International

Handbook of

Earthquake

Engineering

International

Handbook of

Earthquake

Engineering

(odes~ Programs~

and Examples

edited by Mario Paz Professor of Civil Engineering

University of Louisville, Kentucky

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV

The computer programs developed to implement the seismic codes for the various countries included in this handbook are available, separately directly from the contributors, or as a complete set from MICROTEXT, P.O. Box 35101, Louisville, Kentucky 40232, USA. Technical questions, corrections, and requests for additional information should be directed to this address or directly to the corresponding contributor.

Extreme care has been taken in preparing the programs used in this handbook. Extensive testing and checking have been performed to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the computer solutions. However, neither the editor, nor the authors, nor the publisher shall be held responsible or liable for any damage arising from the use of any of the programs in this handbook.

Cover photo: Earthquake in Guatemala City, M.Sgt. Cari D. Martin, US Army Cover design: Trudi Gershenov

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali, Inc. in 1994 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 18t edition 1994

Ali rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or by an information storage or retrieval system, without permis sion in writing from the publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Paz, Mario. International handbook of earthquake engineering : codes,

programs, and examples / Mario Paz. p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-5859-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-2069-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2069-6 1. Earthquake resistant design-Handbooks, manuals, etc.

2. Earthquake engineering-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Title. T A658.44.P395 1994 624.1 , 762-dc20

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available

94-18577 CIP

to her eyes that are filled with dewsong and light of new morning

to her laughter which sings sweet notes ofmoonsong

to her hands that spill the art of lines and curves and all of

God's colors. . .

to Jean

Sylvia T. Weinberg

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contributors

PART I INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Chapter 1 Structures Modeled as Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems Mario Paz

Chapter 2 Seismic Response and Design Spectra Farzad Naeim and Mario Paz

Chapter 3 Structures Modeled by Generalized Coordinates Mario Paz

Chapter 4 Structures Modeled as Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems Mario Paz

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xi

xiii

xiv

3

10

30

37

PART II EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS: COUNTRIES IN SEISMIC REGIONS

Chapter 5 Algeria 57 Abdenour Sa/hi and Mokhtar Daoudi

Chapter 6 Argentina 65 Fernando A. M. Reyna, Bibiana M. Luccioni and Ricardo D. Ambrosini

vi

Chapter 7 Australia David B. Crawley and Michael C. Griffith

Chapter 8 Bulgaria Ludmil Tzenov and Elena Vasseva

Chapter 9 Canada David T. Lau and J. L. Humar

Chapter 10 Chile Arturo Cifuentes

Chapter 11 China Ye Yaoxian

Chapter 12 Colombia Luis E. Garcia

Chapter 13 Costa Rica Jose Luis Barzuna de Dna

Chapter 14 Egypt Fouad H. Fouad

Chapter 15 EI Salvador Celso S, Alfaro

Chapter 16 France Auguste Boissonnade

Chapter 17 Greece George C. Manos

Chapter 18 Hungary Gyorgy Vertes

Chapter 19 India Sudhir K. Jain, Brijesh Chandra and D. K. Paul

Chapter 20 Indonesia Suradjin Sutjipto

Chapter 21 Iran J. P. Mohsen

Chapter 22 Israel Jacob Gluck

Chapter 23 Italy Gianmario Benzoni and Carmelo Gentile

Chapter 24 Japan Yoshikazu Kitagawa and Fumio Takino

Chapter 25 Mexico Roberto Villaverde

Contents vii

84

100

111

127

143

156

175

195

205

215

232

249

256

277

296

307

317

331

342

viii Contents

Chapter 26 New Zealand Thomas Paulay and Athol James Carr

Chapter 27 Peru Gianfranco Ottazzi and Daniel Quiun

Chapter 28 Portugal Joao Azevedo

Chapter 29 Puerto Rico Luis E. Suarez

Chapter 30 Romania Gelu Onu

Chapter 31 Spain Alex H. Barbat and Mario Paz

Chapter 32 Taiwan Yohchia Chen and Julius P. Wong

Chapter 33 Thailand Panitan Lukkunaprasit

Chapter 34 Turkey Turan Durgunoglu

Chapter 35 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Currently known as Commonwealth of Independent States [CIS])

Vladimir N. Alekhin

Chapter 36 United States of America (USA) Mario Paz

Chapter 37 Venezuela William Lobo-Quintero and Edward D. Thomson

Chapter 38 (Former) Yugoslavia Dimitar Jurukovski and Pre drag Gavrilovic

Appendix

Diskette Order Form

Index

Note: For more detailed information, see individual chapter outlines at chapter opening.

361

377

389

401

416

431

447

454

462

472

485

515

528

536

541

543

Foreword

The subject of earthquake engineering has been the focus of my teaching and research for many years. Thus, when Mario Paz, the editor of this handbook, asked me to write a Foreword, I was interested and honored by his request.

Worldwide, people are beginning to understand the severity of the danger to present and future generations caused by the destruction of the environment. Earthquakes pose a similar threat; thus, the proper use of methods for earthquake-resistant design and construction is vitally important for countries that are at high risk of being subjected to strong-motion earthquakes. Most seismic activity is the result of tectonic earthquakes. Tectonic earthquakes are very special events in that, although they occur frequently, their probability of becoming natural hazards for a specific urban area is very small. When a severe earthquake does occur near an urban area, however, its consequences are very large in terms of structural destruction and human suffering.

On the average, more than 10,000 earthquakes are recorded each year, of which about 60 are significant or potentially destructive. Between 1890 and 1993, more than 10,000 people were killed and 500,000 were left homeless by earthquakes, per year (on a yearly average). Furthermore, the psychological effect on the millions of people who live through major earthquakes is enormous; the experience inspires a complex fear that lasts for many years. It is, therefore, very important to investigate the reasons for earthquake disasters and to undertake the necessary steps to eliminate or mitigate their potentially catastrophic consequences.

Most of the human and economic losses resulting from a severe earthquake are due to failures of human-made facilities such as buildings and lifelines (dams, bridges, transportation systems, etc.). Although we cannot avert the occurrence of earthquakes, we can avoid their catastrophic effects.

Four conditions determine the occurrence of an earthquake disaster in a region. The first is the magnitude of the earthquake: a small earthquake will not induce groundshaking severe enough to produce extensive damage. The second is the distance between the earthquake source and the urban areas of the region; at large distances the groundshaking is attenuated to a level that cannot cause serious damage. 1 The third is the size and distribution of the population and the level of economic development. The fourth condition is the degree of earthquake preparedness, particularly regarding the methods of design and construction. Clearly, earthquake hazard involves not only the seismicity of the region, but also the population density, the economic development, and the degree of preparedness. Obviously, the potential disaster to an urban center increases when the earthquake magnitude is larger, the earthquake source is closer, the population is larger, the economic development is greater, and the earthquake preparedness program and its implementation are poorer.

lUnder special conditions, however, earthquake damage can occur at distances greater than 240 km from the source (which has usually been assumed as the maximum distance to produce damage). For example, the source distance was 400 km in the 1957 and 1985 Mexico earthquakes and over 900 km in the 1972 Caucete, Argentina earthquake.

ix

x Foreword

Even though seismicity remains constant, the rapid and, in most cases, uncontrolled increases in population, urbanization, and economic development in urban areas are not being counterbalanced by an adequate increase in preparedness.2 There is an urgent need to reduce the seismic risk to urban areas. The solution is to regulate the built environment because this allows control of the earthquake hazards, which are consequences of the interaction of seismic activity (which cannot be controlled) with the vulnerability of the human-made environment (which can be controlled).

An effective approach to mitigate the destructive effects of earthquakes is the proper enforcement of the knowledge that is currently available for designing, constructing, and maintaining new earthquake-resistant structures and upgrading existing seismically hazardous structures. In practice, the design and construction of most earthquake-resistant structures generally follow seismic code provisions. Specific seismic code regulations for design and construction are different in each country, even though the problems that are created by earthquake ground motions and the application of basic concepts that govern earthquake-resistant design of structure are the same around the world. The differences in the seismic codes occur because basic concepts have to be specifically applied and quantified in each country according to its seismic activity, the education and experience of its professionals, its level of building technology, and its socio-economic conditions.

Modern seismic codes attempt to implement in relatively simple ways the most recent technological advances; however, they may actually obscure the limitations implicit in their regulations. It is, therefore, of utmost importance that structural engineers receive sufficient background in structural dynamics, which governs the response of structures to earthquake excitations, so that they can judge the limitations of their local code specifications. However, currently most structural engineers have limited their education in earthquake engineering to the practice of applying a code in the design of ordinary or standard structures, which compose the bulk of modern construction.

The International Handbook of Earthquake Engineering: Codes, Programs, and Examples, edited by Mario Paz, will be of great interest both to engineers practicing in the field of earthquake engineering and to students and teachers of courses on earthquake-resistant design, because it presents the basic theory of structural dynamics applied to earthquake-resistant analysis and design. Of equal importance, the information presented about the seismic codes that are enforced in a large number of countries can be a source for propagating better engineering methods around the world.

The handbook is well conceived and organized. Part I recapitulates the main theoretical topics in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering. In Part II, the reader will find 34 chapters corresponding to 34 countries located in regions with strong seismic activity. In addition to describing and illustrating the uses of the current seismic codes for each country, each chapter contains illustrative examples of building design that use computer programs specifically developed to implement the code regulations for that country.

I believe that this handbook will be enthusiastically received by professionals, educators, and students in the field of earthquake engineering. I congratulate the editor and the authors of the various chapters for their valuable achievement.

Vitelmo Bertero Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

2For example, in terms of population and economic development, the disaster potential in California is now at least ten times what it was at the time of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

Preface

As a result of my consulting experience with engineers and industry in seismically active areas around the globe, I learned that much effort has to be devoted to understand, interpret, and properly apply the provisions in a building code. In some cases, the effort is a result of unfamiliarity with the language in which the code is written; in other cases, the difficulty is caused by either lack of clarity or lack of sufficient explanations of the code. These experiences led me to plan a handbook that would describe and implement the provisions of the seismic code for earthquake-resistant design of buildings for countries in active seismic regions. I conducted a survey of professional engineers to obtain their opinion of the value of such a handbook. The results of my informal survey encouraged me to proceed with the preparation of this handbook.

From its inception, I decided that the handbook should contain a chapter for each selected country. Therefore, my first task was to locate qualified contributors for each country that was to be included in the handbook. Of the contributors, a few were friends or acquaintances, some were prospective contributors that I contacted after I had examined papers published in technical journals or proceedings from international conferences on earthquake engineering, and others were located indirectly through contacts with universities or engineering societies.

The contributors were given general guidelines for the preparation of their chapters. I indicated that the chapter for each country should contain an introductory paragraph about the pertinent geography and the geology of the country, a brief regional history of recent strong-motion earthquakes, and a recapitulation of the main developments in the seismic code. The body of the chapter was to be devoted to a presentation of the provisions of the code in simple and clear language. This presentation was to include an example of a numerical problem for a building of four to six stories. Also, I requested that a computer program be developed by the contributor to apply the provisions of the seismic code in the solution of a sample numerical problem for a larger building.

My next step was to prepare and send a model chapter to the prospective authors so that they could follow a format that would provide a satisfactory degree of consistency throughout the chapters. However, the reader of this handbook will notice that diversity exists among the chapters written by the contributing experts. Some chapters are brief and concise, while others are extended and detailed. There is no doubt that such variations resulted from differences in the interpretation of the objectives that I sent to each author; I accepted the variations as an indication of the diversity of viewpoints. My decision was based on the perception that the contributors of the handbook are highly qualified professionals in their respective countries. The authors are engineers who are active in seismic-resistant design, many are affiliated with universities; some are also members of committees responsible for revising or updating their country's seismic code for earthquake-resistant design.

This handbook contains two parts: Part I has four chapters that recapitulate the subjects of structural dynamics and earthquake engineering; Part II contains 34 chapters that present the design of structures according to the provisions of the seismic code for each of the 34 countries included in the handbook. Most of the material presented in Part I can be found in other publications, including the textbook on structural dynamics written by the editor of this handbook. Part I gives the reader basic information about structural dynamics and earthquake

xi

xii Preface

engineering and provides cross-references to the various chapters of the handbook. In Part II of the handbook, I have tried to maintain a uniform nomenclature of symbols commonly used in earthquake engineering with the exception of cases where a differing author's decision was accepted as final.

This handbook includes an appendix on Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquakes. This appendix provides a readily available reference to the various definitions currently in use in different countries for measuring the magnitude of an earthquake and the intensity at a given locality.

The computer programs developed to implement the seismic codes for the various countries included in this handbook, are available, separately, directly from their respective contributors. These programs are also available from the editor, as a set, which includes all the programs in an interactive menu-driven package. A convenient form to order the complete set of programs is provided at the end of this handbook.

The editor believes the reader will find that this handbook serves as a major source for seismic-resistant design for the countries included.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to many people for their help. First, I extend my thanks to each of the authors, who not only wrote a chapter and developed a computer program, but also endured my constant pressure to revise, check, and complete the chapter. I consider each of the authors a close friend even though I personally have not met some of them. One of these friends, Dr. Farzad Naeim, editor of an excellent handbook on earthquake engineering, joined me as coauthor of Chapter 2, Seismic Response and Design Spectra. Another friend, Dr. Alex H. Barbat of the Universidad Politecnica de Catalufi.a, joined me as coauthor of the chapter on Spain. I am most grateful for their contributions. A special thanks to Dr. Auguste Boissonnade who, in addition to preparing his chapter on France, took the time to express his philosophical view of the handbook during the preparatory phase of the task. Also, I give special thanks to Dr. Arturo Cifuentes who prepared the chapter on Chile and provided me with valuable information about potential authors in a number of Latin American countries. I am indebted to Dean Alberto Sarria from the Universidad de Los Andes, in Bogota, Colombia. Dean Sarria kindly authorized me to translate material from his excellent book, Ingenieria Sismica, for inclusion in Appendix, Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquakes. I also wish to thank Professor Luis Garcia, author of the chapter on Colombia, and Professor William Lobo-Quintero, author of the chapter on Venezuela, who recently invited me to conduct seminars on seismic resistant design in their respective countries.

I am most grateful to Mr. Robert D. Anderson and Mr. Joseph P. Colaco, consulting engineers in the states of California and Texas, respectively, who most diligently reviewed my proposal to the publisher for the preparation of this handbook; their comments and suggestions were very useful to me.

The work of compiling and editing the numerous chapters of this handbook would not have been possible without the active support of officials and staff of the University of Louisville. I am grateful to the university president, Dr. Donald Swain, for instituting a special group of secretaries to assist faculty members in preparing academic materials; and to Dr. Thomas R. Hanley, dean of the Speed Scientific School, and Dr. Louis F. Cohn, chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering, for their encouragement and approval of my sabbatical leave so that I could devote sufficient time to the work of editing and completing this handbook. I am also grateful to the provost of the university, Dr. Wallace Mann, who formally authorized my sabbatical leave. I also extend my thanks to my colleague, Dr. Michael Cassaro, for his constructive discussion on a variety of topics in this handbook; and my special thanks to Mrs. Debbie Jones for her competent typing and patience when revisions required retyping.

Finally, I thank my wife, Jean, who not only helped me during the process of checking the structure of the chapters in the handbook, but also most graciously allowed me to devote to this project much of the time that we normally enjoy together. This book is duly dedicated to her.

SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My task of verifying and compiling the contributions of the international group of experts in seismic-resistant engineering would have been very difficult without the collaboration of my friend, Dr. Edwin A. Tuttle, emeritus professor of Education, who most kindly helped me from the very beginning of this project. His primary objective was to achieve an optimal level of readability in each chapter of the handbook; he examined each contribution and revised the text to improve the clarity of the presentation. Dr. Tuttle met regularly with me to discuss proposed modifications. Those modifications that increased clarity without diminishing accuracy were adopted.

Mario Paz

xiii

Contributors

-Vladimir Nickolayevich Alekhin, Ph.D. Associate Professor The Urals State Technical University - UPI Ekaterinburg, Russia 620002 FAX: 7-343-2-441-624 (Chapter 35: Former USSR)

Celso S. Alfaro, Professor Central American University - UCA Apatado (01) 168 Autopista Sur, San Salvador, EI Salvador TEL.: 503-79-2550 FAX: 503-78-5153 (Chapter 15: EL SALVADOR)

Ricardo D. Ambrosini, M.Eng. Assistant Professor Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Tecnologia Universidad Nacional de Tucum{m Lola Mora 380 4000 San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina TEL.: 54-81-307403 FAX: 54-81-241338 (Chapter 6: ARGENTINA)

Joao Azevedo, Ph.D. Associate Professor Civil Engineering Department Instituto Superior Tecnico A v. Rovisco Pais 1096 Lisboa Codex, Portugal TEL.: 351-1-8473457 FAX: 351-1-8497650 (Chapter28: PORTUGAL)

Alex H. Barbat, Ph.D. Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos,

Canales y Puertos de Barcelona Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna 08034 Barcelona,

Spain TEL.: 34-3-401-6496 FAX: 34-3-401-65 17 (Chapter 31 : SPAIN)

xiv

Jose Luis Barzuna de Ona Arquitectura e Ingenieria, S.A. P.O. Box 4755-1000 San Jose, Costa Rica TEL.: 506-21-1932 FAX: 506-22-5397 (Chapter 13: COSTA RICA)

Gianmario Benzoni, D.E. Assistant Professor Politecnico Di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano, Italy TEL.: 39-2-2399-4228 FAX: 39-2-2399-4220 (Chapter 23: ITALY)

Auguste Boissonnade, Ph.D. Project Engineer Jack R. Benjamin & Associates, Inc. 444 Castro Street, Suite 501 Mountain View, CA 94041 TEL.: 1-415-969-8212 FAX: 1-415-969-6671 (Chapter 16: FRANCE)

Athol James Carr, Ph.D. Professor Department of Civil Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand TEL.: 03-366-7001 FAX: 03-364-2758 (Chapter 26: NEW ZEALAND)

Brijesh Chandra, Ph.D. Professor Department of Earthquake Engineering University Roorkee Roorkee 247667, India (Chapter 19: INDIA)

Yohchia Chen, Ph.D. Assistant Professor

School of Science, Engineering Technology Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg Middletown, PA 17057 TEL.: 717-948-6146 FAX: 717-938-6401 (Chapter 32: TAIWAN)

Arturo Cifuentes! Ph.D. Modeling Systems IBM T.J. Watson Research Center P.O. Box 218 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 TEL.: 1-914-945-4131 FAX: 914-945-4203 (Chapter 10: CHILE)

David B. Crawley, M.A. Senior Lecturer Civil Engineering Department University of Adelaide Adelaide, South Australia 5000 TEL.: 8-272-084 FAX: 8-303-4359 (Chapter 7: AUSTRALIA)

Mokhtar Daoudi, Civil Engineer Bureau d'etude Sechaud et Metz 63, Boulevard Reune 75014 Paris, France FAX: 33-14-370-1674 (Chapter 5: ALGERIA)

Turan Durgunoglu, Ph.D. Professor Civil Engineering Department Bogazici University PK2 Bebek Istanbul 80815, Turkey TEL.: 90-1-2658488 FAX: 90-1-2661034 (Chapter 34: TURKEY)

Fouad H. Fouad, Ph.D. Professor Civil Engineering Department University of Alabama Birmingham, AL 35294 TEL. : 205-934-8430 FAX: 205-934-8437 (Chapter 14: EGYPT)

Luis E. Garcia, M.S. Professor Civil Engineering Department Universidad de Los Andes Carrera la, No. 18A-1O Bogota, Colombia TEL.: 51-1-2350155 FAX: 57-1-212-3507 (Chapter 12: COLOMBIA)

Pre drag Gavrilovic, Ph.D. Professor

Contributors xv

Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology

University "St. Cyril and Methodius" Skopje, Republic of Macedonia FAX: 389-91-11:'-183 (Chapter 38: Former YUGOSLAVIA)

Carmelo Gentile, D.E. Assistant Professor Politecnico Di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano, Italy TEL.: 39-2-2399-4242 FAX: 39-2-2399-4220 (Chapter 23 : ITALY)

Jacob Gluck, D.Sc. Professor Department of Civil Engineering Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel FAX: 972-4-293044 (Chaper 22: ISRAEL)

Michael C. Griffith, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer Civil Engineering Department University of Adelaide Adelaide, South Australia 5000 TEL.: 8-303-5451 FAX: 8-303-4359 (Chapter 7: AUSTRALIA)

J. L. Humar, Ph.D. Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario KIS 5B6, Canada TEL.: 613-788-5784 FAX: 613-788-3951 (Chapter 9: CANADA)

Sudhir K. Jain, Ph.D. Associate Professor Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016, India TEL.: 91-512-259583 FAX: 91-512-250260 (Chapter 19: INDIA)

Dimitar Jurukovski, Ph.D. Professor Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering

Seismology University "St. Cyril and Methodius" Skopje, Republic of Macedonia FAX: 38-91-112-183 (Chapter 38: Former YUGOSLAVIA)

xvi Contributors

Yoshikazu Kitagawa, Ph.D. Building Research Institute Ministry of Construction 1 Tatekara, Tsukuba.:shi Ibraki-ken 305, Japan FAX: 81-0298-64-2989 (Chapter 24: JAPAN)

David T. Lau, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario KIS 5B6, Canada TEL.: 613-788-5784 FAX: 613-788-3951 (Chapter 9: CANADA)

William Lobo-Quintero, M.Eng. Professor, Universidad de Los Andes Merida, Venezuela TEL.: 74-441042 FAX: 74-402329 (Chapter 37: VENEZUELA)

Bibiana M. Luccioni, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Tecnologia Universidad Nacional de Tucum{m Juan B. Teran 375 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucuman, Argentina TEL.: 54-81-352896 FAX: 54-81-241338 (Chapter 6: ARGENTINA)

Panitan Lukkunaprasit, Ph.D. Professor Department of Civil Engineering Chulalonghorn University Bangkok 10330, Thailand TEL.: 66-2-218-6571 FAX: 66-2-252-1513 (Chapter 33: THAILAND)

George C. Manos, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Director of Institute of Engineering Seismology and

Earthquake Engineering (ITSAK) Thessaloniki 54006, Greece TEL.: 3031-992604 FAX: 30-31-99-5769 (Chapter 17: GREECE)

J. P. Mohsen, Ph.D. Associate Professor Civil Engineering Department Speed Scientific School University of Louisville Louisville, KY 40292 TEL.: 502-852-6276 FAX: 502-852-8851 (Chapter 21: IRAN)

Farzad Naeim, Ph.D John A. Martin and Associates 1800 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90057 TEL.: 213-483-6490 (Chapter 2: SEISMIC RESPONSE AND DESIGN

SPECTRA)

Gelu Onu, Ph.D. Specialist Engineer IPTANA-Sa B-dul Dinicu Golescu 38 Bucharest, Romania TEL.: 400-638-5595 FAX: 400-312-14-16 (Chapter 30: ROMANIA)

Gianfranco Ottazzi, Professor Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica del Peru Departamento de Ingenieria Apartado 1761 Pando, Lima 100, Peru FAX: 51-14-611785 (Chapter 27: PERU)

D. K. Paul, Ph.D. Professor Department of Earthquake Engineering University Roorkee Roorkee 247667, India (Chapter 19: INDIA)

Thomas Paulay, Ph.D. Professor emeritus Department of Civil Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand TEL.: 03-366-7001 FAX: 03-364-2758 (Chapter 26: NEW ZEALAND)

Mario Paz, Ph.D. Professor Civil Engineering Department Speed Scientific School University of Louisville Louisville, KY 40292 TEL.: 502-852-6276 FAX: 502-852-8851 (Chapter 31: SPAIN and Chapter 36: USA)

Daniel Quiun, Professor Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica del Peru Departamento de Ingenieria Apartado 1761 Pando, Lima 100, Peru FAX: 51-14-611785 (Chapter 27: PERU)

Fernando A. M. Reyna, Ph.D. Professor, Laboratorio de Estructuras Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologia Universidad Nacional de Tucuman 4000, San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina TEL.: 54-51-245831 (Chapter 6: ARGENTINA)

Abdenour Salhi, Civil Engineer Bureau d'Etudes Sechaud et Metz 55 Boulevard de Charonne 75011 Paris, France FAX: 33-14-370-1674 (Chapter 5: ALGERIA)

Alberto Sarria M., Dean Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad de Los Andes Bogota, Colombia TEL.: 57-1-271-7693 FAX: 1-57-284-1570 (Appendix: MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY OF

EARTHQUAKES)

Luis E. Suarez, Ph.D. Associate Professor General Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680 TEL.: 809-265-3816 FAX: 809-832-0119 (Chapter 29: PUERTO RICO)

Suradjin Sutjipto, Ing., M.S. Lecturer of Earthquake Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Trisakti University Jakarta 11440, Indonesia TEL.: 62-21-566-3232 FAX: 62-21-549-3895 (Chapter 20: INDONESIA)

Fumio Takino, President Kozo System Inc. 4-4-7-105 Honcho Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Chapter 24: JAPAN)

Edward D. Thomson, M.Eng. Professor, Universidad de Los Andes Merida, Venezuela TEL.: 74-441539 FAX: 74-402947 (Chapter 37: VENEZUELA)

Ludmil Tzenov, Ph.D., Dr.Sc. Professor and Chairman, Earthquake Engineering Department

Contributors xvii

Central Laboratory for Seismic Mechanics and Earthquake Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev str. B1.3

Sofia 1113, Bulgaria TEL.: 359-02-713-3338 FAX: 359-02-703-107 (Chapter 8: BULGARIA)

Elena Vasseva, Ph.D. Associate Professor Earthquake Engineering Department Central Laboratory for Seismic Mechanics and

Earthquake Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev str. B1.3

Sofia 1113, Bulgaria TEL.: 359-02-713-3338 FAX: 359-02-703-107 (Chapter 8: BULGARIA)

Gyorgy Vertes, Ph.D. Professor Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Mechanics Technical University of Budapest H-1521, Budapest XI, Muegyetem rkp. 3.k mf.35, Hungary TEL.: 36-1-650-199 FAX: 36-1-650-199 (Chapter 18: HUNGARY)

Roberto Villaverde, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering University of California - Irvine Irvine, CA 92717 TEL.: 714-856-5482 FAX: 714-725-2117 (Chapter 25: MEXICO)

Julius P. Wong, Ph.D. Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, KY 40292 TEL.: 502-852-6335 (Chapter 32: TAIWAN)

Ye Yaoxian, Ph.D. Professor China Building Technology Development Center 19 Che Gong Zhuang Street Beijing, China 100044 FAX: 01-8328832 (Chapter 11: CHINA)

International

Handbook of

Earthquake

Engineering