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Integration of Environmental Changes in the Chindwin River Basin using Remote Sensing Kay Thwe Hlaing – Associate Professor, Bago University Vitor Vieira Vasconcelos SEIAsia Yangon, 1315 January, 2016 International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South and Southeast Asia

International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

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Page 1: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Integration of Environmental Changes in the Chindwin River Basin using Remote Sensing

Kay Thwe Hlaing – Associate Professor, Bago UniversityVitor Vieira Vasconcelos  ‐ SEI‐Asia

Yangon, 13‐15 January, 2016

International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South and Southeast Asia

Page 2: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Contents

• Why remote sensing?• Objectives• Methodology• Data used• Results

– Land cover– Deforestation– Mining expansion– Changes in river geomorphology

• Conclusions

Page 3: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Why remote sensing?

• Unclear state of Chindwin Basin– Lack of integrated ground truth, surveys and databases

• Huge basin (114,112 km2)• Available global datasets (with uncertainties)– Land cover– Deforestation

Study Area

Page 4: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Objectives

• Link the past to the present in Chindwin Basin– Study land‐use change– Understand change in river morphology

Deforestation – Chindwin River, Kaw Yar village

Deforestation for banana makes the river banks vulnerable and then causes river bank erosion. Chindwin river, Kaw Yar village, Homalin Township

Page 5: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Methodology

• Validation of global databases for land cover• Analyis of global databases for deforestation• Supervised classification of satellite images

– Maximum likelihood clusters, visual interpretation and ground truth from field work

– Mining areas – 1989 to 2015– Changes in channel morphology (water and sandbanks) – 1973 to 2015

Page 6: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Data used

• Validation of 9 global datasets of land cover– GLCNMO proved the most coherent (500m resolution)

• Deforestation global datasets– Based on landsat images, from 1990‐2013

• Landsat images for mining and changes in river morphology– Limitations:

• Resolution of 30 meters• Better use in dry season (less clouds)

Page 7: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Environmental CharacterizationLoktak Lake valley (India)

Upper Chindwin valleys and mountains

Lower Chindwin Valley

•Results

Page 8: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Needleleaf forest (pine trees)

Broadleaf evegreen forest

Broadleaf deciduous forest

Cropland / Mosaic with Cropland

Forestcovers86%of the basin

Land cover

Page 9: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Deforestation

Global Datasets: GLCF; GSFC. 2014. GLCF Forest Cover Change 1990, 2000, Global Land Cover Facility, University of Maryland. Hansen, M.C., et al. 2013. High‐Resolution Global Maps of 21st‐Century Forest Cover Change. Science 342: 850–53. 

2000‐20131990‐2000

Logging or shifting cultivation pattern:Deforestation + Regeneration

Crops advancingover the forest

Deforesting for mining

Page 10: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Regeneration of forests decreased after 2000.

• Hypothesis: 

More deforested areas converted to mining and agriculture

no regeneration in these areas

Page 11: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Annual Deforestation in Chindwin Basin

Yearly Deforested Area

Area (Km2)

Annual deforestation increased nearly 3 times from 2000 to 2013 

Page 12: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Limitation of the study• The datasets monitored deforestation, but not forest degradation (from selective logging)

• Trend for Myanmar:

Thiha (2011) Current Land Use Cover Change: research priorities in Myanmar. NASA LCLUC, GOFC‐GOLD, MAIRS Workshop on Land Cover Land Use Change in South East Asia, October 7‐9, 2011. http://lcluc.umd.edu/Documents/ScienceTeamMtg/2011_11/presentations/Current%20Land%20Use%20Land%20Cover%20Research%20Priorities%20in%20Myanmar_Thiha.pdf

Forest Cover in Myanmar

Source: Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) Forestry Department and FAO

Selective logging for fuelwood or furniture 

is degrading the forests

Closed forests turn into open forests.

Page 13: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Mining in Chindwin Basin

Letpadaugn Copper Mine – Monywa. Source: Canadian Friends of Burmahttp://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/massive‐land‐confiscation‐for‐copper‐mine.html

Paluzawa Coal Mine – Kalewa. Source: Energy International. http://www.sngj.cc/en/list/?20_1.html

Jade Mining in Hpakan. Source: http://sciencythoughts.blogspot.com/2015/01/at‐least‐two‐dead‐following‐landslide.html

Gold mining in Homalin. 

Copper mining: 22.6 km2

Coalmining: 0.2 km2 Jade Mining: 322.5 km2

Gold Mining (Homalin andHugawng Valley): 322.5 km2

Page 14: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1989 1996 2002 2007 2011 2015

Evolution of Mining Areas in Chindwin River Basin

Lower Uru (Homalin) Uper Uru (Hpakan) Upper Chindwin (Hugawng Valley)

Area (Km2)

Remote Sensing Study of Mining Expansion in Chindwin Basin

Hpakan Homalin Hugawng

Mining contributed with 9% of conversion from forests to open 

land during 2002‐2011, in Chindwin Basin

Page 15: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Changes in the River Course of Chindwin and Ayeyawady

• Study changes in the Chindwin and Ayeyarwady river channel, to understand processes of:– River bank erosion– Sedimentation

Ayeyarwady Bank Erosion. Photo: Sei Tun / UNESCAP (2013)http://www.irrawaddy.org/wp‐content/uploads/2013/09/8.‐Pic‐Irrawaddy‐river‐erosion1.jpg

Bank erosion in Chindwin River

Page 16: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

River Valley

oBank erosion• loss of land, houses, infrastructure

o Inundated agricultural land during flood

• It is possible to detect the river valley were the meanders keep changing along the years.

• Villages, agricultural land and structures in these valleys face more risk of:

ValeyValley

Bluff(outer bank)

Natural Levee(inner bank)

Source: Wilkerson, C. Landscapes and Physical  Geography of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Final Assessment. Available at: http://chantellewilkerson1202.blogspot.com/2012/04/final‐assessment‐and‐fluvial‐landscape.html

Page 17: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Dec 1973

Bluff on the border of the river valley 

Feb 1989

Erosion areas from 1973 to 1989

Jan 20011973

1989

Deposited areas 

Eroded areas 

2014

Erosion(2001 to 2014)

Erosion(2001 to 2014)

Monywa

Pakokku Myingyan

Page 18: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Changes in River Channel from 1973 to 

2015

• It is better to build infrastructure on river borders (bridges, pumping, etc.) on stretches of the river that have been stable over the decades

• In the red areas of the map, the river keeps “dancing” (changing its course) along the years

• If you build a village or a infrastructure there, the river may come back again and destroy it

Page 19: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Impact and risk of bank erosionVillages in the confluence of Chindwin and Ayeyarwady

Page 20: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Conclusions• From 1990 to 2013, deforestation did not change significantly the 

total land cover of the basin– Approximately 3% of forest loss from 1990 to 2013– However, deforestation on the river banks increases vulnerability to bank 

erosion

• Deforestation rate is accelerating and forest regeneration is decreasing in the basin

• Gold and jade mining expansion is accelerating in Chindwin Basin –potential impacts on water quality and sedimentation processes

• Deforesting the river banks is probably increasing the speed and the spatial extension of river bank erosion

• River bank erosion increases, the sedimentation process on the river bed, bringing prejudice for the fluvial transportation system that is very important for Myanmar

Page 21: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

Recommendations

• A geomorphological and remote sensing zoning of bank erosion risk would be helpful to advise government and people on:– Avoiding new houses and other infrastructures such as bridges and pumping stations in areas of higher risk

– Protecting villages in higher danger– Conserving or regenerating forests on river banks with higher risk of erosion

Page 22: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,
Page 23: International LCLUC Regional Science Team Meeting in South ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/... · VitorVieira Vasconcelos ‐SEI‐Asia Yangon, 13‐15 January,

• Comparison of river channel changes with– Hydrological data– Hydraulic model (Hec‐Ras)

• Forecast areas with higher risk of bank erosion– Cellular Automata model

• Flood maps based on satellite image– Correlate with hydrological data to create flood frequency map

• Map turbidity along rivers in the basin– Correlate water quality data with river color in satellite images

Recommendations for further remote sensing studies