DNA TECHNOLOGY

International study to determine:~25,000 genesSequence of 3 billion

nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G’s)

Create & improve methods of analyzing DNA

Address ethical, legal & social issues

HGP – Human Genome Project

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (RFLP)Technique used to

isolate sections of DNA

1st used in DNA profiling, also used in paternity tests, genome maps & disease locators.

DNA is broken up (restriction enzyme) & sorted by size using gel electrophoresis

Results then transferred to membrane (Southern Blot)

DNA probes are then attached to each broken segment to determine actual nucleotide sequence

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM

RFLP SNP’sIssues:

Requires large #of DNA samples

Long, complicated process

Replaced RFLP for SNP Single Nucleotide PolymorphismMost common form of

genetic variation btw people

Occurs 1 in every 300 bases

99% of genetic code is same.

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

Method used to produce millions of copies of a small sample of DNA in approx. 2 hours.

Denature DNA & force replication to occur.

Process is repeated thru multiple cycles to produce millions of copies.

Taq polymeraseExtracted from

bacteria live in hot springs

Process:Denaturing (break

open)Annealing (primers

or synthetic DNA strands attach)

Extension (enzyme initiates replication)

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

STEM CELLS Early embryonic

cells that have yet to differentiate (specialize)CloningDisease research &

treatmentCreation of

genetically modified products/organisms

GENETIC ENGINEERINGManipulating genetic

materialGenetic Modifications

Changes to an organism DNA

Transgenic ModificationsCombining DNA from

2 separate organismsCross-breeding

Unnatural breeding of organisms

CROSS-BREEDINGBeefalo

Cross between domestic cattle & American buffaloBuffalo are larger, heartier animals that require less

careRetain the flavor of beef3/8 bison5/8 bovineFertile offspring

GENETIC MODIFICATIONArctic Apple

Turn off the gene that controls the enzyme polyphenol oxidase

Prevent browning of apples

TRANSGENIC MODIFICATIONS

Golden RiceSplice genes from daffodils into the genome of

white riceIncrease the vitamin A content of the rice