Introduction to Analog

7/27/2019 Introduction to Analog

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Introduction to Analog

and Digital Communications

Second Edition

Simon Haykin

McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Michael Moher

Space-Time DSP, Ottawa, Ontario, C anada

WILEY

J O H N W I L E Y &S O N S , I N C .



COVITMS

Ch a p t e r 1 Introduction

1.1 Historical Background 1^.1.2 Applications 4

1.3 Primary Resources and Ope rational Requ irements 13

1.4 Underpinning Theories of Com munication Systems 14

1.5 Conclud ing Remarks 16

Ch a p t e r 2 Fourier Representation of Signals and Systems 18

2.1 The Fourier Transform 19

2.2 Properties of the Fourier Transform 25

2.3 The Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency 39

2.4 Dirac Delta Function 42

2.5 Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals 50

2.6 Transmission of Signals Through Linear Systems: ConvolutionRevisited 52

2.7 Ideal Low-pass Filters 60

2.8 Correlation and Spectral Density: Energy Signals 70

2.9 Power Spectral Density 79

2.10 Num erical Com putation of the Fourier Transform 81

2.11 Them e Example: Twisted Pairs for Telephony 89

2.12 Summ ary and Discussion 9Q?

Additional Problems 91

Advanced Problems 98

C h a p t e r 3 Am plitude Modulation 100

3.1 Am plitude Modulation 101

3.2 Virtues, Limitations, and Modifications of Amplitude Modulation 113

3.3 Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier Modulation 114

3.4 Costas Receiver 120

xv



xvi APPENDIX 1 • POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL

3.5 Qua drature-Ca rrier Multiplexing 121

3.6 Single-Sideband Modulation 123

3.7 Vestigial Sideband Modulation 130

3.8 Baseband Representation of Modulated Waves and Band-PassFilters 137 •

3.9 Theme Examples 142

3.10 Summary and Discussion 147



| Ch apte r 4 Angle Modulation 152

4.1 Basic Definitions 1534.2 Properties of Angle-Modulated Waves 154

4.3 Relationship between PM and FM Waves 159

4.4 Narrow-Band Frequency Modulation 160

4.5 Wide-Band Frequency Modulation 164

4.6 Transmission Bandwidth of FM Waves 170

4.7 Generation of FM Waves 172

4.8 Dem odulation of FM Signals 174

4.9 Them e Example: FM Stereo Multiplexing 182


Additional Problem s 185


C h a p t e r 5 Pulse Modulation: Transition from Analog to Digital' Com munications 190

5.1 Sampling Process 191

5 :2 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 198

5.3 Pulse-Position Modulation 202

5.4 Com pleting the Transition from Analog to Digital 203

5.5 Quan tization Process 205

5.6 .' Pulse-Code Modulation 206



Contents xvii

5.7 Delta Modulation 211

5.8 Differential Pulse-C ode Modulation 216

5.9 Line Codes 219

5.10 Theme Examples 220




C h a p t e r 6 Baseband Data Transmission 231

6.1 Baseband Transmission of Digital Data 232

6.2 The Intersymbol Interference Problem 233

6.3 The Nyquist Cha nnel 235

6.4 Raised-Cosine Pulse Spectrum 238

6.5 Baseband Transmission of M-ary Data 245

6.6 The Eye Pattern 246

6.7 Com puter Experiment: Eye Diagrams for Binary and Qua ternarySystems 249 -

6.8 Theme Example: Equalization 251




C h a p t e r 7 Digital Band-Pass Modulation Techniques 262©»

7.1 Some Preliminaries 262

7.2 Binary Am plitude-Shift Keying 265

7.3 Phase-Shift Keying 270

7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying 281

7.5 j- Summary of Three Binary Signaling Schemes 289

7.6 Non coherent Digital Modulation Schemes 291

7.7 M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes 295

7.8 Mapping of Digitally Modulated Waveforms onto Constellationsof Signal Points 299



xviii APPENDIX 1 • POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL

7.9 Them e Examples 302

7.10 Summ ary and Discussion 307

Additional Problems 30 9


Computer Experiments 312 ,,•

C h a p t e r 8 Random Signals and Noise 313

8.1 Probability and Random Variables 314

8.2 Expectation 326

8.3 Transformation of Random Variables 329

8.4 Gaussian Random Variables 330

8.5 The Central Limit Theorem 333

8.6 Random Processes 335

8.7 Correlation of Random Processes 338

8.8 Spectra of Random Signals 343

8.9 Gaussian Processes 347

8.10 W hite Noise' 348

8.11 Narrowband Noise 352




Computer Experiments 363

C h a p t e r 9 Noise in Analog Com munications 364

9.1 Noise in Com munication Systems 365

9.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratios 366

9.3 Band-Pass Receiver Structu res 369

9.4 Noise in Linear Receivers Using Coh erent Detection 370

9.5 Noise in AM Receivers Using Envelope Detection 373

9.6 Noise in SSB Receivers 377

9.7 .Detection of Frequency Modulation (FM) 380



Contents xix

9.8 FM Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis 387



Advanced Problems 39 2

Computer Experiments 393 ^

C h a p t e r 1 0 Noise in Digital Com munications 394

10.1 Bit Error Rate 395

10.2 Detection of a Single Pulse in Noise 396

10.3 Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise 399

10.4 Optimum Detection of BPSK 405

10.5 Detection of QPSK and QAM in Noise 408

10.6 Optimum Detection of Binary FSK 414

10.7 Differential De tection in Noise 416 ,

10.8 Summary of Digital Performance 418

10.9 Error Detection and Correction 422



Advanced Problems 43 5

Computer Experiments 436

C h a p t e r 1 1 System and Noise Calculations 437

11.1 Electrical Noise 438 «"

11.2 Noise Figure 442

11.3 Equivalent Noise Temperature 443

11.4 Cascade Connection of Two-Port Networks 445

11.5 Free-Space Link Calculations 446

11.6 Terrestrial Mobile Radio 451

11.7 Summ ary and Discussion 456





xx APPENDIX 1 • POW ER RATIOS AND DECIBEL

APPEND IX 1 PO W ER RATIOS AND DECIBE L 459

AP P E NDI X 2 F OUR I ER S E R I E S 4 6 0

APPEND IX 3 BESSEL FUNCTIONS 467

APPENDIX 4 TH E Q-FUNCTION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE ERRO R

F UNC T I ON 4 7 0

APPEN DIX 5 SCHWARZ'S INEQUALITY 47 3

APPEN DIX 6 MATHEMATICAL TABLES 47 5

AP P E NDI X 7 MATLAB SCRIPTS FOR COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS TO

PROBLEM S IN CHAPTERS 7-10 48 0

APPEND IX 8 ANSWERS TO DRIL L PROBLEMS 488

GLOSSARY 495

BIBLIOGRAPHY 498

INDEX 501

Documents

Introduction to Analog