INTRO TO ES

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Course Objectives

After completing this course, you will know :

* An extensive knowledge about Embedded System and

it's characteristics

* The difference between C & Embedded C

* Timers & Interrupt Handling using Embedded C

* Embedded Software Cycle

* Fundamentals of Real Time operating Systems.

* Basics of Embedded Linu


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Course OutlinelIntro to Embedded Systems

lC Vs. Embedded C

lTimers

lInterrupt handling

lSoftware Engineering

lReal Time Operating Systems Concept

lEmbedded Linux Concept


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Job Requirements

Job Requirements


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Job Requirements(1)


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Job Requirements(2)


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Introduction to

Embedded Systems


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Embedded Systems

All systems that contain one or moreprocessor to do specific functionalities and

give responses upon receiving inputs.

This processor is not for general purposes

like general purpose Processor in PCs andnotebooks.


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Embedded Systems

computing systems with tightly coupled

hardware and software integration, that

are designed to perform a dedicated

function.


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Embedded Systems

The word embedded reflects the

fact that these systems are usually

an integral part of a larger system,known as the embedding system.

Multiple embedded systems can

coexist in an embedding system.


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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Embedded Systems

Applications


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General Purpose Processors

32 or 64-bit data path.

Central processing engine of a mainframe, workstation,

PC, PDA, RISC and CISC engines .

X86, PowerPC, SPARC, Pentium .

Complex in design because these processors provide a

full scale of features and a wide spectrum of

functionalities .


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General Purpose Processors

Have advanced cache logic.

Built-in math co-processor capable of

performing fast floating-point operations.

These processors result in large power

consumption, heat production, and size.


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Embedded general purpose

Processors

Designed for a wide range of application (consumer and

communication).

16/32-bit data path.

Limited functionality depends on the application.

Usually integrated into larger dedicated systems in a SoC

(System on Chip), also called core-based ASIC.


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Embedded general purpose

Processors

Examples: ARM, PowerPC, MIPS, 68K, x86.

ARM has seized the lions share of the market.


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Advanced Embedded System

Multi-core system on chip Like mobile handset which has

one chip contains:

DSP processor.

Embedded processors like ARM.

Custom hardware for GSM.

Custom peripherals for board interface (keyboard, touch

screen, memory card interface).


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System on board

Shared

memory

CPU

Board

A/D

Sensors

actuators

Custom

hardware


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System on chip

Keyboardcontroller

USB interface

MemoriesCPU

Customizedhardware

LCDcontroller

ASIC Chip


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Microcontrollers

The workhorse of industrial electronics.

Designed for standalone operation.

Include processing unit 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit.

Included memories (RAM, ROM), IO, buses and

peripherals depending on the application.,

designed for (LIN , CAN , Ethernet , I2C , SPI and

..).


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Microcontroller Selection

Number of I/O pins required.

Interfaces/peripherals required.

Memory requirements.

Number of interrupts required.

Real-Time considerations.


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Microcontroller Selection

Development environment.

Processing speed required.

ROM ability.

Memory architecture.

Power requirements.


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Microcontroller

A microcontroller has eight main components:

Central processing unit (CPU)

ROM, RAM

Input and Output (GPIO or DIO)

Timer

Interrupt circuitry

Buses

Watchdog


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ll C


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Microcontroller CPU

architectures

Von Neumann

Harvard


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CPU main registers

Stack pointer

Contains the address of the next location on the stack

Decremented when data is pushed on the stack and

incremented when data is popped from the stack

Index register

Used to specify an address when certain addressing

modes are used

Known as pointer register


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CPU main registers

Program counter:

Most important CPU register

Holds the address of the next instruction in programmemory space

Each instruction is fetched and processed by ALU, the

CPU increments the PC

Accumulator:

Hold operands or results of operations as necessary


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RAM

Random Access Memory (RAM) . Also called Read/Write Memory, The term

random access refers to the ability to access any

memory cell directly. RAM is much faster than

ROM.

Volatile memory, requires external power to

maintain memory content.

Used to store data as long as Microcontroller ispowered and the program is running.

Addressable in instruction sets through

different addressing Mode .


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RAM contents

Divided virtually to:

General purpose registers for CPU acts as accumulators

Peripherals control special registers

Data RAM: all static variables in the program i.e. each

variable has a static address and its last value lasts until

microcontroller power off.

Stack


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ROM

Permanent memory

Written upon programming the

microcontroller

Cant be written/modified at run time


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ROM contents

Program code

Constant data

Handled through constkeyword in C

Data used as a constant configuration from

prospective system design and versions

configurations


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Software characteristics

Highly configurable.

Shorter development cycle.

Easier in versions updates.

Cheaper.

Constrained with processor speed which may

satisfy real time application and may not.


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System constrains

Systems constraints are the output of Interfacesspecification Analysis and system functionality

breakdown

Constraints could be after that classified as

following :

I/O constraints

Communication constraints

Operating Constraints

Memory Consumption

Microcontroller resources


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Q&A

Documents

INTRO TO ES