Integrated Weed Management of OP 2008

8/15/2019 Integrated Weed Management of OP 2008

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INTEGRATED WEEDMANAGEMENT OF OIL

PALM IN MALAYSIA


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INTRODUCTION

• TROPICAL CLIMATE

– HIGH RAINFALL

– HIGH HUMIDITY

– ABUNDANT SUNLIGHT

• FAVOURS OIL PALMS

• ALSO FAVOURS MANY WEEDS


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WEED PROBLEM IN

OIL PALM SMALL PLANTING


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WEED PROBLEM IN

OIL PALM PLANTATIONS


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HOW IS INTEGRATED PEST

MANAGEMENT DEFINED ?

• Definition given by PANEL OF Experts onIntegrated Pest Control, Rome (FAO 1968).

• A pest management system that, in the

context of the associated environment andthe population dynamics of the pest species,utilizes all suitable techniques and methodsin as compatible a manner as possible andmaintain the pest population at levels belowthose causing economic injury

• „pest species‟ in the broad sense = animalpests, insect pests, disease causing agentsand weeds


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INTEGRATED WEED

MANAGEMENT

• easy to understand definition “using all theavailable tools to manage weeds in aneconomical and environmentally safe

manner”• “tools” - different categories.

Cultural

MechanicalBiological

Chemical


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CULTURAL CONTROL

- destroying weeds or preventing weeds bycultural practices

- involve using manipulations of how and

where the crop is grown to avoid orreduce weed problems.

i. manual weeding,

ii. planting of LCC,iii. maintenance of ground covers,

iv. EFB mulching,

v. frond placement


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MANUAL WEEDING

• IN NURSERY – hand pulling

• IN IMMATURE PLANTING – manual

decree ping to remove weed

encroachment


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LEGUME COVER CROPS

One sound method of weed management is the planting

of legume cover crops, commonly practiced in the

immature phase of oil palm cultivation.

Conventional LCC mixtures = a mixture of 2 or 3 species

ƒ Pueraria phaseolo ides or P. javanica

ƒ Centrosema pubescens

ƒ Calapogonium mucunoides

ƒ Calopogonium caeruleum

ƒ Mucuna cochinch inensis

Mucuna bracteata - vigo rous

pure legume cover or at least 80 % coverage


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LEGUME COVER CROPS – PREVENT & SUPPRESS WEED GROWTH


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NATURAL GROUND COVERS

LESS COMPETITIVE INDIGENOUSPLANTS

ƒ prevent soil erosion

ƒ conservation of soil humusƒ reduce competition from weed growth

ƒ improve aeration

ƒ improve soil nutrient statusLOW LYING FLOOD PRONE AREAS

CONTRAINTS TO PLANT LCC


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NATURAL COVER CROPSPREVENT & SUPPRESS WEED GROWTH

Paspalum con jugatum

Ottochloa nodosa

Axonopus com pressus

Nephro lepis b iserrata


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MULCHING

• Weed growth can be suppressed by

applying dead mulches, and by covering

the soil with black plastic sheets. Cut

grasses, crop residues and other plantmaterials, manure etc ., can be used as

mulch. In the nursery, weed growth in the

polybag is prevented or suppressed bymulching with a layer of broken shells or

cut lallang.


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EFB MULCHING


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PLACEMENT OF CUT FRONDS -

mulching


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Mechanical control

• The clearing of previous vegetations in

land preparation involves several types of

• mechanical equipment. During the working

of using equipment, weeds are destroyed

or buried by ploughing / rotovation.

• Physical removal by mowing, slashing,

tilling, etc .


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MECHANICAL WEEDING

slashing the path


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MECHANICAL WEEDING

Land preparation

AFTER

TERRACING

BEFORE

TERRACING


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Biological Control

• organized livestock grazing

• the use of insect pests, plantdiseases and other biotic agents tosuppress, control or manage weedproblems.

•


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ANIMAL GRAZINGSheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes are common

domestic animals left to graze in the mature

plantings of oil palm plantations.

Not suitable for immature plantings.


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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of Asystasia

using parasitic plants Cuscu ta sp ; seen

in small oil palm plantings


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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

The control of a woody weed, Cordia

curassavica (Jacq.) R&S in Malaysia by a leaf

eating beetle, Schematiza cordiae Barks

(including the larval stage), was reported to be

successful.


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CHEMICAL CONTROL

• the application of chemical substances(fertilizers, weedicides and plant growthregulators PGR) to prevent or suppressweed growth.

• destroying weeds using herbicides thatdo not adversely affect the crop anddesired plant community


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WEED MANAGEMENTWhere legume covers, or natural ground covers are

maintained, four types of weeding operations will benecessary

1. clean weeding of circle to prevent competition from weeds

and to facilitate loose fruit collection

2. strip weeding to provide access for harvesting and other

field operations

3. selective spot weeding to remove noxious weeds from

legume covers or natural covers

4. periodic control of legume covers and ground covers, if

growth is too vigorous


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CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN

NURSERY

• SPRAYING AT SMALL WEED STAGE

• CAREFUL SPRAYING USING SPRAY

SHIELD


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CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL – PLANTING OF LEGUME COVER CROPS

• PRE-PLANTING BLANKET

WEED SPRAYING

• POST PLANTING SPOT

SPRAYING

POST PLANTING SPOT WEEDING


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IMMATURE PLANTINGS

• SPRAYING OF PALM CIRCLES

• SPRAYING OF STRIPS ALONG PALM ROWS

• CAREFUL SPRAYING USING SPRAY SHIELD

• SPOT SPRAYING OF NOXIOUS WEEDS

SPRAYING OF STRIPS ALONG

PALM ROWS


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Circle sprayingStrip spraying


IMMATURE PLANTINGS

• SPRAYING OF PALM CIRCLES

• SPRAYING OF STRIPS ALONG PALM ROWS

• SPOT SPRAYING OF NOXIOUS WEEDS

• PALM POISONING


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NEW ISSUES AND

CHALLENGES IN IWM• STATUS OF WEED FLORA

• IWM STRATEGY

• WEED DISPERSAL AND SPREADING

• ERADICATION/MANAGEMENT OF NEW WEEDS• WEED BIOLOGY AND SEED BANK

• EFFICACY OF WEEDICIDES

• HERBICIDE RESISTANCE

• OSH REQUIREMENTS• BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

• BENEFICIAL PLANTS

• REHABILITATION OF BARE GROUNDS


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STATUS OF WEED FLORA

Weed survey / census - to

determine and record Weed species

Area infested

Weed density

Topography

Soil types

Information incorporatedinto a map that shows the

location, type, and size ofweed infestations / forevaluating the success ofa weed managementplan.

Criterion 4.6 :NO PROPHYLACTIC

SPRAYING


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WEED WATCHPrevention is still the best solution

Learn to identify noxious weeds & earlyeradication

Mimosa pigra, open & low lying


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IWM STRATEGY

• Prevention

• Detection

• Eradication

• Management

Pennisetum

polys tachyon

Early detection andsystematic eradication of

weed colonization


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WEED DISPERSAL AND SPREADINGDISPERSAL BY SPECIALIZED MECHANISMS FOR

TRANSPORT BY WIND, WATER, ANIMALS AND MAN

(VEHICLES)

Pennisetum & Imperata

flowering & spread by wind

Early detection andsystematic eradication of

weed colonization

Eradication of satellite colonies

before large infestation in

blanket sheet conditions


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ERADICATION / MANAGEMENT OF

NEW WEEDS

• Central to IWM

• Eradicationprogramme

Delimiting theboundaries ofinfestation

Proper controlprocedure

Number & timing offollow up sprayings


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WEED BIOLOGY AND SEED BANK

• MANY SPECIES ANDTYPES OF WEEDS

• MANY MEANS OFREPRODUCTION -rhizomes, runners,bulbs, tubers,stolons, and offsets.

• "SEED BANK"


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WEEDS PRODUCE MANY SEEDS

Failure to control 1 weed plant now will

need to control many plants in the nextgeneration


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“SEED BANK” An important factor determining weed succession

pattern.

More weed seeds will remain on soil surface when

tillage is reduced or no tillage is carried out

Asystasia


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EFFICACY OF WEEDICIDES

(grass killers)

herbicides action rate

glyphosate systemic 1.5 litres

Paraquat 13% contact 5.6 litres

Sodium chlorate contact 5.5 kg

Glufosinate-

ammonium

contact 3.3 litres

RSPO 4.6 : do not permit use of Class 1 pesticides

Rain fastness


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EFFICACY OF WEEDICIDES

(broadleaf killers)

herbicides action rate

2,4-D amine systemic 1.4 litres

dicamba systemic 1.5 litres

trichlopyr systemic 1.5 litres

floroxypyr systemic 1.5 litres

metsulfuron-methyl systemic 75 g

metsulfuron-methyl systemic 150 g

PHYTOTOXIC to immature oil palm


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HERBICIDE RESISTANCE

• Glyphosate inhibits theenzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-sikimate-3-phosphatesynthase (EPSPS)

• Heavy reliance

• Strong selection intensityfavouring weedspossessing gene traitsenabling glyphosatesurvival

Eleus ine indica survived

spraying of glyphosate


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OSH REQUIREMENTS

Criterion 4.6 : Agrochemicals are usedin a way that does not endanger health

or the environment

Criterion 4.7 : An occupational health

and safety plan is documented,

effectively communicated and implemented.

PPE & SPRAY CONTAMINATION STUDIES


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OSH REQUIREMENTS wearing PPE & SPRAY CONTAMINATION STUDIES

Body regions CKS + 5/64 fanjet +

shield for nursery

weed control

CKS + cone nozzles

spraying pest to

seedlings of 50 cm

height

CKS + cone nozzles

spraying pest to

immature palms of >

2 m height

Back shoulder Nil Nil Few

Forehead Nil Nil Many

Chest Nil Nil Many

Waist Nil Few Many

Left hand Nil Few Many

Right hand Nil Many * Many

Thigh Few Many Many

Knee moderate Many Blotches

Foot Blotches Blotches Blotches

(* holding spray lance )

O OG C CO O


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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL(oversea examples)

• Phytophagous insects• Fungal diseases

Mycoherbicides

Myco = fungusHerbicides = plant killer

Criterion 4.5 : Pests, diseases, weeds

and invasive introduced species are

effectively managed using appropriate

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques

Emphasis on biological control


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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

• Phytophagous insects• Ac tinote thal ia pyrrh a originates from the region betweeneastern and western Mexico through to Costa Rica,Venezuela, Brazil and Columbia. This coincides with thesame geographical range of host plants Mikania m icrantha and Chrom olaena odo rata .

• Biology and Life CycleThe life cycle of A. thalia pyrrha is completed in 92-102 days inthe insectary but decreases to 73-84 days with an increase intemperature. Under these warmer conditions, the number oflarval instars decreases from 6 to 5.

http://www.spc.int/lrd/mikania/Actinote_spp.htm


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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL• VERY HUNGRY CATERPILLARS !

The rearing of an insect colony

requires the preparation of

hundreds of healthy mikania

plants.


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Steps in developing a mycoherbicide I Look for suitable pathogens (if not already known).

Identify highly pathogenic (disease causing

isolates that produce no or few toxins.

Develop an efficient way of mass-producing the

spores and ensuring their stability and shelf life.Determine the optimum conditions for infection

and disease development.

Check that the pathogen can be used in a manner

that will minimize the risk of serious damage to anysusceptible non-target plants.


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Steps in developing a mycoherbicide II

Develop an appropriate formulation andapplication technology.

Test in the field and improve formulation if

necessary.

Obtain registration for the product.Find commercial backing for producing, marketing

and distributing the product.

http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/weeds/biocontrol

/inundativemycoherbicides.asp

http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/weeds/biocontrolhttp://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/weeds/biocontrol


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MYCOHERBICIDE COLLEGO

Fungus Col letotr ichum gloeospor iodes

aeschynomene .

Control northern jointvetch (Aeschynomene vi rg in ica ),black seeds contaminate harvests of rice and soya

beans.

Dry formulation consisting of 15 per cent viable spores

and 85 per cent inert ingredients,

Can be stored for long periods at room temperatures.

Each package contains 757 billion spores, which will

treat about 2.5 hectares.

Dilute into 250 litres water and sprays the suspension,

of 18 million spores per square metre, to well wateredcrop and relative humidity is likely to be high for the

following 12 hours.


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MYCOHERBICIDES COLLEGO

Within 1 – 2 weeks the vetch plants begin to show

lesions that gradually encircle the stem. Most of theplants die within 5 weeks.

A single application of Collego in the growing season

is needed

A few stunted plants may survive treatment but cannot

keep up in competition with the crop

reduced the input of pesticides by nearly 500 000 litres

since its introduction.

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717324.600

-weeding-with-fungi-just-as-fungal-diseases-can-

devastate-acrop-so-too-can-they-destroy-weeds-a-

herbicide-made-from-fungi-could-bethe-ideal-means-

of-weed-control-.html

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717324.600http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717324.600


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BENEFICIAL PLANTS ??

Criterion 5.2

The status of rare, threatened or

endangered species and high

conservation value habitats,

Large Melastom a malabathr icum

Ficus epiphy tes


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• Large Melastoma

plants provide

nesting sites for

many small birds.• How many / ha ?

• Alternate host plants

of Adoretus beetles,

leaf eating insectpest

Melastoma

malabathr icum


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• Large Ficus plants

produced many

small fruits and

provide food formany small birds.

• How many / ha ?

• Serious epiphytes on

mature oil palms

Ficus sp


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REHABILITATION OF BARE GROUNDS

Surface water run-off

Top soil erosion

Criterion 4.2 : Practices maintainsoil fertility

Monitoring of soil organic matters…………………………………………….

RSPO Criterion 4.3 : Practices

minimise and control erosion and

degradation of soils.

Bare ground conditions in mature

plantings may render topsoil beingeroded away easily, especially

during high rainfall seasons.

Efforts must be made to retain

soft grasses in the fields.


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SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

• IWM IS A CONTINUOUS IMPROVING STRATEGYAND ADEQUATELY SUPPORTED BY R&D IN WEEDMANAGEMENT

• MUST BE COST-EFFECTIVE

• ENHANCE CROP PRODUCTION AND REDUCE COSTOF WEED CONTROL

• MEETING ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENT ANDEND USER EXPECTATIONS

• TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND IN-SERVICETRAINING TO MANAGEMENT AND SPRAYOPERATORS

• MANAGEMENT MUST BE MORE PERSISTENT THANTHE WEEDS


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• ORGANIZING COMMITTEE – THANK YOU FOR INVITATION

• FORMER COLLEAGUES IN EBOR RESEARCH &ESTATES -

GRATEFUL FOR THEIRSUPPORT AND COOPERATION GIVEN


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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Documents

Integrated Weed Management of OP 2008