Slide 1

Input/Output & Storage

Slide 2

Input

Input is any data entered into the computer’s memory.

Types of input include: Data – Unorganized information (words, numbers,

images, or sounds) that the computer converts to meaningful information

Software – Programs transferred from storage devices to the computer’s memory

Commands – Instructions that tell the computer what to do

Responses – Prompts requiring user feedback

Slide 3

Input Devices: Giving Commands

Keyboard

Mouse

Other Pointing Devices

Slide 10

Audio Input

Computers can accept input from a microphone.An expansion card called a sound card records and

plays back sound files. Sound files contain digitized sound data.Popular sound file formats include:

Windows WAVMoving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG)MP2 and MP3Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

Slide 11

Audio Input: Speech Recognition

Speech recognition is a type of input in which the computer recognizes words spoken into a microphone.

Special software and a microphone are required.

Latest technology uses continuous speech recognition where the user does not have to pause between words.

Slide 12

Digital Cameras Digital Video

Click on the picture to play the video.

Digital Input: Digital Cameras and Digital Video

Slide 13

ScannersFlatbed

Fax Machines

Alternative Input Devices

Barcode reader

Slide 16

Output Devices: Engaging our Senses

Output devices are peripheral devices that enable us to view or hear the computer’s processed data. Visual output – Text, graphics, and video

Audio output – Sounds, music, and synthesized speech

Slide 17

Monitors

A monitor is a peripheral device which displays computer output on a screen.

Screen output is referred to as soft copy.

Types of monitors: Cathode-ray tube (CRT)

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD or flat-panel)

CRT LCD

Slide 20

Monitor Specifications

Screen size – The diagonal measurement of the screen surface in inches (15, 17, 19, 21)

Resolution – The sharpness of the image determined by the number of horizontal and vertical dots (pixels) that the screen can display (800 x 600, 1024 x 768, 1600 x 1200)

Refresh rate – The speed at which the screen is redrawn (refreshed) and measured in Hertz (Hz) (60Hz, 75Hz)

Slide 21

Printers

A printer is a peripheral device that produces a physical copy or hard copy of the computer’s output.

Slide 22

Inkjet Laser

Types of Printers

Inkjet printer, also called a bubble-jet, makes characters by inserting dots of ink onto paper

Letter-quality printouts Cost of printer is inexpensive

but ink is costly

Laser printer works like a copier

Quality determined by dots per inch (dpi) produced

Color printers available Expensive initial costs but

cheaper to operate per page

Slide 23

Plotter

A plotter is a printer that uses a pen that moves over a large revolving sheet of paper.

It is used in engineering, drafting, map making, and seismology.

Slide 24

WMA MIDI MP3 WAV

Beethoven 1:15 min

Rocky 2:56 min

Hornsby 48 sec

Cheers 15 sec

Click an icon to play music.

Click the icon again to stop playing.

Try clicking on Cheers while playing music.

Audio Output: Sound Cards and Speakers

Audio output is the ability of the computer to output sound.

Two components are needed:

Sound card – Plays contents of digitized recordings

Speakers – Attach to sound card

Slide 25

Hard Drive – storage RAM – memory

Memory vs. Storage

Storage, also known as mass media or auxiliary storage, refers to the various media on which a computer system can store data.

Storage devices hold programs and data in units called files.

Memory is a temporary workplace where the computer transfers the contents of a file while it is being used.

Slide 26

Why Is Storage Necessary?

Storage devices:

Retain data when the computer is turned off

Are cheaper than memory

Play an important role during startup

Are needed for output

Slide 27

Storage Devices

Storage devices are categorized by:

The type of operations they perform

The method they use to access the information

The technology they use

Their location in the storage hierarchy

Their capacity and speed

Slide 28

Sequential vs. Random Access Storage

Sequential – Storage devices that read and write data in a serial (one after the other) fashion

Random-Access – Storage devices that read and write data without going through a sequence of locations

Tape Drive – sequential storage

Hard Disk – random-access storage

Floppy Disk Drive – random-access storage

Slide 29

Storage Technologies: Magnetic and Optical

Magnetic – Storage devices use disks or tapes that are coated with magnetically sensitive material

Optical – Storage devices that use laser beams to read patterns etched into plastic disks

Magnetic Storage Optical Storage – CD/DVD drive

Slide 32

The Storage Hierarchy

The three levels of storage hierarchy are:Online storage – Also called primary storage, it is made

up of the storage devices that are actively available to the computer system. User action is not required.

Near-online storage – Also called secondary storage, it is not readily available to the computer system. The user performs an action, such as inserting a disk, to make it available.

Offline storage – Also called tertiary storage or archival storage, it is not readily available to the computer system. Devices such as tape backup units store data for archival purposes.

Slide 33

Floppy Disk Hard Drive CD ROM / DVD

Capacity – 720 KB to 1.44 MB

Access Time – 100ms

Capacity – Up to 80 GB

Access Time – 6 to 12ms

Capacity – CD-ROM 650 MB; DVD 17 GB

Access Time – 80 to 800ms

Storage Capacity and Speed

A storage device’s performance is measured by: Capacity – The number of bytes of data that a device can hold

Access Time – The amount of time, in milliseconds (ms), it takes the device to begin reading data

Slide 34

Platter Read/Write head

Hard Disks

Hard disks are high-speed, high-capacity storage devices.

They contain metal disks called platters.

They contain two or more stacked platters with read/write heads for each side.

Hard disks can be divided into partitions to enable computers to work with more than one operating system.

Slide 35

Factors Affecting a Hard Disk’s Performance

Seek time or positioning performance – How quickly the read/write head positions itself and begins transferring information. It is measured in milliseconds (ms).

Spindle speed or transfer performance – How quickly the drive transfers data. It is measured in rotations per minute (RPM).

Slide 36

Floppy and Zip Disks and Drives

A disk or diskette is a portable storage medium. High-density floppy disks that are commonly

used today store 1.44 MB of data. Disks work with a disk drive. Zip disks store up to 750 MB of data and are not

downwardly compatible with floppy disks.

Zip DriveFloppy DriveClick on the picture to see it work.

Floppy Disk

Slide 37

CD-ROM Discs and Drives

CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory.

CD-ROM drives can not write data to discs.

They are capable of storing 650 MB of data.

They are used for storing operating systems, large application programs, and multimedia programs.

Slide 38

CD-R and CD-RW Discs and Recorders

CD-R

Discs can be read and written to

Discs can only be written to “once”

CD-R drives are capable of reading and writing data

CD-RW

Discs can be read and written to

Discs are erasable

Discs can be written to many times

CD-RW drives are capable of reading, writing, and erasing data

Slide 39

DVD-ROM Discs and Drives

DVD stands for Digital Video Disc.

DVD technology is similar to CD-ROM technology.

DVDs are capable of storing up to 17GB of data.

The data transfer rate of DVD drives is comparable to that of hard disk drives.

DVD-R and DVD-RW drives have the ability to read/write data.

Slide 40

Solid State Storage Devices

Solid state storage devices use nonvolatile memory chips to retain data.

They do not have moving parts.

They are small, lightweight, reliable, and portable.

Slide 41

Compact Flash Memory

Flash Memory

Smart Card

Micro Drive

Memory Stick

PC Card

Solid State Storage Devices

Slide 42

Summary• Input is the software, data, and information that is entered into

the computer’s memory.

• Input devices such as the keyboard, mouse, and trackball enable the user to enter data.

• A pointing device enables the user to control movements of an on-screen pointer.

• Speech recognition software enables the user to enter data into a computer by speaking into a microphone.

• Video and images can be entered into a computer by way of digital cameras, scanners, and fax modems.

• Monitors enable the user to view the computer’s processed data. The output is known as soft copy.

Slide 43

Summary (continued)• The two types of monitors are the CRT and the LCD.• A monitor’s quality is measured by screen size, resolution, and

refresh rate.• Printers produce permanent versions (hard copies) of the

computer’s output.• The two basic types of printers are the inkjet and laser.• Memory makes software and data available for the CPU’s use.• Storage devices are categorized by:

Data access (sequential or random-access)Technology (magnetic, optical, or solid state)Hierarchy (online, near-online, or offline)Operations (read-only or read/write)

Slide 44

Summary (continued)

• A hard disk’s performance is measured by its positioning performance and transfer rate.

• Optical storage devices include:CD-ROM– Read-onlyCD-R– Record onceCD-RW– Erasable, write repeatedlyDVD-ROM– Read-onlyDVD-R– Read/write

• Solid state storage devices include:PC cardsFlash memory cardsSmart cards