Introduction to Information Systems Chapter One. IS for Management2 Information Concepts Knowledge Information Data Raw facts A collection of facts organized

Introduction to Information Systems

Chapter One

Chapter One IS for Management2

Information Concepts

Knowledge

Information

Data Raw factsRaw facts

A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of facts themselves.

A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of facts themselves.

The body of guidelines and procedures used to select, organize, and manipulate data to make it suitable for a specific task.

The body of guidelines and procedures used to select, organize, and manipulate data to make it suitable for a specific task.


Information Concepts

Knowledge BaseThe collection of rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed to achieve informational value or proper process outcome.

ProcessA set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome.


Types of Data (Table 1.1)

Data Represented by

Alphanumeric Numbers, letters, & other characters

Image Graphic images or pictures

Audio Sound, noise, or tones

Video Moving images or pictures


Characteristics of Valuable Information (Table 1.2)

Accurate Complete Economical Flexible Reliable Relevant

Simply Timely Verifiable Accessible Secure


The Value of Information(Figure 1.2)


Components of a system

INPUTSGathering and capturing raw data

INPUTSGathering and capturing raw data

PROCESSINGConverting or transforming data into useful outputs

PROCESSINGConverting or transforming data into useful outputs

OUTPUTSProducing useful information, usually in the form of documents.

OUTPUTSProducing useful information, usually in the form of documents.

Feedback

Output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities

Output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities


System Classifications & Primary Characteristics

Simple Complex

Open Closed

Stable Dynamic

Adaptive Non-adaptive

Permanent Temporary


System Performance Standards

EfficiencyA measure of what is produced divided by what is

consumed. Effectiveness

A measure of the extent to which a system achieves its goals.

Performance StandardA specific objective of the system.

Superior - Standard - Deficient• Sales performance• Market share• Defective parts experience• Scrap output rate


System Variables & Parameters

System VariableA quantity or item that can be controlled by the

decision maker.

System ParameterA value or quantity that cannot be controlled by the

decision maker.


Modeling a System

ModelAn abstraction or an approximation that is used to

represent reality Model Types

• Narrative: Words• Physical: Tangible• Schematic: Graphical• Mathematical: Formula


Information System (IS)

A set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input), manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.


Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS) Computer-Based Information Systems

Composed of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.

Technology InfrastructureThe shared IS resources that form the foundation

for the information systems. Business Information Systems

Transaction: Any business related exchange.


Types of CBIS (1)

Transaction processing systemAn organized collection of people, procedures, software,

databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions.

E-CommerceAny business transaction executed electronically between parties

involving the exchange of goods and/or services for an equitable consideration.

Management Information SystemOrganized set of people, procedures, databases, and devices used to

provide routine information to managers and decision makers.


Types of CBIS (2)

Decision Support SystemsA set of people, procedures, databases, and devices used

to support problem-specific decision making. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A group of types of CBIS that involve computer systems taking on the characteristics of human intelligence

• Expert Systems (ES)• A set of people, procedures, databases, and devices used to

give the computer the ability to make suggestions and act like an expert in a particular field

• Robotics• Natural Language• Neural Networks, etc.


Investigation

Analysis

Design

Implementation

Review

Systems Development

The activity of creating or modifying business systems.


Project Management

A method and set of techniques based on accepted principles of management used for planning, estimating, and controlling work activities to reach a desired end result– on time – within budget – according to specification.


International IS

International Arenas– Cultural specific consumer needs– Dynamic economies, statutes, business practices– Pace of change leads to a moving target market– Differences in technology available


IS Strategy

Achieving effective regionalisation to meet market demographics requires an effective IS infrastructure

IT professionals are business model enablers Know your mission statement


Literacy

Computer LiteracyA knowledge of computer systems and equipment and

the ways they function. Information Systems Literacy

A knowledge of how data and information are used by individuals, groups, and organizations.


Management’s IT challenge Strategic IT

– How can IT be used to design a competitive and effective organization?

Investing in IT– How do you determine value of IT for the organization?

IT architecture– How can the organization design IT that fits?

Global IT– How can IT help guide an organization globally?

Ethics of IT– How can we ensure an organization will use IT in a socially

responsible manner?


Chapter One Cases for Discussion Sales force automation (page 37)

• Project issues

Liz Claiborne (page 38)• Challenges in strategic use and investment in IT


Next class

Assignment #1: Part 1 Tutorial: Internet searching

Documents

Introduction to Information Systems Chapter One. IS for Management2 Information Concepts Knowledge Information Data Raw facts A collection of facts organized