` aoaormpm

kosblpu`md mdtmrm `mbd>

=. Aoremsmrkmd cmsb` ostblmsb rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem ebkotmcub amcwm tbemk mem podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd udtuk vmrbmao` podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, cmrjm solod tbjm

riem emd cmrjm solod `mbd torcmemp vmrbmao` porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem ambk sohmrm

pmrsbm` lmupud sohmrmc sblu`tmd.

1. Aoremsmrkmd mdm`bsbs kiofbsbod eotorlbdmsb rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem ebporiòckiofosbod eotorlbdmsb (Q 1) soaosmr 7,355 aormrtb amcwm cmdym 35,5% vmrbmsb vmrbmao`

eopodeod (porlbdtmmd solod) ebpodjmrucb iòc vmrbmsb poruamcmd vmrbmao`

bdebpodeod (cmrjm solod `mbd, podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt emd cmrjm solod tbjm riem).

soemdjkmd sbsmdym =?,6% ebpodjmrucb iòc vmrbmao` `mbd ymdj tbemk eblmsukmd

em`ml lieo` rojrosb.


25/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 1=


6.1. Xmrmd-Xmrmd

Mempud aoamrmpm smrmd em`ml podu`bsmd bdb mdtmrm `mbd >

=. Em`ml loloducb tmrjot podhmpmbmd porusmcmmd torcmemp porlbdtmmd solod tbjm

riem kcususdym eb sulamwm aosmr, ebcmrmpkmd supmym prisos podebstrbausbmd emdko`mdhmrmd solod tbjm riem mjmr topmt wmktu emd kidsbstod.

1. Ebcmrmpkmd pmrtbsbpmsb emd pormd sortm lmsymrmkmt udtuk lodeukudj ko`mdhmrmdem`ml podyoebmmd solod tbjm riem koeopmddym dmdtb. Xocbdjjm kojbmtmd okidilb

lmsymrmkmt em`ml polamdjudmd absm torhmpmb lodnmeb òabc lmnu emd tormrmc.

8. Worùdym ebaorbkmd kojbmtmd po`mtbcmd udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd kum`btms XEL (XulaorEmym Lmdusbm) porusmcmmd em`ml lodeukudj aoramjmb mktbfbtms ambk ebùmr

lmupud eb em`ml porusmcmmd btu sodebrb em`ml lolaorbkmd po`mymdmd ymdj

amjus torcmemp kidsulod.

EMFUMQ W_XUMKM

Auhcmrb, M`lm. 1772. Wodjmdtmr Xtmtbstbkm Xisbm`. M`fmaotm, Amdeudj.

Mprbzm`. 17==. Mdm`bsbs Ofoktbvbtms Xojlodtmsb Wmsmr Uorcmemp Wodbdjkmtmd Viùlo

Wodnum`md Wmem WU. Xolod Uidmsm eb Wmdjkop.

Xwmstcm, Amsu emd Brmwmd. =22:. Lmdmnolod Wolmsmrmd Lieord. @baorty, Rijymkmrtm.

Okmebdb, M`lmbemc. 1772. Mdm`bsbs Wodjmruc Liem` Kornm emd Wodjmrucdym torcmemp Wrifbtab`btms pmem WU.Xolod Uidmsm eb Wmdjkop.

Junmrmtb, Emliemr. 1778. Okidilotrbkm. Or`mdjjm, Nmkmrtm.

Xioemrsidi. =223. Wodjmdtmr Uoirb Lbkri Okidilb. WU. Qmnm Jrmfbdei, Nmkmrtm.

Xukbrdi, Xmeidi. =226. Wodjmdtmr Uoirb Lmkri Okidilb. Nmkmrtm> WU Qmnm Jrmfbdei

Worsmem.


26/95



KIDUQBA_XB QOUQBA_XB UOQLBDM@ UOQCMEMW

WODEMWMUMD MX@B EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU

UMC_D 177?-17=1

Iòc>

Fbtrb Zmcbemc

MAXUQMK

Xm`mc smtu rotrbausb emormc ymdj ebpudjut iòc polorbdtmc emormc Kmaupmtod emd Kitm

mem`mc rotrbausb torlbdm` ymdj lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu sulaor Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc

ymdj pmem ululdym empmt ebjm`b iòc polorbdtmc emormc. Koaorcmsb`md emrb rotrbausb

torlbdm` suemc amrmdj todtu amdymk aorjmdtudj emrb aoaormpm cm` mtmu fmktir-fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucbdym. Xoemdjkmd ukurmd koaorcmsb`md pmem rom`bsmsb podempmtmd

rotrbausb torlbdm` empmt eb`bcmt emrb rom`bsmsb podhmpmbmd tmrjot emd tbdjkmt kodmbkmd

podempmtmd emrb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm`, eodjmd amdymkdym fmktir ymdj

lolpodjmrucb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm`. Wodo`btbmd bdb lodhiam lodjjm`b

kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` torcmemp podemmtmd ms`b emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm

Amrmt Umcud 177?-17=1. Emrb cmsb` mdm`bsbs ebkotmcub amcwm rom`bsmsb podorblmmd

rotrbausb torlbdm` eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177? smlpmb tmcud

17=1, rmtm-rmtm soaosmr Qp. 18.25?.283,-, hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb

torlbdm` torodemc tornmeb pmem tmcud 177: soaosmr Qp.=1.737.777,- emd tortbdjjb

ebhmpmb pmem tmcud 17=1 soaosmr Qp.51.:??.777,-. Xolodtmrm btu rom`bsmsb podorblmmd

WME Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177? smlpmb 17=1, rmtm-rmtm portmcuddym mem`mc Qp.12.561.572.1:2-, hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb torodemc tornmeb pmem tmcud

177? soaosmr Qp. 1.?3=.:?7.736,- hmpmbmd tortbdjjb tornmeb pmem tmcud 17== soaosmr

Qp. ==?.835.16=.7?3,-. Cm` bdb tornmeb kmrodm tmcud 17== lodudnukkmd podbdjkmtmd

rom`bsmsb torlbdm` rmtm-rmtm 4=77% aoramdebdj ùrus eodjmd podbdjkmtmd podempmtmd

ms`b emormc, emd ebbkutb pu`m eodjmd podbdjkmtmd sulaor-sulaor WME `mbddym. Cm` bdb

tornmeb kmrodm memdym iptblm`bsmsb polormtmmd torcmemp poludjutmd sulaor-sulaor

WME eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt. Cmsb` mdm`bsbs nujm lodudnukmd db`mb kidtrbausb

rotrbausb torlbdm` torcmemp WME Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177?

smlpmb 17=1, rmtm-rmtm soaosmr 7,=6 porsod, kidtrbausb torodemc ebhmpmb pmem tmcud

17== soaosmr 7,78 porsod emd tortbdjjb ebhmpmb pmem tmcud 177? soaosmr 7,?= porsod.

Kmtm Kudhb > Qotr bausb Uorlbdm`, Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc


27/95



B. WODEMC_@_MD

=.=. @mtmr Ao`mkmdjWolamdjudmd lorupmkmd rmdjkmbmd aorkosbdmlaudjmd ymdj lo`bputb

kocbeupmd lmsymrmkmt, amdjsm emd dojmrm, udtuk lo`mksmdmkmd tujms lowunuekmdtunumd dmsbidm`. Amjb amdjsm Bdeidosbm ymdj torebrb emrb aoaormpm emormc eodjmd

koòabcmd emd kokurmdjmd ymdj eblb`bkb, polamdjudmd dmsbidm` aortunumd lowunuekmd

lmsymrmkmt ymdj meb` emd lmklur aoremsmrkmd Wmdhmsb`m emd _demdj ‘ _demdj Emsmr

=25? eodjmd lolmdfmmtkmd kokmymmd emormc ymdj eblb`bkb iòc emormc lmsbdj ‘

lmsbdj. Xosumb eodjmd prbdsbp itidilb emormc ymdj dymtm emd aortmdjjudj nmwma,

podyoòdjjmrmmd polorbdtmcmd emd polamdjudmd sohmrm aortmcmp mkmd òabc amdymk

eb`blpmckmd kopmem polorbdtmc emormc. Eodjmd solmkbd lodbdjkmtdym kowodmdjmd

polorbdtmc emormc, lmkm pormdmd koumdjmd emormc lodnmeb solmkbd podtbdj kmrodm

polabmymmd polamdjudmd soamjbmd aosmr mkmd ebabmymb iòc polorbdtmc emormc btu

sodebrb. Iòc kmrodm cm` torsoaut polorbdtmc emormc ebcmrmpkmd empmt òabc mktbf `mjb

em`ml loliab`bsmsb sulaor emdmdym sodebrb emd lodjoì`mdym sohmrm ofoktbf emdofbsbod.

_smcm podjjm`bmd emd podbdjkmtmd sulaor podempmtmd emormc judm lolabmymb

ao`mdnm emormc bdb ebmtur em`ml _demdj-udemdj Dilir ? tmcud =2:5 todtmdj Wikik-

pikik polorbdtmcmd eb Emormc ymdj to`mc ebporamcmrub eodjmd _demdj-_demdj 88

Umcud 177= todtmdj Koumdjmd Emormc. Em`ml kmbtmddym eodjmd po`mksmdmmd itidilb

emormc eblmdm polorbdtmc emormc lolpudymb tmdjjudj nmwma polamdjudmd ymdj òabc

aosmr, sulaor-sulaor podorblmmd emormc soamjmb sulaor podempmtmd emormc cmrus torus

ebusmcmkmd mjmr lmlpu lolbku` aoamd abmym ymdj ebporùkmd udtuk podyoòdjjmrmmd

polorbdtmcmd emd polamdjudmd. _dtuk btu porù memdym bdtodsbfbkmsb poludjutmd emrb

sulaor-sulaor emdm polamdjudmd ymdj mem so`mlm bdb.

Eodjmd ebaor`mkukmddym itidilb emormc ebcmrmpkmd polorbdtmc emormc òabclmdebrb ambk sohmrm fbskm` udtuk lolabmymb polamdjudmd lmupud lodjoì`m

polorbdtmc aosortm mpmrmturdym. Aojbtu nujm eodjmd Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt ymdj

torlmsuk emormc itidilb amru cmrus lmlpu lodjjm`b poùmdj eb emormcdym eodjmd

lodjbeodtbfbkmsb sulaor-sulaor podempmtmddym emd lodjoì`mdym eodjmd iptblm`,

lodjoì`m koumdjmd emormc sohmrm ofoktbf emd ofbsbod, sortm lmlpu lolportmdjjudj

nmwmakmd kbdornm kopmem polorbdtmc ebmtmsdym emd kopmem lmsymrmkmt.

Vmrbmao` podtbdj em`ml lolaodtuk Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME) sumtu

emormc ebmdtmrmdym mem`mc pmnmk emormc emd rotrbausb emormc. Emrb aoramjmb rotrbausb

ymdj ebpudjut, rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj absm ebnmebkmd soamjmb sm`mc smtusulaor

podorblmmd emormc ymdj pitodsbm`. Qotrbausb emormc so`mbd soamjmb sm`mc smtu sulaor

podorblmmd amjb polorbdtmc emormc nujm lorupmkmd fmktir ymdj eilbdmd pormdmddym

emd kidtrbausbdym udtuk lodudnmdj polorbdtmc emormc.

Xm`mc smtu rotrbausb emormc ymdj ebpudjut iòc polorbdtmc emormc Kmaupmtod

emd Kitm mem`mc rotrbausb torlbdm` ymdj lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu sulaor Wodempmtmd Ms`b

Emormc ymdj pmem ululdym empmt ebjm`b iòc polorbdtmc emormc. Iòc Kmrodm btu,

polorbdtmc emormc lojcmrmpkmd sulaor podempmtmd emrb rotrbausb emormc bdb empmt torus

lodbdjkmt sotbmp tmcuddym socbdjjm polamdjudmd emormc mkmd aornm`md `mdhor mpmab`m

torsoebmdym emdm ymdj hukup. Koaorcmsb`md emrb rotrbausb torlbdm` suemc amrmdj todtu

amdymk aorjmdtudj emrb aoaormpm cm` mtmu fmhtir-fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucbdym.


28/95



Xoemdjkmd ukurmd koaorcmsb`md pmem rom`bsmsb podempmtmd rotrbausb torlbdm` empmt

eb`bcmt emrb rom`bsmsb podhmpmbmd tmrjot emd tbdjkmt kodmbkmd podempmtmd emrb podorblmmd

rotrbausb torlbdm`, eodjmd amdymkdym fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucb podorblmmd rotrbausb

torlbdm`. Uorhmpmbdym tmrjot podorblmmd rotrbausb mkmd ebtodtukmd iòc sonmuclmdmusmcm ymdj eb`mkukmd polorbdtmc emormc eodjmd hmrm ymdj bdtodsbf emd ambk.

Xoam`bkdym mpmab`m tbemk eb`mkukmd sohmrm bdtodsbf mtmu kurmdj lodempmtkmd porcmtbmd

em`ml lodjoì`mc fmhtir-fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucb, lmkm podorblmmd rotrbausb

torlbdm` tbemk mkmd torhmpmb soamjmblmdm ymdj ebcmrmpkmd.

Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu emormc eodjmd emym eukudj

aus Mdjkutmd Kitm Mdtmr Wripbdsb (MKMW) ymdj lo`mùb wb`mymc Xulamwm Amrmt

so`mlm 15 nml, lmkm lodudnukkmd liab`btms podeueuk eodjmd lodjjudmkmd nmsm

mdjkutmd ulul aor`mdjsudj sopmdnmdj cmrb, socbdjjm aoremlpmk pisbtbf pu`m pmem

sbstol nmsm trmdspirtmsb so`mlm 15 nml. Qom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` eb

Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177?-17== torus lodjm`mlb podbdjkmtmd ymdj

sbjdbfbkmd. Kidebsb bdb empmt eb`bcmt emrb hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb podorblmmd emrb tmcud kotmcud. Qmtm-rmtm rom`bsmsb podorblmmd lodhmpmb Qp. 1=.1?3.212,- mtmu =75,31 porsod

portmcud. Nbkm ebporcmtbkmd sonmk tmcud 1776 eb`bcmt emrb porsodtmso hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb

podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt smlpmb tmcud 1773 torus

lodjm`mlb podbdjkmtmd, cmdym pmem tmcud 1772 emd 17== lodjm`mlb podurudmd.

Wodbdjkmtmd bdb ebkmrodmkmd solmkbd amdymkdym liab`btms podeueuk ymdj

lodjjudmkmd mdjkutmd soamjmb m`mt trmdspirtmsb sortm solmkbd amdymkdym fmsb`btms

torlbdm` eodjmd ebaumtdym torlbdm` torpmeu emd pmsmr eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt.

Hmpmbmd bdb todtudym mkmd aorpodjmruc pmem podorblmmd emormc, kcususdym Wodempmtmd

Ms`b Emormc (WME),emd pmsmr eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt. Hmpmbmd bdb todtudym mkmd

aorpodjmruc pmem podorblmmd emormc, kcususdym Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME),

kmrodm rotrbausb torlbdm` lorupmkmd amjbmd emrb Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME) ymdjtorlmsuk em`ml k`msbfbkmsb rotrbausb nmsm `mymdmd ulul.

Xo`mbd aorsulaor emrb rotrbausb mdjkutmd ulul, rotrbausb torlbdm` nujm aormsm`

emrb nmsm ymdj torsoebm eb`bdjkudjmd torlbdm`. Xulaor podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm`

Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt torebrb emrb rotrbausb aus Mdjkutmd Kitm Mdtmr Wrivbdsb

(MKMW), Mdjkutmd Kitm Em`ml Wrivbdsb (MKEW), Mdjkitm, Mdjkueos emd fmsb`btms

ulul torlbdm` soportb tibòt ulul emd kbis. Eodjmd torsoebmdym fmsb`btms `mymdmd

ulul torlbdm` bdb, todtudym podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` empmt torus lodbdjkmt emrb

tmcudkotmcud sortm lolaorbkmd kidtrbausb ymdj aosmr torcmemp WodempmtmdMs`b Emormc

(WME) Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt, socbdjjm WME ymdj ebporiòc empmt lodjurmdjb

aoamd ao`mdnm emormc ymdj solmkbd aosmr. Eodjmd `mtmr ao`mkmdj lmsm`mc torsoaut

ebmtms, em`ml podu`bsmd skrbpsb bdb podu`bs lodjmlab` nueu` ‐Kidtrbausb Qotrbausb

Uorlbdm` Uorcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt Umcud 177? ‘

17=1“.

=.1. Uunumd Wodo`btbmdUunumd podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm`

torcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177?-17=1.


29/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 1?


BB. UBDNM_MD W_XUMKM

1.=. Wodo`btbmd XoaoùldymMsrbdmwmtb (17==), lo`mkukmd podo`btbmd eodjmd nueu` Kidtrbausb Wodorblmmd

Qotrbausb Emormc Uorcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Wmem Wolkma/Wolki eb X_L_U.Wodo`btbmd bdb aortunumd udtuk lodjotmcub soaormpm aosmr podjmruc emd kidtrbausb

rotrbausb emormc torcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc. Vmrbmao` bdeopodeod ymdj ebjudmkmd

em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc rotrbausb emormc emd vmrbmao` eopodeoddym mem`mc

Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc. Wodo`btbmd bdb eb`mkukmd eb Wripbdsb Xulmtorm _tmrm eodjmd

lodjmlab` =: smlpo` polkma/polkit. Lotieo mdm`bsbs ymdj ebjudmkmd mem`mc lotieo

stmtbstbk eodjmd pormdjkmt XWXX (Xtmtbstbh Wrieuht mde Xorvbho Xiùtbid) vorsb =1,7.

Cmsb` podo`btbmd lodudnukkmd soamjmb aorbkut> portmlm, cmsb` rojrosb soeorcmdm

lodudnukkmd amcwm kiofbsbod emrb rotrbausb emormc (a) < 7,351. Bdb lodudnukkmd amcwm

rotrbausb emormc aorpodjmruc pisbtbf torcmemp WME. Koeum, cmsb` podo`btbmd bdb

lodudnukkmd db`mb Q squmro soaosmr :2,6% mrtbdym, :2,6% vmrbmao` eopodeod WME

ebno`mskmd iòc vmrbmao` bdeopodeod rotrbausb emormc polkma/polkit X_L_U, emdsbsmdym soaosmr 17,5% ebno`mskmd iòc vmrbmao` `mbd ymdj tbemk ebsoautkmd em`ml lieo`.

Kotbjm, eb`bcmt emrb rmtm-rmtm kidtrbausb rotrbausb emormc torcmemp WME eb X_L_U udtuk

tmcud 1775-1776 soaosmr 8=,:%. Lmkm ebtbdnmu emrb mspok kolmlpumd koumdjmd

emormc, Wripbdsb X_L_U aoùl empmt lodnm`mdkmd itidilb sohmrm kidsokuod kmrodm

lmsbc torjmdtudj emrb podorblmmd `mbd ebùmr podorblmmd WME. Koolpmt, podorblmmd

WME udtuk tmcud 177: sohmrm ulul ebproebksbkmd mkmd lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd.

Zbabsidi (177:),lo`mkukmd podo`btbmd eodjmd nueu`Mdm`bsbs Kidtrbausb

Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` Wodulpmdj UorcmempWodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod @ulmnmdj

Umcud 1777 ‘ 1775. Mempud vmrbmao` ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc

Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb torlbdm`, WME, WEQA, nul`mc podjjudm nmsm, ùms `mcmd emd tmrbf

rotrbausb. Lotieo ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd mem`mc mdm`bsbs kidtrbausb rotrbausbtorlbdm`, upmym poludjutmd rotrbausb torlbdm`, ofoktbvbtms rotrbausb torlbdm` emd

ofbsbodsb rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj Kmaupmtod @ulmnmdj. Cmsb` mdm`bsbs

lodudnukkmd kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj torcmemp podempmtmd ms`b emormc

(WME) Kmaupmtod @ulmnmdj tmcud 1777 smlpmb eodjmd 1775 lmsbc aoùl lmksblm`.

Kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj pmem kurud wmktu `blm tmcud torsoaut torus

lodjm`mlb podurudmd. Wmem tmcud 1777 mdjkm kidtrbausb soaosmr 1,8? % emd torus

lodurud pmem tmcud 1775 soaosmr 7,63 %. Qmtm-rmtm kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm`

podulpmdj torcmemp podempmtmd ms`b emormc mem`mc soaosmr =,:6 % Wmem porcbtudjmd

tbdjkmt upmym nujm hodeorudj lodjm`mlb podurudmd. Kodmbkmd tbdjkmt upmym

poludjutmd cmdym tornmeb pmem tmcud 177=, ymbtu dmbk emrb 7,71=5 pmem tmcud 1777

lodnmeb 7,715: pmem tmcud 177=. Xoto`mc btu, torus lodjm`mlb podurudmd cbdjjm

soaosmr 7,7=:5 pmem tmcud 1775. Ofoktbvbtms rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj Kmaupmtod

@ulmnmdj nujm hodeorudj lodjm`mlb podurudmd. Kodmbkmd cmdym tornmeb pmem Umcud

1771. Ofoktbvbtms torodemc tornmeb pmem tmcud 1775 soaosmr :8,:: %, emd ofoktbvbtms

tortbdjjb tornmeb pmem tmcud 1777 soaosmr ==: %. Qmtm-rmtm ofoktbvbtms rotrbausb torlbdm`

podulpmdj eb Kmaupmtod @ulmnmdj soaosmr 2?,?76 % sotbmp tmcuddym emd empmt

ebjiìdjkmd em`ml kbdornm poludjutmd rotrbausb ymdj ofoktbf. Ofbsbodsb rotrbausb

torlbdm` podulpmdj emrb tmcud 1777 smlpmb eodjmd tmcud 1775 aorvmrbmsb mdtmrm 3,?1:

% cbdjjm =8,??= % eodjmd rmtm-rmtm tbdjkmt ofbsbodsbdym soaosmr =7,:58% tbmp tmcuddym


30/95



socbdjjm empmt ebjiìdjkmd em`ml kbdornm poludjutmd rotrbausb ymdj ofbsbod, kmrodm

lodudnukkmd cmsb` porcbtudjmd rmtm-rmtm ofbsbodsb kurmdj emrb 67 %..

Xymfruebd (1771), lo`mkukmd podo`btbmd eodjmd nueu` Wormdmd Witodsb Qotrbausb

Wmsmr Xoamjmb Xulaor Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Eb Kmaupmtod Xòlmd. Mempud vmrbmao`ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb Wmsmr, WME, WEQA,

nul`mc podjjudm nmsm, ùms `mcmd emd tmrbf rotrbausb. Lotieo ymdj ebjudmkmd udtuk

mdm`bsbs mem`mc eodjmd lodjjudmkmd porcbtudjmd kidtrbausb rotrbausb pmsmr, pitodsb

rotrbausb pmsmr emd mdm`bsbs upmym rotrbausb. Cmsb` mdm`bsbs lodudnukkmd amcwm aosmrdym

kidtrbausb rotrbausb pmsmr torcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME) eb Kmaupmtod Xòlmd

tmcud mdjjmrmd =22?/=226 smlpmb =222/1777, so`mlm `blm tmcud tormkcbr pormdmd

rotrbausb pmsmr eb Kmaupmtod Xòlmd lodjm`mlb podurudmd emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd

=22?/=226 ymdj lodyulamdj 3,=2 porsod lodnmeb ?,=5 porsod pmem tmcud mdjjmrmd

=222/1777, eodjmd rmtm-rmtm rotrbausb pmsmr lodyulamdj torcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b

Emormc soaosmr 6,16 porsod. Nbkm eb`bcmt emrb pitodsb ymdj mem lmkm rom`bsmsb ymdj to`mc

ebhmpmb eodjmd lmdmnolod poludjutmd rotrbausb pmsmr ymdj to`mc eb`mkukmd emrb tmcud=22?/=226 mem`mc soaosmr =.=32.78?.137 udtuk tmcud mdjjmrmd =226/=22: mem`mc

soaosmr =.11=.2=?.16?, ymdj aormrtb lodbdjkmt soaosmr 1,:6 porsod emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd

soaoùldym. _dtuk tmcud mdjjmrmd =22:/=223 mem`mc soaosmr =.8=6.=35.267 ymdj

aormrtb lodbdjkmt soaosmr :,:= porsod emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd soaoùldym. _dtuk tmcud

mdjjmrmd =223/=222 mem`mc soaosmr =.865.7?=.637 ymdj aormrtb lodbdjkmt soaosmr 8,68

porsod emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd soaoùldym. _dtuk tmcud mdjjmrmd =222/1777 mem`mc

soaosmr =.5=?.=66.633 ymdj aormrtb lodbdjkmt soaosmr 8.:5 porsod emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd

soaoùldym. _pmym ymdj to`mc eb`mkukmd polorbdtmc em`ml poludjutmd rotrbausb pmsmr

pmem tmcud mdjjmrmd =22?/=226 ‘ =226/=22: tbemk lodjm`mlb poruamcmd ymbtu soaosmr

7,75 porsod. Wmem tmcud mdjjmrmd =22:/=223 mem`mc soaosmr 7,7? porsod ymdj aormrtb

lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd 1? porsod emrb tmcud =226/=22:. _dtuk tmcud mdjjmrmd =223/=222mem`mc soaosmr 7,76 porsod, aormrtb lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd 17 porsod emrb tmcud

=22:/=223. Koluebmd pmem tmcud =222/1777 tbemk lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd emrb tmcud

=223/=222 ymbtu soaosmr 7,76 porsod. Nmeb upmym poludjutmd rotrbausb pmsmr emrb tmcud

=22?/=226 ‘ =222/1777 lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd rmtm-rmtm por tmcuddym soaosmr ==,1:

porsod.

1.1. @mdemsmd Uoirb

1.1.=. Qotrbausb EmormcQotrbausb mem`mc polamymrmd mtms nmsm mtmu polaorbmd bzbd tortodtu ymdj kcusus

ebaorbkmd mtmu ebsoebmkmd iòc polorbdtmc emormc udtuk kopodtbdjmd irmdj prbameb mtmu

amemd (Xupmrliki,1771> 3?).Lodurut _demdj-_demdj Di. 85 Umcud 1777 em`ml pmsm`

= lodno`mskmd podjortbmd rotrbausb soamjmb aorbkut Qotrbausb mem`mc pudjutmd Emormc

soamjmb polamymrmd mtms nmsm mtmu polaorbmd bzbd tortodtu ymdj kcusus ebsoebmkmd mtmu

ebaorbkmd iòc Wolorbdtmc Emormc udtuk kopodtbdjmd irmdj prbameb mtmu amemd.

Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb emormc mem`mc cmsb` pudjutmd emormc soamjmb blam`md nmsm

ymdj ebporiòc emrb polmkmbmd nmsm pokornmmd mtmu po`mymdmd polorbdtmc emormc emd

nmsm lb`bk polorbdtmc emormc, ymdj eb`mksmdmkmd eodjmd pormturmd emormc ymdj

ebemsmrkmd mtms kotodtumd porudemdj-udemdjmd ymdj aor`mku (Xupmrliki,177=>3=).

Xoamjmb sm`mc smtu emrb bdstrulod pmnmk, lmkm rotrbausb lolpudymb lmdfmmt amdymk


31/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 1:


torutmlm amjb polorbdtmc emormc em`ml lolamdtu lodbdjkmtkmd polamdjudmd emormc.

Lmdfmmt-lmdfmmt torsoaut ymbtu>

=. Qotrbausb empmt lodbdjkmtkmd kolmlpumd em`ml polabmymmd WME

1. Empmt lodbdjkmtkmd portulaucmd okidilb emormcUunumd rotrbausb emormc mem`mc mjmr rotrbausb empmt aorfudjsb sohmrm ofosbod emd

ofoktbf, lmkm tbemk cmrus ebporcbtudjkmd sohmrm okidilbs, fbsbk emd mpmrmt polorbdtmc

ymdj lodmdjmdb rotrbausb ymdj hukup amdymk smnm, mkmd totmpb cmrus mem kosmemrmd emd

pormd mktbf ymdj hukup tbdjjb emrb lmsbdj-lmsbdj irmdj mtmu lmsymrmkmt soamjmb wmnba

rotrbausb em`ml loloducb kowmnbamddym udtuk loloducb polamymrmd rotrbausb mtms

nmsm ymdj to`mc ebjudmkmd.

Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb Emormc mem`mc cmsb` pudjutmd emormc soamjmb blam`md nmsm

ymdj ebporiòc emrb polmkmbmd nmsm pokornmmd mtmu po`mymdmd polorbdtmc emormc emd

nmsm lb`bk polorbdtmc emormc, ymdj eb`mksmdmkmd eodjmd pormturmd emormc ymdj

ebemsmrkmd mtms kotodtumd porudemdj-udemdjmd ymdj aor`mku (Lmrebmsli,177=>37).

_demdj ‘ _demdj Qopua`bk Bdeidosbm Dilir 13 Umcud 1772 todtmdj Wmnmk emdQotrbausb Emormc pmsm` 6 lodyoautkmd Qotrbausb emormc mem`mc pudjutmd emormc soamjmb

polamymrmd mtms nmsm mtmu polaorbmd bzbd tortodtu ymdj kcusus ebsoebmkmd emd/mtmu

ebaorbkmd iòc Wolorbdtmc Emormc udtuk kopodtbdjmd irmdj prbameb mtmu amemd. Em`ml

pmsm` torsoaut ebno`mskmd amcwm Qotrbausb Emormc ymdj empmt ebpudjut iòc Wolorbdtmc

Emormc torebrb emrb 8 (tbjm) jiìdjmd ymbtu >

m. Qotrbausb Nmsm _lul a. Qotrbausb Nmsm _smcmh. Qotrbausb Worbzbdmd Uortodtu.

1.1.1. Qotrbausb Uorlbdm`

Qotrbausb torlbdm` mem`mc smtu nodbs rotrbausb ymdj lodnmeb kowodmdjmd emormcemd torlmsuk em`ml jiìdjmd rotrbausb nmsm usmcm. Wormturmd Emormc Kmaupmtod

Xulamwm Amrmt Dilir ? Umcud 1776 lodyoautkmd em`ml pmsm` = mymt : amcwm ymdj

eblmksue eodjmd rotrbausb nmsm usmcm mem`mc rotrbausb mtms nmsm ymdj ebsoebmkmd iòc

Wolorbdtmc Emormc eodjmd lodjmdut prbdsbp kilorsbm` kmrodm pmem emsmrdym empmt

ebsoebmkmd iòc soktir swmstm.

Em`mlpmsm` = mymt 3 Wormturmd Emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt Dilir ?

Umcud 1776, lodno`mskmd amcwm ymdj eblmksue eodjmd torlbdm` mem`mc tolpmt pmrkbr

udtuk kodemrmmd podulpmdj emd abs ulul, tolpmt kojbmtmd usmcm, emd fmsb`btms `mbddym

ymdj eblb`bkb mtmu ebkoì`m iòc Wolorbdtmc Emormc. Xo`mdnutdym pmsm` = mymt 2

lodno`mskmd amcwm ymdj eblmksue eodjmd Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` ymdj so`mdnutdym empmt

ebsoaut rotrbausb mem`mc polamymrmd mtms po`mymdmd podyoebmmd tolpmt pmrkbr udtuk

kodemrmmd podulpmdj emd aus ulul, tolpmt kojbmtmd usmcm, fmsb`btms `mbddym eb

`bdjkudjmd torlbdm` ymdj eblb`bkb emd/mtmu ebkoì`m iòc Wolorbdtmc Emormc tbemk

torlmsuk po`mymdmd porid.

Ianok emd suanok rotrbausb torlbdm` sosumb eodjmd Wormturmd Emormc Kmaupmtod

Xulamwm Amrmt Dilir ? Umcud 1776 em`ml pmsm` 8 mymt = emd 1 mem`mc soamjmb

aorbkut>

(=) Iayok Qotrbausb mem`mc po`mymdmd podyoebmmd fmsb`btms torlbdm` ymdj lo`bputb >m. Wodyoebmmd tolpmt pmrkbr kodemrmmd podulpmdj emd aus ulul;


32/95



a. Wodyoebmmd tolpmt kojbmtmd usmcm;

h. Fmsb`btms `mbddym eb `bdjkudjmd torlbdm`.

(1) Xuayok rotrbausb mem`mc amemd mtmu irmdj prbameb ymdj lodjjudmkmd fmsb`btms

torlbdm`.

1.1.8. Wodempmtmd Ms`b EmormcWodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc mem`mc lorupmkmd podorblmmd emormc ymdj aormsm` emrb

pmnmk emormc, rotrbausb emormc, cmsb` porusmcmmd lb`bk emormc, cmsb` podjoì`mmd

kokmymmd emormc `mbddym ymdj ebpbsmckmd emd `mbd-`mbddym podempmtmd ms`b emormc ymdj

smc. Aoremsmrkmd pormturmd porudemdj-udemdjmd ymdj aor`mku ymdj ebjudmkmd udtuk

lolabmymb podyoòdjjmrmmd polorbdtmc emd polamdjudmd emormc.

_demdj - udemdj Dilir. =: Umcud 1778, todtmdj podempmtmd emormc mem`mc cmk

polorbdtmc emormc ymdj ebmkub soamjmb podmlamc db`mb kokmymmd aorsbc. Wodempmtmd

emormc (amsbs kms) mem`mc podorblmmd iòc aodemcmrm ulul emormc mtmu iòc odtbtms polorbdtmc `mbd ymdj lodmlamc okubtms emdm `mdhmr em`ml porbieo tmcud mdjjmrmd

ymdj aorsmdjkutmd. Wodorblmmd torsoaut lonmeb cmk polorbdtmc emd tbemk porù ebamymr

kolam`b iòc polorbdtmc. Wodempmtmd emormc (amsbs mkrum`) mem`mc cmk polorbdtmc ymdj

ebmkub soamjmb podmlamc db`mb kokmymmd aorsbc. Ruwidi ekk., (177?>=7:) lodymtmkmd

amcwm podempmtmd emormc mem`mc solum podorblmmd kms ymdj lodnmeb cmk emormc emd

ebmkub soamjmb podmlamc db`mb kokmymmd aorsbc em`ml smtu tmcud mdjjmrmd emd tbemk

porù ebamymr kolam`b iòc polorbdtmc. @oabc `mdnut Cm`bl (177:> 26) lodymtmkmd

amcwm podempmtmd ms`b emormc (WME) lorupmkmd solum podorblmmd emormc ymdj

aormsm` emrb okidilb ms`b emormc.

Xosumb _demdj - udemdj dilir. 88 Umcud 1775, mpmab`m koautucmd polabmymmd

sumtu emormc òabc amdymk ebporiòc emrb suasbeb mtmu amdtumd emrb pusmt, emd dymtm-dymtm kidtrbausb WME torcmemp koautucmd polabmymmd torsoaut smdjmt kohb`, lmkm empmt

ebpmstbkmd amcwm kbdornm koumdjmd emormc btu lmsbc smdjmt òlmc. Kohb`dym kidtrbausb

WME torcmemp koautucmd polabmymmd soamjmblmdm ymdj tortumdj em`ml MWAE

lorupmkmd auktb kokurmdjlmlpumd emormc em`ml lodjoì`m sulaor emym

porokidilbmd torutmlm sulaor-sulaor podempmtmddym.

Em`ml pmsm` 16 mymt = Wormturmd Lodtorb Em`ml Dojorb Dilir =8 tmcud 1776

todtmdj Woeilmd Wodjoì`mmd Koumdjmd Emormc koìlpikpodempmtmd ms`b emormc

ebamjb lodurut nodbs podempmtmd ymdj torebrb mtms>

m. Wmnmkemormc;

a. Qotrbausbemormc;

h. Cmsb` podjoì`mmd kokmymmd emormc ymdj ebpbsmckmd; emd

e. @mbd-`mbd podempmtmd ms`b emormc ymdj smc.

Em`ml pmsm` = mymt =7 _demdj-_demdj Dilir 13 tmcud 1772 todtmdj pmnmk

Emormc emd Qotrbausb Emormc lodno`mskmd amcwm Wmnmk Emormc, ymdj so`mdnutdym

ebsoaut Wmnmk, mem`mc kidtrbausb wmnba kopmem Emormc ymdj torutmdj iòc irmdj prbameb

mtmu amemd ymdj aorsbfmt lolmksm aoremsmrkmd _demdj-_demdj, eodjmd tbemk

lodempmtkmd blam`md sohmrm `mdjsudj emd ebjudmkmd udtuk koporùmd Emormc amjb

soaosmr-aosmrdym kolmklurmd rmkymt. Wmsm` 1 mymt = emd 1 nodbs pmnmk emormc torebrbemrb> Nodbs Wmnmk privbdsb emd Nodbs Wmnmk kmaupmtod/kitm


33/95



Em`ml pmsm` 16 mymt 8 Wormturmd Lodtorb Em`ml Dojorb Dilir =8 tmcud 1776

todtmdj Woeilmd Wodjoì`mmd Koumdjmd Emormc,ebno`mskmd amcwm nodbs cmsb`

podjoì`mmd kokmymmd emormc ymdj ebpbsmckmd ebrbdhb lodurut iayok podempmtmddym

ymdj lodhmkup> Amjbmd `mam mtms podyortmmd liem` pmem porusmcmmd lb`bkemormc/A_LE; Amjbmd `mam mtms podyortmmd liem` pmem porusmcmmd lb`bk

polorbdtmc/A_LD; emd Amjbmd `mam mtms podyortmmd liem` pmem porusmcmmd lb`bk

swmstm mtmu koìlpik usmcm lmsymrmkmt.

Xoemdjkmd em`ml pmsm` 1? mymt 5 ebno`mskmd nujm amcwm nodbs `mbd-`mbd

podempmtmd ms`b emormc ymdj smc, eb soebmkmd udtuk lodjmdjjmrkmd podorblmmd emormc

ymdj tbemk torlmsuk em`ml nodbs pmnmk emormc, rotrbausb emormc, emd cmsb` podjoì`mmd

kokmymmd emormc ymdj ebpbsmckmd ebrbdhb lodurut iayok podempmtmd ymdj lodhmkup>

Cmsb` podnum`md kokmymmd emormc ymdj tbemk ebpbsmckmd, Nmsm jbri, Wodempmtmd audjm,

Wodorblmmd mtms tudtutmd jmdtb korujbmd emormc, Wodorblmmd kilbsb, pitidjmd mtmupud

aodtuk `mbd soamjmb mkbamt emrb podnum`md emd/mtmu podjmemmd amrmdj emd/mtmu nmsm iòc

emormc, Wodorblmmd koudtudjmd emrb so`bsbc db`mb tukmr rupbmc torcmemp lmtm umdj msbdj,Wodempmtmd eodem mtms kotor`mlamtmd po`mksmdmmd pokornmmd, Wodempmtmd eodem pmnmk,

Wodempmtmd eodem rotrbausb, Wodempmtmd cmsb` oksokusb mtms nmlbdmd, Wodempmtmd emrb

podjolam`bmd, Fmsb`btms sisbm` emd fmsb`btms ulul, Wodempmtmd emrb podyoòdjjmrmmd

podebebkmd emd po`mtbcmd sortm Wodempmtmd emrb mdjsurmd/hbhb`md podnum`md.


Jmlamr =.

Kormdjkm Kidsoptum`

BV. LOUIEO@IJB WODO@BUBMD

5.=. Nodbs Wodo`btbmd emd Emtm Wodo`btbmdNodbs podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc podo`btbmd eoskrbptbf. Xujbyidi (1773>==) lodno`mskmd

amcwm podo`btbmd eoskrbptbf mem`mc podo`btbmd ymdj eb`mkukmd udtuk lodjotmcub db`mb

vmrbmao` lmdebrb, ambk smtu vmrbmao` mtmu òabc tmdpm lolaumt poramdebdjmd, mtmu

podjcuaudjmd eodjmd vmrbmao` ymdj `mbd. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb podu`bs lodjkmnb

kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` torcmemp WME Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud

177?-17=1. Wodo`btbmd lodjjudmkmd eum nodbs emtm ymbtu> Emtm Kumdtbtmtbf, mem`mc emtm

ymdj ebporiòc em`ml aodtuk mdjkm-mdjkm. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb, emtm kumdtbtmtbf aorupm

emtm Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` emd Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt Umcud

177? ‘ 17=1. Emtm Kum`btmtbf aorupm emtm prifb` Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt.

Mempud sulaor emtm em`ml podo`btbmd mem`mc emtm sokudeor. Emtm sokudeor ymbtu

emtm ymdj to`mc ebi`mc emd ebporiòc emrb bdstmdsb `mbd, em`ml cm` bdb mem`mc emtm

sokudeor torsoaut mem`mc Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` emd Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod

Qotrbausb

Uorlbdm ̀

Wodempmtmd Ms`b

Emormc

Qotrbausb

Emormc


34/95



Xulamwm Amrmt Umcud 177? ‘ 17=1. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb lotieo podjulpu`md emtm

ymdj ebjudmkmd mem`mc podhmtmtmd eikulod emd wmwmdhmrm.

5.1. Eofbdbsb Ipormsbidm` Vmrbmao`Kidtrbausb mem`mc aosmrdym sulamdjmd ( scmro) smtu soktir torcmemp soktir `mbd.

Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb sulamdjmd eblmksue mem`mc sulamdjmd rotrbausb torlbdm`

torcmemp WME. Mempud eofbdbsb ipormsbidm` lmsbdj-lmsbdj vmrbma`o mem`mc soamjmb

aorbkut>

=. Qotrbausb torlbdm` mem`mc rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` eb KmaupmtodXulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177?-17=1.

1. Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc mem`mc rom`bsmsb Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc KmaupmtodXulamwm Amrmt porbieo tmcud 177?-17=1.

5.8. Uokdbk Mdm`bsbs

_dtuk lodjotmcub kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` torcmemp WME KmaupmtodXulamwm Amrmt, em`ml podo`btbmd bdb eb`mkukmd eodjmd rulus (Xymfrueebd, 1771> 18)>

]Sd

Wd < --------- x =77 %

]Rd

Wd < kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm`

]S < rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm`

]R < rom`bsmsb podorblmmd WME

d < tmcud tortodtu

V. CMXB@ EMD WOLAMCMXMD

Jmlamr 1.

Qom`bsmsb Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt

Umcud 177?-17=1

=8,178,777

=1,5?7,777

=1,737,777

=3,:=3,777

17,:68,777

81,23?,777

83,3=7,777

51,:??,777

177?

1776

177:

1773

1772

17=7

17==

17=1


35/95

Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 8=


Wmem jmlamr ebmtms, empmt eb`bcmt amcwm porkolamdjmd rom`bsmsb podorblmmd

rotrbausb torlbdm` Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177? smlpmb tmcud 17=1

lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd ymdj hukup sbjdbfbkmd, torutmlm sonmk tmcud 1773 smlpmb tmcud

17=1. Nbkm ebporcmtbkmd, rmtm-rmtm hmpmbmd rotrbausb torlbdm` so`mlm tunuc tmcud sonmktmcud 177? smlpmb tmcud 17=1 mem`mc soaosmr Qp. 18.2:7.?77,- (`bcmt `mlpbrmd B).

Hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` torodemc tornmeb pmem tmcud 177: ymbtu

soaosmr Qp.=1.737.777,- emd tortbdjjb ebhmpmb pmem tmcud 17=1 ymbtu soaosmr

Qp.51.:??.777,-. Qodemcdym rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` pmem tmcud 177:,

ebsbdym`br mkbamt memdym koabnmkmd polorbdtmc emormc ymdj lo`mkukmd ro`ikmsb to

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Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full