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George Washington 1789- 1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789- 1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795) Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson (1789-1793)

George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

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Page 1: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington 1789-1797

• Political Party – Federalist

• Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797)

• Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

• Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson (1789-1793)

Page 2: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington

• Inaugurated as the first President in New York City in April of 1789

• Established the following:– Departments of War, Treasury, and State– Office of the Attorney General– Cabinet

Page 3: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington – Domestic Policy

• Judiciary Act of 1789 – established the judicial branch – created a Supreme Court, district courts

• Bill of Rights – 1789• The Battle of Fallen Timbers – 1794– U.S. military defeat of native tribes in present day

Ohio– Led to increased expansion west

Page 4: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington – Domestic Policy

• Hamilton’s Financial Plan– Tariffs– Surcharges on imported goods– Tax on whiskey– In order to gain Jefferson’s support, the capital

was moved to Virginia (modern day Washington D.C.).

Page 5: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington – Domestic Policy

• Whiskey Rebellion – 1794– Increased tax as a result of Hamilton’s financial plan enraged

many citizens– Western Pennsylvania – attacks on tax collectors and

formation of several armed resistance movements– Washington ordered militia from several neighboring states

into Pennsylvania to stop rebellion– Personally traveled to Pennsylvania to oversee troop

preparation– Rebellion ended quietly, Washington later pardoned those

convicted of treason in the rebellion– Demonstrated the growing power of the federal government

Page 6: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington – Domestic Policy

• Farewell Address – 1797– Warns of maintaining national unity– Warns against split into “factions” or political

parties– Warns against foreign entanglements

Page 7: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington – Foreign Policy

• 1789– Outbreak of the French Revolution– British encouraging Native Americans attacks on

western settlers– Washington insists on neutrality – he believed that

the new nation was too weak and unstable to fight another war so soon after the American Revolution

Page 8: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington – Foreign Policy

• 1793 – France declares war on a host of European nations, including Great Britain

• Jefferson and Hamilton take opposing viewpoints on assisting the French

• “Citizen Genet” affair – French ambassador to the U.S., traveled throughout the U.S. in an attempt to garner support for the French

• Washington demanded that Genet be recalled, which he ultimately was

Page 9: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington – Foreign Policy

• 1793– British announce that they will seize any ships

trading with France, including ships from the United States

– Several riots break out in U.S. cities– Washington suspends all American shipments

overseas– British continuing to encourage insurgency on

western borders of the United States

Page 10: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington – Foreign Policy

• Washington sent John Jay, chief justice of the Supreme Court, to create a diplomatic solution to the issues with Great Britain

• Result was Jay’s Treaty of 1794– Signed on November 19, 1794– Considered a weak treaty– Undermined freedom of trade on seas– Failed to compensate Americans for slaves taken during the

revolution– Did not address the issue of impressment– Although not particularly happy with the outcome of the treaty,

Washington signs it– Criticism of Washington’s administration increases as a result of the

perceived failures of Jay’s Treaty

Page 11: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington – Foreign Policy

• Pickney’s Treaty – 1795– Spain gave the United States unlimited access to

the Mississippi River valley– Access to the port city of New Orleans– Opened much of the Ohio River Valley to

settlement and expansion– Considered the diplomatic highlight of the

Washington administration

Page 12: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

George Washington - Legacy

• Two – term precedent• Cabinet• “Unwritten Constitution”• Executive privilege• Supremacy of federal law• Collection of taxes• Executive restraint in regards to veto power

Page 13: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

John Adams – 1797-1801

• Political Party – Federalist

• Vice President – Thomas Jefferson (1797-1801)

• Wife – Abigail Adams

Page 14: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

John Adams – Domestic Policy

• Adams content to leave domestic matters to Congress• Passage of Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

– Created as a means of preventing the French from harming American foreign policy

– Three of laws aimed at immigrants, who tended to vote Democratic-Republican; the party of Jefferson

– Required the naturalization period for immigrants to be extended from 5 to 15 years

– Alien Act – allowed for detention of enemy aliens in times of war without trial

– Sedition Act – outlawed conspiracy to prevent the enforcement of federal laws; punished subversive speech with fines and imprisonment

Page 15: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

John Adams – Domestic Policy

• Criticism of the Sedition Act – mostly as a result of targeting those newspaper editors critical of the Adams administration

• Stamp and house taxes protested by small farmers – Pennsylvania – Frie’s Rebellion

• Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions – 1798– States had authority to determine legitimacy of

federal law– Issues of states rights

Page 16: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

John Adams – Foreign Policy

• Following the creation of Jay’s Treaty, which the French viewed as an alliance between the U.S. and Great Britain, the French began seizing American ships carrying British goods

• Adams sought a diplomatic solution to the crisis, sending 3 commissioners to come to an agreement to end the conflict

• Attempt by French minister to secure a bribe from the American diplomats, became known as the XYZ Affair

• Navy Department created as a result of the conflict with France• Outbreak of the Quasi-War with France• Resolved with a new treaty between France and the United

States in 1799

Page 17: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Election of 1800

• Adams, a Federalist, ran for re-election against his Vice President, Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, which would become known as the Jeffersonian Republicans

• Split within the Federalist Party resulted from criticism of Adams handling of the Quasi-War with France

• Jeffersonians upset with the creation of a standing army, navy, and the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were perceived as violations of republican government

Page 18: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Election of 1800• Jefferson criticized for being a revolutionary because of his support for

France during their revolution• Adams was criticized for being a “monarchist”• Adams attacked by members of his own party, including Alexander

Hamilton• Jefferson wins the election, ushers in “Republican” government, much

different than Adams view of government• In order to maintain a Federalist view of government, Adams appoints

several Federalist judges to the courts prior to Jefferson’s inauguration. • These became known as “midnight appointments” which ultimately led

to the court case Marbury vs. Madison of 1803.

Page 19: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Thomas Jefferson – 1801-1809

• Political Party – Democratic-Republican

• Brought the republican view of government to the presidency

Page 20: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Thomas Jefferson – Domestic Policy

• Respect to individual states rights• Significant decrease in size of the U.S. military• Encouragement of agriculture• Repeal Alien and Sedition Acts• Decrease in the national debt• Congress repealed Judiciary Act of 1801

Page 21: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Marbury vs. Madison - 1803

• Jefferson's secretary of state, James Madison, had refused to deliver a last-minute justice of the peace commission to William Marbury, a wealthy land speculator in Washington, D.C., who was appointed in the final hours of the Adams administration. Marbury, claiming that his appointment could not be denied him, petitioned for a writ of mandamus, or a formal order of delivery, compelling delivery of the commission.

Page 22: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Marbury vs. Madison - 1803

• Supreme Court denied the writ, although it acknowledged that the petitioners were entitled to their commissions

• Declared a portion of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, thus establishing the principle of Judicial Review

• Republican Congress repeals Judiciary Act of 1801

• Chief Justice John Marshall

Page 23: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Thomas Jefferson – Foreign Policy

• War with Barbary pirates led Jefferson to rethink his policy of reduction of the military

• Spain ceded Louisiana to France in 1800, Jefferson began the process of purchasing New Orleans and possibly West Florida

• Napoleon, needing funds to finance his war with Great Britain, offered to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $15 million

• Doubled the size of the U.S.• Jefferson must adapt his view of the Constitution, a “loose”

vs. a “strict” view of a president’s power• Lewis and Clark sent to explore the new territory

Page 24: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Thomas Jefferson – Foreign Policy

• Impressment crisis with the British– British ships began forcing American soldiers into

service on British ships during their war with France

– Jefferson banned all British ships from U.S. ports, ended trade with Europe – negative impact on American economy

– Non-Intercourse Act – banned trade with only England and France

– Lays the groundwork for the War of 1812

Page 25: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Madison – 1809-1817

• Political Party – Democratic-Republican

Page 26: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Madison – Domestic Policy

• Domestic issues take a backseat to foreign issues during Madison’s presidency

• Stressed neutrality in English-French conflict• Debate over whether to grant 1st Bank of the United States

another charter for 20 years– Opposed by “old” Republicans, who viewed bank as

unconstitutional– Opposed by anti-British Republicans, who objected to the stock in

the bank owned by the British– Opposed by state banks– Failure to re-charter bank led to financial difficulties during the

War of 1812

Page 27: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Madison – Foreign Policy

• Continued British policy of impressment led Congress to begin military preparations

• April 1812 – 90 day embargo• June 1812 – U.S. declaration of War on Great

Britain– Impressment– British provided arms to Native Americans who

were attacking U.S. settlers– Trade restrictions

Page 28: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Madison – Foreign Policy

• War of 1812– “2nd War of Independence”– U.S. attempt to seize British Canadian territory – plan fails,

parts of U.S. territory fall to the British– Tide of war begins to turn in 1813– Hartford Convention 1814-1815 – Federalist opposition to

Madison’s conduct of the War of 1812, threat of secession? Led to the end of the Federalist Party as a national organization

– Battles with Natives in Canada – William Henry Harrison– Andrew Jackson led militia against Natives in Mississippi

Territory (Alabama)

Page 29: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Madison – Foreign Policy

• 1814 – British ships raid American ports• British capture Washington D.C., burn White

House• Invasion stalls in Baltimore’s, the British can not

get through Fort McHenry – inspiration for the “Star-Spangled Banner”

• Battle of New Orleans – Jackson defeats British forces

• Treaty of Ghent ends war

Page 30: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Impact of War of 1812

• Increase in American pride and nationalism• Significantly decreased Native American threat

in the Northwest territory• Political fame for those who fought in the war – Andrew Jackson– William Henry Harrison

Page 31: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Monroe – 1817-1825

• Political Party – Democratic-Republican

• “Era of Good Feelings”

Page 32: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Monroe – Domestic Policy

• Monroe embarked on a presidential tour of the country following his inauguration

• Monroe was a popular president, and with the decline of the Federalist party, this led to what is historically known as the “Era of Good Feelings”

• John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State• John C. Calhoun – Secretary of War

Page 33: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Monroe – Domestic Policy

• Panic of 1819– 1st major depression since the 1780s– Caused by declining agricultural prices, imports

and exports– State banks declare bankruptcy– High unemployment and foreclosures– Depression ended by 1823

Page 34: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Monroe – Domestic Policy

• Missouri Compromise – 1820• “American System” – system of internal

improvements designed to improve trade and the U.S. economy

• Cumberland Road (National Road) – tolls placed in 1822

• Transition from the 1st party system in American politics (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) to the 2nd party system (Democrats and Whigs)

Page 35: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Monroe – Foreign Policy

• Pursued aggressive foreign policy• Attempted to improve relations with the

British– Demilitarization of Great Lakes– Fixed U.S. – Canada border– Joint U.S.-British occupation of Oregon

Page 36: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Monroe – Foreign Policy

• Andrew Jackson – invasion of Spanish Florida to prevent Native raids on white settlers

• Adams – Onis Treaty of 1819– Spain gives up control of Florida territory, and

claims in Louisiana and Oregon– U.S. gives up claims in Texas territory

Page 37: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Monroe – Foreign Policy

• Monroe Doctrine– Latin American revolutions admired by the U.S.,

Monroe hesitates to formally recognize new nations for fear of war with Spain

– Rumors that European countries might help Spain regain control of former colonies

– December 2, 1823 – Monroe gives his annual message to Congress• Became the basis for the Monroe Doctrine

Page 38: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Monroe Doctrine - 1823

• Reiterated traditional U.S. policy of neutrality regarding European wars and conflict

• U.S. would not accept re-colonization of any nation by its former European master

• Non-interference with existing European colonies in America• European countries should no longer consider the Western

Hemisphere open to colonization• Primarily aimed at Russia which was attempting expansion on

the northern Pacific coast• Supported by the British and the Royal Navy• 1st significant U.S. foreign policy statement

Page 39: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

John Quincy Adams – 1825-1829

• Political Party - considered a Democratic-Republican

• Vice President – John C. Calhoun

• One of only two pairs of father and son to serve as President of the United States

Page 40: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Election of 1824 “The Corrupt Bargain”

• John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, William Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson all compete for nomination

• John C. Calhoun drops bid and focuses on vice presidency

• 1st time popular vote matters, states began choosing presidential electors by popular vote in 1824

Page 41: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Election of 1824

• Jackson wins popular vote, followed by Adams, Clay and then Crawford

• In Electoral College votes, Jackson fell 32 votes short of the majority required

• Electoral Votes– Jackson – 99– Adams – 84– Crawford – 41– Clay – 37

Page 42: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Election of 1824

• House of Representatives met to decide presidency amongst top 3 candidates

• Henry Clay eliminated from contention, but held considerable influence as Speaker of the House

• Following the election in the House, Adams won the presidency, with support from Clay and his followers

• Clay later named Secretary of State• Jackson claims “corrupt bargain” between Adams and Clay• Jackson resigns from Senate and immediately begins

preparations for a presidential run in 1828

Page 43: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

John Quincy Adams – Domestic Policy

• Support for the “American System” a national economy focused on internal improvements

• Northern factories would produce finished products received from the South and the West

• Harbors, roads, canals constructed during his presidency

Page 44: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Tariff of Abominations - 1828

• Protective tariff• High tariffs placed to protect mid-Atlantic and

Western agricultural interests• Tariffs placed on wool, flax, molasses, spirits• Restrictive on textile imports• Damaging to British manufacturers whom Southern

planters depended on• Vice President Calhoun (from South Carolina) asserted

that states had right to nullify federal laws that were harmful to state interests

Page 45: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

John Quincy Adams – Foreign Policy

• Increased commercial treaties with nations such as Denmark, Brazil, Norway, Sweden

• Failure to send delegates to Panama Congress due to opposition from Congress

• Success as Secretary of State led to few major issues for Adams to deal with as president

Page 46: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

1828 Election

• Jackson participated in a campaign for the presidency immediately following the 1824 election

• Senator Martin Van Buren of New York led to campaign for Jackson

• Jackson and Van Buren focus on preservation of the union, states rights, majority rule

• Adams supporters take the name National-Republicans• Extremely personal attacks by both campaigns aimed at the

other• Jackson wins in a landslide, by a margin of 95 electoral votes• Regional votes – New England – Adams, South and West for

Jackson

Page 47: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Andrew Jackson – 1829-1837

• Political Party – Democrat

• Vice President – • John C. Calhoun (1829-

1832); Martin Van Buren (1833-1837)

Page 48: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Domestic Policy

• Creation of the “Spoils System” – rewarding political supporters with jobs in his administration

• “American System” – 2 efforts to focus on the creation of a national economy– Protective tariffs– Internal improvements– Jackson originally supported while in Congress, becomes

opposed as President due to increasing sectionalism– Presidential vetoes of bills associated with the system,

including the veto of the Maysville Road bill in 1830

Page 49: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Indian Removal

• Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Creeks still occupied large portions of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee at the beginning of Jackson’s presidency

• Jackson believed in assimilation or removal• Conflict between Cherokees and the state of

Georgia

Page 50: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Indian Removal

• Indian Removal Act of 1830– Exchange land west of the Mississippi River for land on

the east coast of the U.S.– Pay costs of Indian transportation– Cherokee tribe resist until the end– Cherokee Nation v. Georgia in 1831 and Worcester v.

Georgia in 1832, the Supreme Court upheld the tribes' independence from state authority

– State of Georgia ignored the rulings, supported by Jackson

– Forced exodus of Cherokees results in the “Trail of Tears”

Page 51: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Issues with Vice President Calhoun

• Jackson believed Calhoun was attempting to drive Secretary of War John Eaton, Jackson’s old army buddy, out of his cabinet

• “Eaton Affair” – political snubbing of Eaton’s wife Peggy by the wives of cabinet members

• Calhoun becomes an increasing sectionalist• Jackson names Martin Van Buren as minister to

Great Britain, Vice President Calhoun votes against this appointment in the Senate

• Jackson begins to favor Martin Van Buren

Page 52: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Nullification Crisis

• New tariff in 1832 with some lower rates but continuation of protectionist policies

• South Carolina begins measures to block federal collection of customs

• Jackson responds in 2 ways– Urges Congress to further reduce tariff– Asks for strengthened authority to enforce

revenue laws

Page 53: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Nullification Crisis

• Calhoun resigns from Vice Presidency to become a Senator from South Carolina

• Congress responds to crisis with the passage of a Compromise Tariff, which reduced the tariff in stages over the course of 9 years, which ended the crisis at the time

• Congress also passed a “Force Bill” to enforce the revenue laws

• Begins to decrease impact of the American System

Page 54: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Bank War

• 2nd Bank of the United States, the nation’s only financial institution on a federal level

• It was the banker for the U.S. government• Chartered in 1816 following the War of 1812 for

20 years• Controversy for its role in the Panic of 1819• Nicholas Biddle, president of the bank in the

1820’s, improved the reputation of the institution

Page 55: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Bank War

• Jackson believes bank is unconstitutional• Biddle attempted to secure another charter in

1832, before the presidential election• Jackson vetoes re-charter bill– Attacks personal privilege of stock holders– “common man” persona– Becomes dominant issue in 1832 election

Page 56: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Bank War

• Jackson attempts to remove federal funds from bank and put them in state banks

• Secretary of the Treasury must be in charge of removal, Jackson fires current secretary and replaces him with Attorney General Roger Taney who will follow Jackson’s orders

• Biddle responds by creating a financial panic, limiting loans and credit, which hurt businesses

• Biddle’s actions led to public opinion against the Bank becoming negative

• Congressional opposition for Jackson’s policies, “King Andrew I”, become the basis for the formation of the Whig Party, which took its name from Revolutionary Era opponents of royalty

Page 57: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Bank War

• 2nd Bank becomes a state bank in Pennsylvania• State banks go on a lending spree following

crisis• Jackson supports “hard currency”- gold and

silver• Lending spree leads to the Panic of 1837, at

the beginning of the presidency of Martin Van Buren

Page 58: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Foreign Affairs

• Jackson sets sights on the Mexican territory of Texas

• 1835 – American settlers in Texas, led by Sam Houston, mounted a revolt against the Mexican government and declared their independence

• Jackson declined to endorse American annexation of Texas – sectionalist concerns

Page 59: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Martin Van Buren – 1837-1841

• Political Party - Democrat

• Van Buren pledged to follow in Jackson’s footsteps

Page 60: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Panic of 1837

• Causes– English banks begin limiting money invested in the

United States– U.S. banks begin to call in loans following the

decrease in English money– “hard” vs. “soft” money debate

Page 61: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Panic of 1837

• Lack of credit• Increasing unemployment• Lack of investment• Businesses decline• Refusal to accept paper money• Jackson’s economic policy was blamed by the

Whigs

Page 62: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Panic of 1837

• Van Buren calls for the establishment of an “independent treasury” system

• Would negatively impact state banks• Van Buren opposed by both members of the

Democratic Party and the Whig Party• Congress passes an independent treasury bill

in 1840 in the midst of a depression

Page 63: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Domestic Policy

• Van Buren opposes the annexation of Texas• Fear of a “slave-owner” conspiracy• Continued the policy of forced Indian removal• Seminole Wars in Florida

Page 64: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Foreign Affairs

• Conflict with Great Britain regarding Canada– Concerning a group that sought to break away

from Great Britain– Some American citizens on the border support the

cause– Van Buren declares U.S. neutrality

Page 65: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Foreign Affairs

• Debate over land claimed by both the U.S. and Great Britain in Maine

• 1842 – Webster-Ashburton Treaty– Resolved border disputes between U.S. and Great

Britain

Page 66: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

William Henry Harrison - 1841

• Political Party – Whig• “Old Tippecanoe”• Popular as a war hero• Shortest term in office

of any U.S. president in history, about 1 month

• First president to die in office

Page 67: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Domestic Policy

• Pledged not to serve a second term• Would follow the direction of Congress as

President, a key belief of the Whig party• 2 hour inaugural address in cold, freezing rain

resulted in pneumonia

Page 68: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

John Tyler – 1841-1845

• Political Party – Whig• First Vice President to

assume the office of President following the death of the President

• The “Accidental President”

Page 69: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Domestic Policy

• Tyler argued that the Constitution gave him the full powers of the presidency, this was his greatest achievement and set the precedent for future orderly transfer of power

• Tyler keeps Harrison’s cabinet, although many opposed his taking of power

• Tyler vetoes bills calling for higher tariffs and the resurrection of the Bank of the United States

• Conflict with Whigs result in Tyler’s expulsion from the party

Page 70: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Texas

• Led a drive to annex Texas and make it a state• Mexico threatens war• Concern over balance between slave and free

states• Tyler chooses John Calhoun as his new

Secretary of State, in charge of negotiations with Mexico

• Tyler passes a Texas annexation bill

Page 71: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Foreign Policy

• Diplomatic mission to China• Extended Monroe Doctrine to Hawaii• End of Seminole Wars• Pushed for further Western expansion• Secretary of State Daniel Webster

Page 72: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Polk – 1845-1849

• Political Party – Democrat

• Focus on foreign policy, unlike predecessors

• Goals to address:– Expansion– Slavery– Banking– Tariff

Page 73: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Domestic Policy

• Walker Tariff of 1846 – decreased tariff rates, set tariff rate on certain goods

• Independent Treasury Act of 1846 – federal government manages government funds, focus on gold and silver

• Manifest Destiny

Page 74: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Wilmot Proviso

• 1846• “Slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist

in any part of the territory acquired from Mexico.”• Passed House, failed Senate• Reveals growing sectionalism• John C. Calhoun opposes• Weakened support for Polk in the South• Polk in favor of extending the Missouri

Compromise line

Page 75: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Foreign Policy

• Annexation of Texas– Started by President Tyler– 15th slave state admitted in December 1845– Threat of war with Mexico as a result of dispute

over territory

Page 76: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Oregon

• “54’ 40’ or fight”• Attempt to settle border with Great Britain• Border agreed to at the 49th parallel• U.S. gains control of Oregon, Idaho,

Washington

Page 77: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Mexican War

• Disputed territory regarding the border of the Rio Grande river

• May 1846 – war officially declared• Within 7 months, the U.S. had defeated Mexico• General Zachary Taylor becomes a war hero

and extremely popular throughout the U.S. – begins to be mentioned as a presidential candidate by the Whigs

Page 78: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Mexican War

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– U.S. gains control of New Mexico, California– Territory would ultimately include Arizona, Utah,

Nevada, California, much of New Mexico, and portions of Wyoming and Colorado

– Rio Grande established as border between U.S. and Mexico

Page 79: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Zachary Taylor – 1849-1850

• Political Party – Whig• War hero during the

Mexican War

Page 80: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Domestic Policy

• Urged citizens of California and New Mexico to write constitutions and apply for statehood

• Takes an anti-slavery view towards sectionalism

• Attempted to avoid active debate regarding the issue of slavery

Page 81: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

California

• California applied for admission as a free state in 1850

• 30 states in the Union at the time, 15 slave and 15 free

• Threat of upsetting balance between free and slave state

• Secession?

Page 82: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Compromise of 1850

• New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah organized as territories without mention of slavery

• Slave trade abolished in Washington D.C.• California admitted as a free state• Strengthened Fugitive Slave Act– Most controversial– Required citizens to assist in returning fugitive slaves– Denied right to fugitive slaves trial– Led to an increase in the abolitionist movement

Page 83: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Foreign Policy

• Not many major foreign policy issues during Taylor’s term

• Supported German revolutions in 1848• Discussion with the British over the possible

construction of a canal through Nicaragua

Page 84: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Millard Fillmore – 1850-1853

• Political Party – Whig• Taylor’s Vice President • Assumed office in July

of 1850, following the death of President Taylor

Page 85: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Domestic Policy

• Taylor’s cabinet resigns once Fillmore becomes president as a result of the debate over the Compromise of 1850

• Fillmore appointed pro-union, pro-compromise Whigs to cabinet

• Compromise of 1850 broken up into smaller bills, which ultimately pass Congress

Page 86: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Domestic Policy

• Compromise of 1850 upset many groups• Fillmore fully enforces the Fugitive Slave Act• Many Northerners convinced that Fillmore

was supporting Southern views• Decline of the Whig Party

Page 87: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Foreign Policy

• Focused on expansion of trade while limiting American commitments abroad

• Sent trade mission to Japan commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry

• Limited supports of revolutionary movements in Eastern Europe

Page 88: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Franklin Pierce – 1853-1857

• Political Party – Democrat

• Jefferson Davis – Secretary of War

Page 89: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Kansas and Nebraska were territories at the time Pierce took office

• Stephen Douglas begins to discuss the concept of popular sovereignty in the Senate

• Douglas attempting to secure base of transcontinental railroad in Chicago

• Repeal of Missouri Compromise allows states north of the border to become slave states

• May of 1854 – Kansas-Nebraska Act• End of Whigs, decline of Democrats, rise of Republican

party

Page 90: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

“Bleeding Kansas”

• Proslavery and abolitionist groups migrate to Kansas to participate in vote to determine status of slavery in new territory

• Pierce sides with pro-slavery forces in choice of governor for territory

• Violence and riots give Kansas the name of “Bleeding Kansas”

• John Brown involved in raids on pro-slavery areas• Pierce viewed as increasingly indecisive and ineffective• Democratic Party chooses not to nominate Pierce for a

second term

Page 91: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Foreign Policy

• Gadsden Purchase – border with Mexico• Failed attempt to annex Cuba– Southern interest in attempt to annex – fertile soil,

supported slavery – Ostend Manifesto• Set justification for American possession of Cuba• Threat of disturbance of “internal peace” in the U.S.• Caused huge uproar in the North

Page 92: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

James Buchanan – 1857-1861

• Political Party – Democrat

• Viewed the issue of slavery as a matter for individual states to handle

Page 93: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Dred Scott Case• Dred Scott's owner had taken him to what is now the upper Midwest. Having

lived in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory with his master, an army surgeon, Scott claimed that his residence in a free state and territory made him a free man.

• The Court decided otherwise. It claimed that the Constitution did not recognize slaves as citizens of the United States, and thus, they had "no rights which any white man was bound to respect," including the right to sue for their freedom in a federal court. A slave, the Court asserted, was property and nothing more, with no more rights than a horse or a chair.

• Ownership of such property was therefore protected and guaranteed by the Constitution. Since Scott had been a slave in Missouri, his living in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory could not affect his status as a slave.

• The Court then stated its opinion that the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional and that slavery could not be banned in the new territories nor in new states.

• Abolitionists outraged, South encouraged by Court’s interpretation

Page 94: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Kansas

• Free-soil groups attempt to form their own government in Kansas– Boycotted calls for constitutional convention– Proslavery forces dominate constitutional

convention• Form Lecompton Constitution – proslavery• Buchanan urges Congress to accept Kansas as a slave

state• Constitution ultimately rejected• Kansas – free state in 1861

Page 95: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

John Brown

• Militant abolitionist• Fall of 1859 – seized Harper’s Ferry in Virginia,

greatly upset the South• Brown convicted and sentenced to death• Becomes a martyr to the abolitionist cause

Page 96: George Washington 1789-1797 Political Party – Federalist Vice President – John Adams (1789-1797) Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795)

Foreign Policy

• Continued attempt to annex Cuba• Conflict with Mexico regarding continued

border disputes