Intesive Lulc Humid Tropics

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TROPICAL FORESTS, WATER AND

CARBON SEQUESTRATION:Exploring the opportunities to link

mitigation and adaptation to climate change

Daniel MurdiyarsoCenter for International Forestry Research, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

Anders Malmer and Ulrik Ilstedt

Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SLU, 901 83 Ume, Sweden

International Conference on

Adaptation of Forests and Forest Management to Changing Climate

with Emphasis to Forest Health

Ume, 25-28 August 2008


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Contents

Rationales Co-benefits and the price to pay

Can trees improve infiltrability and streamflow?

Managing risks and trade-offs Conclusions


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Why mitigation-adaptation measuresshould be linked?

Mitigation of climate change (reducing the

sources or enhancing the sinks of GHGs) is

better known and may be used as an entry point Mitigation measures would increase the adaptive

capacity of forest ecosystems and forest-

dependant community

Adaptation to CC is a dynamic development

process, that requires continuous improvement

the vulnerability should be diminished over time


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Source: Murdiyarso et al., 2005

Opportunity for synergies


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Our approach


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A/R CDM:mandatory mitigation measures

UNFCCC

Decision 19/CP.9

Modalities and procedures for

A/R projects under CDM

Decision 14/CP.10

Simplified procedures for small-scale

A/R projects under CDM

The Kyoto Protocol

Article 12

Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM)

Decision 17/CP.7

Modalities and procedures for CDM


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A/R. by UNFCCCs definitions

1990

Reforestat ion is the direct, human-induced conversion of unforestedland to forested land throughplanting, seeding, and/or the human-

induced promotion of natural seedsources on land that had beenforested but was converted tounforested land. For the firstcommitment period, reforestationactivities are limited to lands that didnot contain forest on 31 Dec.1989.

50 years

Afforestat ion is the direct, human-induced conversion of land that hasnot been forested for a period of atleast 50 years to forested landthrough planting, seeding, and/orthe human-induced promotion of

natural seed sources.


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Biomass gains over cropping cycles


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Co-benefits and the price to pay



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Potential adaptation measuresin forestry sector



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Following A/R trees improve infiltrability

12

12

1

1

3

3

3

3

3

3

8

8

8

8

Age

(yrs)

AfterBeforeAfterBefore

2500

2500

1522

1522

850

850

850

850

850

850

1250

1250

1250

1250

Sri Lanka (7 N)

Sri Lanka (7 N)

Cameroon (3 N)

Cameroon (3 N)

Zambia (14 S)

Zambia (15 S)

Zambia (16 S)

Zambia (17 S)

Zambia (18 S)

Zambia (19 S)

Nigeria (7 N)

Nigeria (8 N)

Nigeria (9 N)

Nigeria (10 N)

57

57

5.5

5.5

95

44

37

55

71

119

152

118

95

172

26

29

3

3.3

13

13

13

13

13

13

47

47

47

47

Tectona grandis

T. grandis

Cassia spectabilis + crops

C. spectabilis + crops

Sesbania sesban

Gliricidia sepium

Leucaena leucocephala

Acacia angustissima

Acacia + Sesbania

Gliricidia + Sesbania

G. sepium + crops

Alchornea cordifolia + crops

L. leucocephala + crops

Acioa barterii + crops

Grass

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Crops

Annual

rainfall

(mm)

Country

(Latitude)

Infiltration rate

(mm/h)

Vegetation

Source: Various, summarized in Ilstedt et al., 2007


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Infiltrability under vs. between trees

Faidherbiaparkland

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 120 240 360 480 600 720Time (min)

Infiltrationrate(mm/h)

under

between


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Intensive land-use in the humid tropics

Infiltration rates of different land-uses (mm/h)

Source: Larsson et al., 2005

Natural

Forest

Plantation

forest

Shrub Cropland

489

15642059

608

588

826

3165

273

1015

1254

249

1300

717700

2531

1727

1910

791

415

457

1130230

1241

274

618

895

290

77

277

920594

2203

75

651

96

2167

474

1190 +

1030

1261 +

737

579 +

420

829 +

815


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The role of litter:The quality is essential

a. Open land to Sesbania sesban

b. Open land to Leucaena leucocephala

c. Grassland to Tectona grandis

d. Rehabiltation on tractor tracks under rainforest

Source: Ilstedt et al., 2007


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The role of roots

Land-use determinesinfiltration capacity

Both length and massof fine roots areimportant factors

Dead coarse roots

create macro-poresand potentially providebelow-ground waterconduits

Source: Larsson et al., 2005


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Streamflow: Land-use trajectory is crucial

a. Rainforest toAcacia mangium tropical

(Malmeret al., 2005)

b. Shrubland to Pinus/Eucalypt temperate

(Farley et al., 2005)

c. Old growth Eucalyptto Eucalypt temperate

(Watson et al., 1999)

Annual streamflow

change (mm)


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Managing risks and trade-offs



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REDD:an emerging mitigation measure

With REDD

Without REDD

Ref.

period

Crediting period

Reduced emissions

Deforesta

tionrate

Reference

Level

REDDpast future

BAU

Emissionrate


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Conclusions

The A/R definitions may exclude a lot of lands inneed for rehabilitation

High value of REDD could potentially reduce

opportunity for land rehabilitation

Water services are important for the poor in the

tropics and affected by both climate change and

potentially by mitigation efforts too

Current hydrological models used in adaption to CC

may be flawed in the tropics (we do not know

enough the consequences of mitigation measures)

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Intesive Lulc Humid Tropics