Europe in 1789Europe in 1789* 180 million people living in 100’s of States* 180 million people living in 100’s of States

* Almost all States were governed by absolute rulers – * Almost all States were governed by absolute rulers – MonarchsMonarchs

* National feeling not strong, especially in Central/Eastern * National feeling not strong, especially in Central/Eastern EuropeEurope

* Tried to preserve the balance of power by combining to * Tried to preserve the balance of power by combining to oppose any State that threatened to dominate Europeoppose any State that threatened to dominate Europe

* Mainly agricultural peasants in most countries still bound to * Mainly agricultural peasants in most countries still bound to land owning aristocrats through the Feudal Systemland owning aristocrats through the Feudal System

* Only Great Britain had moved significantly to * Only Great Britain had moved significantly to industrializationindustrialization

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789 European continent mainly controlled by four royal European continent mainly controlled by four royal

families:families:

Bourbon Family – FranceBourbon Family – France

Hohenzollern Family – Germany (Prussia)Hohenzollern Family – Germany (Prussia)

Hapsburg Family – Austrian EmpireHapsburg Family – Austrian Empire

Romanov Family – Russian EmpireRomanov Family – Russian Empire(Russia, Austria and England allow women monarchs)(Russia, Austria and England allow women monarchs)

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789Great BritainGreat Britain

* Approx. 15.5 million people* Approx. 15.5 million people

(England 9 mil., Ireland 5 mil., Scotland 1.5 mil.)(England 9 mil., Ireland 5 mil., Scotland 1.5 mil.)

* Leading commercial and trading power in the world with * Leading commercial and trading power in the world with vast coloniesvast colonies

* Constitutional Monarchy – King George III (1760-1820)* Constitutional Monarchy – King George III (1760-1820)

* Real political power was in the hands of the people, that is * Real political power was in the hands of the people, that is in the hands of the land owning class (males)in the hands of the land owning class (males)

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789

HollandHolland* Approx. 2.2 million people* Approx. 2.2 million people

* William V (1751-1795), then controlled by France until 1815* William V (1751-1795), then controlled by France until 1815

* Major commercial and colonial power (India, Asia, S. * Major commercial and colonial power (India, Asia, S. America)America)

* Small country, doesn’t play major political role* Small country, doesn’t play major political role

* Stays out of wars unless it is a threat to trade or * Stays out of wars unless it is a threat to trade or commercialismcommercialism

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789

ScandinaviaScandinaviaNorway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark

* Christian VII (1766-1808)

* Little influence in Europe, too far north and the water * Little influence in Europe, too far north and the water isolates them from Europeisolates them from Europe

* Norway not independent, part of Denmark* Norway not independent, part of Denmark

* Sweden owns Finland* Sweden owns Finland

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789

AustriaAustria* Approx. 27 million people* Approx. 27 million people* Made up of many ethnic groups (mostly Germanic) held * Made up of many ethnic groups (mostly Germanic) held

together by strong monarchy – Hapsburg Familytogether by strong monarchy – Hapsburg Family* Maria Theresa (1740-1780) – mother of Marie Antoinette, an * Maria Theresa (1740-1780) – mother of Marie Antoinette, an

“Enlightened Ruler”“Enlightened Ruler”* Joseph II (1780-1790) – brother of Marie Antoinette* Joseph II (1780-1790) – brother of Marie Antoinette* Francis I – (1790-1825) – also a brother* Francis I – (1790-1825) – also a brother* Empire falls apart after WWI* Empire falls apart after WWI* One of the four powerful empires in Europe at this time* One of the four powerful empires in Europe at this time

Absolute Monarchs “dictators” who are looking to help their citizens improve their lives – education for all, hospitals, industry, roads, religious toleration,etc.

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789

PrussiaPrussia* Approx. 9 million people* Approx. 9 million people

* Fredrick the Great (1740-1786) – Hohenzollern Family, an * Fredrick the Great (1740-1786) – Hohenzollern Family, an Enlightened rulerEnlightened ruler

* Fredrick William II (1786-1797) nephew* Fredrick William II (1786-1797) nephew

* Fredrick William III (1797-1840) son* Fredrick William III (1797-1840) son

* Rival to Austria* Rival to Austria

* Built most efficient army in Europe* Built most efficient army in Europe

* Added part of Poland in 1772* Added part of Poland in 1772

Absolute Monarchs “dictators” who are looking to help their citizens improve their lives – education for all, hospitals, industry, roads, religious toleration, etc.

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789

GermanyGermany* Doesn’t exist as we know it, called “Holy Roman Empire”

* Over 300 independent States and another 50 City-States

* Actually controlled by the Austrian Empire (Hapsburg Family)

* Prussia wants control, too

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789RussiaRussia

* Approx. 40 million people

* * Largest country in Europe – area and population

* Catherine the Great (1762-1796) – Romanov Family, an Enlightened ruler

(Retreated from reforms after French Revolution)

* Extremely backward – still under feudalism, will stay backward until early 1900’s

* Isolated from rest of Europe, others not interested in attacking them, nor they attacking others

Absolute Monarchs “dictators” who are looking to help their citizens improve their lives – education for all, hospitals, industry, roads, religious toleration, etc.

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789RussiaRussia

* Czar Mikhail Romanov begins dynasty of Romanov leaders in 1613 which would last over 300 years – brings order and stability

* Peter the Great (1682-1725) in Great Northern War w/ * Peter the Great (1682-1725) in Great Northern War w/ Sweden takes parts of Finland and Baltic statesSweden takes parts of Finland and Baltic states

* changes capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg* changes capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg

* “Window to the West”* “Window to the West”

* Catherine the Great (1762-1796) expands Russian borders * Catherine the Great (1762-1796) expands Russian borders to the south (Black Sea) by defeating the Turks in 1774to the south (Black Sea) by defeating the Turks in 1774

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789PolandPoland

* Approx. 11 million people

* Elective monarchy – lacked political unity and natural geographic boundaries

* Partitioned by Austria and Russia in 1792, 1793, 1795

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire* Very weak

* Austria and Russia ambitious to expand into this territory

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789Spain Spain

* Approx. 10 million people * Charles IV (1788-1808)* Fallen into decline, now minor power* Colonial power in South America

Portugal* Approx. 3 million people * Queen Maria I (1777 -1816)* Fallen into decline, now minor power* Colonial power in Brazil and Africa

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789

Italy Italy * Approx. 18 million people

* Economically backward – mostly peasants

* Politically under Austrian influence

* Divided into many small States

Republics - Venice, Genoa, Lucca, San Marino

Kingdoms – Sardinia (Piedmont & Savoy) and Two Sicilies

Duchies – Milan, Parma, Modena, Tuscany

Papal States – Pope Pius VI (1775-1799)

Pope Pius VII (1800-1823)