Jacobins

• Definition: A French revolutionary party founded in 1789.

• Significance: leaders of the new convention that met amid mob violence in France. In a close vote, the Convention voted to execute the king in January of 1793. this began the “second revolution”

543 Spodek AC

Bourgeoisie

• Definition: Leading urban professional and commercial classes of the third estate.

• Significance: the French Revolution was triggered by the king needing funds. The king looked for some of these funds to come from the third estate, or more specifically the bourgeoisie, who were the more well off people of the third estate. The king did not get his funds and this triggered the calling of the Estates-General.

• 540 Spodek AC

Estates-General• Definition: A meeting of all three classes, or

estates, in France for the king to make funds.• Significance: it had not been convened since

1614 and its procedures were disputed. When the nobles got their wishes to meet in separate places according to estate, the third estate got enraged and boycotted. The third estate then called themselves the “national assembly” and said that they would not disband until a new constitution was drafted.

541 Spodek AC

Philosophes

• Definition: A group of 18th century French writers and philosophers who emphasized the supremacy of human reason and advocated freedom of expression and social, economic, and political reform.

• Significance: The philisophes were the leaders of the French Enlightenment and their philosophy helped inspire the American and French revolutions. They had considerable influence over new political institutions.

533 Spodek AC

Map!

• England- the Glourious Revolution (1688)

• France- the French Revolution (1789)• Corsica- birthplace of Naopleon

(1799)• Prussia- German Revolution (1750)• Other Red Places- important in the

Enlightenment

Louis XVIDid What?

As the King of France, he solicited funds to pay for Versailles by calling the Estates General in 1789. Louis XVI was married to Marie-Antoinette.

So What?

The third estate was not happy with the situation Louis XVI set up, so on June 20 of 1789 they took the “Oath of the Tennis Court” which said that they would not give up their struggle until a new constitution had been drafted. The actions of Louis XVI began a series of revolutions in France.

Place de la Bastille, Paris (Part 3)

(540-543 Spodek) JLLouis XVI during his reign as King of France.

Napoleon BonaparteDid What?

Elected himself First Consul in 1799 after the French system of law had been redefined. In 1802 he became consul for life. In 1804 he became the emperor of France and the French Revolution ended. He remained in power until 1812.

So What?

As ruler he established the Code Napoleon, which maintained the equality of classes. He also established the concordat with the Pope. Napoleon then tried to spread the ideas he had established in France throughout Europe, but he failed to conquer Britain and Russia.

http://library.gmu.edu/resources/french/napoleon%20horse.jpg

(545-547 Spodek) JLThe confident Napoleon crossing the Alps to defeat Italy.

Simon Bolivar

Did What?Bolivar was a Creole Elite and military

leader of the Latin American revolution from 1810 to 1830. Bolivar was born in Venezuela, but studied in Europe (Spain) for three years in his late teens. He returned to Venezuela (Caracas) in 1807 and in 1813 regained Venezuelan independence. In 1819 he defeated the Spanish to create the Republic of Colombia where he served as President. In 1825 he captured Peru and Upper Peru and instated himself as President of both.

So What? The military leadership of Bolivar is

responsible for uniting much of Latin America and Northern South America.

http://wikis.lib.ncsu.edu/index.php/Politics_in_Sculpture_and_Monuments

(551-553 Spodek) JL

Simon Bolivar in 1825- the year he captured Peru and Upper Peru.

Father Miguel HidalgoDid What?

Lead the revolution in Mexico as a Creole Elite before Father Jose Maria Morelos took command.

So What?

The independence movement lead by Hidalgo was different than those in South America. Hidalgo understood that peasant poverty was a result of Spanish and creole rule, so the movement attacked creole elites. Despite Hidalgo’s execution in 1811, Mexico gained independence in 1821 due to the initial effects of Hidalgo.

JLhttp://www.elbalero.gob.mx/kids/history/images/independ/miguelhidalgo.gif

(553 Spodek)

One of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution- Father Miguel Hidalgo.

Political Revolutions Timeline

JL (540-555 Spodek)

Chapter 16: Political Revolutions

A.S.

1. To what degree did the acclaimed philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, refine

English politics?

2. Explain the Estates General as well as the events that proceeded this meeting.

AS

As one of England’s most prominent political philosophers, Thomas Hobbs redefined the relationship between the state and its people. Not only was Hobbs the first to postulate the “state of nature” he also proceeded to suggest the existence of a “mythical social contract”. Within these two bonds, Hobbs was able to create a balance that justified the powers given to the King and, essentially taken from the people.

Leaders of the French community attended the Estates General convened by King Louis XVI 1789. The meeting, relatively concise, was proceed by a rapid social, political and cultural division of the French people. Ultimately, France’s lower classes, composed of rising merchants and professionals, revolted soon after.

Spodek (525)

Spodek (540)

AS

3.Who were the Jacobins, the Girodins and the Montagnards? What is their importance?

4. How did the Napoleonic Wars effect the development of culture in surrounding regions?

The Jacobins, Girondins and the Montagnards were all members of French revolutionary groups. Each party helped lead the Convention which had been convened by the National assembly in 1792. Held shortly after the Assembly had disbanded, the Convention was to serve as a national meeting for members of what used to be the National Assembly. During the meeting, elected officials worked to create a revised constitution for newly dissociated group.

The Napoleonic wars ended feudal privileges, provided equality of right, introduced religious tolerance, codified laws and free trade to surrounding regions. Notable regions affected by the spread of Napoleonic power include Germany, The Netherlands and a large portion of Italy.

Spodek (543)

Spodek (546)

Political Revoluti

ons

Philosophical Rationales

The Revolt of the Third Estate

Napoleon’s Rise to Power

Abolition of the Slave Trade

International War

AS

El Fin