Introduction1-1 Course Code:EE/TE533 Instructor: Muddathir Qamar

Introduction 1-1

Course Code: EE/TE533

Instructor: Muddathir Qamar

Introduction 1-2

Reference Books:

• Computer Networking : A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet (3rd Edition) by James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross

• RTP: Audio and Video for the Internet by Colin Perkins

Introduction 1-3

Brief Outline:•Introduction, Internet Protocols & Network Core, Internet Backbone and access, Networking

• Applications Multicast, Multimedia Networking & Properties of Real-Time Services –RTP Internet Telephony • H.323, SIP, ENUM, SoftswitchQOS (Resource Reservation, Differentiated Services and MPLS) (Midterm)Local Area Networks, Optical Networks (Ethernet/Wireless/Sonet)

•Access TechnologiesWireless and Mobility

•Storage Area Network / Metro EthernetPOS/ FTTH/ Web-CachingSecurity, Firewall, Intrusion Prevention

•E-BusinessStudent Presentations

Introduction 1-4

Chapter 1: Introduction

Overview: what’s the Internet what’s a protocol? network edge network core Internet/ISP structure

Introduction 1-5

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge

1.3 Network core

1.4 Internet structure and ISPs

1.5 Protocol layers, service models

1.8 History

Introduction 1-6

What’s the Internet:

millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems

running network apps communication links

fiber, copper, radio, satellite

transmission rate = bandwidth

routers: forward packets (chunks of data)

local ISP

companynetwork

regional ISP

router workstation

servermobile

Introduction 1-7

What’s the Internet: protocols control sending,

receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP,

PPP Internet: “network of

networks” loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private

intranet Internet standards

RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering

Task Force

local ISP

companynetwork

regional ISP

router workstation

servermobile

Introduction 1-8

What’s the Internet: a service view

communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: Web, email, games, e-

commerce, file sharing communication services

provided to apps: Connectionless unreliable connection-oriented

reliable

Introduction 1-9

What’s a protocol?

human protocols: “what’s the time?” “I have a question” introductions

… specific msgs sent

… specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events

network protocols: machines rather than

humans all communication

activity in Internet governed by protocols

protocols define format, order of msgs sent and

received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt

Introduction 1-10

What’s a protocol?a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Q: Other human protocols?

Hi

Hi

Got thetime?

2:00

TCP connection req

TCP connectionresponseGet http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

<file>time

Introduction 1-11

Chapter 1: roadmap


1.2 Network edge

1.3 Network core


Introduction 1-12

Network structure:

network edge: applications and hosts

network core: routers network of networks

access networks, physical media: communication links

Introduction 1-13

The network edge:

end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g. Web, email at “edge of network”

client/server model client host requests, receives

service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; email

client/server peer-peer model:

minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers

e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA

Introduction 1-14

Connection-oriented service

Goal: data transfer between end systems

handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time Hello, hello back human

protocol set up “state” in two

communicating hosts

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Internet’s connection-

oriented service

TCP service [RFC 793] reliable, in-order byte-

stream data transfer loss: acknowledgements

and retransmissions

flow control: sender won’t overwhelm

receiver

congestion control: senders “slow down sending

rate” when network congested

Introduction 1-15

Connectionless service

Goal: data transfer between end systems same as before!

UDP - User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]: connectionless unreliable data

transfer no flow control no congestion control

App’s using TCP: HTTP (Web), FTP (file

transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP (email)

App’s using UDP: streaming media,

teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony

Introduction 1-16

Chapter 1: roadmap


1.2 Network edge

1.3 Network core

1.4 Network access and physical media


1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks

1.7 Protocol layers, service models

1.8 History

Introduction 1-17

The Network Core

mesh of interconnected routers

the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching:

dedicated circuit per call: telephone net

packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks”

Introduction 1-18

Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources reserved for “call”

link bandwidth, switch capacity

dedicated resources: no sharing

circuit-like (guaranteed) performance

call setup required

Introduction 1-19

Network Core: Circuit Switching

network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces”

pieces allocated to calls resource piece idle if not

used by owning call (no sharing)

dividing link bandwidth into “pieces” frequency division time division

Introduction 1-20

Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM

FDM

frequency

time

TDM

frequency

time

4 users

Example:

Introduction 1-21

Network Taxonomy

Telecommunicationnetworks

Circuit-switchednetworks

FDM TDM

Packet-switchednetworks

Networkswith VCs

DatagramNetworks

• Datagram network is not either connection-oriented or connectionless.• Internet provides both connection-oriented (TCP) and connectionless services (UDP) to apps.

Introduction 1-22

Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity,

Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage treat each other as equals

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately

NAP

Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)

Introduction 1-23

Tier-1 ISP: e.g., SprintSprint US backbone network

Introduction 1-24


“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer oftier-1 provider

Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP

Introduction 1-25


“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP



Tier-2 ISP

localISPlocal

ISPlocalISP

localISP

localISP Tier 3

ISP

localISP

localISP

localISP

Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers ofhigher tier ISPsconnecting them to rest of Internet

Introduction 1-26


a packet passes through many networks!

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP



Tier-2 ISP

localISPlocal

ISPlocalISP

localISP

localISP Tier 3

ISP

localISP

localISP

localISP

Documents

Introduction1-1 Course Code:EE/TE533 Instructor: Muddathir Qamar