AP REVIEW PART I

COLONIZATION TO

RECONSTRUCTION

Pre-Colonial AmericaPre-Colonial America

• Conquistadors – 3 G’sConquistadors – 3 G’s• Smallpox and the start of slavery leads Smallpox and the start of slavery leads

to…….to…….deaths of millions of Nativesdeaths of millions of Natives• In the new global economic system Europe In the new global economic system Europe

has everything:has everything:– LaborLabor– TechnologyTechnology– MarketsMarkets– CapitalCapital– BUT? Raw MaterialsBUT? Raw Materials

Early English SettlementsEarly English Settlements

• Jamestown – 1607 (Virginia Company)Jamestown – 1607 (Virginia Company)– First successful settlement** First successful settlement**

• Joint-stock company: a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king

• English not prepared – high death rates from starvation and disease (wife jerky)

• Indian relations – one sided benefit

Growth of Virginia Growth of Virginia (Chesapeake Region)(Chesapeake Region)• John Rolfe – King tobacco John Rolfe – King tobacco • Impacts of successImpacts of success

– Creates need for more land = end of New Creates need for more land = end of New England Indians England Indians (What was this last War (What was this last War called?) King Philips Warcalled?) King Philips War

– Creates need for more labor = indentured Creates need for more labor = indentured servantsservants

– Profitability draws more colonistsProfitability draws more colonists– Begins southern single crop dependenceBegins southern single crop dependence– Irony of 1619Irony of 1619

• Virginia House of Burgess (first step to self-gov)Virginia House of Burgess (first step to self-gov)• First shipment of African slavesFirst shipment of African slaves

Pilgrims and Mass Bay Pilgrims and Mass Bay CompanyCompany

• Puritan movement in England creates Puritan movement in England creates need for new religionneed for new religion– Separatists leave England to create a Separatists leave England to create a

new community in the Americas – new community in the Americas – Mayflower 1620Mayflower 1620

– Mayflower Compact – governments Mayflower Compact – governments power comes from the consent of the power comes from the consent of the governedgoverned

Mass Bay ColonyMass Bay Colony• Congregationalists (change church from within ) Congregationalists (change church from within )

form larger colony in 1629 (better funded & form larger colony in 1629 (better funded & prepared)prepared)

• Congregationalists and Separatists do not Congregationalists and Separatists do not tolerate religious freedom (IRONIC?)tolerate religious freedom (IRONIC?)

• **Roger Williams banished (creates Rhode Island)Roger Williams banished (creates Rhode Island)– Two big things about RITwo big things about RI

• Religious freedom for allReligious freedom for all• Very DemocraticVery Democratic

• Anne Hutchinson banished for preaching Anne Hutchinson banished for preaching antinomianism (belief that those predestined antinomianism (belief that those predestined need not obey secular laws)need not obey secular laws)

City Upon a Hill – John City Upon a Hill – John WinthropWinthrop

• American exceptionalism is the idea American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States and the that the United States and the American people hold a special place American people hold a special place in the world, by offering opportunity in the world, by offering opportunity and hope for humanity, derived from and hope for humanity, derived from a unique balance of public and a unique balance of public and private interests governed by private interests governed by constitutional ideals that are focused constitutional ideals that are focused on personal and economic freedom.on personal and economic freedom.

Growth of American SlaveryGrowth of American Slavery

• Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants– Primary source of labor until Bacon’s rebellion Primary source of labor until Bacon’s rebellion

(why did they rebel?) poor land, no opportunity(why did they rebel?) poor land, no opportunity• African SlavesAfrican Slaves

– Initially expensive with similar contracts to Initially expensive with similar contracts to indentured servantsindentured servants

– After Bacon, viewed as a less troublesome After Bacon, viewed as a less troublesome labor forcelabor force

– Develops into ‘modern’ version with Develops into ‘modern’ version with elimination of rights and permanent elimination of rights and permanent (hereditary) status as property(hereditary) status as property

– Legal in all colonies by 1700Legal in all colonies by 1700

Relationship between the Relationship between the Colonies and BritainColonies and Britain• Policy of salutary neglect stimulates autonomy Policy of salutary neglect stimulates autonomy

and self-government while fueling mercantilism and self-government while fueling mercantilism (what is this?) Gain power through gold/silver (what is this?) Gain power through gold/silver – (how did the British government enforce?) Navigation (how did the British government enforce?) Navigation

Acts to control shippingActs to control shipping

• European struggles for power move to AmericaEuropean struggles for power move to America– French Indian War French Indian War (fought for control over?) Ohio Valley(fought for control over?) Ohio Valley– Albany Plan Albany Plan (purpose?) colonial unity and common (purpose?) colonial unity and common

defensedefense– Treaty of Paris 1763 Treaty of Paris 1763 (outcome for France?) No territory (outcome for France?) No territory

in North Americain North America– Proclamation of 1763 Proclamation of 1763 (angers the colonists – why?) (angers the colonists – why?)

prohibits colonial settlement west of the Appalachian prohibits colonial settlement west of the Appalachian MountainsMountains

Pre-Revolution IssuesPre-Revolution Issues

• Acts for RevenueActs for Revenue– Sugar Act (1Sugar Act (1stst))– Stamp Act (Most Stamp Act (Most

protest)protest)– Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

• Acts for ControlActs for Control– Quartering ActQuartering Act– Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act– Intolerable ActIntolerable Act

• Colonial responsesColonial responses– Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress– Boston MassacreBoston Massacre– Sons of libertySons of liberty– Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party– Committees of Committees of

correspondencecorrespondence– First / Second First / Second

Continental Continental CongressCongress

What was virtual representation? All members of Parliament representall British subjects.

Outcomes of American Outcomes of American RevolutionRevolution

• Treaty of Paris 1783Treaty of Paris 1783– Independence / Territory / Resumption of TradeIndependence / Territory / Resumption of Trade

• New GovernmentNew Government– Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

• Weak = no executive, no power to tax, collect, or Weak = no executive, no power to tax, collect, or borrow, no power to regulate trade (BIG)borrow, no power to regulate trade (BIG)

– NW OrdinanceNW Ordinance• Why is this important in the long run? Rules for Why is this important in the long run? Rules for

territories and statesterritories and states

• Problems lead to Constitutional Problems lead to Constitutional ConventionConvention

Creation of a ConstitutionCreation of a Constitution

• Compromise = KeyCompromise = Key– NJ Plan: Articles of Conf with more powerNJ Plan: Articles of Conf with more power– VA Plan: Three branches, bicameral leg, VA Plan: Three branches, bicameral leg,

proportional repsproportional reps– Great (Connecticut) Compromise: Great (Connecticut) Compromise:

Proportional rep + uniform repProportional rep + uniform rep– 3/5 Compromise: Settles rep and tax 3/5 Compromise: Settles rep and tax

status of slavesstatus of slaves– No slave discussion till 1807No slave discussion till 1807

Adoption of the ConstitutionAdoption of the Constitution

• Federalist vs. AntifederalistFederalist vs. Antifederalist• Bill of Rights Bill of Rights (protect who from what?) (protect who from what?)

people from too strong of a governmentpeople from too strong of a government

• GW – First PresidentGW – First President– Jefferson vs. Hamilton Jefferson vs. Hamilton

• Interpretation of the Constitution (strict vs. Interpretation of the Constitution (strict vs. loose) loose)

•Assumption, National Bank, (challenge what?)Assumption, National Bank, (challenge what?)•Formation of two-party systemFormation of two-party system

#2 John Adams#2 John Adams

• Federalist AgendaFederalist Agenda– Characteristics of a FederalistCharacteristics of a Federalist

• Interpretation? Loose interpretationInterpretation? Loose interpretation•Foreign relations? Favored Britain over France Foreign relations? Favored Britain over France

– Peace (X,Y,Z and Convention of 1800)Peace (X,Y,Z and Convention of 1800)– Eliminate opposition (Alien & Sedition)Eliminate opposition (Alien & Sedition)

•KY / VA resolutions = nullificationKY / VA resolutions = nullification

– Pack the courts (Judiciary Act of 1801)Pack the courts (Judiciary Act of 1801)•Marbury v. Madison establishes the principle Marbury v. Madison establishes the principle

of ?of ?– Judicial reviewJudicial review

#3 Thomas Jefferson#3 Thomas Jefferson

• Revolution of 1800Revolution of 1800

• Legacy Legacy – Louisiana Purchase / Lewis & ClarkLouisiana Purchase / Lewis & Clark– Leaves federalist programs intactLeaves federalist programs intact– Leaves problem with France/Britain to Leaves problem with France/Britain to

Madison (Embargo of 1807 – Madison (Embargo of 1807 – causes causes what?)what?)

#4 James Madison /#5 James #4 James Madison /#5 James MonroeMonroe• MADISONMADISON• Macon’s Bill No 2 Macon’s Bill No 2 • War of 1812War of 1812

– Who supports?Who supports?• South/WestSouth/West

– Who doesn’t?Who doesn’t?• NENE

• Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent• Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816

– Goal? Protect American Goal? Protect American industryindustry

• MONROEMONROE• Henry Clay – American Henry Clay – American

SystemSystem– Components?Components?

• Protect/promote Protect/promote businessbusiness

• Internal improvementsInternal improvements• National Bank/TariffsNational Bank/Tariffs

• Panic of 1819Panic of 1819• Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

– Purpose of the name?Purpose of the name?• No political oppositionNo political opposition

• Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise• Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

#6 John Quincy Adams#6 John Quincy Adams

– Corrupt Bargain Corrupt Bargain (Why named?)(Why named?)• (Clay = Sec of State)(Clay = Sec of State)

– Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination)Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination)• Political football – Scheme to create lose/lose for AdamsPolitical football – Scheme to create lose/lose for Adams• NE oks to protect industryNE oks to protect industry• South deeply upset – major consumers of manufactured South deeply upset – major consumers of manufactured

goodsgoods• Potential intrusion into slavery – loss of prestige/power in Potential intrusion into slavery – loss of prestige/power in

federal governmentfederal government– Calhoun authors “The Exposition” – VP Calhoun authors “The Exposition” – VP (argument for?) (argument for?)

state’s rightsstate’s rights– Policies increase voter turnout and create the “Era of the Policies increase voter turnout and create the “Era of the

Common Man” Common Man” (return to the ideals of?) Jefferson(return to the ideals of?) Jefferson

#7 Andrew Jackson#7 Andrew Jackson

• IdealsIdeals– JeffersonianJeffersonian– Rags to richesRags to riches– Spoils systemSpoils system– Executive Executive

leadershipleadership– Union firstUnion first

• ActionsActions– Nullification crisis Nullification crisis

(over what?) tariff (over what?) tariff policypolicy• SC vs. USSC vs. US

– Indian relocationIndian relocation• Role of the Supreme Role of the Supreme

CourtCourt

– Bank of USBank of US

1830s-1860:1830s-1860:Westward Expansion & Westward Expansion & Sectionalism Sectionalism • Aroostook War Aroostook War (who vs. who?) Maine (who vs. who?) Maine

vs. Canada over border disputesvs. Canada over border disputes• Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny (what is this?) God (what is this?) God

given right to expandgiven right to expand • Why was Oregon annexed peacefully, Why was Oregon annexed peacefully,

but not Texas? but not Texas? (why did it take so (why did it take so long for Texas to be a state?) long for Texas to be a state?) controversy of expansion of slavery controversy of expansion of slavery

1830s-1860:1830s-1860:Westward Expansion & Westward Expansion & Sectionalism Sectionalism • Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (who got (who got

what?)what?)– New Mexico, California to US for $15mNew Mexico, California to US for $15m– Rio Grande border of TexasRio Grande border of Texas

• Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso (purpose?) no slavery (purpose?) no slavery in territories acquired in war with in territories acquired in war with MexicoMexico

• Ostend Manifest Ostend Manifest (what?) secret offer (what?) secret offer to buy Cuba from Spainto buy Cuba from Spain

Presidents #8-15Presidents #8-15

• MVBMVB

• HarrisonHarrison

• TylerTyler

• Polk Polk (best example (best example of?) Manifest of?) Manifest DestinyDestiny

• TaylorTaylor

• Fillmore Fillmore

• PiercePierce

• BuchananBuchanan

People and EventsPeople and Events

Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening (sets the (sets the foundation for?) social reformfoundation for?) social reform

• • Mormons Mormons (why persecuted?) emphasis on (why persecuted?) emphasis on community and cooperative effortcommunity and cooperative effort• • Joseph Smith Joseph Smith • • Brigham Young Brigham Young

• Utopian communitiesUtopian communities(desire for?) social, religious or economic (desire for?) social, religious or economic perfectionperfection

People and EventsPeople and Events

• • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) (purpose?) expand rights of women (purpose?) expand rights of women until Civil War (switch to abolition)until Civil War (switch to abolition)

• Cult of domesticity Cult of domesticity (who, what?) (who, what?) glorified traditional role of women as glorified traditional role of women as wives and motherswives and mothers

• Noah WebsterNoah Webster (contribution?) (contribution?) standardized American languagestandardized American language

• Horace MannHorace Mann (goal of public (goal of public education?) create informed citizenseducation?) create informed citizens

Abolition and Coming CrisisAbolition and Coming Crisis

• • Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 (conditions?) (conditions?) California in as free stateCalifornia in as free stateStronger fugitive slave lawStronger fugitive slave lawUtah and NM open to ‘popular sovereignty’Utah and NM open to ‘popular sovereignty’No slave trade in Washington, D.C.No slave trade in Washington, D.C.

• • Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law(Northern response?) Increased abolitionism(Northern response?) Increased abolitionism

• • Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe (who, what, importance?) Intended to show (who, what, importance?) Intended to show cruelty of slaverycruelty of slavery

Abolition and Coming CrisisAbolition and Coming Crisis• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) (example of?) (example of?)

popular sovereignty (let territory residents popular sovereignty (let territory residents decide whether to allow slavery)decide whether to allow slavery)– Creates increased northern opposition to slaveryCreates increased northern opposition to slavery– Creates birth of Republican PartyCreates birth of Republican Party– Expands violence in KansasExpands violence in Kansas

• • Know-Nothings Know-Nothings (platform?) nativism(platform?) nativism• Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott Decision slaves not citizens, and slaves not citizens, and

Congress can’t regulate expansion of slaveryCongress can’t regulate expansion of slavery• Republican Party Republican Party (platform?) no expansion of (platform?) no expansion of

slaveryslavery

Civil War and Civil War and ReconstructionReconstruction• • Secession Secession (event?)1860 election of Lincoln(event?)1860 election of Lincoln

• Comparing North & South Comparing North & South (advantages?)(advantages?)– North: RR, Industry, Navy, Larger populationNorth: RR, Industry, Navy, Larger population– South: Better generals, moral cause, defense of South: Better generals, moral cause, defense of

homelandhomeland

• Foreign involvementForeign involvement(goals?) weak America better for Britain and France(goals?) weak America better for Britain and France

• Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation – (purpose?), strengthen Union moral cause (purpose?), strengthen Union moral cause

Civil War and Civil War and ReconstructionReconstruction• Reconstruction PlansReconstruction Plans

– LincolnLincoln• 10% Plan = rapid readmission of Southern states10% Plan = rapid readmission of Southern states

– Wade-DavisWade-Davis• Major difference between Congress and Presidents Major difference between Congress and Presidents

concerning Reconstructionconcerning Reconstruction

• Constitutional IssuesConstitutional Issues– Status of confederate statesStatus of confederate states

• Reconstruction Amendments (13,14,15)Reconstruction Amendments (13,14,15)– 13 = no slavery, 14 = rights of citizens, 15 = right to vote 13 = no slavery, 14 = rights of citizens, 15 = right to vote

all malesall males

• End of Reconstruction End of Reconstruction (event?) Compromise of (event?) Compromise of 18771877

The WestThe West

• IndiansIndians– End of the Buffalo = end of Indian way of lifeEnd of the Buffalo = end of Indian way of life– AssimilationAssimilation

• Settlers / FarmersSettlers / Farmers– Homestead Act = promote settlementHomestead Act = promote settlement– Barb wire = end of open rangeBarb wire = end of open range– Farmers produce for outside marketsFarmers produce for outside markets– RR exploiting farmersRR exploiting farmers

Industry and UrbanizationIndustry and Urbanization

• Key terms/events/people:Key terms/events/people:– Horizontal integrationHorizontal integration– Vertical integrationVertical integration– Social darwinismSocial darwinism– Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act– Interstate Commerce CommissionInterstate Commerce Commission– Pendleton ActPendleton Act– Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws