39245147 intro-es-i

Microprocessor Systems: – A Brief Run Down

At the high end of the scale

Processor: Intel Pentium 4Frequency: 3.2GHz

Power consumption: 103 W max.*

Process: 90nm

*Intel document no. 300561-002

At the low end of the scale

Processor can consume no more than 250-300mW

Embedded Devices

Where are the embedded devices?

Computer Technology Dramatic Change° Processor

• 2X in speed every 1.5 years; 100X performance in last decade

° Memory• DRAM capacity: 2X / 2 years; 64X size in last

decade• Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year

° Disk• capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years• Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year

• 250X size in last decade

Computer Technology Dramatic Change!

° State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: (at least…)

• Processor clock speed: 5000 MegaHertz (5.0 GigaHertz)

• Memory capacity: 4000 MegaBytes(4.0 GigaBytes)

• Disk capacity: 2000 GigaBytes(2.0 TeraBytes)

• New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Tera

(Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta = 1024)Kilo, Mega, etc. are incorrect Terminologies!

Challenges

° Post PC Era will be driven by 2 technologies:

1) Mobile Consumer Devices• e.g., successor to cell phone, PDA, wearable computers

2) Massive I/O interfacing v/s RAW computational power

Programming Levels of Representation

High Level Language Program (e.g., C)

Assembly Language Program (e.g.

ARM)

Machine Language Program (ARM)

Control Signal Specification

Compiler

Assembler

Machine Interpretation

temp = v[k];

v[k] = v[k+1];

v[k+1] = temp;

ldr r0 , [r2, #0]ldr r1 , [r2, #4]str r1 , [r2, #0]str r0 , [r2, #4]

1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0100 1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0000 1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0100

°°

ALUOP[0:3] <= InstReg[9:11] & MASK

SOC (System on a Chip) Example

° Hand Held PC

5 Classic Components of a Computer

Control

Datapath

Memory

Processor

Input

Output

Control

Datapath

Memory

Processor

Input

Output

Network/Bus

An Expanded View of the Memory Systems

Control

Datapath

Hard disk(VirtualMemory)

Processor

Register

MainMemory2nd Cache

Cach

e

Fastest Slowest

Smallest Biggest

Highest Lowest

Speed:

Size:

Cost:

•Cache is handled by hardware•Virtual memory is handled by and Operating System •Programmer sees only one memory and the registers

Fetch Decode Execute Cycle

Instruction

Fetch

Instruction

Decode

Operand

Fetch

Execute

Result

Store

Next

Instruction

Obtain instruction from program storage

Determine required actions

Locate and obtain operand data

Compute result value or status

Deposit results in storage for later use

Determine successor instruction

Control

Datapath

Memory

Processor

Input

Output

ALU Registers

EELC2041 lec01-Intro.13 Saeid Nooshabadi

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM


TOPICS TO COVER

° DEFINITION

° KEY FEATURES

° DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES

° TOOLS OF THE TRADE

° FUTURE DIRECTION


WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

° An embedded system is an applied computer system, as distinguished from other types of computer systems

° Embedded systems are embedded within another sophisticated (electronic) system, which could be any system for any kind of application. The ES do not directly interact with the environment/users.

° An embedded system is a very special computer system designed to perform a dedicated function.

° An embedded system is a computer system with higher quality and reliability requirements than general- purpose computer systems.


DEFINITION (Continued)

° A very special (often tailor made) computer system put inside any Engineering product to make the final product more:

• Reliable• Accurate/Precise• Feature reach


KEY FEATURESOF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

° Real Time in nature (RTOS)

° Employs very specific types of components. Specific in terms of

• Quantity (Memory)• Available Feature (DVS, Watch Dog Timer)• Operating System (Application commands the OS )

° Developed in an environment which is totally different from the actual.

° Power Requirement, Size & Cost are considered with great detail along with the application.

° Highly focused on Application, Business Plan and Cost. Selects Hardware, Software components and Design Process based on A,B & C.


Embedded Systems and their Markets

Market Embedded Device

Automotive Ignition System, Engine Control, Brake System

Consumer Electronics Digital Televisions, Set-Top Boxes, Kitchen Appliances, Toys/Games, Telephones/Cell Phones/Pagers, Cameras

Industrial Control Robotics, Process and Manufacturing Controls

Medical Equipment ECG Machine, Dialysis Machines, Cardiac Monitors

Office Automation Fax Machine, Photocopier, Printers, Scanners, UPS

Networking ( Spl. Application) Routers, Hubs


A Very Special Application

A FOOTBALL


DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES

° CRYSTAL CLEAR PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TO BE DECIDED/GIVEN AND BE ADHERED TO. THIS INCLUDES H/W AS WELL AS S/W COMPONENTS (PROCESS TIME).

° SELECTION OF THE PROCESSOR:• GENERAL PURPOSE ; MICRO PROCESSORS• APP. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION SET (ASIP); DSP,N/W PROCESSORS,

MICRO CONTROLLER• APP. SPECIFIC INTERATED CIRCUIT (ASIC)

° CODE SIZE (COMPACT CODE) – IN RELATION WITH THE PROCESSOR USED.

° LANGUAGE USED:• ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ( USEFUL BUT TIME CONSUMING & ERROR

PRONE)• HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE (REQUIRES COMPLICATED AND COSTLY

TOOLS AND COMPILER)• BALANCED DECISSION TO BE TAKEN LOOKING INTO

DEVELOPMENT COST, AVAILABLE DEVELOPMENT TEAM AND TIME TO MARKET

° DIVISION BETWEEN HARDWARE & SOFTWARE COMPONENTS


DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES (CONT..)

° POWER REQUIREMENT – ONE MAJOR ISSUE IN THIS WORLD OF MOBILE DEVICES.

° SIZE SPECIFICATION – THIS MAY BE VERY IMPORTANT IN SOME CRITICAL APPLICATION.

° RELIABILITY – AND COST TO BE INCURRED FOR THAT (REDUNDANT SYSTEM). VERY APPLICATION SPECIFIC ISSUE.

° BUSINESS PLAN

° DESIGN ENVIRONMENT• (HOST PROCESSOR / TARGET PROCESSOR)


TOOLS OF THE TRADE

Embedded System Life Cycle

Requirement Analysis

Specification

Architectural Design

Component Design

Integration

Testing

S/W Architecture

H/W Architecture

Top Down Model


TOOLS OF THE TRADESOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOL CHAIN FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEM

DEVELOPER EDITORSOURCEPROG.

PRE PROCESSOROR

MACRO PROCESSOR

EXPANDED SOURCE CODE

COMPILEROR ASSEMBLER

OBJECT FILELOADER EXE FILE LINKER

CODE FOR

TARGET

TARGETPROGRAMMER OUTPUT

ALL THE COMPONENTS MENTIONED IN RECTANGULAR BOXES – ARE SYSTEM

SOFTWARE


TOOLS OF THE TRADE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT ; HOST & TARGET

C /C++ ASSEMBLY LANG

CROSS COMPILER CROSS ASSEMBLER

OBJ 1 OBJ n

LOCATOR

CODE

TARGET PROGRAMMER OUT PUT

THE ENLARGED COMPONENTS ARE PARTS OF THE HOST SYSTEM


FUTURE DIRECTIONS

° More and more embedded systems will be full systems on a single chip (SoC). This implies that the software and hardware designs will merge.

° As systems on chip become more complex, software distributed over multiple processors and running over different memory spaces will become common


FUTURE DIRECTIONS….

° Embedded systems will be developed in unusual applications. Products will be powered and accessed by RF beams. This will lead to convergence in our real life..

° Existing applications will become far more sophisticated with standardized user interfaces – such as web interfaces with XML.


FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DEVELOPERS

° More and more multi-disciplinary expertise will be required. For example – biology-chemistry-electronics and VLSI for bio-sensors.

° Fields of micro-processors, VLSI, communications etc. would merge for developing embedded systems.


° GOOD LUCK WITH THIS COURSE