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Mizushi Satoh Researcher
Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center (OECC)
Introduction to OECC's capacity building activities for NAMAs development in Asia and the JCM as a financing tool for NAMAs implementation
Regional Workshop on NAMAs in Asia Pacific: Scaling-up climate change mitigation efforts and prospects for NAMAs in the waste sector March 18-19, 2014 Bangkok, Thailand
Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)
A research/consulting firm that carries out the following in partnership with the Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MOEJ): Research on environmental issues
with a particular focus on climate change
Capacity building support to developing countries in the field of climate change mitigation
Transfer of Japanese environmentally friendly technologies
2
About OECC
Corporate profile Today’s focus Capacity building support for
NAMAs development To support the development of JCM
projects
Partner countries Cambodia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, and
Vietnam
3
Presentation outline
1. OECC’s approach to NAMAs development
2. NAMAs development in Vietnam in the waste sector
3. Introduction to the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) as a potential financing tool for NAMAs implementation
4. Publication of NAMA Guidebook
Source: OECC 2012
4
Collaboration framework for NAMA development
Host Country MOE, Japan
Japan NAMA Support Team (base study & draft preparation/
secretariat function)
Host Country Expert Team (base study & draft preparation/
secretariat function)
Host Country NAMA Working Group
Recommendations Recommendations
Designation/ Advice/Finance
Technical Advice/ Training/Finance
Designation/ Advice/Finance
Ministry in charge of climate change issue OECC Experts on MRV
and technology
Line Ministries
(1) Collection of Information on relevant policies and strategies Collect and analyze relevant policy documents on development, climate change and other relevant sectors.
(2) Collection of data for BAU GHG emissions estimation Collect data for calculating BAU emissions in the target sector with a bottom-up approach (e.g. Make a list of all power plants, based on the national power development plan)
(3) Quantification of BAU GHG emissions Based on the data collected in Step (2), a) Identify calculation formulas b) Calculate BAU emissions from all emission sources, and c) Aggregate the respective BAU emissions
(4) Examination and selection of potential NAMA options Select potential NAMA options based on the policies and strategies identified in Step (1) as well as additional considerations
(5) Quantification of estimated GHG emissions reductions through NAMAs Quantify GHG emissions reductions with the use of: a) the NAMA assumptions developed in Step (4) b) The respective calculation formulas
Low-carbon technology
survey
Examination MRV methods
Institutional Arrangement
Source: OECC 2012 5
Proposed steps for NAMAs development
6
Secretariat of the
Committee
Climate Change Committee (verification at macro level)
Ministries and institutions in charge
Ministry Ministry Ministry Ministry Ministry Ministry
Report
Implementation and verification at micro level (Emissions reductions by Individual activities/projects)
Verification varies by different financial schemes
Non-market
Regular monitoring and data collection procedures (such as that of the energy regulatory committee)
JCM/BOCM JCM meth., third party verification
CDM CDM meth., monitoring, DOE verification
Possible Verification at macro level
• Assessment of Plan • Verification of the progress report • Review of aggregated GHG emissions
reductions • Assessment of challenges and further
needs (PDCA cycle) • Submission and Reporting to UNFCCC
Proposed institutional arrangement
Target Sector: Agriculture Sector NAMA: National Biodigester Programme Working Group: MOE, MPWT, and MIME chaired by MOE DG Results:
• Estimated BAU GHG emissions as well as the emissions reduction potential of the National Biodigester Programme (Emissions reductions of CH4 as well as CO2) • Proposed reporting procedures
Cambodia
CH4 Emission from animal manure and its Reduction by biodigester Programme CO2 reduction from non renewable biomass by different fuels 7
Laos
BAU NAMA
Target Sector: Transport Sector NAMAs: Replacement of conventional vehicles with electric vehicles Working Group: 7 ministries concerned, chaired by MONRE Results:
• Estimated BAU GHG emissions as well as the emissions reduction potential of the proposed NAMA •Proposed institutional arrangements (a technical working group under the National Climate Change Committee)
Source: Basic Data Collection Study on Low-emission Public Transport System in Lao PDR, JICA, modified by OECC
8
Motorcycle Passenger
car Tuk Tuk / Mini bus Song Thew / Middle size
bus Large bus Total
Baseline Emissions
Baseline fuel economy (km/liter) 40 13.0 20 6.5 2.5 Baseline fuel economy (km/liter) (2020) 43.3 14.1 21.7 7.0 2.7 Driving distance (km/day) 16 25 45 85 120 CO2 emission factor (kgCO2/liter) 2.18 2.18 2.70 2.70 2.70 Days per year 365 365 365 365 365 Baseline emission (tCO2/year/vehicle) 0.3 1.4 2.0 11.9 43.8
Project Emissions Driving distance (km/day) 16 25 45 85 120 Project electricity economy (kWh/km) 0.080 0.130 0.130 0.310 1.000 Grid electricity emission factor (tCO2/MWh) 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 Days per year 365 365 365 365 365 Project emission (tCO2/year/vehicle) 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.3 5.9
Emission reduction (tCO2/year/vehicle) 0.2 1.3 1.8 10.6 37.9 Number of EV 698000 45000 12000 4000 1000 Total Emission Reduction (tCO2/year) 161,204 56,280 21,065 42,537 37,887 318,973
Mongolia
Diagnosis by energy technology experts from Japan at CHP
Target Sector: Energy Supply Sector NAMA: Improvement of combined heat and power plants (CHPs) Working Group: MEDG, Ministry of Energy, and other key institutions and experts, chaired by Climate Change Special Envoy Results:
• Estimated BAU GHG emissions as well as the emissions reduction potential of the proposed NAMA • Proposed reporting procedures of activity data through the Energy Regulatory Committee •Discussed NAMA technology options, including process diagnosis at CHPs
9
Viet Nam Target Sector: Waste Sector NAMAs: CH4 emissions reductions from landfill sites through the introduction of 4 technologies for waste disposal Working Group: MONRE, MOC, and MPI, chaired by IMHEN Results:
• Collected historical activity data from landfills • Estimated BAU GHG emissions as well as the emissions reduction potential of the proposed NAMA • Discussed possible reporting procedures • Jointly presented the results at a COP18 side event
10
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2. NAMAs development in Vietnam in the waste sector
• Background: – Scope of proposed NAMAs: Municipal
solid waste (MSW) generated in urban areas of Vietnam
– Counterpart org.: Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN)
– Urban Environment Companies (URENCOs) collect/dispose MSW in the total of 90 landfills in the country
– GHG emissions from the waste sector: estimated to account for 5.3 % of the total emissions as of 2000
(Source: Vietnam’s SNC to UNFCCC in 2010)
– Recent rapid increase in the volume of MSW in the country
– Data on composition of MSW only available in 6 cities/provinces (prior to the IMHEN-OECC NAMAs development project)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2007 2008 2009 2010
Urb
an So
lid W
aste
(ton
/day
)
Year
18％
Figure: Recent increase in MSW volume in Vietnam
16％ 8％
12
• Outline of the study: 2-1. Development of 2 BAU scenarios 2-2. Questionnaire survey targeted at the Urban Environment Companies (URENCOs) and landfill sites 2-3. Identification of 4 NAMA technology options 2-4. Development of technology selection criteria 2-5. Estimation of GHG emissions reductions with the introduction of the 4 NAMA technology options up to the year 2020
2. NAMAs development in Vietnam in the waste sector
13
2-1. Development of 2 BAU scenarios
Hanoi
Ho Chi Minh
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GHG排
出量
（tC
O2e
)
年
Don Thap Hau GiangBinh Phuoc Ninh ThuanTay Ninh Dak NongGia Lai Nghe AnLai Chau Can ThoBinh Duong Dong NaiBac Lieu An GiangSoc Trang Tra VinhTien Giang Ca MauHo Chi Minh Vinh LongLam Dong Ba Ria-Vung TauBinh Dinh Long AnKien Giang Ben TreBinh Thuan Kon TumDak Lak Khanh HoaDa Nang Quang NgaiQuang Binh Phu YenQuang Tri Quang NamThua Thien -Hue Ha TinhThai Binh Bac KanHa Nam Quang NinhHoa Binh Dien BienLang Son Hai PhongVinh Phuc HanoiTuyen Quang Bac GiangThanh Hoa Hung YenCao Bang Phu ThoHai Duong Thai NguyenLao Cai Son LaYen Bai Ha GiangNinh Binh Nam DinhBac Ninh
Hanoi
Ho Chi Minh
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GHG排
出量
（tC
O2e
）
年
Don Thap Hau GiangBinh Phuoc Ninh ThuanTay Ninh Dak NongGia Lai Nghe AnLai Chau Can ThoBinh Duong Dong NaiBac Lieu An GiangSoc Trang Tra VinhTien Giang Ca MauHo Chi Minh Vinh LongLam Dong Ba Ria-Vung TauBinh Dinh Long AnKien Giang Ben TreBinh Thuan Kon TumDak Lak Khanh HoaDa Nang Quang NgaiQuang Binh Phu YenQuang Tri Quang NamThua Thien -Hue Ha TinhThai Binh Bac KanHa Nam Quang NinhHoa Binh Dien BienLang Son Hai PhongVinh Phuc HanoiTuyen Quang Bac GiangThanh Hoa Hung YenCao Bang Phu ThoHai Duong Thai NguyenLao Cai Son LaYen Bai Ha GiangNinh Binh Nam DinhBac Ninh
Scenario 2: 10％ (annual MSW growth rate)
Based on the growth rate of urban solid waste during the period of 2007-2010
Scenario 1: 3.27% (annual MSW growth rate)
Based on estimated future growth in population and GDP
14
2-2. Outline of URENCOs questionnaire survey
• Conducted by: URENCO Hanoi • Target: 63 URENCOs in the country • Methodology: Sending out survey sheets
to the 63 URENCOs and collecting their answers by mail
• Period: 2013 November – 2014 February • Results: 53 out of 63 URENCOs
responded, covering the total of 73 landfills (out of 90)
2-2. Results of URENCOs questionnaire survey
The URENCO questionnaire survey revealed the following main results: • Opening/closing of landfill sites: Almost 90% of landfill
sites have been built within 20 years; many of the sites just closed or will be closing very soon.
• Disposal completion rate: Over 50% of landfills are filled more than 80%.
• Population/waste volume: Over 80% of URENCOs cover less than 400,000 people, and about 60% of URENCOs collect less than 50,000 ton of waste per year.
• Waste composition: Average composition of rapidly/moderately degrading waste is 72.6%.
• Collection fee: URENCOs collect on average 14,100 VND/month/household as the waste collection fee.
15
Technology options Application Criteria 1 Aerobic treatment
(Composting) (1) “Population in waste collection area” is fewer than 200 thousand people and/or “Volume of collected MSW” is less than 30 thousand ton/year.
(2) The combined ratio of moderately/rapidly degrading waste is over 70%.
2 Incineration (with power generation)
(1) “Population in waste collection area” is over 800 thousand people and/or “Volume of collected MSW” is over 100 thousand ton/year.
(2) “Waste collection fee from households” should be at least *** dong/month.
3 LFG capture and flaring (or use)
(1) The landfill completion rate is below 80% and/or “Completion year of landfill site” is later than 2015.
(2) “Type of landfill” is Type 1 (managed – anaerobic)
(3) Average annual temperature/rainfall is below certain threshold.
4 Semi-aerobic landfill technology
(1) The landfill completion rate is below 80% and/or “Completion year of landfill site” is later than 2015.
(2) “Type of landfill” is not Type 2 (managed – semi-aerobic)
(3) “Start year of landfill site” is later than 2010.
2-3&4. 4 NAMAs technology selection & application criteria
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No. Landfills
Location Proposed technology
Hamlet/district/commune
City
/Province
Aerobic treatment
(composting)
Incineration (with power generation)
LFG capture and flaring
(or use)
Semi-aerobic landfill
technology 1
Đam Bri Landfill site Hamlet No 10, Đam Bri- Bao Loc city
Bao Loc
2 Khanh Son Landfill site
Hoa Khanh Ward, Lien Chieu District
Đa Nang
3 Dinh Vu Landfill site
Dinh Vu, Hai An District, Hai Phong
Hai Phong
4 Trang Cat Landfill site
Trang Cat, Hai An District, Hai Phong
Hai Phong
5 Phuoc Hiep - Cu Chi Landfill site (No 2)
Waste Treatment Complex in Phuoc Hiep -
Cu Chi
Ho Chi Minh City
6 PhuocHiep - Cu Chi Landfill site (No 3)
Waste Treatment Complex in Phuoc Hiep -
Cu Chi
Ho Chi Minh City
✔
7 Luong Hoa Landfill site
Luong Hoa, Vinh Luong commune
Nha Trang City
8 Ru Ri open dump site Vinh Luong commune
Nha Trang City
9 Phu Ho Landfill site
Zone No 3, Phu Ho Commune, Phu Tho
Phu Tho
10 Tam Nghia Landfill site Tam Nghia commune Quang Nam
2-3&4. 4 NAMAs technology selection & application criteria
17
* Preliminary application of economic criteria in the case of applicability of multiple technology options: Semi-aerobic < Composting < LFG capture and flaring < Incineration (cheaper ------------------------------------more expensive)
18
2-5. Development of NAMA scenarios
• Introduction of 4 technology options: 1. Composting: to be introduced to 7 landfill sites 2. Incineration: to be introduced to 7 landfill sites 3. LFG capture and flaring: to be introduced later 4. Semi-aerobic landfill technology: to be introduced to 2
landfills
• Methodology: CDM methodologies: AMS-III.F. (Ver. 7.0); AMS-III.G. (Ver. 08) 2006 IPCC Guidelines Project emissions: 10% of the emissions reductions (except
option 4)
• Timing of introduction: Assumption: The NAMA options will be introduced in 2015
1. NAMA Scenarios: Calculation results
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GHG排
出量
及び排
出削
減量
見込
み（ｔC
O2e
)
年
incineration（発電分）
semi aerobic
LFG capture
incineration
aerobic treatment
GHG排出量
Scenario 1: 3.27% (annual MSW growth rate)
Based on estimated future growth in
population and GDP
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GHG排
出量
及び排
出削
減量
見込
み（ｔC
O2e
)
年
incineration（発電分）
semi aerobic
LFG capture
incineration
aerobic treatment
GHG排出量
Scenario 2: 10％ (annual MSW growth rate)
Based on the growth rate of urban solid waste during the period of 2007-2010
20
2-6. Way forward: Remaining barriers to be addressed
• Data collection 1. No systematic data management system at some URENCOs
Still some missing data 2. Some of the data reported by URENCOs seemingly not accurate
(numbers too high or low; usage of commas) follow-up research necessary need for capacity building
• Actual situation of waste collection/disposal not yet unveiled.. 1. In some provinces (including HCMC), some of the key data on waste
(such as total volume) is not available due to the privatization of waste collection/disposal services a few years ago.
2. In some provinces, landfill sites are not managed by URENCOs, and solid waste generated in these provinces is collected and managed by URENCOs of the neighboring provinces.
3. Even after some of the landfill sites have been filled up with waste, in some cases, waste continues to be dumped in these landfills. A noteworthy case is one landfill site that has accumulated over 400% of its capacity..
21
3. Introduction to the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)
• Any NAMA proposals, however well-designed they are, would remain a pie in the sky without a financing mechanism
• The Japanese government proposes the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) as an innovative means of financing and technology transfer for mitigation measures in developing countries, including NAMAs
• The JCM has the potential of accelerating GHG emissions reductions in Japan’s partner developing countries
JAPAN
Host Country
Leading low carbon technologies, etc, and implementation of
mitigation actions
Facilitating diffusion of leading low carbon technologies, products, systems, services, and infrastructure as well as implementation of mitigation actions, and contributing to sustainable development of developing countries.
Appropriately evaluating contributions to GHG emission reductions or removals from Japan in a quantitative manner, by applying measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) methodologies, and use them to achieve Japan’s emission reduction target.
Contributing to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC by facilitating global actions for GHG emission reductions or removals, complementing the CDM.
MRV
JCM Projects
GHG emission reductions/
removals
MRV Methodologies will be developed
by the Joint Committee Used to achieve Japan’s emission reduction target Credits
3. Basic concepts of the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)
22
JCM CDM
Governance “De-centralized” structure (Bilateral joint committees more on this next page)
“Centralized” structure (CMP, CDM Executive Board)
Sector/project Coverage
Broader coverage Specific projects are difficult to implement in practice
Calculation of Emission Reductions
Spreadsheets are provided Default values can be used
in conservative manner when monitored parameters are limited.
Various formulas are listed Strict requirements for
measurement of parameters
Verification of projects
Validation & verification can be conducted simultaneously
Validation & verification must be conducted separately
3-1. Quick comparison between JCM and CDM
In one word, the JCM is simpler and more flexible
• Japan and each partner country establish a Joint Committee (JC) to govern and operate the JCM.
• The JC develops and adopts rules and guidelines. • The JC also registers projects and issues JCM credits for
GHG emission reductions or removals. • The project participants develops a JCM project and submit
the estimated GHG reduction amount to the JC for approval. • (….in the future) Once the project is registered as a JCM, the
project is subjected to report their activities to the JC for credits issuance.
The JCM is a bilaterally governed scheme!
3-2. JCM governance structure
24
The JC performs the functions of the CDM executive board in the CDM
JFY2011 JFY2012 JFY2013
JCM Operation Establishment of the JC
Development of rules and guidelines
Capacity Building UN negotiations on Framework for Various Approaches
Feasibility Studies Explore potential JCM projects/activities
Study feasibilities Develop MRV methodologies
MRV Demonstration Projects Apply proposed MRV methodologies to projects in operation
Improve MRV methodologies by using them Finalize MRV methodologies
JCM Demonstration Projects Further improve the
institutional design of the JCM, while starting JCM operation
Signing Bilateral
Document
Governmental Consultation
3-3. Roadmap for the JCM
Mongolia On January 8, 2013 （Ulaanbaatar）
Bangladesh On March 19, 2013 (Dhaka)
Ethiopia On May 27, 2013 (Addis Ababa)
Kenya On June 12,2013 (Nairobi)
Maldives On June 29, 2013 (Okinawa)
Viet Nam On July 2, 2013 (Hanoi)
Japan has held consultations on the JCM with developing countries since 2011 and signed bilateral documents on the JCM with Mongolia, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Maldives, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Indonesia, Palau and Costa Rica.
(10 JCM partner countries as of March 2014)
Japan plans to continuously increase the number of JCM partner countries in the near future.
Lao PDR On August 7, 2013 (Vientiane)
Indonesia On August 26, 2013 (Jakarta)
3-4. JCM partner countries
26
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3-5. JCM support schemes of the MOEJ
The MOEJ provides up to half of the initial costs of JCM model projects. Total budget for FY 2013: 1.2 billion JPY (approximately USD 12 million) Call for application: May-June Recipients: International consortiums (Japanese entity & JCM partner country entity) Target of financial support: Facilities/equipment that enable CO2 emissions reduction from
fossil fuel combustion (including construction costs)
MOEJ financial support for JCM model projects
JCM study programs
JCM Project Planning Study (PS)
JCM Methodology Demonstration Study (DS)
JCM Feasibility Study (FS)
Objective: Development of JCM model projects in the near future
Objective: Development of practical JCM methodologies
Objective: Promotion of potential JCM projects and assessment of their feasibility
The MOEJ provides full costs of 3 types of JCM study programs:
28
3-6. Additional info on JCM model projects (conditions)
Recipients of financial support: international consortia represented by a Japanese entity
Local partner: required to cover at least half of the initial costs of JCM model projects
GHG emissions reduction: to be measured, reported (to the MOEJ) and verified for a specific period
JCM credits: half of the JCM credits generated by model projects shall be delivered to the Japanese government
Mongolia: ◆ Upgrading and Installation of Centralized Control System
of High-Efficiency Heat Only Boiler (HOB) The high-efficiency Heat Only Boilers (HOBs) will replace
outdated low-efficiency HOBs, to supply heated water for winter indoor heating. The project will also introduce centralized control system for the integrated heat supply in collective buildings.
Indonesia: ◆ Energy Saving for Air-Conditioning and Process Cooling at
Textile Factory At the textile industry where air conditioning is necessary for
the product quality control, the high performance refrigerating machine with efficient compressor and economizer cycle will be introduced.
◆ Energy Savings at Convenience Stores High-efficiency chillers with natural (CO2) refrigerant, inverter-
controlled air-conditioners, LED lights, and roof-top solar power systems will be installed in the convenience stores.
●
Viet Nam: ◆ Integrated Energy Efficiency Improvement at Beer Factory
A set of high performance equipment for energy efficiency improvement and renewable energy generation will be introduced in beer factories. Before the installation, the potential of energy saving and possible high potential points in the beer production process will be identified by using the energy structure analysis simulation technology.
Bangladesh: ◆ Brick Production based on Non-Firing
Solidification Technology In place of the existing brick
production with the firing process with the combustion of coal, the new brick production with the non-firing solidification technology will be introduced. Since the new process utilizes waste as main materials and grew and pressing process, and does not require the use of fossil fuel, GHG emissions will be reduced.
Cambodia: ◆ Small-scale Biomass Power Generation by Using Stirling Engines
The introduction of small-scale biomass power generation systems with stirling engines will replace diesel-based power generation at rice mills. The stirling engine, external-combustion engine, is suitable for the utilisation of biomass such as rice husk.
● ●
●
●
3-7. JCM Model Projects in 2013
Mongolia: ◆10MW-scale solar power plant and rooftop solar power
system ■Centralization of heat supply system by installation of high
efficiency heat only boiler (HOB) △10MW-scale solar power generation for stable power supply △Energy conservation at cement plant △Improvement of thermal installation and water cleaning/air
purge at power plants
Sri Lanka: △Sustainable biomass-based power generation
Thailand: ■Dissemination of high-efficiency inverter air conditioners △Heat recovery to generate both cooling and heating energy
Indonesia: ◆Energy saving by high-efficiency centrifugal chiller ◆Power generation by waste heat recovery in cement industry ◆Regenerative burners for aluminum melting furnaces △Anaerobic treatment for wastewater from rubber plants △Solar power system at off-grid cell towers △Improvement of REDD+ implementation using IC technology Indonesia (and Myanmar): △Solar–diesel hybrid power generation
Myanmar: △Geothermal binary power generation Myanmar (and Indonesia): △Solar–diesel hybrid power generation
● ●
●
◆-- JCM Project Planning Study (PS) ■-- JCM Demonstration Study (DS) △-- JCM Feasibility Study (FS)
Viet Nam: ◆Anaerobic digestion of organic waste for cogeneration at market ◆Integrated energy efficiency improvement at beer factories ■Energy efficiency improvement of glass furnace △Promotion of public transport use by park-&-ride system △Energy saving glass windows for buildings △REDD+ with livelihood development
Bangladesh: △High-efficiency rice husk based
cogeneration △Solar power generation with long-life
storage battery in non-electrified regions
Lao PDR: ■Promotion of use of electric vehicles (EVs)
Kenya: △Expansion of geothermal project
●
●
●
●
●
●
3-8. JCM Study Programs in 2013
• New Mechanisms Information Platform website was established to provide the latest information on the JCM.
• Help Desk also accepts and answers inquiries regarding the JCM.
• Another website dedicated to the JCM will be launched. In the meantime, all the documents regarding the JCM development (e.g. outcome of the JC, decisions, methodologies, and projects) are uploaded on this website.
• URL: http://www.mmechanisms.org/e/
3-9. New Mechanism Information Platform
31
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4. NAMA Guidebook (version 1.0)
• NAMA Guidebook: OECC’s latest publication (March 2014)
NAMA Guidebook features: OECC’s approach to developing
NAMAs Practical information on NAMAs
development in the partner Asian countries and lessons learned
Both hard and soft copies available! Hard copies: Distributed at this
workshop Soft copies: To get one, contact me
