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8/8/2019 IT in Business - Lect_2
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IT in Business
Essentials of Computing
Lecture ± 02
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationDefinition
C omputer: An electronic system that can beinstructed to accept, process, store, and present
data and information.
C omputer System: A computer and all the hardwareinterconnected with it. ± Hardware
± Programs ± Information
± People
± Procedures
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationDefinition ( C ontinued)
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationHardw are
Hardware (computer hardware or devices):
The computer and its associated equipment. ± Input devices
± Processors
± Output devices
± Secondary storage devices
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationHardw are ( C ontinued)
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationHardw are ( C ontinued)
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationI nput Devices
I nput: The data or information entered into acomputer or the process of entering data or information into the computer for processing,
storage and retrieval, or transmission.
± Keyboards
± Point-of-sale terminals
± Mouse ± Image scanners
± Bar code scanners and wands
± Microphones
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationThe Processor ( C ontinued)
System Board ( M ot her Board): The system
unit in a microcomputer, located on a boardmounted on the bottom of a computer base.
Primary Stor age ( M ain M emory): Storage
within the computer itself. Primary memory
holds data only temporarily, as the computer
executes instructions.
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationOutput Devices
Output: The results of inputting and
processing data and information returned bythe computer, either directly to the personusing the system or to secondary storage. ± Printer
± Direct a display
± Control another device
± Generate sounds
± Initiate transmission of information
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationSecond ary Stor age Devices
Second ary Stor age (Auxi l i ary Stor age): A storage
medium that is external to the computer, but that canbe read by the computer; a way of storing data and
information outside the computer itself.
± Diskettes
± Zip Disks
± Hard Disks
± Optical Disks
± Magnetic Tape
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationSecond ary Stor age Devices ( C ontinued)
M agnetic Disks: A general term referring to twotypes of storage disk: the flexible/floppy disk and the
hard disk.
Z ip Disks: Similar to diskettes, but housed in a hardplastic case. These disks can store 70 to 175 times moreand can store and retrieve data more quickly thandiskettes.
R ead Onl y: A type of disk that information can be readfrom but not written onto.
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationSecond ary Stor age Devices ( C ontinued)
CD-ROM disk: Short for ³compact disk ± read
only memory,´ an optical storage mediumthat permits storage of large amounts of
information. CD-ROM disks can only be
written to and cannot be erased.
Drive: The device containing a secondary
storage medium¶s read/write unit.
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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationPeripher al Equipments
Peripher al Equipment: A general term used
for any device that is attached to a computer system.
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Pr og
rams: In ch
ar ge of the
Hardwar eDefinition
Softw are: The general term for a set of instructions that controlsa computer or a communications network.
Progr am: A set of instructions that directs a computer toperform certain tasks and produce certain results.
C ommunic ation Progr am: A program that manages the
interaction between a computer system and a communicationsnetwork and the transmission of data, programs, andinformation over the network.
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Pr og
rams: In ch
ar ge of the
Hardwar eDefinition ( C ontinued)
O per ating System: A combination of programs thatcoordinates the actions of a computer, including its
peripheral devices and memory. For example, DOS(Disk Operating System), and Windows.
Gr a phic User I nterf ace ( GU I ): A link to an operatingsystem that allows users to use icons rather than
command words to start processing.
I nterf ace: The means by which a person interactswith a computer.
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Pr og
rams: In ch
ar ge of the
Hardwar eSoftw are P ack age
Softw are P ack age: An application that
focuses on a particular subject, such as wordprocessing, and is sold to businesses andthe general public.
Document
ation: An instruction manual thataccompanies software. Also, a technical,
detailed written description of the specificfacts of a program.
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Pr og
ra
ms: In char
ge of theHardwar
eSoftw are P ack age ( C ontinued)
Spreadsheet: A table of columns and rows used bypeople responsible for tracking revenues, expenses,
profits, and losses.
W ord - processing ( W P) Progr am: A program thatallows the user to enter, change (edit), move, store,and print text information.
Desktop Publ ishing ( DT P) Progr am: A program thatcombines text and image-handling features withdocument-design capabilities.
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Infor mation: Reason for using ITDefinition
I nformation: An organized, meaningful, and useful interpretationof data.
± Data ± Text
± Sound
± Images
Dat a: Raw facts, figures, and details.
Spoken I nformation: Information that is conveyed by sound.
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Infor mation: Reason for using ITDefinition ( C ontinued)
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People: User & Cr eator s of IT ApplicationUser
User (End User): The people who uses IT in
their jobs or personal lives. ± Hands-on users
± Indirect end users
± User managers
± Senior managers
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People: User & Cr eator s of IT ApplicationI nformation T ec hnol ogy Professional s
Information Technology Professional: A person whois responsible for acquiring, developing, maintaining,
or operating the hardware associated withcomputers and communications networks. ± Programmers
± Systems Analysts
± System Designers
± Web Designers
± Project Managers
± Network Specialists
± Trainers
± Computer Operators
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Pr ocedur e: Pr ocesses to Use & Maintain IT
Procedures
Procedure: A step-by-step process or a set of
instructions for accomplishing specificresults.
± Operations
± Backup and Recovery
± Security ± Development
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Pr ocedur e: Pr ocesses to Use & Maintain IT
Procedures ( C ontinued)
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Pr ocedur e: Pr ocesses to Use & Maintain IT
Procedures ( C ontinued)
Operations Procedure: A procedure that describeshow a computer system or application is used, how
often it can be used, who is authorized to use it, andwhere the results of processing should go.
Backup Procedure: A procedure that describes howand when to make extra copies of information or
software to protect against losses.
R ecovery Procedure: An action taken wheninformation or software must be restored.
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Pr ocedur e: Pr ocesses to Use & Maintain IT
Procedures ( C ontinued)
Security Procedure: A procedure designed tosafeguard data centers, communications networks,
computers, and other IT components from accidentalintrusion or intentional damage.
Security Softw are: Software that is designed toprotect systems and data.
Devel opment Procedure: A procedure that explainshow IT professionals should describe user needsand develop applications to meet those needs.
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An Intr oduction to Systems
Definition
System: A set of components that interact to
accomplish a purpose.
Sing l e-User System (Personal C omputer):
An IT system used by only one person. A
system that stands alone and is notinterconnected with other companies or
shared by other people.
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An Intr oduction to Systems
Definition ( C ontinued)
M ul ti -user System: A communication system
in which more than one user share hardware,programs, information, people, andprocedures. ± To share a computer
± To share hardware
± To share software
± To share information
± To share communications
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Infor mation Pr ocessingI nformation Processing Activities Associated with I nformation-handling Functions
Capture
± Input ± Upload/Download
Upl oading: The process by which information is sent
from a PC to a mainframe.
Downl oading: The transfer of information from a central
system to a desktop computer.
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Infor mation Pr ocessingI nformation Processing Activities Associated with I nformation-handling Functions (Continued)
Processing
± Compute ± Update
Batc h Processing: The grouping and processing of alltransactions at one time.
R eal-time Processing: The processing of eachtransaction as it occurs.
± Classify
± Sort
± Summarize
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Infor mation Pr ocessingI nformation Processing Activities Associated with I nformation-handling Functions
Generate ± Output
± Issue
Storage and Retrieval ± Inquire
± Store
± Retrieve
Transmit
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The End
Thank You