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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The BIOS (an acronym for Basic Input Output System) software has a number of different roles, but its most important role is to load the operating system. BIOS is sometimes called firmware because it is an integral part of the system hardware.

INTRODUCTION

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The BIOS (an acronym for Basic Input Output System) software has a number of different roles, but its most important role is to load the operating system. BIOS is sometimes called firmware because it is an integral part of the system hardware. INTRODUCTION. About BIOS. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

The BIOS (an acronym for Basic Input Output System) software has a number of different roles, but its most important role is to load the operating system.

BIOS is sometimes called firmware because it is an integral part of the system hardware.

Page 2: INTRODUCTION

The BIOS is the default control for the

most important functions of PC.

It defines the compatibility of our PC with

expansion hardware.

Without it our PC couldn’t even boot.

About BIOSAbout BIOS

Page 3: INTRODUCTION

HISTORYHISTORY Before 1990 or so BIOSes were held on ROM chips.

BIOS firmware stored on EEPROM or flash memory devices.

To avoid BIOS corruption, some new motherboards have a backup BIOS ("Dual BIOS" boards).

Hardware manufacturers frequently issue BIOS updates to upgrade their products and remove bugs.

Page 4: INTRODUCTION

WHAT BIOSBIOS DOES?

A power-on self-test (POST) for all of the different hardware components in the system to make sure everything is working properly.Activating other BIOS chips on different cards installed in the computer - For example, SCSI and graphics cards often have their own BIOS chips. Providing a set of low-level routines that the operating system uses to interface to different hardware devices - It is these routines that give the BIOS its name. They manage things like the Keyboard, the Screen, and the Serial and Parallel ports, especially when the computer is booting. Managing a collection of settings for the hard disks, clock, etc.

Page 5: INTRODUCTION

POST POST

1. The first step of POST is the testing of the Power Supply to ensure that it is turned on and that it releases its reset signal.

2. CPU must exit the reset status mode and thereafter be able to execute instructions.

3. BIOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it must be readable.

4. CMOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it must be readable.

Page 6: INTRODUCTION

POST(CONT…)POST(CONT…)

5. CPU must be able to read all forms of memory such as the memory controller, memory bus, and memory module.

6. The first 64KB of memory must be operational and have the capability to be read and written to and from, and capable of containing the POST code.

7. I/O bus / controller must be accessible

Page 7: INTRODUCTION

ACCESSINGACCESSING BIOSBIOS

Keys used to access the BIOS are "Esc," "Del," "F1," "F2," "Ctrl-Esc" or "Ctrl-Alt-Esc" key.

Power on the computer system and press the key to enter the BIOS after the beep for a clean POST is signaled.

If the procedure has been done correctly, the BIOS screen should be displayed rather than the typical boot screen.

Page 8: INTRODUCTION
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Common Options Includes :-Common Options Includes :-

System Time/Date Boot Sequence Plug and Play Mouse/Keyboard

Drive Configuration Memory Security Power Management

Exit

Page 14: INTRODUCTION

What Happens when System Boots??What Happens when System Boots??

The BIOS reads sector 0 (known as the MBR - the Master Boot Record) from the first disk (or from floppy or CDROM), and jumps to the code found there - usually some bootstrap loader.

A bootstrap loader or bootstrapping or boot loader, is a program that resides in the computers EPROM,PROM, or other Non- Volatile Memory  that automatically executed by the processor when the computer is turned on.

Page 15: INTRODUCTION

EPROMEPROM

Page 16: INTRODUCTION

PROMPROM

Page 17: INTRODUCTION

Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers Initialize registers and power management Perform the power-on self-test (POST) Display system settings Determine which devices are bootable Initiate the bootstrap sequence

BOOT SEQUENCEBOOT SEQUENCE

Page 18: INTRODUCTION

CMOSCMOS

CMOS an acronym of Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor is an on-board semiconductor chip powered by a CMOS battery inside computers that stores information such as the system time and system settings.

Page 19: INTRODUCTION

Types of CMOS batteriesTypes of CMOS batteries

Batteries used are –• External Lithium• Coin Cell• Barrel Style Solder• PS2 6v

Life Time of a CMOS battery - Standard lifetime of a CMOS battery is around 10 Years.

Page 20: INTRODUCTION

Flash memoryFlash memory

A form of non-volatile memory that can be electrically erased

Reprogrammable Flash memory is used for easy and fast

information storage It is erased and programmed in blocks

consisting of multiple locations .Less costlier.

Page 21: INTRODUCTION

TYPES OFTYPES OF BOOTINGBOOTING

COLD BOOT

WARM BOOT

Page 22: INTRODUCTION

BIOS Boot DevicesBIOS Boot Devices

A Boot Device is any device that must be initialized prior to loading the operating system.

This includes :primary input devices (keyboard). primary output device (display). Initial program load device (floppy drive, hard

drive, CD-ROM,USB flash drive, etc).

Page 23: INTRODUCTION

OVERCLOKINGOVERCLOKING

Process of forcing a computer component to run at a higher clock rate than designed or designated by the manufacturer.

Boost a computer system's performance by increasing clock frequencies

Page 24: INTRODUCTION
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Page 26: INTRODUCTION

Advanced Configuration and Power Advanced Configuration and Power InterfaceInterface

The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) specification is an open industry standard first released in December 1996 developed by HP, Intel, Microsoft, Phoenix and Toshiba that defines common interfaces for hardware recognition, motherboard and device configuration and power management. According to its specification[1], "ACPI is the key element in Operating System-directed configuration and Power Management (OSPM)".

Page 27: INTRODUCTION

List of BIOS suppliers:List of BIOS suppliers:

American Megatrends (AMI) Phoenix Technologies Award Software International (merged with

Phoenix in 1998) MicroID Research (MR BIOS) Insyde Software (Insyde) General Software (General Software)

Page 28: INTRODUCTION

The Fall and Rise of the BIOSThe Fall and Rise of the BIOS Older operating systems such as DOS called on the

BIOS to carry out most input-output tasks within the PC; with the introduction of newer operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Linux, the BIOS was related to principally providing initial hardware setup, and bootstrapping. Once it was up and running, the operating system didn't have to rely on the BIOS for much.

In recent years, however, by way of systems such as ACPI, the BIOS has taken on more complex functions such as aspects of power management, hot plug, thermal management etc. This has led to renewed reliance on the BIOS by operating system producers, and an increase in complexity in the BIOS code

Page 29: INTRODUCTION

AMI BIOS BEEPCODES DESTRUCTION

1 short DRAM refresh failure

2 short Parity circuit failure

3 short Base 64K RAM failure

4 short System timer failure

5 short Process failure

6 short Keyboard controller Gate A20 error

7 short Virtual mode exception error

8 short Display memory Read/Write test failure

9 short ROM BIOS checksum failure

10 short CMOS shutdown Read/Write error

11 short Cache Memory error

1 long, 3 short Conventional/Extended memory failure

1 long, 8 short Display/Retrace test failed

Page 30: INTRODUCTION

AWARD BIOS BEEP CODES Description

1 long, 2 shortIndicates a video error has occurred and the BIOS cannot initialize the video screen to display any additional information

Any other beep(s) RAM problem.

Page 31: INTRODUCTION

IBM Beep Code Description

No Beeps No Power, Loose Card, or Short.

1 Short Beep Normal POST, computer is ok.

2 Short Beep POST error, review screen for error code.

Continuous Beep No Power, Loose Card, or Short.

Repeating Short Beep No Power, Loose Card, or Short.

One Long and one Short Beep Motherboard issue.

One Long and Two Short Beeps Video (Mono/CGA Display Circuitry) issue.

One Long and Three Short Beeps. Video (EGA) Display Circuitry.

Three Long Beeps Keyboard / Keyboard card error.

One Beep, Blank or Incorrect Display Video Display Circuitry.

Page 32: INTRODUCTION

MACINTOSH TONES ERROR

Error Tone. (two sets of different tones)

Problem with logic board or SCSI bus.

Startup tone, drive spins, no video Problem with video controller.

Powers on, no tone. Logic board problem.

High Tone, four higher tones. Problem with SIMM.

Page 33: INTRODUCTION

PHOENIX Beep Code Description / What to Check1-1-1-3 Verify Real Mode.

1-1-2-1 Get CPU type.

1-1-2-3 Initialize system hardware.

1-1-3-1 Initialize chipset registers with initial POST values.

1-1-3-2 Set in POST flag.

1-1-3-3 Initialize CPU registers.

1-1-4-1 Initialize cache to initial POST values.

1-1-4-3 Initialize I/O.

1-2-1-1 Initialize Power Management.

1-2-1-2 Load alternate registers with initial POST values.

1-2-1-3 Jump to UserPatch0.

1-2-2-1 Initialize keyboard controller.

1-2-2-3 BIOS ROM checksum.

1-2-3-1 8254 timer initialization.

1-2-3-3 8237 DMA controller initialization.

1-2-4-1 Reset Programmable Interrupt Controller.

1-3-1-1 Test DRAM refresh.

1-3-1-3 Test 8742 Keyboard Controller.

1-3-2-1 Set ES segment to register to 4 GB.

Page 34: INTRODUCTION

Top 6 Reasons To Upgrade BIOSTop 6 Reasons To Upgrade BIOS

AGP Video

CPU Upgrading

Large Hard Drive support

Faster I/O Speeds

Windows XP ACPI 2.0 Compliance

Windows 2000 ACPI 2.0 Compliance

Page 35: INTRODUCTION

LINKING TO HARDWARELINKING TO HARDWARE

BIOS routines uses memory or I/O Ports to pass the commands and data to Hardware Devices.

In Memory Mapping a block of memory is used.

In I/O mapping I/O Ports are used .

Page 36: INTRODUCTION

BIOS SETUP ENTRY POINTSBIOS SETUP ENTRY POINTS

BIOS MAKER ENTRY KEYS WHEN

AMI del During POST

AWARD Ctrl + Alt +Esc Anytime

IBM Ctrl + Alt +Ins After Ctrl + Alt + Del

PHOENIX Ctrl + Alt +Esc Anytime

Page 37: INTRODUCTION

FLASH BIOSFLASH BIOS

Better than EPROM

Can Encode the BIOS Program more quickly into Flash ROM than EPROM.

Page 38: INTRODUCTION

BIOS SHORTCOMINGSBIOS SHORTCOMINGS

Device DriversFlash LazinessBIOS ShadowingDirect ControlBIOS Bugs

Page 39: INTRODUCTION

BIOS TROUBLESHOOTINGBIOS TROUBLESHOOTING

During POST BIOS generates two types of error messages –

• Beep Codes.

• POST Codes.

Page 40: INTRODUCTION

GENERAL SYMPTOMSGENERAL SYMPTOMS

BIOS Checksum Error – default loadedCMOS Memory Size MismatchData ErrorCMOS Battery FailedHard Disk FailureBIOS ROM Checksum Error –System Halted

Page 41: INTRODUCTION

BIOS BIOS UPGRADE UPGRADE TROUBLESHOOTINGTROUBLESHOOTING

Flash Loader Utility Refuses to RunErase Chip FailureFlash Chip Not SupportedSystem Refuses To Recognize DrivesCannot Print Under DOS Or Windows


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