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Introduction. The Rule of Law. English Roots of American Justice System. Key elements of the medieval tithing system. Definition:. tithing. Grouping together of 10 families. Requirements of Tithing. Obey the law. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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  • IntroductionThe Rule of Law

  • English Roots of American Justice System

  • Grouping together of 10 familiesDefinition:tithing

  • Requirements of TithingObey the law

  • Requirements of TithingKeep peace in their area

  • Requirements of TithingBring law violators to justice

  • Several hundreds made a Shire(Size of a county)

  • Shire was directed by a Shire Reeve or Sheriff

  • History and Structure of American Law

  • American law enforcement agencies have limited authority

  • Authority and Jurisdiction are determined by law

  • Authority and jurisdiction are determined at the federal, state & local levels.

  • JurisdictionA politically defined geographic area

  • JurisdictionThe right or authority of a justice agency to act in regard to a particular subject matter, territory or persons

  • JurisdictionThe right or authority of a justice agency to act in regard to a particular subject matter, territory or persons

  • JurisdictionDefines laws an agency is permitted to enforceDefines duties it is allowed to perform

  • Federal Agencies

  • Immigration and Naturalization Service INS (now known as ICE)

  • Drug Enforcement-DEA

  • U.S. Marshals Service

  • United States Secret Service

  • Internal Revenue Service

  • U.S. Customs Service

  • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco Firearms and Explosives

  • United States Postal Service

  • Top 4 Federal AgenciesUS CustomsINSIRSFBI

  • Substantive vs. Procedural Law

  • Substantive LawDefines criminal offenses and their penaltiesJAIL

  • Substantive LawDefines criminal offenses and their penaltiesJAIL

  • Procedural LawExplains how substantive laws are to be administered(due process)

  • The Administration of Justice

  • Dual Court System of the United States

  • United States Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeals District Courts

  • 7-2:The Federal Court Structure

  • 7-3:The Thirteen United States Circuits

  • State Court SystemState Systems vary by State

  • CaliforniaState Court System Supreme Court of Appeal Superior

  • The Court of Last Resort

  • United States Supreme Court Rule of Four Writ of Certiorari Writ of Habeas Corpus

  • State Court SystemFederal Court SystemU.S. District Courts

  • Ted Rubins 10 Purposes of Courts1. To Do Justice2. To Appear to do Justice

  • Ted Rubins 10 Purposes of Courts3. To provide a forum to resolve disputes4. To censure wrongdoing

  • Ted Rubins 10 Purposes of Courts5. Incapacitate convicted criminals6. Punish criminal offenders

  • Ted Rubins 10 Purposes of Courts7. Rehabilitate criminal offenders8. General deterrence of public by punishing criminal offenders

  • Ted Rubins 10 Purposes of Courts9. Determine legal status10. Protect citizens against arbitrary government action

  • Key Actors in the Court ProcessJudgeDefense AttorneyProsecutor

  • Powers of the Prosecutor Conduct final screening of case Decide to charge person with crime

  • Powers of the Prosecutor Decide whether to prosecute or not if decide to prosecute, they determine what the charge will be

  • Powers of the Prosecutor No prosecution decision is nolle prosequi, or nol. pros.

  • Prosecutors Conduct the final screening of all persons arrested Decide to charge or not

  • Prosecutors Decide to prosecute or not Decide what the charges will be

  • Prosecutors Decide whether to plea bargain or not Recommend the amount of bail in many jurisdictions

  • Why Prosecutors dont Charge

  • Why Prosecutors dont Charge

  • Offense did not cause sufficient harm Statutory punishment for a crime is too harsh for a particular offender

  • Criminal charge made for the wrong reasons Law is regularly violated with impunityNolle Prosequi

  • Nolle Prosequi Victim may refuse to testify Humanitarian considerations for victim or offender

  • Accused person cooperates in the apprehension and/or conviction of other criminalsNolle Prosequi

  • Accused is wanted for prosecution of a more serious crime in another jurisdictionNolle Prosequi

  • May be more cost effective to simply have the parole revoked and return offender to prisonNolle Prosequi

  • Defense AttorneysAccused has the right to the assistance of counsel for his defense

  • Determining Probable CauseSigning WarrantsResponsibilities

  • Informing suspects of their rightsResponsibilities

  • Setting and revoking bail Arraigning defendantsResponsibilities

  • Accepting guilty pleas Managing courtroom and staffResponsibilities

  • Ensuring a jury has a chance to reach a verdict on evidence presentedResponsibilities

  • Instructing jury on the law Imposing sentencesResponsibilities

  • Problems of Innocent people .

  • .wrongly accused of crimes

  • Inability to establish an alibiBeing identified by witness (wrongly)Inadequate representation

  • Inability to establish an alibiBeing identified by witness (wrongly)Inadequate representation

  • Amendments that apply to Criminal Justice System

  • no unreasonable searches or seizures

  • To deter the police...Exclusionary Rule

  • from violating peoples fourth amendment rightsExclusionary Rule

  • No double jeopardyNo self-incrimination

  • Grand jury indictment in felony cases

  • Speedy and public trialRight to counsel

  • Impartial jury of state and district where crime occurred

  • Notice of nature and cause of accusation

  • Right to confront witnesses

  • Compulsory process for obtaining favorable witnesses

  • No excessive bail and finesNo cruel and unusual punishmentinter

  • Standards of ProofMere suspicion

  • Standards of ProofReasonablesuspicion

  • Standards of ProofProbable cause

  • Standards of ProofPreponderance of evidence

  • Standards of ProofClear and convincing evidence

  • Standards of ProofProof beyond a reasonable doubt

  • Standards of ProofAbsolute certainty

  • Probable CauseFor an arrest to occur need

  • Probable Cause Tangible evidence that a crime has been committed

  • Probable Cause Belief that the person arrested committed the crime.

  • Probable Cause based on what a reasonable person would believe

  • United States Supreme Court test for determining...

  • .fourth amendment seizure(arrest)

  • surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave.U.S. v. Mendenhall, 1980

  • Under MendenhallSituations that might be construed as seizures:

  • Under MendenhallThreateningpresenceof severalofficers

  • Under MendenhallDisplay of a weapon by an officer

  • Under MendenhallSome physical touching

  • Under MendenhallUse of language that indicates that...

  • Under Mendenhallcompliance with the officers requests is necessary

  • Probable cause for a legal searchSpecific objects are connected with criminal activity

  • Objects will be found in the place searchedProbable cause for a

  • Objects will be found in the place searchedProbable cause for a

  • Based on what a reasonable person would believeProbable cause for a

  • Fifth Amendment Protection against self-incrimination

  • Fifth Amendment Protection against self-incrimination

  • Fifth Amendment Right to a grand jury indictment in felony cases

  • Fifth AmendmentProtection against double jeopardy

  • Miranda WarningsRequired before questioning

  • Miranda WarningsRight to remain silent

  • Miranda Warnings Anything said can be used against the suspect in court

  • Miranda Warnings Right to the presence of an attorney

  • Miranda Warnings If suspect cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided

  • Sixth AmendmentRight to a speedy and public trial

  • Right to an impartial jury Right to be informed about the accusationSixth Amendment

  • Right to confront witnessesSixth Amendment

  • Sixth AmendmentRight to compulsory process for obtaining favorable witnesses

  • Sixth AmendmentRight to legal counsel

  • Sixth Amendments right to counsel extended to critical stages

  • Critical Stages Arraignment Plea-bargaining process Initial appearances First appeal when applicable

  • Critical Stages Proceedings after Grand Jury indictment Post-indictment police lineups Sentencing

  • Critical Stages Juvenile court proceedings when institutional confinement is a possibility Preliminary hearings

  • Critical Stages Misdemeanor when jail may be a sentence Psychiatric examination showing dangerousness in a death penalty case

  • Eighth AmendmentProtection against excessive bails

  • Eighth Amendment

  • Wrongful Convictions Eyewitness misidentification Police errors

  • Wrongful Convictions Prosecutor errors Guilty pleas by innocent defendants

  • Wrongful Convictions Community pressures False accusations

  • Wrongful Convictions Judicial errors, bias or neglect of duty Errors by medical examiners or forensic experts

  • Wrongful ConvictionsErrors in record keeping of criminals

    *


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