Introduction to Biosensor - McMaster Universityibruce/courses/EE3BA3_2007/EE3BA3_2006... · z1998 Launch of LifeScan FastTake blood glucose biosensor. 6 The development of biosensor

Introduction to BiosensorIntroduction to Biosensor

Wei ShiWei ShiDianHong ShiDianHong Shi

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OutlineOutline

The definition of biosensor The definition of biosensor The history of biosensorThe history of biosensorThe development of biosensorThe development of biosensorThe working principle of biosensorThe working principle of biosensorThe application of the biosensorsThe application of the biosensorsThe future of biosensorThe future of biosensorReferenceReference

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Definition of BiosensorDefinition of Biosensor

A biosensor is precisely defined, according to A biosensor is precisely defined, according to IUPAC definition, as a selfIUPAC definition, as a self--contained integrated contained integrated device, capable of providing specific quantitative device, capable of providing specific quantitative or semior semi--quantitative analytical information using quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element, which is a biological recognition element, which is retained in direct spatial contact with a retained in direct spatial contact with a transduction elementtransduction element

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History of BiosensorHistory of Biosensor1956 Invention of the oxygen electrode by Leland C Clark 1956 Invention of the oxygen electrode by Leland C Clark 1969 First 1969 First potentiometricpotentiometric biosensor: biosensor: ureaseurease immobilisedimmobilised on an on an ammonia electrode to detect urea ammonia electrode to detect urea 1970 Invention of the Ion1970 Invention of the Ion--Selective FieldSelective Field--Effect Transistor (ISFET)Effect Transistor (ISFET)1972/5 First commercial biosensor: Yellow Springs Instruments 1972/5 First commercial biosensor: Yellow Springs Instruments glucose biosensorglucose biosensor1976 First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles)1976 First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles)1980 First 1980 First fibrefibre optic pH sensor for optic pH sensor for in vivoin vivo blood gasesblood gases1982 First 1982 First fibrefibre opticoptic--based biosensor for glucosebased biosensor for glucose1983 First surface 1983 First surface plasmonplasmon resonance (SPR) resonance (SPR) immunosensorimmunosensor1984 First mediated 1984 First mediated amperometricamperometric biosensor: ferrocene used with biosensor: ferrocene used with glucose oxidase for the detection of glucoseglucose oxidase for the detection of glucose1987 Launch of the 1987 Launch of the MediSenseMediSense ExacTechExacTech™™ blood glucose blood glucose biosensorbiosensor

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History of Biosensor (cont)History of Biosensor (cont)1990 Launch of the Pharmacia 1990 Launch of the Pharmacia BIACoreBIACore SPRSPR--based biosensor based biosensor systemsystem1992 i1992 i--STAT launches handSTAT launches hand--held blood held blood analyseranalyser1996 1996 GlucocardGlucocard launchedlaunched1998 Launch of 1998 Launch of LifeScanLifeScan FastTakeFastTake blood glucose biosensorblood glucose biosensor

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The development of biosensorThe development of biosensor

There are three generations of biosensorThere are three generations of biosensor

First generationFirst generation: : The normal product of the reaction diffuses to the transducer The normal product of the reaction diffuses to the transducer and causes the electrical responseand causes the electrical responseSecond generation: Second generation: There is a specific 'mediators' between the reaction and the There is a specific 'mediators' between the reaction and the transducer in order to generate improved responsetransducer in order to generate improved responseThird generation:Third generation:TThe reaction itself causes the response and no product or he reaction itself causes the response and no product or mediator diffusion is directly involvedmediator diffusion is directly involved

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The development of biosensor (cont)The development of biosensor (cont)

We use Amperometric biosensors as a exampleWe use Amperometric biosensors as a exampleFirst generation:First generation:

It was proposed by Clark and Lyons It was proposed by Clark and Lyons and implemented by Updike and and implemented by Updike and HicksHicksFormula:Formula:

Glucose +GOXGlucose +GOX--FAD(1) FAD(1) Gluconolactone+GOXGluconolactone+GOX--FADH2FADH2GOXGOX--FADH2 + O2 FADH2 + O2 GOXGOX--FAD FAD +H2O2+H2O2GOX ( glucose oxidase ): Its GOX ( glucose oxidase ): Its function is to selectively oxidize function is to selectively oxidize analyte by the reduction of O2 to analyte by the reduction of O2 to H2O2H2O2GOXGOX--FAD and GOXFAD and GOX--FADH2: FADH2: represent the oxidized and reduced represent the oxidized and reduced states of the glucose oxidase states of the glucose oxidase enzyme's enzyme's flavinflavin active siteactive site

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Second generation:Second generation:It use an artificial electron It use an artificial electron mediator ( mediator ( ferrocene, ferrocene, quinonesquinones, , quinoidlikequinoidlike dyes, dyes, organic conducting salts, and organic conducting salts, and viologensviologens ) which replaces ) which replaces O2 as the electron shuttle. O2 as the electron shuttle. Formula:Formula:GOXGOX--FADH2 + FADH2 + Mediatorox Mediatorox GOXGOX--FAD FAD + Mediatorred+ Mediatorred

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The development of biosensor (cont)The development of biosensor (cont)Third generationThird generation

use of a freely diffusing use of a freely diffusing mediator to a system where mediator to a system where enzyme and mediator are enzyme and mediator are coimmobilizedcoimmobilized at an electrode at an electrode surface, making the surface, making the biorecognitionbiorecognition component an component an integral part of the electrode integral part of the electrode transducertransducerCoimmobilizationCoimmobilization of enzyme of enzyme and mediator can be and mediator can be accomplished by accomplished by redoxredoxmediator labeling of the mediator labeling of the enzyme followed by enzyme enzyme followed by enzyme immobilization, enzyme immobilization, enzyme immobilization in a immobilization in a redoxredoxpolymer, or enzyme and polymer, or enzyme and mediator immobilization in a mediator immobilization in a conducting polymerconducting polymer

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Comparison of generations of biosensorComparison of generations of biosensor

1st 1st generationgeneration

2nd 2nd generationgeneration

3rd 3rd generationgeneration

Affected by low Affected by low solubility of Osolubility of O22 in in

aqueous aqueous solutions solutions

YesYes( sensor based ( sensor based

on Oon O2 2 / H/ H22OO22

reaction )reaction )

NoNo( use high ( use high

soluble artificial soluble artificial mediator )mediator )

NoNo( Integrate ( Integrate

enzyme and enzyme and mediator )mediator )

Use other Use other oxidoreductaseoxidoreductase

enzymesenzymes

NoNo( need O( need O22 as as asas

an electronan electron--accepting accepting

cosubstratecosubstrate ))

YesYes( O( O22 isnisn’’t need t need

by using by using mediator )mediator )

YesYes( Integrate ( Integrate

enzyme and enzyme and mediator )mediator )

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Comparison of generations of biosensor ( cont )Comparison of generations of biosensor ( cont )

1st 1st generationgeneration

2nd 2nd generationgeneration

3rd 3rd generationgeneration

Repeated Repeated measurements measurements

NoNo( enzyme need ( enzyme need to be added)to be added)

NoNo( enzyme and ( enzyme and

mediator need to mediator need to be added)be added)

YesYes( self( self--contained )contained )

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The working principle of biosensorThe working principle of biosensor

Biosensors are made up of two different but strictly Biosensors are made up of two different but strictly connected componentsconnected components

Bioreceptor: It is the part that selectively binds Bioreceptor: It is the part that selectively binds and recognizes the analyteand recognizes the analyteTransduction: Transfer the signal from output Transduction: Transfer the signal from output domain of recognition system ( domain of recognition system ( bioreceptorbioreceptor ) to ) to physical measurable signal physical measurable signal

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The working principle of biosensor The working principle of biosensor (cont )(cont )

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AnaylteAnaylte: generally any substance which is involved : generally any substance which is involved in a biochemical processin a biochemical process

••Organic acidOrganic acid••CarbohydratesCarbohydrates••UreaUrea

••GasGas••Ions (PH)Ions (PH)••Heavy metalsHeavy metals

OrganicOrganicInorganicInorganic

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BioreceptorBioreceptor: : Any biological substance that can attach itself to a particular analyte.

EnzymeEnzymeMicroorganismMicroorganismAntigens & AntibodiesAntigens & AntibodiesNucleic acids

Catalytists

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Catalytists

Use living microorganisms’metabolic functions to

detect anaylte

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Catalytists


detect anaylte

Based on bio-affinity of binding & labeling

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Catalysts


detect anaylte

Based on bio-affinity of binding & labeling

Based on hybridization binding of a unique DNA/RNA sequence

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Receptors: specificity vs. stability

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ImmobilizationThe technique used for the physical or chemical fixation of cells, organelles, enzymes, or other proteins (e.g. antibodies) onto a solid support, into a solid matrix or retained by a membrane, in order to increase their stability and make possible their repeated or continued use.

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Immobilization techniquesCovalent bondEntrapmentMicro-encapsulation

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Covalent bondThe most intensely studied of the immobilization The most intensely studied of the immobilization techniques.techniques.Based on the binding of enzymes and waterBased on the binding of enzymes and water--insoluble carriers by covalent bondsinsoluble carriers by covalent bondsTwo limit characteristics Two limit characteristics

The binding reaction must be performed under The binding reaction must be performed under conditions that do not cause loss of enzymatic activity conditions that do not cause loss of enzymatic activity The active site of the enzyme must be unaffected by The active site of the enzyme must be unaffected by the reagents used. the reagents used.

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Covalent bondThe functional groups that may take part: The functional groups that may take part:

Amino groupAmino groupCarboxyl groupCarboxyl groupSulfhydrylSulfhydryl groupgroupHydroxyl groupHydroxyl groupImidazoleImidazole groupgroupPhenolicPhenolic group group ThiolThiol groupgroupThreonineThreonine groupgroupIndoleIndole group group

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Techniques for EntrapmentEnzymes are well mixed with Enzymes are well mixed with monomers/polymers and crossmonomers/polymers and cross--linking agents in linking agents in a solution. a solution.

The solution is then exposed to polymerization The solution is then exposed to polymerization promoters to start the process of gel formation. promoters to start the process of gel formation.

The solution is poured into a mold to achieve the The solution is poured into a mold to achieve the desired shapes. desired shapes.

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Entrapment Three commonly used entrapment media Three commonly used entrapment media

polyacrylamide polyacrylamide The most widely used matrix for entrapping enzymes The most widely used matrix for entrapping enzymes NonNon--ionic: properties of the enzymes are only minimally modified ionic: properties of the enzymes are only minimally modified

calcium alginate calcium alginate Polymer molecules are crossPolymer molecules are cross--linked by calcium ions. Because of linked by calcium ions. Because of this calcium alginate beads can be formed in extremely mild this calcium alginate beads can be formed in extremely mild conditions, which ensure that enzyme activity yields of over 80%conditions, which ensure that enzyme activity yields of over 80%can be routinely achieved can be routinely achieved

gelatin gelatin Requires only simple equipment Requires only simple equipment Reagents are relatively inexpensive and nontoxic Reagents are relatively inexpensive and nontoxic Enzymatic activities: typically 25Enzymatic activities: typically 25--50% of the original free enzyme 50% of the original free enzyme

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Micro-encapsulation

Tiny particles are surrounded by a coating Tiny particles are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules with many useful to give small capsules with many useful properties properties (e. g Isolated core from its surroundings to (e. g Isolated core from its surroundings to avoid chemical attack )avoid chemical attack )

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Types of transduction:Types of transduction:ElectrochemicalOpticalPiezoelectric

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Electrochemical:PotentiometryAmperometryConductimetryField Effect Transistors

Difference between indicator and reference electrode potential at equilibrium

(i.e. zero current)

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Ion Ion-selective Electrode (ISE)

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(i.e. zero current)

Current flowing between working and reference

electrode

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Amperometry

At t0 a voltage is applied over the electrodes, causing the cell to “recharge”.The diffusion rate of fresh Ox decreases.

Fick’s law: dC/dt = D * d2C/dC2

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(i.e. zero current)

Current flowing between working and reference

electrode

Transistors where the gate metal has been replaced by a chemically sensing surface

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Field Effect Transistor

1. Silicon substrate2. Insulator SiO2/Si3N43. Furrow Metals4. Lacune (gap)5. Selective coating

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Optical

Ultraviolet-visible absorptionLuminescenceInternal Reflection SpectroscopySurface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Laser light scattering

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Piezoelectric

MechanicalMechanical--ppiezoelectricAcoustical-piezoelectric

Surface Acoustic Wave Transducer

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The application of the biosensorsThe application of the biosensors

Health industryBlood glucose sensors for diabetes patients ( 85% of the world market for biosensors)

Food industryDetermination of the food compositionDetect of contamination

Pathogenspesticidesmicroorganismstoxins

Natural environmentWater quality control

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The future of biosensorThe future of biosensor

highly efficient highly efficient electrocatalystselectrocatalysts with with nonproteinnonproteinstructurestructureHigh sensitivity, selectivity and stability High sensitivity, selectivity and stability Employ more enzymes, proteins, Employ more enzymes, proteins, biomimeticbiomimeticmoleculesmoleculesNew kinds of electronic communications, New kinds of electronic communications, bimolecular immobilization, molecular bimolecular immobilization, molecular architecture and sensor designarchitecture and sensor designMore powerful of microprocessor.More powerful of microprocessor.

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Any Question?Any Question?

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ReferenceReferencehttp://http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/amperometric.htmlwww.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/amperometric.htmlhttp://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensoren.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensorhttp://http://www.chim.unifi.it/ana/biosen.htmwww.chim.unifi.it/ana/biosen.htmhttp://http://www.imo.uhasselt.be/biosensors/biosensors.htmlwww.imo.uhasselt.be/biosensors/biosensors.htmlhttp://http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/biosensors.htmwww.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/biosensors.htmhttp://http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/chinap.htmwww.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/chinap.htmhttp://http://www.dddmag.com/ShowPR.aspx?PUBCODEwww.dddmag.com/ShowPR.aspx?PUBCODE=016&ACCT=16=016&ACCT=1600000100&ISSUE=0409&RELTYPE=PR&ORIGRELTYPE=HTS&P00000100&ISSUE=0409&RELTYPE=PR&ORIGRELTYPE=HTS&PRODCODE=00000000&PRODLETT=MRODCODE=00000000&PRODLETT=Mhttp://www.devicelink.com/ivdt/archive/97/07/010.htmlhttp://www.devicelink.com/ivdt/archive/97/07/010.htmlhttp://http://www.ba.ipcf.cnr.it/pdf/Vastarellatesidoc.pdfwww.ba.ipcf.cnr.it/pdf/Vastarellatesidoc.pdfhttp://www.scielo.br/pdf/jbchs/v14n2/15600.pdfhttp://www.scielo.br/pdf/jbchs/v14n2/15600.pdfhttp://www.tiaktiv.org/ftbrfd/39http://www.tiaktiv.org/ftbrfd/39--55.pdf55.pdfhttp://www.wsi.tuhttp://www.wsi.tu--muenchen.de/E25/members/Garrido/MBmuenchen.de/E25/members/Garrido/MB--JASS/Munnikes.pdfJASS/Munnikes.pdf

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Introduction to Biosensor - McMaster Universityibruce/courses/EE3BA3_2007/EE3BA3_2006... · z1998 Launch of LifeScan FastTake blood glucose biosensor. 6 The development of biosensor