Introduction

Chapter 1Dental Materials

DAE/DHE 203

Enthusiasm for the Subject!!

Student BEFORE Dental Materials class…

“What other topic could be so much to look forward to??”

Physical Reactions…

Be careful…. this could happen to you!!

“I love Mental Materials!”

Student AFTER Dental Materials Class!!

Introduction

The Science of Dental Materials Its importance to our studies

History of Dental Materials Characteristics of Ideal Dental

Materials Quality Assurance Programs Identification of Restorations

The Science of Dental Materials:

Development & evaluation of materials Characteristics of the material Safety and Health Effectiveness and Duration

Dynamic field in dentistry

The Science of Dental Materials:

“Why are we studying this field?”

History of Dental Materials: Dating as early as 500 B.C. - present

Metals – gold Plaster and wax models Prosthetics of bone, ivory, wax, metals Porcelains – late 1700’s Amalgam – early 1800’s Acrylics – 1940’s Adhesive dentistry – 1970’s - present

The Oral Environment:

“What characteristics of the oral environment potentially challenge and place demands upon dental materials?”

Characteristics of Ideal Materials: Biocompatible –

Non-toxic, non-irritating, non-allergenic Mechanically stable & durable –

Strong, resistant to fracture Resistant to Corrosion –

Does not deteriorate over time Dimensionally Stable –

Little change by temperature & solvents

Characteristics of Ideal Materials:

Minimal conduction – Insulates against thermal/electrical

change Esthetic –

Looks like oral tissue Easy to manipulate –

Minimal/reasonable effort & time needed Adheres to tissues –

Retains onto, and seals, tooth structure

Characteristics of Ideal Materials:

Tasteless and Odorless – Not unpleasant to patient

Cleanable/Repairable – Easily maintained or fixed

Cost-effective – Affordability vs.

benefits/disadvantages

Quality Assurance:

Food & Drug Administration (FDA) Ensures safety & efficacy of material/”device”

American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Scientific Affairs establishes standards

and specifications ADA “seal of acceptance”

Clinical studies when there are no standards

International Standards Organization (ISO)

Identification of Restorations:

“Dental Restoration” – Restores function & appearance of

oral structure lost by pathology, injury, or is congenitally missingExamples: Pathology – caries: filling Injury – broken tooth: crown Congenitally Missing: prosthetic (i.e.

bridge)

Identification of Restorations:

Direct Restoration – A restoration that is created and

placed directly into the prep site of the tooth(i.e. amalgam filling, composite filling)

Indirect Restoration – A restoration that is created outside of

the mouth on a model of the prepped tooth and later fixed into the mouth(i.e. gold crown, denture)

Direct Fillings:

Usually made of amalgam (“silver” metal) or composite (acrylic) materials

For caries of various degrees; anterior or posterior teeth

Posterior amalgam fillings

Direct Fillings:

Posterior Composite Filling

Anterior Composite Filling

Crown: Indirect restoration

to replace missing crown of tooth, or protect remaining crown of tooth

Caries, fractures, teeth with RCT, esthetics

Made of porcelain, metals, or both

Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal (PFM) Crown

Bridge:

An indirect restoration; to replace one or more missing teeth

“fixed” – not removable; cemented to existing teeth

Made of porcelain, metals, or both Abutment – the existing

tooth/teeth supporting the bridge Pontic – the replacement tooth

Bridge:

Missing tooth –

area to be restored

Abutments

Pontic

Bridge:

Anterior bridge on model

Anterior bridge before cementation

How many abutment teeth

does the patient have?

Bridge:

Before treatment

After bridge cementation

FYI: Ancient Egyptian Bridge

Gold wire used to hold pontic crowns.

Indirect Restorations: Inlay –

A fabricated restoration made of metal or porcelain that replaces missing tooth structure; does NOT include the restoration of any cusps

Onlay – A fabricated restoration (as above)

that DOES include the restoration of at least one cusp

Inlays vs. Onlays:

Porcelain Inlays

Gold Onlay

Veneers:

All-porcelain or acrylic facing for tooth

Primarily used for esthetic reasons

Can alter shape & color of existing tooth

Denture: The removable dental prosthetic

used to replace all of the teeth in an arch; patient is edentulous. Made of acrylic (teeth may be porcelain)

“Partial Denture” – replaces some teeth in the arch; patient is partially edentulous. Made of acrylic usually with metal

substructure and clasps

Denture:

Full Upper and Lower Denture

Denture:

Removable Partial Denture

metal clasp for retention

Endodontic Restorations:

“Endodontic” – “inside” the tooth; root canal treatment (RCT) Gutta percha – used to fill the canal Post and Core –

The post is a metal piece that is screwed into and cemented into the root canal

The core is built-up around the post to create more available tooth structure

Endodontic Restorations:

Gutta Percha

Post

(Silver Points used to be used in the canal as a filler.)

(The core is built upon this post.)

Endodontic Restorations:

amalgam

postsGutta percha

Build-up unrestored pulp

Pediatric Restorations:

Stainless Steel Crown (SSC):

Prefabricated Cemented

Pediatric Restorations:Space Maintainer: Holds space where

primary tooth was prematurely lost

Stainless steel band/crown with loop

Fabricated outside of the mouth; cemented