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International Security
Chapter 11
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Changing Character of Warfare
p Carl von Clausewitz: “War is not merely a political act, but also a real political instrument, a continuation of political commerce, a carrying out of the same by other means”.
--On War
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Changing Character of Warfare
Ø Clarification of war: p General war p Limited war p Civil war p Asymmetric warfare p Terrorism
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Changing Character of Warfare
Ø General war p War to conquer and occupy enemy
territory, involving many participants and multiple major powers, with participants utilizing all available weapons of warfare and target both civilian and military sites.
• EG: the Thirty Years War; the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14); the Napoleonic Wars; WWI and WWII.
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Changing Character of Warfare
Ø Limited war p Wars can be classified as limited wars on
the basis of the goals pursued, the type of weapons used, and the targets.
• EG: the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the 1991 Gulf War, the 2001 war in Afghanistan, and the 2003 Iraq war.
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Changing Character of Warfare
Ø Civil war p War between factions within a state over
control of territory or establishment of a government.
• Fighting for control of state (Somalia, Liberia, Colombia, Peru, Algeria, Rwanda)
• Seeking secession (Chechens in Russia, Tamils in Sri Lanka)
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Changing Character of Warfare
Ø Asymmetric warfare p Warfare conducted between parties of
unequal strength, in which the weaker party seeks to neutralize its opponent’s strengths, including its technological superiority, by exploiting that opponent’s weaknesses.
p EG: guerrilla warfare
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Changing Character of Warfare
Ø Terrorism p A particular kind of asymmetric warfare
that has increasingly become a major international security threat.
p Four major elements of terrorism: • Premeditation • motivation or a cause • targets, usually noncombatants • secretiveness
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The Causes of War
p The security dilemma results in a permanent condition of tension and power conflicts among states.
p But, the security dilemma explains why states are insecure, it does not explain why war breaks out.
Competition and conflict
Security Dilemma Anarchy
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The Causes of War
Ø The Individual: Realist and Liberal Interpretations p Leaders’ aggressive characteristics. p Leaders’ misperceptions – exaggerating
the hostility of the adversary. p Masses’ aggressive characteristics and
territorial imperative for survival. p Communications failure.
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The Causes of War
Ø The State and Society: Liberal and Radical Explanations p Liberal capitalist states (radicals). p Non-democratic states (liberals). p Domestic politics, scapegoating. p Struggle between groups for economic
resources and control of government. p Nationalism, ethno-national challengers.
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The Causes of War
Ø The International System: Realist and Radical Interpretations p Anarchy – a state of nature or war. p Lack of an arbiter. p Power transitions. p Long cycles of war and peace due to
uneven rates of economic development. p Aggressiveness of the international
capitalist class (imperialism).
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The Causes of War
Ø The Long Cycle Theory of Global War
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Major Approaches to Security
Realist Reliance on force or
threat of force to manage power
1. Balance of power 2. Deterrence
Liberal Int’l institutions
coordinate actions to manage power
3. Collective security 4. Arms control and
disarmament
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Balance of Power p Two meanings: • an equilibrium between any two parties • an approach to managing power and
insecurity p Two ways: • external balancing • internal balancing
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Balance of Power p Two dimensions: • the international level • the regional level p Main logic: • Increase uncertainty • Deter aggression • Prevent domination • Reduce the likelihood of conflict
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Balance of Power p Major limitations: • The likelihood of miscalculation • Chain-gangs and buck-passing • Fearful of power shifts • Inability to manage security during periods
of fundamental change p How to explain NATO enlargement?
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Deterrence p What makes it deterrence is that country
A issues a threat to dissuade country B from doing what A does not want B to do.
p That is, A aims to deter B from doing something B might otherwise want to do by threatening B with consequences should B do it.
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Deterrence p War can be prevented by the threat of the
use of force. p Key assumptions: • Decision-makers are rational. • The threat of destruction from warfare is
large (nuclear weapons). • Alternatives to war are available.
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Deterrence p Requirements of successful deterrence: • Capability • Credibility • Communication
p How to explain the relationship of nuclear proliferation to deterrence?
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Collective Security p “one for all and all for one”. p Any unlawful aggression will be met by
united action: all (or many) other states will join together against the aggressor.
p Potential aggressors will know this fact ahead of time and thus will choose not to act.
Collective Security
Military Alliance
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Collective Security p Fundamental assumptions: • Wars should be prevented by restraint of
military action. • Aggressors should be stopped. • The aggressor can be easily identified. • The aggressor is morally wrong. • Aggressors know that the international
community will act against them.
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Arms Control and Disarmament p The logic is straightforward: fewer
weapons means greater security. p Two ways to reduce the SD: • By regulating the upward spiral of arms
proliferation (arms control) • By reducing the amount of arms and the
types of weapons employed (disarmament)
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Major Approaches to Security
Ø Arms Control and Disarmament p Yet the logic is not impeccable. • Arms control and disarmament does not
eliminate the security dilemma. • You can still feel insecure if your enemy
has a bigger or better rock than you do. • Nobody can guarantee compliance of
states to international institutions.
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In Sum: International Security, Old and New
Ø Old p War and armed conflict are traditional
threats to security, both national and international.
p National security involved protecting the nation and its territory from external attack or internal subversion.
p Security is just military security.
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In Sum: International Security, Old and New
Ø New p Economic underdevelopment, human
rights abuse, environmental degradation, transnational crimes and terrorism, epidemic diseases, etc. are all non-traditional threats to security.
p Security is redefined as comprehensive. p National security increasingly becomes
international security.
